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d€÷E<á` AßÐ â2  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2003„00309„CCA„R3„CD€€„€Filed€February€4,€Ô_Ô2004Ô_ÔÐ Û+  ÐÌßA€VT) °°` dE<®` AßÐ ¯ÿ  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ#†X%€XXXØ£%#ÔA€Dyer€County€jury€found€the€Defendant,€Derry€Ô_ÔLavelleÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLovinsÔ_Ô,€guilty€of€second€degree€murder,Ð §÷  Ðand€the€trial€court€sentenced€the€Defendant€to€twenty„three€years€in€prison.€€The€Defendant€nowÐ à Ðappeals,€contending€that€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€is€insufficient€to€support€his€conviction.€Ð yÉ ÐFinding€that€sufficient€evidence€exists,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ð b² ÐÔ‡XØ£XXX%€ÔÌÓÓò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmedó óÐ 4„ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓRobert€W.€Ô_ÔWedemeyerÔ_Ô,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJames€Ô_ÔCurwoodÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,Ð W ÐJr.,€óóand€òòAlan€E.€Glenn,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð ð@ ÐÌCharles€M.€Agee,€Jr.,€Ô_ÔDyersburgÔ_Ô,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Derry€Ô_ÔLavelleÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLovinsÔ_Ô.Ð Â ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Michael€Moore,€Solicitor€General;€J.€Ross€Dyer,Ð ”ä ÐAssistant€Attorney€General;€and€C.€Phillip€Ô_ÔBivensÔ_Ô,€District€Attorney€GeneralÔ#†X%€XXXØ£=#ÔÔ‡XØ£XXX%€Ô,€for€the€appellee,€StateÐ }Í Ðof€Tennessee.Ð f¶ ÐÌÓÙÓà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÐ 8!ˆ  ÐòòóóÓ  ÓÔ#†X%€XXXØ£É#ÔÔ‡XØ£XXX%€Ôà@¯¯&ìàò òI.€FactsˆÐ ""r! ÐÌòòó óóóà  àÔ#†X%€XXXØ£²#ÔÔ‡XØ£XXX%€ÔA€Dyer€County€Grand€Jury€indicted€the€Defendant,€Ô#†X%€XXXØ£=#ÔDerry€Ô_ÔLavelleÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLovinsÔ_ÔÔ‡XØ£XXX%€Ô,€on€the€charge€ofÐ ö#F# Ðpremeditated€first€degree€murder.€€A€jury€found€the€Defendant€guilty€of€second€degree€murder,€andÐ ß$/ $ Ðthe€trial€court€sentenced€him€to€twenty„three€years€in€prison.€€The€Defendant€appeals€contending€thatÐ È%!% Ðthe€evidence€presented€at€trial€is€insufficient€to€support€his€conviction.Ð ±&"& ÐÌà  àThe€following€evidence€was€presented€at€the€Defendantððs€trial:€Ô_ÔAshunnÔ_Ô€Harris€testified€thatÐ ƒ(Ó#( Ðhe€knew€the€Defendant€for€about€three€or€four€years€and€knew€the€victim,€Geoffrey€Burnett,€forÐ l)¼$) Ðabout€one€year€at€the€date€of€the€killing,€December€4,€2001.€€Harris€testified€that€he€was€outside€ofÐ U*¥%* Ðhis€home,€which€was€in€close€proximity€to€the€murder€scene,€and€noticed€that€the€Defendant€droveÐ >+Ž&+ Ðby€his€house€in€a€green€minivan€four€or€five€times€during€the€day.€€Harris€stated€that€both€he€and€theÐ ',w', Ðvictim€were€outside€Harris€house€together€when€the€Defendant€drove€by€in€his€minivan.€€HarrisÐ -`(- ÐÑ^ÆÑâ ^âÑ8€%€XXdédÈ8ÑÑ€[Ñâ ^âÑ  ÑÔ_ Ôtestified€that€he€and€the€victim€left€Harris€house€at€6:00€or€6:30€p.m.€and€that,€when€they€left,€it€wasÐ ° Ðdark€outside.€€Harris€stated€that€he€and€the€victim€left€Harris€house€in€the€victimððs€car€and€that€theÐ ™é Ðvictim€was€driving€while€Harris€sat€in€the€front€passengerððs€seat.€€Harris€testified€that€he€and€theÐ ‚Ò Ðvictim€picked€up€James€ð ðSplatðð€Barr,€who€got€in€the€victimððs€vehicle€and€sat€behind€Harris.€€HarrisÐ k» Ðstated€that€he€did€not€see€a€gun€in€the€vehicle.€€Ð T¤ ÐÌà  àHarris€said€that€the€three€men€were€headed€back€to€Harris€house€when€they€noticed€the€greenÐ & v Ðminivan€the€Defendant€was€driving€earlier.€€Harris€stated€that€both€cars€stopped€at€a€stop€sign€andÐ  _ Ðrolled€down€the€windows,€and€the€victim€and€the€Defendant€ð ðexchanged€words.ðð€€Harris€stated€thatÐ ø H Ðthe€Defendant€asked€the€victim€for€ð ðsome€changeðð€and€the€victim€said€that€ð ðhe€didnððt€have€[any]Ð á 1  Ðchange€for€him€.€.€.€.ðð€€Harris€testified€that€the€two€kept€repeating€these€words€with€raised€voices€andÐ Ê   Ðthe€Defendant€again€asked€the€victim€for€ð ðchangeðð€and€the€victim€said,€ð ðThe€only€way€youððre€go[ingÐ ³  Ðto]€get€the€change€is€[if]€you€put€a€bullet€in€my€head.ðð€€Harris€testified€that,€after€the€victim€made€thisÐ œì  Ðstatement,€he€heard€the€Defendantððs€door€open€and€then€heard€one€shot,€after€which€Harris€ð ðgotÐ …Õ  Ðdown,ðð€and€then€he€heard€another€shot.€€Harris€stated€that€right€after€the€shots€were€fired€he€heardÐ n¾  Ðthe€minivan€pull€away€ð ðreal€fast.ðð€€Ð W§  ÐÌà  àHarris€stated€that€when€he€raised€his€head€back€up€he€noticed€that€the€victim€was€ð ðlaid€outððÐ )y Ðand€bleeding.€€Harris€opened€his€door,€the€window€of€which€was€ð ðbusted€out,ðð€and€ran€and€calledÐ b Ðan€ambulance.€€Harris€stated€that€he€did€not€see€a€gun€in€the€victimððs€possession€at€any€time.Ð ûK ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Harris€stated€that,€immediately€prior€to€the€shooting,€the€victim€ð ðwasÐ Í Ðabout€to€open€the€door.€€He€had€cracked€it€open€a€little€bit.ðð€€Harris€testified€that€he€did€not€see€theÐ ¶ ÐDefendant€make€any€gesture€towards€the€victim€prior€to€the€victim€opening€his€car€door.€€Harris€alsoÐ Ÿï Ðagreed€that€it€was€common€knowledge€in€the€community€that€the€victim€had€acted€violently€towardsÐ ˆØ Ðother€people€in€the€past.€€Harris€stated€that€he€heard€about€an€incident€in€November€2001€when€theÐ qÁ Ðvictim€went€into€an€apartment€and€shot€someone.€€Ð Zª ÐÌà  àBilly€Buck,€an€officer€with€the€Dyersburg€Police€Department,€testified€that€he€was€on€patrolÐ ,| Ðon€December€4,€2001,€and€was€the€first€officer€to€arrive€on€the€scene€of€this€shooting.€€The€officerÐ e Ðstated€that,€when€he€got€to€the€scene,€several€people€were€surrounding€the€vehicle€and€the€passengerÐ þN Ðwindow€of€the€car€was€ð ðshot€out.ðð€€The€officer€stated€that€blood€covered€the€victimððs€face€and€it€wasÐ ç 7 Ðapparent€that€he€suffered€a€ð ðserious€wound.ðð€€The€officer€stated€that€the€passengerððs€side€door€wasÐ Ð!   Ðopen€and€the€driverððs€side€door€was€shut.€€The€officer€stated€that€he€checked€the€victimððs€car€forÐ ¹" ! Ðweapons€and€did€not€find€a€gun,€but€he€did€find€a€cell€phone€in€the€victimððs€hand.€€The€officer€saidÐ ¢#ò" Ðthat€there€were€no€passengers€in€the€victimððs€car€when€he€arrived.€€Officer€Buck€stated€that€theÐ ‹$Û# ÐDefendant€called€the€police€department€shortly€after€the€shooting€and€reported€that€someone€wasÐ t%Ä $ Ðchasing€him€in€a€vehicle.€€The€officer€noted€that€the€description€given€by€the€Defendant€matched€theÐ ]&­!% Ðvictimððs€vehicle,€which€was€parked€at€the€scene€of€the€shooting.Ð F'–"& ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€officer€admitted€that€he€did€not€see€any€passengers€in€the€vehicleÐ )h$( Ðwhen€he€got€to€the€crime€scene€and€that€it€was€possible€that€either€passenger€could€have€removedÐ *Q%) Ðitems€from€inside€the€car,€including€a€weapon,€when€they€left.Ð ê*:&* ÐÐ Ó+#'+ Ðà  àJim€Gray,€an€investigating€officer€with€the€Dyersburg€Police€Department,€testified€that€onÐ ° ÐDecember€4,€2001,€he€received€a€call€to€investigate€a€shooting.€€The€officer€stated€that,€when€heÐ ™é Ðarrived€at€the€scene,€he€saw€a€maroon€Pontiac€with€the€victim€inside.€€Officer€Gray€stated€that€thereÐ ‚Ò Ðwas€a€bullet€hole€in€the€center€of€the€driverððs€side€door,€which€was€closed.€€The€officer€stated€thatÐ k» Ðthe€driverððs€side€window€was€rolled€down€and€the€passengerððs€side€door€was€open€and€the€glass€inÐ T¤ Ðthe€window€was€broken.€€The€officer€testified€that€he€did€not€see€any€weapon€in€the€victimððs€car€butÐ =  Ðthat€he€did€see€a€cell€phone€lying€in€the€victimððs€lap.€€Ð & v ÐÌà  àOfficer€Gray€testified€that€he€heard€from€the€dispatcher€that€the€Defendant€advised€the€policeÐ ø H Ðthat€he€had€been€in€an€altercation€and€shooting.€€The€officer€testified€that€he€found€the€van€that€theÐ á 1  ÐDefendant€was€driving€during€the€shooting€and,€after€searching€it,€found€three€.357€live€rounds€andÐ Ê   Ðone€glove.€€The€officer€testified€that€his€investigation€revealed€that€there€were€four€men€in€theÐ ³  Ðminivan€with€the€Defendant€at€the€time€of€the€shooting:€Josh€Garrett,€Dennis€Akins,€BillyÐ œì  ÐThompson,€Jr.,€and€Anthony€Gooch.׃O×Ý ƒU#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€officer€testified€that€he€also€determined€that€there€wereÐ …Õ  Ðtwo€men€in€the€car€with€the€victim€at€the€time€of€the€shooting:€James€Barr€and€Ashunn€Harris.€€OnÐ n¾  Ðcross„examination,€Officer€Gray€testified€that€the€bullet€hole€in€the€door€was€about€three€or€four€feetÐ W§  Ðbelow€the€victimððs€head.Ð @ ÐÌà  àCynthia€Gardner,€an€employee€with€the€medical€examinerððs€office,€testified€that€sheÐ b Ðexamined€the€victimððs€body€and€swabbed€the€victimððs€hands€for€gunshot€residue.€€Gardner€testifiedÐ ûK Ðthat€the€victimððs€gunshot€wound€was€located€just€above€his€left€ear.€€Gardner€stated€that,€from€theÐ ä4 Ðentrance€wound,€she€determined€that€the€gun€was€more€than€two€feet€away€from€the€victim€at€theÐ Í Ðtime€that€it€was€fired.€€Gardner€determined€that€when€the€victim€was€shot€he€was€looking€straightÐ ¶ Ðahead,€and€the€bullet€came€from€a€perpendicular€direction,€entering€the€side€of€the€victimððs€head.€Ð Ÿï ÐÌà  àLaura€Hodge,€a€special€agent€forensic€scientist€for€the€Tennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation,Ð qÁ Ðtestified€that€the€gunshot€residue€test€performed€on€the€victim€was€negative,€indicating€that€there€wasÐ Zª Ðno€gunshot€residue€on€the€victimððs€hands.€€Ð C“ ÐÌà  àJohn€David€Fisher,€a€bail€bondsman,€testified€that€he€was€familiar€with€the€Defendant.€€FisherÐ e Ðstated€that€the€Defendant€called€him€at€around€one€oððclock€on€the€afternoon€prior€to€the€murder€toÐ þN Ðask€if€Fisher€would€be€in€town€that€evening€because€ð ðhe€thought€there€may€be€a€little€trouble€and€justÐ ç 7 Ðmight€need€to€make€bond.ðð€€Fisher€testified€that€the€Defendant€told€him€that€he€might€get€in€troubleÐ Ð!   Ðfor€an€assault€and€would€call€him€if€he€needed€him.€€Fisher€stated€that€the€Defendant€called€him€laterÐ ¹" ! Ðthat€day,€around€six€or€seven€oððclock€in€the€evening,€and€told€him€that€he€was€on€his€way€to€turnÐ ¢#ò" Ðhimself€in€because€someone€had€been€shot.€€Ð ‹$Û# ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Fisher€stated€that€the€Defendant€rented€property€from€Fisher€and€thatÐ ]&­!% Ðsome€of€that€property€was€subleased€to€the€victim.€€Fisher€testified€that€he€was€due€some€rent€moneyÐ F'–"& Ðon€the€property€that€was€subleased€by€the€victim.€€Fisher€also€stated€that€the€Defendant€told€him€thatÐ /(#' Ðhe€was€going€to€the€police€station€because€he€had€shot€someoneððs€door,€but€that€he€did€not€use€theÐ )h$( Ðwords€murder€or€homicide.€€Ð ° ÐÌà  àMark€Reynolds,€an€officer€with€the€Dyersburg€Police€Department,€testified€that€he€was€calledÐ ‚Ò Ðto€the€shooting€scene€on€December€4,€2001,€and€that€he€tried€to€locate€any€witnesses€among€theÐ k» Ðpeople€gathered€there.€€Officer€Reynolds€testified€that,€later€in€the€investigation,€he€learned€that€JoshÐ T¤ ÐGarrett€was€a€passenger€in€the€Defendantððs€minivan€at€the€time€of€the€shooting.€€Garrett€took€theÐ =  Ðofficer€to€a€location€where€Garrett€said€he€disposed€of€the€murder€weapon,€and,€there,€the€officerÐ & v Ðlocated€a€.357€handgun€in€a€ditch.€€Officer€Reynolds€stated€that€the€gun€had€one€spent€round€in€theÐ  _ Ðchamber€and€that€he€found€a€ð ðliveðð€cartridge€on€the€road€near€where€the€weapon€was€found.€€Ð ø H ÐÌà  àBilly€Williams,€an€officer€with€the€Dyersburg€Police€Department,€testified€that€he€was€calledÐ Ê   Ðto€assist€in€investigating€the€shooting.€€Officer€Williams€stated€that€he€interviewed€the€DefendantÐ ³  Ðat€eight€oððclock€on€the€evening€of€the€shooting.€€The€officer€testified€that€he€noticed€that€theÐ œì  ÐDefendant€was€ð ðvery€upset,€very€nervous,€and€just€basically€.€.€.€shaken€up.ðð€€The€officer€informedÐ …Õ  Ðthe€Defendant€of€his€Miranda€rights,€after€which€the€Defendant€told€the€officer€that€ð ðhe€had€been€intoÐ n¾  Ðit€with€[the€victim]ðð€and€that€he€stopped€his€minivan€next€to€the€victimððs€car€and€words€wereÐ W§  Ðexchanged.€€The€officer€stated€that€the€Defendant€told€him€that€he€was€asking€the€victim€for€moneyÐ @ Ðand€that€the€victim€said,€ð ðThe€only€way€youððll€get€some€money€out€of€me€is€to€shoot€me€in€the€head.ðð€Ð )y ÐOfficer€Williams€testified€that€the€Defendant€stated€that€he€thought€the€door€was€about€to€open€ð ðorÐ b Ðhe€saw€[the€victim]€move,€and€he€fired€two€shotsðð€and€then€ð ðsped€off.ðð€€The€officer€stated€that€theÐ ûK ÐDefendant€told€him€that€he€never€saw€the€victim€with€a€gun.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àThe€officer€testified€that€the€Defendant€told€him€that€Josh€Garrett€and€Billy€Thompson,€Jr.,Ð ¶ Ðwere€in€the€car€with€him€at€the€time€of€the€shooting.€€Officer€Williams€testified€that€Garrett€told€himÐ Ÿï Ðthat€Garrett€had€a€9„millimeter€handgun,€and€the€investigation€also€revealed€that€the€Defendant€hadÐ ˆØ Ða€weapon.€€The€officer€testified€that,€once€Garrett€was€released,€he€retrieved€his€9„millimeter€gunÐ qÁ Ðand€turned€it€into€the€police.€€On€cross„examination,€the€officer€stated€that€he€knew€from€theÐ Zª Ðbeginning€of€the€investigation€that€there€was€an€allegation€that€the€victim€began€to€open€his€doorÐ C“ Ðprior€to€the€shooting.€€The€officer€also€admitted€that€the€Defendant€told€him€that€the€victimððs€car€ð ðcutÐ ,| Ðus€offðð€prior€to€the€two€cars€stopping€at€the€stop€sign€and€that€the€Defendant€told€him€that€there€wereÐ e Ðtwo€guns,€ð ða€9€[millimeter]€and€a€.357,ðð€in€the€car€at€the€time€of€the€shooting.€€Officer€WilliamsÐ þN Ðtestified€that€the€Defendant€told€him€that€he€saw€the€victim€reach€for€something€prior€to€the€shooting.€Ð ç 7 ÐThe€officer€testified€that€the€Defendant€told€him€that€the€victim€was€making€threats€to€his€life.€€TheÐ Ð!   Ðofficer€also€stated€that€he€was€aware€that€two€Dyersburg€residents€complained€to€police€that€theÐ ¹" ! Ðvictim€broke€into€their€apartment€and€threatened€them€with€a€gun€on€December€12,€2000.€€OfficerÐ ¢#ò" ÐWilliams€testified€that€he€knew€the€victimððs€mother€because€she€was€an€officer€with€the€RipleyÐ ‹$Û# ÐPolice€Department.Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€called€Tammy€Denise€Smith€who€testified€that€she€knew€the€Defendant€fromÐ F'–"& Ða€business€that€he€owned€and€operated.€€Smith€testified€that€she€also€knew€the€victim€forÐ /(#' Ðapproximately€two€years€prior€to€his€death.€€Smith€stated€that€the€victim€told€her€on€the€day€of€theÐ )h$( Ðmurder€€that,€when€he€found€the€Defendant,€he€was€going€to€kill€him.€€She€testified€that€the€victimÐ *Q%) Ðhad€a€reputation€for€violence€in€the€community.€€Smith€testified€that€she€told€the€Defendant€that€sheÐ ê*:&* Ðheard€the€victim€threaten€the€Defendantððs€life.€€Smith€stated€that,€on€one€occasion,€she€saw€theÐ Ó+#'+ Ðvictim€pull€a€gun€on€the€Defendantððs€brother€and€ð ðjust€poin[t]€the€gun€at€him€.€.€.€.ðð€€On€cross„Ð ° Ðexamination,€Smith€admitted€that€she€did€not€mention€her€conversation€with€the€victim,€in€which€heÐ ™é Ðthreatened€the€Defendantððs€life,€when€she€testified€on€the€Defendantððs€behalf€at€any€previousÐ ‚Ò Ðhearings.Ð k» ÐÌà  àNatasha€Spain,€the€victimððs€girlfriend,€testified€that€she€knew€the€Defendant€and€that€she€was€Ð =  Ðliving€with€the€victim€at€the€time€of€his€death.€€Spain€testified€that€she€was€working€at€the€time€ofÐ & v Ðthe€murder€and€that€the€victim€had€driven€her€to€work.€€She€stated€that€the€victim€told€her€on€the€dayÐ  _ Ðof€the€murder€that€he€was€going€to€go€to€Ripley€and€get€a€gun,€and€Spain€understood€the€victim€toÐ ø H Ðmean€that€he€was€going€to€get€the€gun€ð ðto€take€care€of€a€problemðð€that€he€was€having€with€theÐ á 1  ÐDefendant.€€Spain€stated€that€she€told€the€victim€to€stay€away€from€the€Defendant.€€On€cross„Ð Ê   Ðexamination,€Spain€admitted€that,€shortly€after€the€murder,€she€told€investigators€that€the€DefendantÐ ³  Ðcalled€her€prior€to€the€shooting,€while€she€was€with€the€victim,€and€asked€her€to€ð ð[p]ut€your€b****Ð œì  Ða**€n****€on€the€phone,ðð€referring€to€the€victim.€€She€stated€that€the€victim€spoke€with€theÐ …Õ  ÐDefendant,€who€was€asking€the€victim€for€money,€and€he€told€the€Defendant€to€subtract€the€moneyÐ n¾  Ðthat€he€owed€the€Defendant€from€the€money€the€Defendant€owed€him€and€then€inform€him€of€theÐ W§  Ðbalance.€Ð @ ÐÌà  àKim€Floyd€testified€that€she€told€the€Defendant€that€the€victim€was€a€violent€and€dangerousÐ b Ðperson€prior€to€the€night€of€the€shooting.Ð ûK ÐÌà  àBilly€Ray€Thompson€testified€that€he€was€a€passenger€in€the€minivan€driven€by€the€DefendantÐ Í Ðon€the€night€of€the€shooting.€€He€testified€that€he€was€sitting€behind€the€driver€in€the€back€seat€andÐ ¶ Ðthat,€in€addition€to€the€Defendant,€two€other€men,€Josh€Garrett€and€Dennis€Akins,€were€in€theÐ Ÿï Ðminivan.€€Thompson€testified€that€the€Defendant€did€not€mention€the€victim€while€they€were€in€theÐ ˆØ Ðcar€together€prior€to€the€shooting.€€Thompson€stated€that€they€saw€the€victimððs€car€at€a€four„way€stopÐ qÁ Ðand€that€the€Defendant€backed€the€van€up€to€the€victimððs€car€and€the€two€men€started€talking.€€HeÐ Zª Ðsaid€that€the€Defendant€asked€the€victim€for€money€and€the€victim€responded,€ð ðIf€you€can€do€yourÐ C“ Ðmath,€then€you€would€know€that€I€donððt€owe€you€[anything],ðð€and€the€victim€got€upset€and€ð ðstartedÐ ,| Ðhollering.ðð€€Thompson€stated€that€the€Defendant€was€not€upset€at€all.€€Thompson€testified€that€he€sawÐ e Ðthe€victim€reaching€ð ðon€the€side€of€him€like€he€was€[getting€ready€to]€get€a€gun.ðð€€Thompson€saidÐ þN Ðthat€the€victim€opened€his€driverððs€side€door€halfway€and€looked€as€if€he€was€going€to€get€out€of€hisÐ ç 7 Ðcar.€€Thompson€testified€that€he€thought€that€the€victim€was€about€to€ð ðtalk€crazy,€or€shoot€at€us,€orÐ Ð!   Ðsomething.ðð€€He€testified€that€the€victim€previously€ð ðpulled€a€gunðð€on€him€one€week€prior€to€theÐ ¹" ! Ðshooting.€€Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Thompson€testified€that€he€heard€the€victim€tell€the€Defendant,€ð ðToÐ t%Ä $ Ðget€your€money,€youððre€go[ing€to]€have€to€put€one€in€my€headðð€and€that,€shortly€thereafter,€he€heardÐ ]&­!% Ðtwo€gunshots€and€the€Defendant€drove€away.€€Thompson€stated€that€the€Defendant€fired€the€gun.€€Ð F'–"& ÐThompson€stated€that€the€Defendant€then€immediately€called€the€police€and€said,€ð ðI€just€shotÐ /(#' Ðsomeone€and€I€need€for€yððall€to€come€meet€me€on€the€highway€because€heððs€still€chasing€me.ðð€€Ð )h$( ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€next€called€Officer€Jim€Gray€to€testify€again.€€Officer€Gray€stated€that,€whenÐ ê*:&* Ðhe€examined€the€victimððs€vehicle€at€the€crime€scene,€it€was€in€park.€€The€officer€testified€that€theÐ Ó+#'+ Ðbullet€hole€in€the€driverððs€side€door€was€significantly€lower€than€where€the€victimððs€torso€would€haveÐ ° Ðbeen€located€had€he€been€sitting€behind€the€steering€wheel.Ð ™é ÐÌà  àCarey€Brown€Haynes€testified€that€he€was€familiar€with€both€the€Defendant€and€the€victim.€Ð k» ÐHaynes€testified€that€the€victim€shot€him€in€the€left€ear€and€the€head€and€that€the€Defendant€wasÐ T¤ Ðaware€of€this.€€Haynes€stated€that,€when€the€victim€shot€him,€he€was€sitting€at€his€house€and€theÐ =  Ðvictim€ð ðcame€and€kicked€in€the€door€of€the€houseðð€and€then€shot€him.€€On€cross„examination,Ð & v ÐHaynes€testified€that€he€told€the€police€that€the€victim€shot€him.€€Ð  _ ÐÌà  àOfficer€Billy€Williams€was€called€again€to€testify€and€stated€that€he€interviewed€HaynesÐ á 1  Ðwhen€Haynes€was€shot€on€December€12,€2000.€€He€stated€that€Haynes€never€told€him€that€the€victimÐ Ê   Ðshot€him,€and€only€told€him€that€the€individual€who€shot€him€had€on€a€mask€and€that€Haynes€did€notÐ ³  Ðknow€who€that€individual€was.€€Officer€Williams€stated€that,€during€the€investigation,€the€victim€wasÐ œì  Ða€possible€suspect€and€was€interviewed,€but€there€was€insufficient€evidence€to€charge€him€with€theÐ …Õ  Ðcrime.€€The€officer€stated€that€when€Haynes€was€shot€he€was€living€with€both€the€Defendant€and€theÐ n¾  Ðvictim.€€Officer€Williams€testified€that€he€did€not€execute€a€search€warrant€in€that€case€and€deniedÐ W§  Ðthat€it€was€because€he€had€a€good€working€relationship€with€the€Defendantððs€mother.Ð @ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€testified€on€his€own€behalf€that€he€owned€and€operated€a€business€namedÐ b ÐAuto€Source€for€several€years€and€that€he€owned€it€on€the€day€of€the€shooting.€€The€DefendantÐ ûK Ðtestified€that€he€knew€the€victim€for€approximately€three€years€prior€to€the€shooting.€€The€DefendantÐ ä4 Ðstated€that,€prior€to€the€shooting,€the€victim€was€ð ðhaving€words€and€disagreementsðð€with€at€least€sixÐ Í Ðof€their€mutual€acquaintances.€€The€Defendant€testified€that,€before€the€shooting,€he€learned€fromÐ ¶ Ðð ðquite€a€few€peopleðð€that€the€victim€was€making€threats€against€his€life.€€Specifically,€the€DefendantÐ Ÿï Ðwas€told€that€the€victim€said,€ð ðIf€he€s[aw]€me,€he€was€go[ing€to]€kill€me.ðð€€The€Defendant€testifiedÐ ˆØ Ðthat€these€threats€concerned€him€and€he€felt€that€the€victim€really€was€going€to€kill€him.€€TheÐ qÁ ÐDefendant€said€that,€on€the€day€of€the€shooting,€Tammy€Smith€told€him€that€the€victim€told€her€thatÐ Zª Ðthe€victim€was€going€to€kill€the€Defendant.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€he€had€been€told€that€theÐ C“ Ðvictim€was€involved€in€previous€shootings.€€Ð ,| ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€testified€that,€on€the€night€of€the€murder,€the€victimððs€vehicle€was€blockingÐ þN Ðhis€vehicle€and€that€he€put€his€vehicle€in€reverse.€€The€Defendant€said€that€the€victim€then€backedÐ ç 7 Ðup€the€victimððs€vehicle€so€that€the€two€cars€were€side€by€side.€€The€Defendant€testified€that,€after€theÐ Ð!   Ðvictim€blocked€his€car,€the€Defendant€knew€there€was€ð ðgoing€to€be€trouble.ðð€€The€Defendant€testifiedÐ ¹" ! Ðthat€the€victim€asked€him,€ð ðWhatððs€upðð€and€did€not€appear€ð ðupset€or€anything.ðð€€The€DefendantÐ ¢#ò" Ðstated€that€he€wanted€to€see€what€was€ð ðgoing€onðð€because€people€had€been€telling€him€that€the€victimÐ ‹$Û# Ðwas€going€to€try€to€kill€him,€but€he€had€seen€the€victim€multiple€times€that€evening€and€he€did€notÐ t%Ä $ Ðattempt€to€stop€the€Defendant.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€the€victim€then€ð ðgot€real€upsetðð€but€thatÐ ]&­!% Ðhe€did€not€know€why.€€He€testified€that€the€victim€did€not€say€anything€about€putting€a€bullet€in€theÐ F'–"& Ðvictimððs€head€as€the€other€witness€said€but€said€that€there€was€ð ðgo[ing€to]€be€some€killin[g].ðð€€Ð /(#' ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€stated€that€the€victim€appeared€to€be€excited€and€ð ðstarted€reachin[g]ðð€for€aÐ *Q%) Ðgun,€so€the€Defendant€reached€for€his€gun.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€he€never€saw€a€gun€in€theÐ ê*:&* Ðvictimððs€hand€but€knew€that€he€regularly€carried€a€weapon.€€The€Defendant€stated€that,€after€heÐ Ó+#'+ Ðreached€for€his€gun,€the€Defendant€immediately€fired€a€shot€and,€as€he€was€driving€off,€he€firedÐ ° Ðanother€shot.€€He€said€that€he€fired€his€gun€at€the€victim€just€to€warn€him€and€that€he€did€not€knowÐ ™é Ðthat€the€victim€had€been€shot€when€he€drove€away.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€he€then€called€theÐ ‚Ò Ðpolice€and€told€them€that€he€thought€that€he€might€have€shot€someone€and€that€someone€might€stillÐ k» Ðbe€following€him.€€The€Defendant€said€that€he€told€police€that€he€had€two€guns€in€the€minivan€andÐ T¤ Ðthat€he€left€the€guns€in€the€minivan.€€€The€Defendant€stated€that€he€carried€a€gun€with€him€becauseÐ =  Ðhe€often€carried€large€sums€of€money€from€his€store.Ð & v ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€Defendant€stated€that€he€and€the€victim€formerly€lived€in€closeÐ ø H Ðproximity€to€each€other.€€The€Defendant€stated€that,€five€days€prior€to€the€murder,€he€and€the€victimÐ á 1  Ðdrove€to€Jackson,€Tennessee,€together€and€did€not€have€any€problems.€€The€Defendant€testified€that,Ð Ê   Ðon€the€day€of€the€murder,€he€picked€up€his€cousin,€Josh€Garrett,€and€that€Garrett€had€a€gun€ð ðon€him.ðð€Ð ³  ÐThe€Defendant€stated€that€the€two€men€saw€the€victim€a€couple€of€times€while€driving€around€and,Ð œì  Ðsince€the€victim€did€not€stop€them,€they€assumed€that€there€was€not€going€to€be€a€problem,€so€theyÐ …Õ  Ðplaced€both€guns€on€the€floor€of€the€minivan.€€The€Defendant€testified€that,€when€he€and€the€victimÐ n¾  Ðwere€in€their€respective€vehicles€next€to€each€other,€the€victim€stated€that€he€did€not€have€a€problemÐ W§  Ðwith€the€Defendant€and€then€told€the€Defendant€that€he€was€friends€with€Officer€Williams€and€couldÐ @ Ðnot€get€in€trouble.€€The€Defendant€stated€that,€during€this€time,€he€ð ðwasnððt€saying€a€word.ðð€€TheÐ )y ÐDefendant€admitted€that€there€was€some€discussion€about€money,€stating,€ð ðI€asked€him€about€theÐ b Ðmoney€after€he€was€starting€to€get€riled€up.ðð€€Ð ûK ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€stated€that€he€asked€the€victim€for€money€because€ð ð[a]t€that€point€in€time,€IÐ Í Ðdidnððt€think€he€had€a€gun.ðð€€The€Defendant€testified€that€the€victim€then€said€ð ðsomething€about€someÐ ¶ Ðkill[ing]ðð€and€the€victim€reached€down€inside€his€car.€€Ô#†X%€XXXØ£ #ÔThe€Defendant€stated€that€the€victim€put€hisÐ Ÿï Ðcell€phone€on€the€dash,€put€the€car€in€park,€opened€the€door€and€was€reaching€down€when€theÐ ˆØ ÐDefendant€fired€the€first€shot.€€The€Defendant€explained€that€he€did€not€know€where€the€victim€wasÐ qÁ Ðwhen€he€fired€the€second€shot€because€he€was€driving€off€as€he€fired€it.€€The€Defendant€testified€thatÐ Zª Ðhe€did€not€know€if€there€was€anything€that€prevented€him€from€driving€off€prior€to€shooting€theÐ C“ Ðvictim.€€The€Defendant€stated€that,€when€he€left€the€scene€of€the€shooting,€he€drove€the€oppositeÐ ,| Ðdirection€from€the€sheriffððs€department.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€he€left€the€minivan€and€askedÐ e Ðsomeone€to€come€pick€him€up€because€he€thought€that€someone€was€following€the€minivan.€€HeÐ þN Ðstated€that€he€left€his€cousin€and€another€man€in€the€minivan€and€that€he€left€the€guns€in€the€minivan.€Ð ç 7 ÐÌÌà  àThe€State€called€one€rebuttal€witness,€Rita€M.€Burnett,€who€was€the€victimððs€mother€and€isÐ ¢#ò" Ðan€officer€with€the€Ripley€Police€Department.€€Officer€Burnett€testified€that€she€had€known€OfficerÐ ‹$Û# ÐWilliams€since€1999€and€that€he€called€her€one€time€because€her€son,€the€victim,€was€implicated€inÐ t%Ä $ Ða€shooting.€€Officer€Burnett€stated€that€she€has€four€sons,€two€of€whom€are€in€prison,€the€victim,€andÐ ]&­!% Ða€fifteen€year€old€son.€€The€officer€testified€that€the€victim€would€ð ðphysically€figh[t],ðð€but€that€sheÐ F'–"& Ðhad€never€known€him€to€be€charged€with€using€a€weapon.€€Ô‡XØ£XXX%€ÔÐ /(#' ÐÌà  àBased€upon€this€evidence,€the€jury€convicted€the€Defendant€of€second€degree€murder,€as€aÐ *Q%) Ðlesser„included€offense€of€premeditated€first€degree€murder.€€The€Defendant€appeals,€contending€thatÐ ê*:&* Ðthe€evidence€is€insufficient€to€sustain€his€conviction.Ð Ó+#'+ Їò òÔ#†X%€XXXØ£R#ÔÔ‡X%€XXX%€Ôà@êê$ìàII.€€AnalysisˆÐ ° ÐÌÔ#†X%€XXX%€ìŽ#Ôó óà  àThe€Defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€his€second€degree€murderÐ „Ô Ðconviction€because€the€proof€shows€that€he€acted€in€self„defense.€€The€State€argues€that€the€evidenceÐ m½ Ðis€sufficient€to€support€his€conviction.€We€agree€with€the€State.Ð V¦ ÐÌà  àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€ð ðððthe€standard€for€review€byÐ ( x Ðan€appellate€court€is€whether,€after€considering€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€theÐ  a Ðprosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyondÐ ú J Ða€reasonable€doubt.ðððð€€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€24€S.W.3d€274,€278€(Tenn.€2000)€(quoting€òòState€v.€Buggsóó,€995Ð ã 3  ÐS.W.2d€102,€105€(Tenn.€1999));€òòseeóóòò€óóTenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€324Ð Ì   Ð(1979).òòóó€€In€determining€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€this€Court€should€not€re„weigh€or€re„evaluateÐ µ  Ðthe€evidence.€€òòSmithóó,€24€S.W.3d€at€279òòóó.€€Nor€may€this€Court€substitute€its€inferences€for€those€drawnÐ žî  Ðby€the€trier€of€fact€from€the€evidence.€€òòBuggsóó,€995€S.W.2d€at€105òòóóòòóó.€Questions€concerning€theÐ ‡×  Ðcredibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raisedÐ pÀ  Ðby€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(Tenn.€1956)òòóó.òòóó€Ð Y©  ÐòòóóThis€Court€must€afford€the€State€of€Tennessee€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidenceÐ B’ Ðcontained€in€the€record,€as€well€as€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€Ð +{ ÐòòState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992).€€Because€a€verdict€of€guilt€against€a€defendantÐ d Ðremoves€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€raises€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€convicted€criminalÐ ýM Ðdefendant€bears€the€burden€of€showing€that€the€evidence€was€legally€insufficient€to€sustain€a€guiltyÐ æ6 Ðverdict.€€òòId.óó€Ô‡X%€XXX%€ÔÐ Ï ÐÐ ÐÔ% ‡P ÔÔ#†X%€XXX%€2˜#ÔÔ%†Pt˜ÔÔ% ‡Q ÔÔ%†Qµ˜ÔÔ‡X%€XXX%€Ôà  àA€conviction€for€second€degree€murder€requires€proof€that€the€defendant€Ô% ‡R ÔÔ#†X%€XXX%€Ó˜#ÔÔ%†RF™Ôunlawfully€andÐ ¡ñ Ðknowingly€killed€another.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„201,€„€210(a)(1)€(1997€&€Supp.€2002).€Ð ŠÚ ÐA€person€acts€knowingly€with€respect€to€a€result€of€the€personððs€conduct€when€the€person€is€awareÐ sà Ðthat€the€conduct€is€reasonably€certain€to€cause€the€result.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„302(b)€(1997Ð \¬ Ð&€Supp.€2002).€€Tennesseeððs€self„defense€statute,€Tennessee€Code€Annotated,€section€39„11„611(a)Ð E• Ð(1997€&€Supp.€2002),€provides€as€follows:Ð .~ ÐÐ Ðà8  àà ` àA€person€is€justified€in€threatening€or€using€force€against€another€personÐ  P Ðwhen€and€to€the€degree€the€person€reasonably€believes€the€force€is€immediatelyÐ é 9 Ðnecessary€to€protect€against€the€otherððs€use€or€attempted€use€of€unlawful€force.€€TheÐ Ò!"  Ðperson€must€have€a€reasonable€belief€that€there€is€an€imminent€danger€of€death€orÐ »" ! Ðserious€bodily€injury.€€The€danger€creating€the€belief€of€imminent€death€or€seriousÐ ¤#ô" Ðbodily€injury€must€be€real,€or€honestly€believed€to€be€real€at€the€time,€and€must€beÐ $Ý# Ðfounded€upon€reasonable€grounds.€€There€is€no€duty€to€retreat€before€a€personÐ v%Æ $ Ðthreatens€or€uses€force.Ð_&¯!%Ð Ð  ÐÐ ÐThe€State€has€the€burden€of€negating€any€defense€raised€by€supporting€evidence.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð 1(#' Ððð€39„11„201(a)(3)€(1997€&€Supp.€2002).€€It€is€well„settled€that€whether€an€individual€acted€in€self„Ð )j$( Ðdefense€is€a€factual€determination€to€be€made€by€the€jury€as€the€sole€trier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Ivyóó,€868Ð *S%) ÐS.W.2d€724.€727€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€It€is€within€the€prerogative€of€the€jury€to€reject€a€claimÐ ì*<&* Ðof€self„defense.€€òòState€v.€Goodeóó,€956€S.W.2d€521,€527€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).€€Ð Õ+%'+ Їà  àThe€Defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€shows€that€he€acted€in€self„defense€because€heÐ ° Ðreasonably€believed€the€force€he€used€was€necessary€to€protect€himself€from€the€victim,€who€heÐ ™é Ðbelieved€had€threatened€to€kill€him,€who€had€assaulted€others,€and€who€he€thought€was€reaching€forÐ ‚Ò Ða€gun€at€the€time€the€Defendant€shot€him.€€In€response,€the€State€points€to€the€abundance€of€evidenceÐ k» Ðrefuting€self„defense,€including:€that€the€Defendant€called€his€bail€bondsman€and€told€him€that€thereÐ T¤ Ðwould€be€trouble€that€evening€in€the€form€of€an€assault;€that€the€Defendant€and€his€passenger€wereÐ =  Ðboth€armed;€that€the€victim€was€unarmed;€that€the€Defendant€could€have€driven€away€prior€to€theÐ & v Ðshooting;€that€the€Defendant€requested€money€from€the€victim€and,€after€the€victim€refused,€the€shotsÐ  _ Ðwere€fired;€and€that€the€Defendant€shot€at€the€victim€twice.€€Ð ø H ÐÌà  àWe€believe€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€warrant€the€juryððs€conclusion€that€the€DefendantÐ Ê   Ðacted€ð ðknowingly.ðð€€ð ðððA€person€can€act€knowingly€irrespective€of€his€or€her€desire€that€the€conductÐ ³  Ðor€result€will€occur.ðððð€òòState€v.€Kelleyóó,€34€S.W.3d€471,€478€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2000)€(quoting€òòStateÐ œì  Ðv.€Grayóó,€960€S.W.2d€598,€604€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997);€òòState€v.€Rutherfordóó,€879€S.W.2d€118,€120Ð …Õ  Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993)).€€Viewed€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€the€evidence€shows€thatÐ n¾  Ðthe€Defendant€stopped€next€to€the€victimððs€car€and€asked€him€for€money.€€As€the€argument€escalated,Ð W§  Ðboth€the€Defendant€and€the€victim€became€angry.€€The€Defendant€reached€to€the€floor,€picked€up€hisÐ @ Ðgun€and€fired€twice€at€the€victim,€who€was€unarmed.€€The€victimððs€car€was€far€enough€away€fromÐ )y Ðthe€Defendant€that€he€could€have€driven€away€prior€to€the€shooting.€€One€bullet€hit€the€side€of€theÐ b Ðcar€and€the€second€one€hit€the€victim€in€his€head.€€Accordingly,€we€find€that€the€jury€did€not€err€whenÐ ûK Ðit€found€that€the€Defendant€acted€knowingly.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àFurthermore,€there€was€ample€evidence€for€the€jury€to€reject€the€Defendantððs€claim€of€self„Ð ¶ Ðdefense.€€The€credibility€and€weight€to€be€given€to€a€witnessððs€testimony€are€issues€to€be€resolvedÐ Ÿï Ðby€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Pappasóó,€754€S.W.2d€620,€623€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€The€evidenceÐ ˆØ Ðpresented€showed€that€Defendant€did€not€have€a€reasonable€belief€that€force€was€immediatelyÐ qÁ Ðnecessary€to€protect€himself.€€The€Defendant€admitted€that€he€did€not€know€if€there€was€anythingÐ Zª Ðblocking€his€ability€to€leave€the€potentially€dangerous€situation€prior€to€the€shooting.€€The€evidenceÐ C“ Ðis€sufficient€for€a€jury€to€reject€the€Defendantððs€claim€of€self„defense€and€to€support€the€DefendantððsÐ ,| Ðconviction€of€second€degree€murder.€€Ð e ÐÌò òà@NN"ìàIII.€€ConclusionˆÐ ç 7 ÐÌó óà  àIn€accordance€with€the€foregoing,€we€conclude€that€there€is€sufficient€evidence€to€sustain€theÐ »" ! ÐDefendantððs€conviction€for€second€degree€murder.€€Therefore,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€isÐ ¤#ô" ÐAFFIRMED.Ð $Ý# ÐÌÔ‡X%€XXX%€ÔÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àÔ#†X%€XXX%€l¯#ÔÔ‡XØ£XXX%€ÔÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð 1(#' Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àROBERT€W.€WEDEMEYER,€JUDGEÔ#†X%€XXXØ£°#ÔÔ‡X%€XXX%€Ô€Ô#†X%€XXX%€A±#Ôò òó ó