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ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€E-»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼E-»»»ÔÑ8€XXdì»»d8ÑÑ€SOY(Ñà@ttìàÔ‡î^LE-ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEÔ#†¼E-»îî^L#ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àMay€23,€2001€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XX»¼E-ÔÌò òÔ#†¼E-»XX##ÔòòSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEóó€v.€òòóóÔ_ÔASATAÔ_Ô€LOWEÔ‡XX»¼E-Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Ô_ÔBlountÔ_Ô€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNos.€C„11329,€C„11330€€€€€€D.€Kelly€Thomas,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€E2000„01591„CCA„R3„CD€Ð ¥õ  ÐSeptember€16,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ‘á  ÐßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓA€Ô_ÔBlountÔ_Ô€County€jury€convicted€the€Defendant€of€two€counts€of€first€degree€premeditated€murderÐ xÈ  Ðand€imposed€concurrent€sentences€of€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€parole.€€The€juryÐ d´ Ðalso€convicted€the€Defendant€of€especially€aggravated€robbery,€and€the€trial€court€sentenced€theÐ P  ÐDefendant€to€twenty„five€years€incarceration,€to€be€served€consecutive€to€the€two€sentences€for€firstÐ <Œ Ðdegree€premeditated€murder.€€The€Defendant€now€appeals,€raising€the€following€issues:€(1)€whetherÐ (x Ðthe€trial€court€properly€instructed€the€jury€on€all€lesser„included€offenses€raised€by€the€evidence,€(2)Ð d Ðwhether€the€trial€court€erred€by€refusing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€duress,€necessity€and€accessory€afterÐ P Ðthe€fact,€(3)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€into€evidence€testimony€regarding€theÐ ì< ÐDefendantððs€pending€aggravated€assault€trial,€(4)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€intoÐ Ø( Ðevidence€a€magazine€clip€confiscated€from€the€Defendant€by€police€two€months€before€the€murders,Ð Ä Ð(5)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€refusing€to€find€the€sentencing€provisions€of€the€TennesseeÐ ° Ðhomicide€laws€to€be€unconstitutional,€(6)€whether€the€Defendantððs€convictions€for€especiallyÐ œì Ðaggravated€robbery€and€theft€violated€his€right€against€double€jeopardy,€(7)€whether€the€indictmentÐ ˆØ Ðwas€constitutionally€defective€on€its€face,€and€(8)€whether€there€was€sufficient€evidence€to€convictÐ tÄ Ðthe€Defendant€of€the€charged€offenses.€€We€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court,€but€remand€forÐ `° Ðentry€of€a€corrected€judgment€form€in€Count€III€of€indictment€number€11329.Ð L œ ÐÌò òÓ  Óà@@ÝÝìàTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmed€and€à@@&ìàà@@°°ìàà@@°°ìàà0 @ àà @° àÐ $"t! ÐRemandedó óÐ #`" ÐÓž ÓÌòòÔ#†¼E-»àXµ#ÔÔ‡XX.¼E-ÔRobert€W.€Ô_ÔWedemeyerÔ_Ô,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòGary€R.€Wade,€Ô_ÔP.J.Ô_Ô,óó€andÐ è$8 $ ÐòòThomas€T.€Ô_ÔWoodallÔ_Ô,€J.óó,€joined.Ð Ô%$!% ÐÌF.€D.€Gibson,€Ô_ÔMaryvilleÔ_Ô,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellant,€Ô_ÔAsataÔ_Ô€Lowe.Ð ¬'ü"' ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Patricia€C.€Ô_ÔKussmannÔ_Ô,€Assistant€AttorneyÐ „)Ô$) ÐGeneral;€Michael€L.€Flynn,€District€Attorney€General;€Edward€P.€Bailey,€Jr.,€Assistant€DistrictÐ p*À%* ÐAttorney€General;€and€Kirk€E.€Andrews,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€for€the€Appellee,€StateÐ \+¬&+ Ðof€Tennessee.Ð H,˜', ÐÐ 4-„(-ýà ÐÔ_Ô‡Ìà@66'ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼E-»XXÈ #ÔÔ‡XX»¼E-ԈРœì ÐòòóóÔ#†¼E-»XXœ#ÔÔ€XX»¼E-ÔÌà  àThe€Defendant,€Asata€D.€Lowe,€was€charged€in€indictment€number€11329€with€the€followingÐ tÄ Ðcrimes€against€Charles€Hill:€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€felony€murder€in€the€perpetration€ofÐ `° Ða€robbery,€especially€aggravated€robbery,€theft€of€property€valued€over€$1,000,€and€felony€murderÐ L œ Ðin€the€perpetration€of€theft.€€A€Blount€County€jury€found€the€Defendant€guilty€of€the€followingÐ 8 ˆ Ðoffenses€against€Charles€Hill:€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€felony€murder€in€the€perpetrationÐ $ t Ðof€a€robbery,€and€felony€murder€in€the€perpetration€of€a€theft.€€At€the€close€of€the€Stateððs€proof,€theÐ  ` Ðtrial€court€dismissed€the€charges€of€robbery€and€theft.€€The€trial€court€merged€the€two€felony€murderÐ ü L  Ðconvictions€into€the€first€degree€premeditated€murder€conviction.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àIn€indictment€number€11330,€the€Defendant€was€charged€with€the€following€crimes€againstÐ À  ÐSammy€Garner:€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€felony€murder€in€the€perpetration€of€a€robbery,Ð ¬ü  Ðespecially€aggravated€robbery,€theft€of€property€valued€over€$1,000,€and€felony€murder€in€theÐ ˜è  Ðperpetration€of€theft.€€A€Blount€County€jury€convicted€the€Defendant€of€all€charges€in€the€secondÐ „Ô  Ðindictment.€€The€trial€court€merged€the€two€felony€murder€convictions€into€the€first€degreeÐ pÀ Ðpremeditated€murder€conviction€and€it€also€merged€the€theft€conviction€into€the€especially€aggravatedÐ \¬ Ðrobbery€conviction.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà@LL&ìàò òI.€FACTSó óˆÐ  p ÐÌà@kk"ìàA.€Stateððs€ProofˆÐ øH ÐÌà  àOfficer€Robert€Hubbard,€a€member€of€the€Drug€Task€Force€of€the€Blount€County€SheriffððsÐ Ð  ÐDepartment,€testified€that€on€October€16,€1998,€he€was€at€Shaggyððs€Market,€a€convenience€store€onÐ ¼  ÐAluminum€Avenue€in€Alcoa,€Tennessee.€€According€to€Hubbard,€late€that€afternoon€the€door€to€theÐ ¨ø Ðstore€ð ðopened€and€a€young€man€fell€through€the€door.ðð€€Hubbard€testified€that€the€man€was€ð ðbleedingÐ ”ä Ðfrom€.€.€.€his€sides.ðð€€Hubbard€immediately€dialed€911€and,€at€the€same€time,€walked€over€to€theÐ €Ð Ðvictim€and€ð ðdid€chest€compressionsðð€to€keep€him€breathing.€€Hubbard€testified€that€the€victim€wasÐ l¼ Ðstill€alive€when€the€ambulance€arrived,€but€he€appeared€to€be€dying.€€Hubbard€recognized€the€victimÐ X ¨ Ðas€Charles€ð ðBillðð€Hill€and€stated€that€the€victim€ð ðfrequentedðð€Shaggyððs€Market.€€Hubbard€testifiedÐ D!” Ðthat€Staceyððs€Place,€also€known€as€Stacyððs€Bar€and€Grill,€was€separated€from€Shaggyððs€Market€byÐ 0"€  Ðtwo€dumpsters.€€Hubbard€stated€that€Staceyððs€Place€was€not€operated€as€a€full„time€business;Ð #l! Ðhowever,€parties€were€often€held€there.€€Ð $X" ÐÌà  àLarry€Sankey€testified€that€at€around€5:15€or€5:30€p.m.€on€October€16,€1998,€he€stopped€atÐ à%0!$ ÐShaggyððs€Market€to€buy€a€Coke,€and€as€he€started€to€walk€out€the€door,€he€heard€gunshots.€€SankeyÐ Ì&"% Ðrecalled€that€approximately€ten€seconds€later,€he€saw€a€man€running€towards€him.€€According€toÐ ¸'#& ÐSankey,€just€as€the€man€ð ðgot€to€the€drive€.€.€.€it€was€just€like€he€hit€a€brick€wall€.€.€.€his€hands€wentÐ ¤(ô#' Ðup.ðð€€Sankey€could€tell€that€the€man€had€been€shot€because€ð ðthe€blood€just€spurted€.€.€.€out€his€side.ðð€Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àSankey€testified€that€the€man€fell€when€he€reached€the€side€of€Sankeyððs€car€in€the€parking€lot,Ð ° Ðâ âand€less€than€a€minute€later,€Sankey€heard€a€car€pulling€out€of€the€driveway€to€Staceyððs€Place.€Ð œì ÐSankey€described€the€car€as€an€ð ðolder,€largeðð€Oldsmobile€or€Pontiac,€which€was€dark€red€or€wine„Ð ˆØ Ðcolored.€€Sankey€testified€that€he€was€sitting€in€his€car€when€the€wine„colored€car€pulled€away€fromÐ tÄ ÐStaceyððs€Place.€€Sankey€stated€that€his€window€was€down€and€that€the€front€windows€of€the€wine„Ð `° Ðcolored€car€were€also€rolled€down.€€Sankey€testified€that€he€was€able€to€see€two€individuals€in€theÐ L œ Ðvehicle€and€he€described€them€both€as€African„American€males.€€Sankey€stated€that€the€driver€hadÐ 8 ˆ Ða€dark€complexion€and€that€the€€passenger€was€ð ðlight„skinned.ðð€€Sankey€thought€that€the€driverÐ $ t Ðappeared€to€be€shorter€than€the€passenger.€€Sankey€was€unable€to€positively€identify€the€DefendantÐ  ` Ðin€court€as€one€of€the€men€in€the€car.€€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àAccording€to€Sankey,€the€car€traveled€down€Aluminum€Avenue,€ð ð[g]ot€to€the€stop,€took€aÐ Ô$  Ðleft,€went€up€to€Hall€Road€and€took€a€right.ðð€€Sankey€testified€that€the€route€that€the€vehicle€tookÐ À  Ðleads€to€Alcoa€Highway.€€Sankey€stated€that€he€ð ðwent€up€the€street[,]€.€.€.€looked€both€ways,€turned,Ð ¬ü  Ðcame€back[,]€.€.€.€went€to€where€the€victim€was€.€.€.€and€waited€on€the€police€officers.ðð€€SankeyÐ ˜è  Ðtestified€that€he€did€not€see€anyone€else€at€Staceyððs€Place.€€When€police€officers€arrived,€Sankey€gaveÐ „Ô  Ðthem€a€description€of€the€vehicle€and€the€route€that€it€had€taken.€€Sankey€stated€that€the€car€wasÐ pÀ Ðmoving€ð ðfastðð€when€it€pulled€out€of€Staceyððs€Place.€Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àKevin€Condee,€a€deputy€sheriff€with€the€Blount€County€Sheriffððs€Department,€testified€thatÐ 4„ Ðon€October€16,€1998,€he€was€working€as€a€patrol€officer€when€he€responded€to€a€report€that€a€majorÐ  p Ðcrime€had€occurred€on€Aluminum€Avenue.€€Condee€first€went€to€Shaggyððs€Market,€where€he€ð ðsawÐ  \ Ða€black€male€subject€slumped€over€in€the€doorway€of€the€business,€with€some€other€people€aroundÐ øH Ðhim.ðð€€Condee€testified€that€the€man€was€ð ðbleeding€severely€from€the€front€part€of€his€body.€€ThereÐ ä4 Ðwas€just€a€lot€of€blood.ðð€€Condee€stated€that€the€man€appeared€to€be€ð ðstruggling€.€.€.€to€breathe,ðð€butÐ Ð  ÐCondee€could€not€tell€if€the€man€was€conscious.€€Condee€recognized€the€man€as€Charles€ð ðBillðð€Hill.Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àCondee€then€spoke€with€Larry€Sankey,€who€gave€him€information€regarding€a€car€containingÐ ”ä Ðpassengers€which€had€left€the€area€of€the€crime.€€Condee€immediately€transmitted€this€informationÐ €Ð Ðon€the€radio€to€other€officers.€€Condee€described€the€car€as€a€ð ðmaroon€or€wine„colored€Buick,€four„Ð l¼ Ðdoor„type€car,ðð€and€he€announced€that€the€car€was€traveling€on€Hall€Road€towards€the€bypass€area.€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àCondee€testified€that€there€was€blood€outside€Shaggyððs€Market€and€that€there€was€a€ð ðbloodÐ 0"€  Ðtrailðð€between€Shaggyððs€Market€and€Staceyððs€Place.€€Condee€testified€that€a€red€car€was€parked€inÐ #l! Ðthe€garage€behind€Staceyððs€Place.€€Condee€recalled€that€a€telephone€was€laying€on€the€ground€nearÐ $X" ÐStaceyððs€Place.Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àRodney€Lovin,€a€deputy€sheriff€with€the€Blount€County€Sheriffððs€Department,€testified€thatÐ Ì&"% Ðon€October€16,€1998,€he€was€employed€as€a€patrolman€with€the€Alcoa€Police€Department.€€LovinÐ ¸'#& Ðtestified€that€at€approximately€5:45€p.m.,€he€received€a€dispatch€reporting€a€major€crime€onÐ ¤(ô#' ÐAluminum€Avenue€in€Alcoa.€€When€Lovin€arrived€at€the€scene,€Officer€Condee€was€already€there.€Ð )à$( ÐAt€the€scene,€Lovin€observed€ð ða€black€male€bent€over€in€the€doorway€of€Shaggyððs€Market.€€He€wasÐ |*Ì%) Ðbent€over€on€his€knees.€€He€was€bleeding€very€badly€from€the€front€side€of€his€body€.€.€.€.ðð€€LovinÐ h+¸&* Ðtried€to€speak€to€the€victim;€however,€the€victim€did€not€respond.€€Lovin€identified€the€victim€asÐ ° ÐCharles€Hill.€€Ð œì ÐÌà  àLovin€then€located€a€trail€of€blood€which€led€to€Staceyððs€Place.€€The€trail€ð ðwent€up€to€the€leftÐ tÄ Ðside€of€the€parking€lot,€all€the€way€back€to€underneath€a€carport€area€where€a€back€door€is.ðð€€LovinÐ `° Ðfollowed€the€blood€trail€and€found€in€the€carport€a€red€vehicle€with€the€motor€still€running.€€LovinÐ L œ Ðtestified€that€he€was€also€made€aware€of€a€telephone€laying€near€the€crime€scene.€€Once€Lovin€enteredÐ 8 ˆ ÐStaceyððs€Place,€he€observed€a€male€lying€on€his€left€side€behind€the€bar€with€his€hand€underneath€himÐ $ t Ðand€ð ðwhat€appeared€to€be€an€automatic€weapon€just€a€few€inches€from€his€body.ðð€€Unsure€if€theÐ  ` Ðperson€was€alive,€the€officers€told€the€person€not€to€move.€€Upon€further€investigation,€Lovin€noticedÐ ü L  Ðwhat€appeared€to€be€a€bullet€wound€near€the€personððs€jaw.€€After€another€officer€moved€the€gun€awayÐ è 8  Ðfrom€the€person,€Lovin€lifted€the€personððs€arm€and€was€not€able€to€feel€a€pulse.€€Officers€then€radioedÐ Ô$  Ðfor€another€ambulance.€€The€second€victim€was€later€identified€as€Sammy€Garner.€€Ð À  ÐÌà  àDeputy€Sheriff€James€L.€Wilson€of€the€Blount€County€Sheriffððs€Department€testified€that€onÐ ˜è  ÐOctober€16,€1998,€he€was€a€senior€police€officer€with€the€Maryville€Police€Department€and€that€heÐ „Ô  Ðreceived€a€dispatch€about€a€shooting€on€Aluminum€Avenue.€€He€and€two€other€officers€went€to€theÐ pÀ Ðcrime€scene€to€assist€the€Alcoa€Police€Department.€€Wilson€first€went€to€Shaggyððs€Market,€where€heÐ \¬ Ðrecognized€Charles€Hill€in€the€doorway.€€Wilson€testified€that€Hill€was€in€distress;€according€toÐ H˜ ÐWilson,€Hill€was€on€his€knees€ð ðbleeding€profusely.ðð€€Wilson€heard€Hill€ð ðgurgling,€attempting€toÐ 4„ Ðbreathe.ðð€€Wilson€stated€that€Hill€appeared€to€have€gunshot€wounds€to€the€front€portion€of€his€body.€Ð  p ÐÌà  àWilson€then€followed€a€trail€of€blood€to€Staceyððs€Place.€€Wilson€testified€that€he€and€SergeantÐ øH ÐBrooks€went€inside€Staceyððs€Place.€€Wilson€observed€a€bullet€hole€in€the€glass€portion€of€theÐ ä4 Ðdoorway€leading€to€the€carport.€€Wilson€testified€that€Brooks€noticed€a€person€and€a€gun.€€Unsure€ifÐ Ð  Ðthe€person€was€alive,€Brooks€called€for€assistance.€€The€weapon€was€removed€and€secured.€€WilsonÐ ¼  Ðthen€testified€that€one€officer€checked€the€victim€and€found€no€signs€of€life.€€Wilson€testified€that€theÐ ¨ø Ðgun€laying€next€to€the€victim€was€a€semi„automatic€Glock€pistol.€€Wilson€also€testified€that€a€bulletÐ ”ä Ðwas€laying€next€to€the€gun.€€Wilson€later€saw€a€telephone€laying€on€the€ground.€€Wilson€testified€€thatÐ €Ð Ðthe€phone€was€ð ðdirectly€out€from€the€entrance€of€Staceyððs,€l[a]ying€in€the€middle€of€the€road.ðð€€Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àSergeant€Steve€Brooks€of€the€Alcoa€Police€Department€was€also€called€to€the€crime€scene€onÐ D!” ÐAluminum€Avenue.€€Brooks€testified€that€he€entered€Staceyððs€Place€through€the€carport.€€BrooksÐ 0"€  Ðrecalled€that€the€room€he€entered€was€very€dark.€€Brooks€looked€behind€the€bar,€saw€a€pair€of€feetÐ #l! Ðwearing€work€boots,€and€warned€the€other€officers.€€Brooks€testified€that€he€then€got€on€top€of€theÐ $X" Ðbar€because€he€was€not€sure€if€the€victim€was€dead.€€Brooks€recognized€the€victim€as€Sammy€Garner.Ð ô$D # ÐBrooks€then€checked€the€victim€for€signs€of€life€and€called€an€ambulance.€€Brooks€also€observed€aÐ à%0!$ Ðgun€that€was€in€a€ð ðlocked€and€loaded€positionðð€and€a€bullet€beside€the€victim.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àCaptain€Lowell€H.€Ridings,€Jr.,€testified€that€he€is€in€charge€of€the€Criminal€InvestigationsÐ ¤(ô#' ÐDivision€of€the€Alcoa€Police€Department.€€On€the€day€of€the€offense,€Ridings€went€to€Staceyððs€PlaceÐ )à$( Ðto€perform€a€ð ðsweepðð€and€to€search€for€evidence€of€a€crime.€€Ridings€stated€that€the€scene€ð ð[k]indÐ |*Ì%) Ðof€looked€like€chaos,ðð€and€he€surmised€that€there€had€been€a€shooting.€€According€to€Ridings,Ð h+¸&* ÐGarnerððs€body€was€behind€the€counter.€€Near€Garnerððs€body,€Ridings€found€a€.40„caliber€Glock€pistolÐ ° Ðcontaining€a€magazine€and€ð ðnothing€in€the€breech.ðð€€Ridings€also€observed€a€.40„caliber€unfired€shellÐ œì Ðlaying€against€the€edge€of€the€counter.€€Ridings€examined€the€gun€and€determined€that€it€had€not€beenÐ ˆØ Ðrecently€fired.€€€€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àRidings€also€found€five€ejected,€fired€.45„caliber€shells.€€Three€of€the€shells€were€located€nearÐ L œ Ðthe€door,€one€was€near€the€corner€of€the€bar,€and€one€was€behind€the€bar.€€Ridings€stated€that€thereÐ 8 ˆ Ðwere€indications€that€a€bullet€had€penetrated€the€door;€however,€officers€were€unable€to€find€a€bulletÐ $ t Ðat€that€location.€€Ridings€observed€on€the€counter€ð ðabout€a€double€bread€pan€full€of€aluminum€foilÐ  ` Ð.€.€.€€which€contained€a€white€powder€substance.ðð€€Near€the€powdery€substance,€Ridings€found€a€setÐ ü L  Ðof€digital€scales€which€he€stated€are€used€to€weigh€small€objects€in€grams.€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àDerrick€Swenson,€a€patrol€officer€with€the€Alcoa€Police€Department,€testified€that€on€OctoberÐ À  Ð16,€1998,€he€was€called€upon€to€assist€Captain€Ridings€in€investigating€the€crime€scene€at€StaceyððsÐ ¬ü  ÐPlace.€€Swenson€testified€that€ð ðon€the€counter€topðð€inside€the€bar€he€observed€one€open€container€ofÐ ˜è  Ðcocaine€in€aluminum€foil.€€Also€on€the€bar€was€a€zip„lock€bag€containing€a€powdery€substance.€Ð „Ô  ÐInside€a€vending€machine,€officers€found€ð ðseveral€baggies€of€what€appeared€to€be€.€.€.€a€large€quantityÐ pÀ Ðof€crack€cocaine.ðð€€Nine€ð ðbaggiesðð€of€powder€cocaine€were€found€in€the€bottom€of€the€vendingÐ \¬ Ðmachine.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àErnest€Kemper,€III,€a€patrol€officer€with€the€Alcoa€Police€Department,€testified€that€onÐ  p ÐOctober€16,€1998,€he€was€working€as€a€uniformed€police€presence€at€the€Clayton€Homes€ShowÐ  \ Ðlocated€on€Alcoa€Highway.€€Kemper€was€in€a€marked€police€vehicle.€€According€to€Kemper,€aroundÐ øH Ð5:30€or€5:45€p.m.,€he€received€an€emergency€dispatch€that€there€had€been€a€shooting€on€AluminumÐ ä4 ÐAvenue.€€The€dispatch€informed€officers€that€the€suspect€vehicle€was€a€maroon€car€occupied€by€twoÐ Ð  Ðblack€males.€€Kemper€testified€that€within€a€minute€of€the€dispatch,€he€observed€a€vehicle€matchingÐ ¼  Ðthat€description€pass€by€him€on€Alcoa€Highway.€€Kemper€stated€that€the€driver€of€the€vehicle€hadÐ ¨ø Ðdarker€skin€than€the€passenger.€€Kemper€got€into€his€patrol€car,€pulled€behind€the€vehicle,€and€calledÐ ”ä Ðin€the€license€plate€to€the€police€department.€€Kemper€was€informed€that€the€tag€on€the€car€was€notÐ €Ð Ðon€file.€€Kemper€testified€that€he€then€activated€his€lights€and€siren€and€tried€to€initiate€a€traffic€stop.€Ð l¼ ÐHowever,€the€maroon€car€continued€to€accelerate.€€Kemper€testified€that€the€suspect€vehicle€wasÐ X ¨ Ðtraveling€at€a€rate€of€speed€that€was€at€least€seventy€miles€per€hour.€€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àKemper€recalled€that€as€his€car€and€the€vehicle€driven€by€the€suspects€neared€the€Blount€andÐ #l! ÐKnox€County€line,€he€was€not€able€to€receive€radio€transmissions.€€The€suspect€vehicle€turned€ontoÐ $X" ÐWoodson€Drive€in€Knox€County.€€Kemper€testified€that€the€vehicle€slowed,€and€the€driverððs€doorÐ ô$D # Ðopened.€€Kemper€drove€alongside€the€vehicle€so€that€the€suspects€could€not€flee.€€Kemper€testifiedÐ à%0!$ Ðthat€when€the€cars€were€right€beside€each€other,€the€passenger€appeared€to€have€a€firearm€pointed€atÐ Ì&"% ÐKemper.€€At€this€point,€the€suspect€vehicle€had€almost€stopped,€and€Kemper€stated€that€in€order€toÐ ¸'#& Ðprevent€the€passenger€from€shooting,€Kemper€fired€at€least€one€round€from€his€service€pistol.€€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àKemper€testified€that€he€then€tried€to€force€the€suspect€vehicle€off€the€road€by€hitting€the€rearÐ |*Ì%) Ðof€the€suspect€vehicle.€€The€suspect€vehicle€went€through€an€intersection€and€was€struck€by€aÐ h+¸&* Ðsouthbound€station€wagon.€€Kemper€testified€that€he€believed€that€his€car€hit€the€suspect€vehicleÐ ° Ðagain€after€the€first€collision.€€Kemper€recalled€that€the€driver€exited€the€vehicle€through€the€rearÐ œì Ðpassenger€door€and€ð ðmade€a€movement€with€his€hands€into€his€waistline.ðð€€Kemper€testified€that€heÐ ˆØ Ðtold€the€driver€to€put€his€hands€in€the€air,€but€the€driver€did€not€comply.€€Kemper€stated€that€theÐ tÄ Ðdriver€then€made€a€ð ðsudden€movement€from€his€waist€towards€[Kemper],ðð€so€Kemper€shot€at€theÐ `° Ðdriver.€€The€driver€fell€to€the€ground.€€Kemper€testified€that€the€passenger€tried€to€get€out€of€the€car,Ð L œ Ðbut€Kemper€sprayed€him€with€a€chemical€spray€in€order€to€subdue€him.€€Kemper€did€not€see€anyÐ 8 ˆ Ðweapons€on€either€suspect.€€More€officers€soon€arrived,€and€the€suspects€were€transported€to€aÐ $ t Ðhospital.€€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àAt€trial,€Kemper€identified€the€Defendant€as€the€driver€of€the€suspect€vehicle.€€KemperÐ è 8  Ðtestified€that€he€believed€that€the€Defendant€was€wearing€ð ða€pair€of€camoflauge€britches€.€.€.€and€aÐ Ô$  Ðred€shirt€and€a€bullet€proof€vest€under€his€red€shirt.ðð€€Kemper€identified€the€passenger€of€the€suspectÐ À  Ðvehicle€as€Brian€Whitman.€€Kemper€admitted€that€during€the€chase,€the€men€could€have€thrown€aÐ ¬ü  Ðweapon€from€their€car€without€him€noticing.€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àDavid€Gilliam,€M.D.,€the€Blount€County€Medical€Examiner,€performed€autopsies€on€bothÐ pÀ Ðvictims€in€this€case.€€Gilliam€testified€that€Garner€suffered€a€gunshot€wound€to€the€top€of€his€headÐ \¬ Ðand€a€gunshot€near€the€right€corner€of€his€mouth.€€Gilliam€determined€that€neither€of€the€woundsÐ H˜ Ðwere€ð ðcontact€wounds.ðð€€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àGilliam€testified€that€Hill€suffered€a€gunshot€to€his€right€back,€which€penetrated€his€right€lungÐ  \ Ðand€hit€his€heart.€€Gilliam€reported€that€Hill€also€suffered€a€gunshot€wound€to€his€left€back.€€GilliamÐ øH Ðstated€that€Hill€died€of€massive€blood€loss.€€Gilliam€also€noted€that€Hill€was€probably€moving€whenÐ ä4 Ðhe€was€shot.€€Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àGreg€McCallie€testified€that€on€the€afternoon€of€October€16,€1998,€he€was€in€Howe€StreetÐ ¨ø ÐPark€in€the€Hall„Oalfield€community€in€Alcoa€with€Charles€Hill€and€Sammy€Garner,€Jr.€€McCallieÐ ”ä Ðtestified€that€Garner€owned€an€establishment€called€Staceyððs€Place€and€that€Garner€lived€in€anÐ €Ð Ðapartment€above€the€shop.€€According€to€McCallie,€Garner€kept€cocaine€in€the€ceiling€of€the€kitchenÐ l¼ Ðand€a€gun€underneath€the€counter€behind€the€bar.€€McCallie€stated€that€sometime€before€sundownÐ X ¨ Ðon€October€16,€1998,€Garner€asked€McCallie€to€transport€him€to€Garnerððs€bar€on€Aluminum€AvenueÐ D!” Ðbecause€he€was€having€car€trouble.€€McCallie€told€Garner€that€he€could€not€go€because€he€had€hisÐ 0"€  Ðnephews€in€the€park€with€him.€€At€that€time,€Hill€offered€to€take€Garner€to€his€bar.€Ð #l! ÐÌà  àMyron€Lea€Kellogg€testified€that€on€October€16,€1998,€Garner€also€asked€him€for€a€ride.€Ð ô$D # ÐKellogg€stated€that€Garner€needed€his€help€to€make€a€drug€deal.€€Kellogg€testified€that€Garner€toldÐ à%0!$ Ðhim€that€he€had€cocaine.€€Kellogg€further€testified€that€on€or€about€October€14,€1998,€he€went€withÐ Ì&"% ÐGarner€to€Atlanta,€Georgia,€where€Garner€purchased€a€kilogram€(thirty„six€ounces)€of€cocaine€forÐ ¸'#& Ð$27,000.€€According€to€Kellogg,€when€Garner€returned€to€Staceyððs€Place,€he€placed€the€cocaine€inÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€ceiling€of€the€kitchen.€€Kellogg€recalled€that€Garner€kept€a€.40„caliber€gun€behind€the€bar€atÐ )à$( ÐStaceyððs€Place.€€Kellogg€testified€that€he€had€witnessed€ð ðabout€a€thousandðð€drug€deals,€and€he€hadÐ |*Ì%) Ðnever€seen€anyone€wear€a€flak€jacket€or€a€bullet„proof€vest€to€the€transactions.€€Ð h+¸&* Їà  àSeneca€Toure€Teeter€was€also€in€Howe€Street€Park€in€Alcoa€on€October€16,€1998.€€TeeterÐ ° Ðtestified€that€while€in€the€park,€Garner€borrowed€his€cell€phone€to€make€a€call.€€Teeter€stated€thatÐ œì ÐGarner€stayed€on€the€phone€for€approximately€ten€minutes,€but€Teeter€was€not€able€to€hear€theÐ ˆØ Ðconversation.€€According€to€Teeter,€just€before€leaving,€Garner€stated€that€he€was€ð ðabout€to€go€makeÐ tÄ Ða€sale€and€he€would€be€back€in€a€little€bit.ðð€€Ð `° ÐÌà  àBrian€Whitman€testified€that€on€October€16,€1998,€the€Defendant€asked€Whitman€to€ride€withÐ 8 ˆ Ðhim€to€Alcoa.€€Whitman€stated€that€he€decided€to€go€with€the€Defendant€because€he€wanted€to€seeÐ $ t ÐSammy€Garner.€€According€to€Whitman,€the€Defendant€was€wearing€a€bullet„proof€vest€when€theyÐ  ` Ðleft€to€go€to€Alcoa.€€Whitman€stated€that€he€had€never€seen€the€vest€before.€Whitman€testified€thatÐ ü L  Ðthe€Defendant€was€driving€Jamal€Toryððs€ð ðburgundy€98ðð€Oldsmobile.€€Whitman€recalled€that€whenÐ è 8  Ðthey€arrived€at€Garnerððs€club,€nobody€was€there.€€After€a€few€minutes,€a€small€red€car€pulled€up€toÐ Ô$  Ðthe€club.€€Whitman€stated€that€Hill€was€driving€and€Garner€was€in€the€passenger€seat.€€WhitmanÐ À  Ðtestified€that€he€knew€Garner€but€that€he€did€not€know€Hill.€€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àWhitman€testified€that€both€cars€parked€in€the€carport.€€According€to€Whitman,€everyone€gotÐ „Ô  Ðout€of€the€cars€except€Hill,€who€ð ðcame€in€maybe€a€minute€after€[everyone€else]€came€in.ðð€€WhitmanÐ pÀ Ðrecalled€that€he€talked€to€Garner€and€that€everyone€was€friendly.€€Whitman€stated€that€the€DefendantÐ \¬ Ðand€Garner€began€to€talk,€but€he€recalled€that€the€Defendant€and€Hill€did€not€even€look€at€each€other.€Ð H˜ ÐWhitman€testified€that€once€everyone€was€inside,€he€asked€to€use€the€phone,€and€he€took€the€phoneÐ 4„ Ðoutside€to€make€a€call.€€Whitman€testified,€ð ðBy€the€time€I€got€outside€to€use€the€phone,€I€heard€fourÐ  p Ðgunshots.ðð€€Whitman€stated€that€he€ð ðthrew€[the€phone]€down€and€ducked€out€of€the€way€when€[he]Ð  \ Ðsaw€Mr.€Hill€run€out€the€door.ðð€€According€to€Whitman,€Hill€ran€down€the€street€towards€theÐ øH Ðconvenience€store.€€Whitman€then€saw€the€Defendant€run€out€of€the€building€with€something€thatÐ ä4 Ðlooked€ð ð[l]ike€a€little€plastic€Kroger€bag.ðð€€Whitman€testified€that€the€Defendant€got€into€the€driverððsÐ Ð  Ðside€of€the€vehicle€and€Whitman€got€in€on€the€passengerððs€side.€€Whitman€stated€that€the€DefendantÐ ¼  Ðthrew€the€bag€in€Whitmanððs€lap€and€said€that€ð ðthey€tried€to€kill€him.ðð€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àWhitman€testified€that€the€Defendant€left€Staceyððs€Place,€driving€ð ðfastðð€past€Shaggyððs€MarketÐ €Ð Ðtowards€the€highway.€€Whitman€stated€that€he€looked€in€the€bag€and€saw€that€it€was€ð ðfull€of€dope.ðð€Ð l¼ ÐWhitman€threw€the€bag€onto€the€back€seat€and€then€he€climbed€onto€the€backseat.€€Whitman€testifiedÐ X ¨ Ðthat€he€stuffed€the€bag€into€the€backseat,€ð ð[b]ehind€the€armrest.ðð€€Whitman€climbed€back€onto€theÐ D!” Ðfront€seat€and€saw€a€gun€laying€beside€the€Defendant.€€Whitman€then€saw€a€police€officer€on€the€sideÐ 0"€  Ðof€the€road€get€into€his€patrol€car€and€warned€the€Defendant.€€According€to€Whitman,€the€DefendantÐ #l! Ðsaid€that€he€could€not€pull€over€ð ð[b]ecause€thatððs€how€[he]€got€caught€the€last€time.ðð€€WhitmanÐ $X" Ðestimated€that€it€took€the€police€officer€approximately€two€minutes€to€catch€up€to€their€vehicle€andÐ ô$D # Ðturn€on€his€lights€and€siren.€€Whitman€stated€that€he€last€saw€the€gun€right€before€the€police€officerÐ à%0!$ Ðpulled€behind€their€car.€Whitman€testified,€ð ðAnd€then€after€he€was€behind€us€for€so€long,€[theÐ Ì&"% ÐDefendant]€attempted€.€.€.€.€to€pull€over€or€confuse€the€police€officer€or€lose€him€or€whatever.ðð€€TheÐ ¸'#& ÐDefendant€then€turned€onto€a€side€street.€€Whitman€stated€that€by€the€time€the€Defendant€turned,€ð ðtheÐ ¤(ô#' Ðpoliceman€had€shot€at€[them].€€He€let€two€rounds€off€at€[them].ðð€€€Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àWhitman€testified€that€at€some€point,€the€police€car€ð ðrammed€into€the€back€ofðð€their€car,Ð ° Ðâ âwhich€ð ðpushed€[them]€through€the€intersection.ðð€€Whitman€stated€that€their€car€ð ðfishtailedðð€and€wasÐ œì Ðhit€by€another€car.€€According€to€Whitman,€the€Defendant€began€climbing€out€of€the€driverððs€sideÐ ˆØ Ðdoor€and€ran€around€to€the€back€of€the€vehicle,€at€which€time€the€officer,€who€was€also€out€of€his€car,Ð tÄ Ðð ðlet€off€two€more€shots.ðð€€The€Defendant€then€laid€down€on€the€ground.€€Whitman€testified€that€heÐ `° Ðremained€in€the€car,€and€the€police€officer€sprayed€him€in€the€face€with€ð ðmace,€pepper€spray€orÐ L œ Ðwhatever€it€wasðð€so€he€ð ðcouldnððt€see€anything.ðð€€Officers€pulled€Whitman€out€of€the€car€and€he€laidÐ 8 ˆ Ðon€the€ground.€€Whitman€recalled€that€his€left€knee€was€cut€during€the€incident.€€Ð $ t ÐÌà  àWhitman€testified€that€the€Defendant€told€him€that€he€was€going€to€Alcoa€to€buy€cocaine.€Ð ü L  ÐWhitman€maintained€that€he€did€not€want€to€be€involved€in€a€drug€transaction,€but€that€he€just€rodeÐ è 8  Ðwith€the€Defendant€so€he€could€see€Garner.€€Whitman€testified€that€he€deliberately€did€not€payÐ Ô$  Ðattention€to€the€conversation€in€the€club.€€Whitman€testified€that€the€Defendant€owned€a€.45„caliberÐ À  Ðpistol€with€a€ð ðpointerðð€or€laser€sight€on€it.€€Whitman€identified€the€gun€recovered€from€the€highwayÐ ¬ü  Ðmedian€as€the€Defendantððs€gun.€€Whitman€testified€that€the€Defendant€always€carried€that€gun,€andÐ ˜è  ÐWhitman€just€assumed€that€the€Defendant€had€it€with€him€when€they€went€to€Alcoa.Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àCharles€ð ðChuckðð€Lassetter,€an€officer€with€the€Knox€County€Sheriffððs€Department,€testifiedÐ \¬ Ðthat€the€police€department€towed€the€suspect€vehicle€to€the€City€County€Building,€where€it€wasÐ H˜ Ðturned€over€to€detectives.€€According€to€Lassetter,€the€car€was€registered€to€Jamal€Tory.€€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àBrad€Park,€a€crime€scene€technician€with€the€Knox€County€Sheriffððs€Office,€performed€theÐ  \ Ðfinal€search€of€the€suspect€vehicle.€€Park€testified€that€he€also€fingerprinted€the€vehicle€and€tookÐ øH Ðphotographs€of€the€vehicle.€€Park€testified€that€during€his€search,€he€found€a€bullet€in€the€vehicleÐ ä4 Ðframe.€€Park€also€testified€that€he€found€a€white€plastic€shopping€bag€ð ðunderneath€the€armrestÐ Ð  Ðbetween€the€insulation€and€the€frame€of€the€trunk.ðð€€Park€believed€that€someone€would€have€to€makeÐ ¼  Ðan€effort€to€put€the€bag€where€it€was€found.€€Inside€the€shopping€bag,€Park€found€four€separateÐ ¨ø Ðziplock€bags€containing€a€white€powdery€substance.€€Park€testified€that€no€prints€were€found€on€theÐ ”ä Ðbags;€however,€Brian€Whitmanððs€fingerprints€found€were€on€the€rearview€mirror.Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àCeleste€White,€a€drug€chemist€with€the€Tennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation€(TBI),€testifiedÐ X ¨ Ðthat€she€received€four€bags€of€white€powder€from€the€Knoxville€Police€Department.€€WhiteÐ D!” Ðunderstood€that€the€bags€had€been€recovered€from€the€suspectððs€car.€€White€analyzed€the€substanceÐ 0"€  Ðand€determined€that€the€substance€weighed€475.6€grams€and€contained€cocaine.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àCarl€Smith,€a€forensic€scientist€with€the€TBI,€analyzed€powder€that€was€obtained€from€theÐ ô$D # Ðcrime€scene.€€According€to€Smith,€the€sample€contained€312.6€grams€of€cocaine€hydrochloride,Ð à%0!$ Ðwhich€is€commonly€referred€to€as€cocaine,€and€82.4€grams€of€cocaine€base,€which€is€commonlyÐ Ì&"% Ðreferred€to€as€crack€cocaine.€€Smith€testified€that€some€of€the€bags€he€received€to€test€containedÐ ¸'#& Ðpowdered€sugar.€€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àJohn€Casale,€a€research€chemist€with€the€Drug€Enforcement€Agency€(DEA),€examined€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðcocaine€taken€from€the€suspect€car€and€from€the€crime€scene.€€Casale€testified,€ð ðI€reached€theÐ h+¸&* Ðconclusion€that€all€fourteen€bags€were€from€the€same€batch€of€cocaine.ðð€€Casale€stated€that€theÐ ° Ðcocaine€came€from€Peru€and€was€ninety„eight€percent€pure.€€Ð œì ÐÌà  àDeputy€Sheriff€Russell€Hatcher€of€the€Blount€County€Sheriffððs€Department€participated€inÐ tÄ Ða€law€enforcement€ð ðsweepðð€of€the€median€strip€of€Alcoa€Highway€on€October€19,€1998.€€HatcherÐ `° Ðtestified€that€during€the€sweep,€he€found€a€black,€semi„automatic€handgun€with€a€magazine€in€it.€Ð L œ ÐHatcher€believed€that€the€gun€was€loaded,€but€he€was€not€sure.€€Captain€Lowell€H.€Ridings,€Jr.,Ð 8 ˆ Ðtestified€that€the€gun€later€found€in€the€median€of€Alcoa€Highway€had€five€rounds€in€the€magazine.Ð $ t ÐÌà  àJoseph€Huckleby,€an€investigator€in€the€Criminal€Investigations€Division€of€the€KnoxvilleÐ ü L  ÐPolice€Department,€testified€that€on€September€9,€1998,€approximately€one€month€before€the€crimesÐ è 8  Ðin€this€case,€he€was€working€patrol€when€he€recognized€a€man€who€had€pending€warrants€againstÐ Ô$  Ðhim.€€The€man€was€in€a€vehicle€with€two€other€men.€€Huckleby€approached€the€vehicle,€arrested€theÐ À  Ðsuspect,€and€performed€a€ð ðsecurity€pat„downðð€on€the€other€occupants€of€the€vehicle.€€The€DefendantÐ ¬ü  Ðwas€one€of€the€occupants.€€Huckleby€found€a€.45€Glock€magazine€containing€ten€rounds€in€theÐ ˜è  ÐDefendantððs€front€pants€pocket.€€The€Knoxville€Police€Department€confiscated€the€magazine.€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àHarvey€McGill€testified€that€on€October€16,€1998,€he€was€driving€home€from€work€aroundÐ \¬ Ð5:40€p.m.€€McGill€testified€that€the€traffic€was€heavy€and€that€he€was€in€a€turn€lane€when€he€spottedÐ H˜ Ðwhat€he€thought€was€a€toy€pistol€laying€on€the€ground.€€McGill€testified€that€he€opened€his€car€door,Ð 4„ Ðreached€down,€and€picked€up€the€gun.€€McGill€then€realized€that€he€had€found€a€nine„millimeterÐ  p Ðpistol€with€a€magazine.€€McGill€testified€that€it€looked€as€though€the€gun€had€been€run€over€a€coupleÐ  \ Ðof€times.€€McGill€took€the€magazine€out€of€the€gun€and€noticed€that€the€gun€was€loaded€and€readyÐ øH Ðto€fire.€€McGill€wrapped€the€gun€in€a€tee„shirt€and€left.€€When€McGill€read€about€the€shooting€onÐ ä4 ÐAluminum€Avenue€in€the€paper,€he€contacted€the€District€Attorney€General,€who€notified€the€AlcoaÐ Ð  ÐPolice€Department.€€The€police€retrieved€the€gun€shortly€thereafter.€Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àOakley€McKinney,€a€forensic€scientist€with€the€TBI,€analyzed€the€two€pistols€found€inÐ ”ä Ðconnection€with€this€case.€€McKinney€testified€that€he€found€no€latent€prints€on€one€of€the€guns€andÐ €Ð Ðno€identifiable€latent€prints€on€the€other.€€McKinney€stated€that€the€nine„millimeter€pistol€had€debrisÐ l¼ Ðon€it.€€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àTom€Heflin,€a€forensic€scientist€with€the€TBI,€testified€that€he€specializes€in€firearmsÐ 0"€  Ðidentification.€€Heflin€examined€the€two€guns€associated€with€this€case.€€Heflin€also€examined€theÐ #l! ÐGlock€magazine€that€was€confiscated€from€the€Defendant€a€month€prior€to€the€crime.€€Heflin€testifiedÐ $X" Ðthat€the€magazine€that€was€submitted€with€the€Glock€pistol€and€the€magazine€confiscated€from€theÐ ô$D # ÐDefendant€were€basically€the€same.€€Heflin€acknowledged€that€there€was€no€indication€that€theÐ à%0!$ ÐDefendantððs€magazine€had€been€in€that€particular€gun.€€However,€Heflin€determined€that€three€of€theÐ Ì&"% Ðcartridges€in€each€magazine€were€ð ðproduced€in€the€same€lot€of€ammunition,€which€means€that€theyÐ ¸'#& Ðcould€have€very€well€possibly€have€been€boxed€in€the€same€box€of€ammunition.ðð€€Heflin€alsoÐ ¤(ô#' Ðtestified€that€two€of€the€fired€cartridge€casings€found€at€the€scene€and€the€six€cartridges€in€the€twoÐ )à$( Ðmagazines€confiscated€from€the€Defendant€ð ðhad€been€produced€by€the€same€bunter€tool.ðð€€HeflinÐ |*Ì%) Ðnoted€that€usually€when€Glock€pistols€like€the€one€in€this€case€are€sold€to€the€public,€they€are€soldÐ h+¸&* Ðwith€two€magazines,€each€with€a€ten„round€capacity.€€Both€of€the€magazines€that€Heflin€examinedÐ ° Ðhad€a€ten„round€capacity.€€Ð œì ÐÌà  àKathleen€Lundy,€an€examiner€in€the€Federal€Bureau€of€Investigation€laboratory,€testified€thatÐ tÄ Ðshe€specializes€in€ð ðelemental€analysis€and€comparison€of€bullet€and€shot€pellet€lead€specimens.ðð€Ð `° ÐLundy€testified€that€she€performed€a€ð ðcomparative€bullet€lead€analysisðð€in€this€case.€€LundyÐ L œ Ðexplained€that€ð ðwhen€you€analyze€two€bullets,€if€you€find€the€same€chemical€composition,€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðconclusion€is€that€they€are€from€the€same€batch€or€pour€or€melt€of€lead.ðð€€In€this€case,€LundyÐ $ t Ðcompared€two€bullets€retrieved€from€Garnerððs€body,€one€bullet€from€the€crime€scene,€a€cartridgeÐ  ` Ðfrom€the€Glock€pistol€found€in€the€median€of€the€highway,€four€ð ðtest€firesðð€from€the€Glock€pistol,Ð ü L  Ðand€the€magazine€that€was€confiscated€from€the€Defendant.€€Lundy€ð ðfound€a€total€of€three€differentÐ è 8  Ðcompositions€of€lead€represented€by€all€the€specimens€analyzed.ðð€€Lundy€determined€that€the€twoÐ Ô$  Ðbullets€from€Garnerððs€body,€the€bullet€from€the€crime€scene,€seven€cartridges€from€the€confiscatedÐ À  Ðmagazine,€and€five€cartridges€from€the€magazine€in€the€Glock€pistol€had€ð ðanalyticallyÐ ¬ü  Ðindistinguishable€compositions.ððÐ ˜è  ÐÌà  àCaptain€Daniel€Neubert,€Jr.,€of€the€Blount€County€Sheriffððs€Department€testified€that€he€isÐ pÀ Ðthe€Facility€Administrator€for€the€Corrections€Division.€€According€to€Neubert,€the€Defendant€hadÐ \¬ Ð$38€and€Whitman€had€no€money€when€they€were€brought€to€the€Blount€County€Jail€on€October€16,Ð H˜ Ð1998.€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àTerrence€Long€testified€that€at€the€time€of€trial€he€was€an€inmate€in€the€Blount€County€Jail,Ð  \ Ðand€had€talked€to€the€Defendant€while€the€Defendant€was€incarcerated.€€Long€recalled€that€someoneÐ øH Ðasked€the€Defendant€if€he€knew€Sammy€Garner.€€Long€testified€that€the€Defendant€replied,€ð ðOh,€thatÐ ä4 Ðpunk„ass€bitch.ðð€€Regarding€the€last€time€the€Defendant€saw€Garner,€the€Defendant€stated,€ð ðYeh,€IÐ Ð  Ðremember€that€punk„ass€bitch€when€I€seen€his€brains€splatter.ðð€€Long€testified€that€he€and€theÐ ¼  ÐDefendant€were€arguing€when€the€Defendant€made€the€statements€about€Garner.€€Long€stated€thatÐ ¨ø Ðhe€could€not€see€the€Defendant€from€his€cell,€but€maintained€that€he€knew€that€the€Defendant€madeÐ ”ä Ðthe€statements€because€the€person€making€the€statements€responded€to€the€name€ð ðAsata.ðð€€LongÐ €Ð Ðtestified€that€he€lived€with€Garner€for€ten€years€when€his€mother€was€married€to€Garnerððs€father.€Ð l¼ ÐLong€stated€that€he€had€previously€been€to€Staceyððs€Place€and€that€he€also€knew€Hill.€€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àDominic€Rashad€Kellogg€testified€that€he€was€an€inmate€in€the€Blount€County€Jail€at€the€timeÐ 0"€  Ðof€the€trial€in€this€case.€€Kellogg€testified€that€on€October€16,€1998,€he€saw€Garner€at€the€home€of€aÐ #l! Ðman€named€Jack.€€Kellogg€stated€that€he€noticed€a€gun€in€Garnerððs€pocket€and€asked€him€what€wasÐ $X" Ðgoing€on.€€Garner€said€that€he€was€going€to€sell€a€half€of€a€kilogram€of€cocaine€and€left.€€KelloggÐ ô$D # Ðasked€Garner€to€whom€he€planned€to€sell€the€cocaine,€and€Garner€responded,€ð ðI€donððt€know,€I€[have]Ð à%0!$ Ðnever€seen€them€before.ðð€€Kellogg€testified€that€Garner€left€Jackððs€house€and€walked€toward€aÐ Ì&"% Ðpavilion€in€the€park.€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àKellogg€testified€that€he€also€knew€the€Defendant€from€the€Blount€County€Jail.€€KelloggÐ )à$( Ðrecalled€that€he€ð ðcursed€[the€Defendant]€almost€everydayðð€regarding€Hill€and€Garner.€€KelloggÐ |*Ì%) Ðtestified€that€ð ð[a]fter€a€couple€of€days,€[the€Defendant]€finally€said,€ððI€watched€that€bitch„ass€niggerððsÐ h+¸&* Ðbrains€splatter€out€of€his€head.ðððð€€According€to€Kellogg,€the€Defendant€also€said,€ð ðIf€Charles€HillÐ ° Ðwouldnððt€have€never€been€there,€this€wouldnððt€have€never€happened.ðð€€Kellogg€further€testified€thatÐ œì Ðthe€Defendant€stated€that€because€the€Defendant€shot€Hill€in€1995,€ð ð[the€Defendant]€figured€that€theyÐ ˆØ Ðwould€get€him€before€he€got€them.ðð€€Kellogg€testified€that€although€he€shared€a€cell€with€TerrenceÐ tÄ ÐLong,€the€arguments€between€the€Defendant€and€Long€occurred€before€Kellogg€became€incarceratedÐ `° Ðor€moved€into€the€cell€with€Long.€€Kellogg€testified€that€he€also€knew€Hill.€€€€Ð L œ ÐÌà  àDetective€Dale€Boring€of€the€Alcoa€Police€Department€testified€that€he€was€a€witness€for€theÐ $ t ÐState€in€an€aggravated€assault€case€in€which€the€Defendant€was€accused€of€shooting€Charles€ð ðBillððÐ  ` ÐHill.€€According€to€Boring,€Hill€testified€at€the€preliminary€hearing,€and€the€Defendant€was€presentÐ ü L  Ðin€the€courtroom€during€Hillððs€testimony.€€The€trial€was€subsequently€set€for€November€10,€1998,Ð è 8  Ðbut€the€case€was€dismissed€when€Hill€was€killed.€€Boring€testified€that€$3.48€was€recovered€fromÐ Ô$  ÐHillððs€clothing€and€that€$71.00€was€recovered€from€Hillððs€vehicle.€€Ð À  ÐÌà@;;"ìàB.€Defense€ProofˆÐ ˜è  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€testified€that€he€graduated€from€high€school€and€joined€the€Army,€where€heÐ pÀ Ðwas€a€computer€programmer€from€August€1992€until€January€1995.€€At€the€time€of€the€crime,€theÐ \¬ ÐDefendant€was€attending€Pellissippi€State.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€he€had€known€Whitman€forÐ H˜ Ðabout€a€year€prior€to€the€murders€and€that€they€saw€each€other€once€a€week.€€The€Defendant€testifiedÐ 4„ Ðthat€he€is€five€feet,€five€inches€tall€and€that€Whitman€is€approximately€six€feet,€two€inches€tall.€€TheÐ  p ÐDefendant€stated€that€he€introduced€Whitman€to€Princeton€Wells€and€that€Whitman€bought€a€.45Ð  \ ÐGlock€pistol€with€a€ð ðlaser€beamðð€on€it€from€Wells€about€five€to€eight€months€before€the€crime.€€TheÐ øH ÐDefendant€testified€that€Whitman€carried€the€gun€with€him€at€all€times.€€Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€recalled€that€around€noon€on€October€16,€1998,€he€was€at€Keathy€SmithððsÐ ¼  Ðhouse.€€The€Defendant€had€gone€to€Smithððs€after€leaving€his€girlfriendððs€house,€which€was€locatedÐ ¨ø Ðnear€Smithððs€house.€€The€Defendant€explained€that€his€car€had€been€impounded€the€previous€nightÐ ”ä Ðbecause€the€tags€were€expired.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€sometime€between€noon€and€one€oððclockÐ €Ð Ðthat€afternoon,€Whitman€and€Kenny€Jamal€Tory€also€arrived€at€Smithððs€house.€€The€Defendant€statedÐ l¼ Ðthat€Whitman€drove€Toryððs€car€and€took€the€Defendant€to€the€impound€lot€to€retrieve€his€car.€€AfterÐ X ¨ Ðretrieving€the€car,€both€men€returned€to€Smithððs€house.€€The€Defendant€testified,€ð ðWhen€I€first€askedÐ D!” Ð[Whitman]€to€go€take€me€to€go€get€my€car€at€the€impound€[lot],€[Whitman]€asked€me€would€I€takeÐ 0"€  Ðhim€to€Alcoa€to€see€Sammy€Garner.ðð€€Ð #l! ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€testified€that€they€returned€to€Smithððs€house€from€the€impound€lot€atÐ ô$D # Ðapproximately€2:00€p.m.,€but€they€did€not€leave€for€Alcoa€until€after€4:00€p.m.€because€Whitman€hadÐ à%0!$ Ðbeen€ð ðtrying€to€page€.€.€.€Garner.ðð€€Jamal€Tory€gave€the€Defendant€and€Whitman€directions€to€get€toÐ Ì&"% ÐStaceyððs€Place.€€According€to€the€Defendant,€Whitman€asked€to€borrow€Toryððs€1998€four„doorÐ ¸'#& ÐOldsmobile€because€the€motor€in€the€Defendantððs€car€began€ð ðtickingðð€on€the€way€back€from€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðimpound€lot.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€he€drove€because€Whitman€did€not€have€a€driverððs€license.€Ð )à$( ÐThe€Defendant€stated€that€Whitman€told€him€that€he€was€going€ð ðto€talk€about€some€musicalÐ |*Ì%) Ðequipment€or€to€pick€up€some€musical€equipment€or€something€like€that.ðð€Ð h+¸&* Їà  àThe€Defendant€testified€that€on€the€way€to€Staceyððs€Place,€he€missed€a€turn€and€ended€up€atÐ ° Ða€Texaco€gas€station.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€he€and€Whitman€attempted€to€call€for€directions,Ð œì Ðbut€the€phone€did€not€work€so€they€drove€down€the€street€to€a€Food€Lion€grocery€store€to€use€theÐ ˆØ Ðphone.€€The€Defendant€recalled€that€Whitman€dialed€Toryððs€number,€but€the€Defendant€talked€toÐ tÄ Ðhim.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€when€they€finally€arrived€at€Staceyððs€Place,€he€pulled€into€the€backÐ `° Ðpart€of€the€carport.€€Not€finding€anyone€else€there,€the€Defendant€left€the€car€engine€running.€€TheÐ L œ ÐDefendant€testified€that€Whitman€got€out€of€the€car€and€told€the€Defendant,€ð ðIððll€be€right€back.ðð€Ð 8 ˆ ÐHowever,€a€few€minutes€later,€the€Defendant€saw€a€ð ðlittle€red€carðð€drive€up€to€Staceyððs€Place.€Ð $ t ÐAccording€to€the€Defendant,€Hill€was€driving€the€car,€and€Garner€was€in€the€passengerððs€seat.€€HillÐ  ` Ðparked€the€car€beside€the€car€that€the€Defendant€was€driving.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€it€did€notÐ ü L  Ðbother€him€that€Hill€was€there€and€that€he€had€met€Garner€a€couple€of€times€previously€through€Tory.€Ð è 8  ÐThe€Defendant€testified€that€Whitman€and€Tory€were€best€friends,€and€he€recalled€that€Tory€hadÐ Ô$  Ðpreviously€indicated€that€Garner€was€Toryððs€cousin.Ð À  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€testified€that€after€Hill€and€Garner€arrived€at€Staceyððs€Place,€he€still€did€notÐ ˜è  Ðturn€the€car€engine€off.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€he€stayed€in€the€car€while€Whitman,€Hill€andÐ „Ô  ÐGarner€all€went€inside€Staceyððs€Place.€€The€Defendant€recalled€that€everyone€appeared€to€be€friendlyÐ pÀ Ðwith€one€another.€Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€testified€that€after€everyone€went€inside,€his€pager€went€off,€so€he€went€insideÐ 4„ Ðto€use€the€telephone.€€According€to€the€Defendant,€Garner€handed€Whitman€a€phone€from€behind€theÐ  p Ðcounter,€and€Whitman€handed€the€phone€to€the€Defendant.€€The€Defendant€explained€that€he€wentÐ  \ Ðoutside€to€make€his€phone€call€because€he€wanted€some€privacy.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€heÐ øH Ðplanned€to€sit€on€the€car€to€make€the€phone€call,€but€he€had€to€step€out€into€the€light€to€see€theÐ ä4 Ðnumber€on€his€pager.€€He€stated,€€ð ð[T]hatððs€when€I€heard€the€first€two€gunshots.ðð€€The€DefendantÐ Ð  Ðtestified€that€the€first€two€shots€were€more€muffled€than€the€following€shots.€Ð ¼  ÐÌà  à€The€Defendant€recalled€that€he€ð ðimmediately€ran€back€towards€the€two€parallel€parked€cars,ððÐ ”ä Ðbut€he€ð ðtripped€and€fell€and€the€phone€came€out€of€[his]€hand.ðð€€The€Defendant€then€noticed€that€theÐ €Ð Ðdoor€to€the€club€had€been€opened.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€he€reached€up€to€the€car€door€andÐ l¼ Ðjumped€into€the€back€seat.€€According€to€the€Defendant,€he€landed€on€a€bullet„proof€vest,€put€the€vestÐ X ¨ Ðon€over€his€shirt,€and€ð ðballed€upðð€in€the€back€seat€of€the€car.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€WhitmanÐ D!” Ðjumped€in€the€passenger€seat€of€the€car€and€asked€the€Defendant€what€he€was€doing.€€The€DefendantÐ 0"€  Ðstated€that€he€asked€Whitman€what€happened,€and€Whitman€responded€that€ð ðDude€shot€him.ðð€€TheÐ #l! ÐDefendant€testified€that€Hill€had€braids€in€his€hair€and€that€Whitman€told€him€that€the€man€withÐ $X" Ðbraids€shot€Garner.€€The€Defendant€testified€that€Whitman,€who€had€a€gun€when€he€got€in€the€car,Ð ô$D # Ðstruck€the€Defendant€in€the€head€with€the€gun€and€said,€ð ðNigger,€you€need€to€get€me€back€toÐ à%0!$ ÐKnoxville€.€.€.€.ðð€€The€Defendant€stated€that€he€then€got€in€the€front€seat€and€drove.€€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€testified€that€Whitman€told€him€that€Hill€and€Garner€were€arguing€and€thenÐ ¤(ô#' ÐHill€ð ðjust€pulled€out€the€gun€and€shot€[Garner]€and€ran€out€[of]€the€club.ðð€€The€Defendant€drove€pastÐ )à$( ÐShaggyððs€Place,€but€stated€that€he€did€not€remember€seeing€anything€unusual.€€The€DefendantÐ |*Ì%) Ðtestified€that€he€stopped€at€the€stop€sign€at€Aluminum€Avenue€and€put€his€shirt€on€over€the€bullet„Ð h+¸&* Ðproof€vest.€€The€Defendant€reported€that€he€told€Whitman€that€he€wanted€to€go€back€to€get€Garner.€Ð ° ÐAccording€to€the€Defendant,€Whitman€asked€him€why€and€then€said€no.€€The€Defendant€stated€thatÐ œì Ðhe€then€headed€towards€Alcoa€Highway,€but€he€ð ðdidnððt€have€much€to€say€to€[Whitman]ðð€because€heÐ ˆØ Ðwas€ð ðway€too€upset.ðð€€At€this€time,€according€to€the€Defendant,€the€gun€was€in€Whitmanððs€lap.€€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€testified,€ð ð[W]hen€we€passed€by€the€police,€[Whitman]€took€the€gun€and€heÐ L œ Ðput€it€.€.€.€in€his€waist€and€he€grabbed€a€bag€that€was€on€the€floor€in€front€of€him€by€his€feet€.€.€.€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðjumped€in€the€back€seat€with€it.ðð€€He€stated,€ð ðI€guess€that€had€.€.€.€to€be€when€he€stuffed€the€drugs€inÐ $ t Ðthe€back€seat.ðð€€The€Defendant€stated€that€Whitman€did€not€tell€him€what€was€in€the€bag€and€thatÐ  ` ÐWhitman€did€not€have€the€bag€when€he€went€into€Staceyððs€Place.€€The€Defendant€testified€thatÐ ü L  ÐWhitman€told€him,€ð ðIf€the€police€get[]€behind€us€.€.€.€Iððm€going€to€shoot€you€if€you€pull€over.ðð€€TheÐ è 8  ÐDefendant€recalled€that€after€a€minute€or€two,€Whitman€crawled€onto€the€front€seat.€€The€DefendantÐ Ô$  Ðtestified€that€he€did€not€see€the€gun€when€Whitman€crawled€onto€the€front€seat,€but€stated€that€thereÐ À  Ðwas€a€ð ðbulgeðð€in€Whitmanððs€clothing€where€the€gun€could€have€been.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€testified€that€after€the€traffic€thinned,€he€saw€a€police€car€behind€them,€but€heÐ „Ô  Ðdid€not€notice€the€lights€or€siren.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€he€wanted€to€find€a€way€to€stop€withoutÐ pÀ Ðcrashing€or€getting€shot,€so€he€turned€right€onto€Woodson€Drive.€€The€Defendant€maintained€that€heÐ \¬ Ðallowed€the€police€to€catch€up€to€his€vehicle€because€he€ð ðdidnððt€want€to€lose€them.ðð€€The€DefendantÐ H˜ Ðtestified,€ð ð[The€police€officer]€rammed€us€.€.€.€[a]nd€then€he€shot€at€us€and€then€he€rammed€us€againÐ 4„ Ðright€on€through€the€stop€sign.€€And€then€we€crashed,€we€wrecked.ðð€€When€the€car€the€Defendant€wasÐ  p Ðdriving€came€to€a€stop,€it€had€spun€around€and€was€facing€the€opposite€direction.€€Ð  \ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€testified€that€the€police€car€pulled€up€ð ðdoor„to„doorðð€with€their€vehicle,€so€theÐ ä4 ÐDefendant€jumped€over€the€back€seat€and€climbed€out€of€the€passenger€door.€€The€DefendantÐ Ð  Ðobserved€the€police€officer€slide€across€his€seat€and€get€out€of€his€passenger€side€door.€€TheÐ ¼  ÐDefendant€testified€that€the€officer€ð ðshot€at€[him],ðð€so€the€Defendant€ð ðlaid€on€the€ground.ðð€€TheÐ ¨ø ÐDefendant€stated€that€the€officer€then€ð ðmacedðð€him,€slammed€him€into€the€back€windshield,€threwÐ ”ä Ðhim€on€the€ground,€and€handcuffed€him.€€The€police€took€the€Defendant€to€the€hospital€and€then€toÐ €Ð Ðthe€Alcoa€Police€Department.Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àWhen€asked€if€he€knew€about€the€cocaine,€the€Defendant€replied,€ð ðNo,€not€really.€€I€knewÐ D!” Ð[Whitman]€put€something€.€.€.€I€knew€he€was€doing€something€with€a€bag€in€the€back€seat,€but€as€toÐ 0"€  Ðwhat,€I€really€couldnððt€say€then.ðð€€The€Defendant€maintained€that€he€would€not€have€gone€to€AlcoaÐ #l! Ðif€he€had€known€about€the€drug€transaction.€€The€Defendant€testified,€ð ðI€donððt€mess€with€[drugs]€andÐ $X" ÐI€donððt€sell€them.ðð€€He€also€testified€that€his€mother€was€addicted€to€drugs€and€died€at€an€early€age.Ð ô$D # ÐFinally,€the€Defendant€testified€that€while€in€jail€he€had€arguments€with€Terrence€Long€and€DominicÐ à%0!$ ÐRashad€Kellogg€and€that€they€accused€the€Defendant€of€killing€their€friends.€€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àPrinceton€Wells€testified€that€he€knew€both€the€Defendant€and€Whitman.€€Wells€stated€thatÐ ¤(ô#' Ðhe€sold€a€.45„caliber€Glock€pistol€with€two€magazines€to€Whitman€a€couple€of€years€before€the€trial.€Ð )à$( ÐWells€testified€that€he€had€not€met€Whitman€before€he€sold€the€gun€to€him€and€stated€that€theÐ |*Ì%) ÐDefendant€brought€Whitman€to€Wellsðð€house.€€Wells€responded€that€he€bought€the€gun,€as€well€asÐ h+¸&* Ða€laser€sight€for€the€gun,€at€a€gun€show.€€Wells€testified€that€he€was€a€Stateððs€witness€in€a€prior€trialÐ ° Ðagainst€the€Defendant.€€Ð œì ÐÌà  àScotty€Anderson€testified€that€he€was€an€inmate€in€the€Blount€County€Jail€and€recalled€thatÐ tÄ Ðhe€and€the€Defendant€were€housed€in€the€same€cell€between€March€and€June€1999.€€AndersonÐ `° Ðtestified€that€he€also€knew€Dominic€Rashad€Kellogg€and€Terrence€Long.€€Anderson€testified€that€heÐ L œ Ðheard€heated€arguments€between€the€Defendant,€Kellogg,€and€Long.€€According€to€Anderson,Ð 8 ˆ ÐKellogg€and€Long€were€ð ðtalking€crazy€to€[the€Defendant].ðð€€Anderson€testified€that€when€KelloggÐ $ t Ðand€Long€accused€the€Defendant€of€killing€Garner€and€Hill,€the€Defendant€ð ðjust€shook€it€off€and€said,Ð  ` Ðyouððre€crazy,€you€know,€and€just€walked€off.ðð€€Anderson€stated€that€he€never€heard€the€DefendantÐ ü L  Ðmake€any€statements€to€Long€or€Kellogg€indicating€that€he€had€any€knowledge€about€the€killings.€Ð è 8  ÐAnderson€admitted€that€he€had€a€longstanding€problem€with€drugs,€alcohol,€and€sniffing€paint.€€Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àClinton€Andrew€Hacker€testified€that€he€was€an€inmate€in€the€Blount€County€Jail,€where€heÐ ¬ü  Ðwas€housed€in€a€cell€with€the€Defendant€for€approximately€one€month.€€Hacker€stated€that€he€alsoÐ ˜è  Ðknew€Terrence€Long€and€Dominic€Rashad€Kellogg.€€Hacker€recalled€that€there€was€quite€a€bit€ofÐ „Ô  Ðð ðbickeringðð€between€the€Defendant€and€the€other€inmates.€€Hacker€testified€that€they€would€ð ðyell[]Ð pÀ Ðand€scream[]€at€each€other.ðð€€Hacker€testified€that€he€never€heard€the€Defendant€talk€about€killingÐ \¬ Ðeither€of€the€victims.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àJason€D.€Love€testified€that€he€lives€in€Alcoa€and€was€housed€in€the€same€jail€cell€with€theÐ  p ÐDefendant€during€the€summer€of€1999.€€Love€stated€that€he€let€the€Defendant€believe€that€he€wasÐ  \ Ðfrom€New€York€so€that€the€Defendant€would€tell€him€about€the€incident.€€According€to€Love,€theÐ øH ÐDefendant€said€that€he€went€to€Staceyððs€Place€because€ð ðhe€was€going€to€get€somethingðð€from€Garner,Ð ä4 Ðand€then€ð ðhe€recognized€somebody€who€he€shot€like€a€year€or€two€ago.ðð€€Love€stated€that€theÐ Ð  ÐDefendant€said€he€ð ðknew€something€was€funny€because€.€.€.€both€of€them€walked€into€the€kitchen.ðð€Ð ¼  ÐAccording€to€Love,€the€Defendant€said€that€he€thought€Hill€and€Garner€were€going€to€get€the€drugs,Ð ¨ø Ðbut€that€while€the€Defendant€was€inside€Staceyððs€Place,€ð ðhe€heard€something€cock.ðð€€Love€testifiedÐ ”ä Ðthat€the€Defendant€ð ðsaid€he€figured€the€guy€recognized€him€when€he€walked€in,€so€he€had€to€get€themÐ €Ð Ðfirst.€€He€said€when€he€walked€out,€he€had€to€do€what€he€had€to€do.ðð€€Love€acknowledged€that€theÐ l¼ ÐDefendant€never€stated€what€he€had€to€do.€€Love€testified€that€the€Defendant€told€him€ð ðnot€to€sayÐ X ¨ Ðnothing.ððÐ D!” ÐÌà  àDonnie€Bridges€testified€that€he€was€an€inmate€in€the€Blount€County€Jail€with€Love.€€HeÐ #l! Ðtestified€that€he€had€an€argument€with€Love€because€Bridges€ð ðassociated€withðð€the€Defendant.€Ð $X" ÐAccording€to€Bridges,€Love€said€that€the€Defendant€had€killed€his€friend.Ð ô$D # ÐÌà@rr$ìàò òII.€ANALYSISó óˆÐ Ì&"% ÐÌà@ÀÀ ìàA.€€Jury€InstructionsˆÐ ¤(ô#' ÐÌà@ìà1.€Lesser„Included€OffensesˆÐ |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àThe€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€charge€the€jury€on€the€lesser„Ð ° Ðincluded€offenses€of€voluntary€manslaughter,€criminally€negligent€homicide,€and€reckless€homicide.€Ð œì ÐÔ‡ XXXXÔInitially,€we€note€that€voluntary€manslaughter€is€a€lesser„included€offense€of€first€and€second€degreeÐ ˆØ Ðmurder.€€òòState€v.€Dominyóó,€6€S.W.3d€472,€477€n.9€(Tenn.€1999).€Ô#†XXX XDî#ÔÔ‡ XXXXÔ€In€addition,€we€note€that€theÐ tÄ Ðoffenses€of€reckless€homicide€and€criminally€negligent€homicide€are€lesser„included€offenses€ofÐ `° Ðfelony€murder€under€part€(b)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test.€€òòState€v.€Curtis€Jason€Elyóó,€No.€E1998„00099„SC„R11„Ð L œ ÐCD,€No.€E1999„00170„SC„R11„Cd,€2001€Tenn.€LEXIS€600,€at€*29€(Tenn.,€Knoxville,€June€5,€1999Ô#†XXX XEï#ÔÔ‡ XXXXÔ);Ð 8 ˆ Ðòòseeóó€òògenerallyóó€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453,€469€(Tenn.€1999).Ô#†XXX X ñ#ÔÔ‡ XXXXÔ€€However,€the€trial€court€is€notÐ $ t Ðrequired€to€instruct€the€jury€on€all€lesser„included€offenses.€Ô#†XXX Xµñ#ÔÔ‡ XXXXÔDetermining€whether€a€lesser„includedÐ  ` Ðoffense€must€be€charged€in€the€jury€instructions€requires€the€following€two„part€inquiry:Ð ü L  Ðà8  àFirst,€the€trial€court€must€determine€whether€any€evidence€exists€that€reasonableÐ è 8  Ðminds€could€accept€as€to€the€lesser„included€offense.€€In€making€this€determination,Ð Ô$  Ðthe€trial€court€must€view€the€evidence€liberally€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€theÐ À  Ðexistence€of€the€lesser„included€offense€without€making€any€judgments€on€theÐ ¬ü  Ðcredibility€of€such€evidence.€€Second,€the€trial€court€must€determine€if€the€evidence,Ð ˜è  Ðviewed€in€this€light,€is€legally€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€for€the€lesser„Ð „Ô  Ðincluded€offense.ÐpÀÐ Ð  ÐòòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€469.Ô#†XXX Xlò#ÔÔ‡ XXXXÔÐ \¬ ÐÌà  àWe€thus€turn€to€consideration€of€whether€ð ðany€evidence€exists€that€reasonable€minds€couldÐ 4„ Ðaccept€as€to€the€lesser„included€offense[s].ðð€€òòId.óó€Ô#†XXX Xö#ÔÔ‡ XXXXÔ€Ô#†XXX X+÷#ÔÔ‡UXXXXÔRecently,€in€òòState€v.€Allenóó,€69€S.W.3d€181,€189Ð  p Ð(Tenn.€2002),€our€supreme€court€determined€that€the€ð ðjury€is€not€required€to€believe€any€evidenceÐ  \ Ðoffered€by€the€State,ðð€and€held€that€the€authority€of€the€jury€to€convict€on€a€lesser€included€offenseÐ øH Ðmay€not€be€taken€away,€even€when€proof€supporting€the€element€distinguishing€the€greater€offenseÐ ä4 Ðfrom€the€lesser€offense€is€uncontroverted.òòóó€€Our€high€court€reiterated€that€ð ððð[t]he€jury,€not€the€judge,Ð Ð  Ðperforms€the€function€of€fact„finder.ðððð€òòId.óó€(quoting€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W3d€453,€472€(Tenn.€1999)).€Ð ¼  ÐFurther,€the€court€determined€that€ð ðthe€òòBurnsóó€analysis€does€not€preclude€a€finding€that€the€sameÐ ¨ø Ðevidence€supports€an€instruction€on€both€the€greater€offense€and€the€lesser€offense.€€òòId.óó€at€188.Ô#†XXXUXn÷#ÔÔ‡ XXXXÔÐ ”ä ÐÌà  àÔ#†XXX X_û#ÔÔ‡UXXXXÔIn€this€case,€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial€established€that€the€defendant€traveled€to€StaceyððsÐ l¼ ÐPlace€to€effectuate€a€drug€transaction€with€Sammy€Garner.€€The€evidence€also€showed€that€theÐ X ¨ Ðdefendant€wore€a€bulletproof€vest€and€carried€a€gun.€€Shots€were€fired€inside€the€establishment€andÐ D!” Ðthe€defendant€ran€to€the€car€in€possession€of€almost€half€of€a€kilogram€of€cocaine€he€had€taken€fromÐ 0"€  Ðthe€interior€of€Staceyððs€Place.€€Using€the€òòBurnsóó€analysis,€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€anÐ #l! Ðinstruction€on€the€offenses€of€reckless€homicide,€criminally€negligent€homicide,€and€robbery.€€TheÐ $X" Ðevidence€would€also€be€legally€sufficient€to€support€convictions€for€these€offenses.€€Thus,€theÐ ô$D # Ðoffenses€should€have€been€included€in€the€instructions.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àThe€state€argues€on€appeal€that€because€the€defendant€did€not€claim€at€trial€that€he€shot€theÐ ¸'#& Ðvictims€after€adequate€provocation,€the€trial€court€was€not€required€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€lesserÐ ¤(ô#' Ðincluded€offense€of€voluntary€manslaughter.€€Our€supreme€court,€however,€has€held€that€ð ð[t]he€trialÐ )à$( Ðcourt€must€provide€an€instruction€on€a€lesser„included€offense€supported€by€the€evidence€even€if€suchÐ |*Ì%) Ðinstruction€is€not€consistent€with€the€theory€of€the€State€or€of€the€defense.€€The€evidence,€not€theÐ h+¸&* Ðtheories€of€the€parties,€controls€whether€an€instruction€is€required.ðð€€òòAllenóó,€69€S.W.3d€at€188.€€Here,Ð ° Ðseveral€witnesses€testified€that€the€defendant€told€them€that€the€victims€ð ðtried€to€kill€him,ðð€and€thatÐ œì Ðthe€defendant€felt€as€though€he€had€to€ð ðgetðð€the€victims€before€they€killed€him.€€Under€theseÐ ˆØ Ðcircumstances,€the€evidence€warranted€an€instruction€on€voluntary€manslaughter.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àHaving€determined€that€the€trial€court€was€required€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€lesser€includedÐ L œ Ðoffenses€of€voluntary€manslaughter,€reckless€homicide,€criminally€negligent€homicide,€and€robbery,Ð 8 ˆ Ðthe€next€inquiry€is€whether€the€error€was€harmless.€€In€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€977€S.W.2d€101,€105Ð $ t Ð(Tenn.€1998),€our€supreme€court€rejected€a€line€of€cases€which€had€concluded€that€the€right€toÐ  ` Ðinstructions€on€lesser€offenses€was€founded€in€the€Tennessee€Constitution€and€instead€ruled€thatÐ ü L  Ðentitlement€was€based€solely€upon€the€statutory€requirement.€€òòId.óó€€Consequently,€the€high€courtÐ è 8  Ðdirected€that€any€error€in€the€omission€of€a€lesser€included€offense€would€be€subject€to€the€followingÐ Ô$  Ðharmless€error€analysis:Ð À  Ðà8  àReversal€is€required€if€the€error€affirmatively€appears€to€have€affected€the€result€ofÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€trial€on€the€merits,€or€in€other€words,€reversal€is€required€if€the€error€moreÐ ˜è  Ðprobably€than€not€affected€the€judgment€to€the€defendant's€prejudice.Ð„Ô Ð Ð  ÐòòId.óóÐ pÀ ÐÌà  àIn€òòState€v.€Boldenóó,€979€S.W.2d€587,€593€(Tenn.€1998),€our€supreme€court€emphasized€theÐ H˜ Ðmandate€of€the€statute€requiring€trial€courts€to€"instruct€the€jury€on€all€lesser€offenses€if€the€evidenceÐ 4„ Ðintroduced€at€trial€is€legally€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€of€the€lesser€offense."€€òòóóOur€high€courtÐ  p Ðalso€acknowledged€that€the€"purpose€of€the€statute€is€to€protect€the€right€to€trial€by€jury€by€instructingÐ  \ Ðthe€jury€on€the€elements€of€all€offenses€embraced€by€the€indictment€[and€to]€facilitate€the€overallÐ øH Ðtruth-seeking€function€of€the€process."€€òòId.óó€€If€the€failure€to€charge€a€lesser€included€offense€was€anÐ ä4 Ðerror€of€constitutional€dimension,€as€òòBoldenóó€implied,€the€proper€question€would€have€been€whetherÐ Ð  Ðthe€error€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àIn€òòState€v.€Swindleóó,€30€S.W.3d€289,€293€(Tenn.€2000),€however,€our€supreme€court€followedÐ ”ä Ðthe€rationale€in€òòWilliamsóó€and€held€that€reversal€was€required€only€"if€the€error€affirmatively€affectedÐ €Ð Ðthe€result€of€trial,€or€if€the€error€more€probably€than€not€affected€the€judgment€to€the€defendant'sÐ l¼ Ðprejudice."€€The€high€court€concluded€that€the€trial€court's€failure€to€instruct€on€misdemeanor€assaultÐ X ¨ Ðas€a€lesser€included€offense€of€the€primary€charge,€aggravated€sexual€battery,€was€harmless€errorÐ D!” Ðunder€Tennessee€Rule€of€Criminal€Procedure€52(a).Ð 0"€  ÐÔ#†XXXUXÃû#ÔÔ‡ XXXXÔÌà  àÔ#†XXX X.#ÔÔ‡UXXXXÔIn€òòState€v.€Elyóó,€48€S.W.3d€710,€727€(Tenn.€2001)€(emphasis€in€original),€our€supreme€courtÐ $X" Ðclarified€the€holding€in€òòWilliamsóó€and€confirmed€that€the€failure€to€charge€a€lesser€included€offenseÐ ô$D # Ðqualifies€as€an€error€of€constitutional€proportions:Ð à%0!$ Ðà8  àThat€the€right€of€trial€by€jury€is€of€constitutional€dimension€is€evidenced€by€itsÐ Ì&"% Ðembodiment€in€Article€I,€section€6€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€which€states,€"theÐ ¸'#& Ðright€of€trial€by€jury€shall€remain€inviolate."€Accordingly,€we€hold€that€thisÐ ¤(ô#' Ðconstitutional€right€is€violated€when€the€jury€is€not€permitted€to€consider€òòallóó€offensesÐ )à$( Ðâ âsupported€by€the€evidence.Ð|*Ì%)Ð Ð  ÐòòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Bowlesóó,€52€S.W.3d€69,€77€(Tenn.€2001).€€Our€high€court€directed€that€in€reviewingÐ ° Ðâ âerror€arising€from€a€failure€to€charge€one€or€more€lesser€included€offenses,€"the€proper€inquiry€forÐ œì Ðan€appellate€court€is€whether€the€error€is€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt."€€òòElyóó,€48€S.W.3d€atÐ ˆØ Ð727.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àMost€recently,€in€òòAllenóó,€our€supreme€court€confirmed€that€ð ð[a]n€erroneous€failure€to€give€aÐ L œ Ðlesser„included€offense€instruction€will€result€in€reversal€unless€a€reviewing€court€concludes€beyondÐ 8 ˆ Ða€reasonable€doubt€that€the€error€did€not€affect€the€outcome€of€the€trial.ðð€€òòAllenóó,€69€S.W.3d€at€189.€Ð $ t ÐOur€high€court€observed€that€ð ð[t]he€improper€omission€of€a€lesser„included€offense€is€analogous€toÐ  ` Ðthe€improper€omission€of€an€element€of€an€offense.€€Omitting€an€instruction€on€a€lesser„includedÐ ü L  Ðoffense€denies€the€jury€the€option€of€rejecting€a€greater€offense€in€favor€of€a€lesser€offense.ðð€€òòId.óó€Ð è 8  ÐMoreover,€the€court€ruled€as€follows:Ð Ô$  Ðà8  àConstitutional€harmless€error€analysis€does€not€require€harmlessness€to€be€necessarilyÐ À  Ðdemonstrated€by€the€juryððs€verdict.€€The€same€reasoning€applies€to€the€improperÐ ¬ü  Ðomission€of€a€lesser„included€offense.€€The€error€may€be€harmless€when€the€juryÐ ˜è  Ðð ðnecessarily€rejectedðð€all€the€lesser„included€offenses€by€rejecting€an€intermediateÐ „Ô  Ðoffense.€€This€analysis€does€not,€however,€limit€harmless€error€to€cases€in€which€theÐ pÀ Ðjury€necessarily€rejected€all€other€lesser„included€offenses.Ð\¬Ð Ð  ÐòòId.óó€at€190€(citation€omitted).€€Our€supreme€court€directed€that€in€determining€whether€the€improperÐ H˜ Ðomission€of€a€lesser€included€offense€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€ð ða€reviewing€courtÐ 4„ Ðshould€conduct€a€thorough€examination€of€the€record,€including€the€evidence€presented€at€trial,€theÐ  p Ðdefendantððs€theory€of€defense,€and€the€verdict€returned€by€the€jury.ðð€€òòId.óó€at191.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àÔ#†XXXUX}#ÔÔ‡PXXXXÔHere,€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€the€highest€crimes€with€which€he€was€charged,€firstÐ ä4 Ðdegree€murder€and€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€The€jury,€therefore,Ô#†XXXPX"#ÔÔ‡PXXXXÔ€was€presented€with€andÐ Ð  Ðdeclined€to€exercise€its€option€of€convicting€on€the€intermediate€offenses€of€second€degree€murderÐ ¼  Ðand€aggravated€robbery.€€The€evidence€was€overwhelming€that€the€defendant,€armed€and€wearingÐ ¨ø Ða€bulletproof€vest,€shot€each€of€the€victims€to€death€while€inside€Staceyððs€Place.€€It€was€also€clearlyÐ ”ä Ðestablished€that€the€defendant€took€almost€half€a€kilogram€of€cocaine€from€the€bar.€€The€jury€choseÐ €Ð Ðto€reject€the€defendantððs€theory€that€he€shot€the€victims€in€self„defense.€Ô#†XXXPX#ÔÔ‡UXXXXÔ€Under€these€circumstances,Ð l¼ Ðit€is€our€view€that€the€error€was€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóó€òòAllenóó,€69S.W.3d€at€189.Ð X ¨ ÐÔ#†XXXUX²#ÔÔ‡UXXXXÔÌÔ#†XXXUX§ #Ôà@00ìà2.€Necessity€and€DuressˆÐ 0"€  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€charge€the€jury,€as€requested€byÐ $X" Ðthe€Defendant,€on€necessity€and€duress.€€Portions€of€the€testimony€of€Brian€Whitman,€Jason€Love,Ð ô$D # Ðand€Dominic€Rashad€Kellogg€form€the€basis€for€the€Defendantððs€arguments€for€instructions€onÐ à%0!$ Ðnecessity€and€duress.€€Whitman€testified€that€the€Defendant€stated€that€ð ðthey€were€trying€to€kill€meððÐ Ì&"% Ðas€the€Defendant€exited€Staceyððs€Place€following€the€shootings€of€the€victims.€€Love€testified€thatÐ ¸'#& Ðwhile€he€was€incarcerated€with€the€Defendant€after€the€shootings,€the€Defendant€told€Love€that€whileÐ ¤(ô#' Ðwaiting€for€the€two€victims€to€return€from€the€kitchen€in€Staceyððs€Place,€the€Defendant€heardÐ )à$( Ðâ âð ðsomething€cock,ðð€and€ð ðhe€had€to€do€what€he€had€to€do.ðð€€Ô‡ XXXXÔDominic€Rashad€Kellogg,€another€fellowÐ |*Ì%) Ðinmate€of€the€Defendant,€testified€that€the€Defendant,€presumably€referring€to€the€victims,€said€heÐ ° Ðð ðfigured€that€they€would€get€him€before€he€got€them.ððÔ#†XXX XÉ$#ԀРœì Ðâ âÌà  àA€trial€court€has€a€duty€to€give€a€complete€charge€of€law€applicable€to€the€facts€of€the€case.€Ð tÄ ÐòòState€v.€Davenportóó,€973€S.W.2d€283,€287€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1998).€€When€the€trial€court€instructsÐ `° Ðfully€and€fairly,€setting€forth€the€applicable€law,€it€is€not€error€to€refuse€to€give€a€special€instructionÐ L œ Ðrequested€by€a€party.€€òòState€v.€Bohananóó,€745€S.W.2d€892,€897€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€The€test€forÐ 8 ˆ Ðwhether€a€special€instruction€must€be€given€is€whether€ð ðthere€is€any€evidence€which€reasonableÐ $ t Ðminds€could€accept€as€to€any€such€[defense]€.€.€.€.ðð€€òòJohnson€v.€Stateóó,€531€S.W.2d€558,€559€(Tenn.Ð  ` Ð1975).Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àRegarding€the€defense€of€necessity,€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€39„11„609€states€that€exceptÐ Ô$  Ðas€provided€in€ðððð€39„11„611€to€39„11„621,€conduct€is€justified€if:Ð À  Ðà8  à(1)€[t]he€person€reasonably€believes€the€conduct€is€immediately€necessary€to€avoidÐ ¬ü  Ðimminent€harm;€andИè Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(2)€[t]he€desirability€and€urgency€of€avoiding€the€harm€clearly€outweigh,€accordingÐ „Ô  Ðto€ordinary€standards€of€reasonableness,€the€harm€sought€to€be€prevented€by€the€lawÐ pÀ Ðproscribing€the€conduct.€€Ð\¬Ð Ð  ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„609.€€ð ðThe€sentencing€commission€comments€note€that€the€statutoryÐ H˜ Ðprovision€codifies€the€common€law€defense€of€necessity€and€excuses€criminal€conduct€in€thoseÐ 4„ Ðexceedingly€rare€situations€where€criminal€activity€is€an€objectively€reasonable€response€to€anÐ  p Ðextreme€situation.ðð€€òòState€v.€Greenóó,€995€S.W.2d€591,€606€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1998).€€Necessity€isÐ  \ Ðgenerally€used€when€the€extreme€situation€is€brought€on€by€something€other€than€a€human€act.€Ð øH ÐòòDavenportóó,€973€S.W.2d€at€287€(citing€Neil€P.€Cohen€et€al.,€òòPrevalence€and€Use€of€CriminalÐ ä4 ÐDefenses:€A€Preliminary€Studyóó,€60€Tenn.€L.€Rev.€957,€966€(1993)).€€ð ðHowever,€this€court€hasÐ Ð  Ðrejected€claims€of€error€in€a€trial€courtððs€refusal€to€charge€the€defense€of€necessity€in€crimes€ofÐ ¼  Ðviolence.ðð€€òòState€v.€Marcus€A.€Terryóó,€No.€02C01„9708„CR„00313,€1998€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€LEXISÐ ¨ø Ð1154,€at€*16€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,€Nov.€6,€1998).€€Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àThe€defense€of€duress€is€defined€as€follows:Ð l¼ Ðà8  àDuress€is€a€defense€to€prosecution€where€the€person€or€a€third€person€is€threatenedÐ X ¨ Ðwith€harm€which€is€present,€imminent,€impending€and€of€such€a€nature€to€induce€aÐ D!” Ðwell„grounded€apprehension€of€death€or€serious€bodily€injury€if€the€act€is€not€done.€Ð 0"€  ÐThe€threatened€harm€must€be€continuous€throughout€the€time€the€act€is€beingÐ #l! Ðcommitted,€and€must€be€one€from€which€the€person€cannot€withdraw€in€safety.€Ð $X" ÐFurther,€the€desirability€and€urgency€of€avoiding€the€harm€must€clearly€outweigh,Ð ô$D # Ðaccording€to€ordinary€standards€of€reasonableness,€the€harm€sought€to€be€preventedÐ à%0!$ Ðby€the€law€proscribing€the€conduct.ÐÌ&"%Ð Ð  ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„504.€€ð ðThere€must€be€no€reasonable€means€to€escape€the€compulsion€toÐ ¸'#& Ðcommit€the€offense.ðð€€òòDavenportóó,€973€S.W.2d€at€288.€€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àMoreover,€is€important€to€point€out€that€the€trial€court€in€this€case€charged€the€jury€on€self„Ð |*Ì%) Ðdefense€as€follows:Ð h+¸&* Ðà8  àA€person€is€justified€in€threatening€or€using€force€against€another€person€when€andÐ ° Ðto€the€degree€the€person€reasonably€believes€the€force€is€immediately€necessary€toÐ œì Ðprotect€against€the€otherððs€use€or€attempted€use€of€unlawful€force.€€The€person€mustÐ ˆØ Ðhave€a€reasonable€believe€[sic]€that€there€is€an€imminent€danger€of€death€or€seriousÐ tÄ Ðbodily€injury.€€The€danger€creating€the€belief€of€imminent€death€or€serious€bodilyÐ `° Ðinjury€must€be€real,€or€honestly€believed€to€be€real€at€the€time,€and€must€be€foundedÐ L œ Ðupon€reasonable€grounds.€€There€is€no€duty€to€retreat€before€a€person€threatens€orÐ 8 ˆ Ðuses€force.Ð$ tÐ Ð  ÐIn€our€view,€the€trial€courtððs€instruction€on€self„defense€was€the€appropriate€instruction€applicableÐ  ` Ðto€the€testimony€of€Whitman,€Love,€and€Kellogg.Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àWhen€read€as€a€whole,€the€jury€instructions€in€this€case€fairly€submitted€the€legal€issues€toÐ Ô$  Ðthe€jury.€€The€evidence€at€trial€did€not€support€the€defenses€of€duress€or€necessity.€€The€evidenceÐ À  Ðpresented€at€trial€established€that€Sammy€Garner€and€Charles€Hill€were€both€shot€to€death€and€thatÐ ¬ü  Ða€large€quantity€of€cocaine€was€stolen€from€Garner.€€The€Defendant€denied€that€he€was€involved€inÐ ˜è  Ðshooting€either€Garner€or€Hill.€€The€Defendant€denied€that€he€was€involved€in€robbing€or€stealingÐ „Ô  Ðfrom€either€victim.€€We€fail€to€see€how€the€Defendant€may€have€committed€these€acts€out€of€duressÐ pÀ Ðor€necessity.€€The€evidence€does€not€show€that€the€Defendant€ð ðattempted€to€avoid€imminent€harmÐ \¬ Ðand€the€desirability€and€urgency€of€avoiding€the€harm€clearly€outweighed,€according€to€ordinaryÐ H˜ Ðstandards€of€reasonableness,€the€harm€sought€to€be€prevented€by€the€law€proscribing€the€conduct.ðð€Ð 4„ ÐòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Deborah€Leigh€Goinsóó,€2000€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€LEXIS€158,€at€*25„*26;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€Tenn.Ð  p ÐCode€Ann.€ðððð€39„11„504,€39„11„609.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ð  \ ÐÌà@ªªìà3.€Accessory€After€the€FactˆÐ ä4 ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€also€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€charge€the€jury€with€theÐ ¼  Ðoffense€of€accessory€after€the€fact.€€However,€our€supreme€court€has€previously€held€that€the€offenseÐ ¨ø Ðof€accessory€after€the€fact€is€a€separate€and€distinct€crime€from€that€of€the€principal€offense.€€òòStateÐ ”ä Ðv.€Hoosieróó,€631€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982)€(citing€òòMonts€v.€Stateóó,€379€S.W.2d€34,Ð €Ð Ð43€(Tenn.€1964)).€€The€Defendant€was€not€indicted€for€accessory€after€the€fact.€€Thus,€the€trial€courtÐ l¼ Ðproperly€refused€to€submit€the€issue€to€the€jury€as€to€whether€the€Defendant€was€guilty€as€anÐ X ¨ Ðaccessory€after€the€fact.€€This€issue€is€also€without€merit.€€Ð D!” ÐÌà@22ìàC.€€Evidence€of€Pending€Aggravated€Assault€Charge€and€Ammunition€ClipˆÐ #l! ÐÌà  àThe€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence€state€that€all€relevant€evidence€is€generally€admissible.€Ð ô$D # ÐTenn.€R.€Evid.€402.€€Relevant€evidence€is€defined€as€ð ðevidence€having€any€tendency€to€make€theÐ à%0!$ Ðexistence€of€any€fact€that€is€of€consequence€to€the€determination€of€the€action€more€probable€or€lessÐ Ì&"% Ðprobable€than€it€would€be€without€the€evidence.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401.€€However,€ð ð[a]lthoughÐ ¸'#& Ðrelevant,€evidence€may€be€excluded€if€its€probative€value€is€substantially€outweighed€by€the€dangerÐ ¤(ô#' Ðof€unfair€prejudice,€confusion€of€the€issues,€or€misleading€the€jury,€or€by€considerations€of€undueÐ )à$( Ðdelay,€waste€of€time,€or€needless€presentation€of€cumulative€evidence.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àThe€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€evidence€of€a€pending€aggravatedÐ ° Ðassault€charge€against€the€Defendant€in€which€the€victim€of€the€alleged€aggravated€assault€wasÐ œì ÐCharles€ð ðBillðð€Hill,€Jr.,€one€of€the€victims€in€this€case.€€Specifically,€the€Defendant€argues€that€theÐ ˆØ Ðprejudicial€effect€of€the€evidence€substantially€outweighed€its€probative€value.€€We€agree.€€Ô‡UXXXXÔIn€ourÐ tÄ Ðview,€this€situation€is€the€quintessential€example€of€the€proof€that€Rule€404(b)€of€the€TennesseeÐ `° ÐRules€of€Evidence€was€designed€to€prevent.Ô#†XXXUXÿF#ԀРL œ ÐÌà  àÔ‡UXXXXÔAt€the€time€of€the€murders,€the€defendant€stood€charged€with€aggravated€assault€for€shootingÐ $ t ÐCharles€ð ðBillðð€Hill,€who€was€also€one€of€the€victims€in€this€case.€€In€1995,€some€three€years€beforeÐ  ` Ðthe€shooting€in€this€case,€the€defendant€had€allegedly€shot€Hill€in€the€back.€€The€state€soughtÐ ü L  Ðintroduction€of€the€pending€charge€as€proof€of€the€defendantððs€motive€for€killing€the€victims.€€TheÐ è 8  Ðtrial€court€permitted€the€evidence,€finding€that€ð ðitððs€.€.€.€relevant€to€show€on€the€question€of€motiveÐ Ô$  Ðwhich€leads€to€premeditation.ðð€€The€trial€court,€however,€failed€to€make€a€finding€that€the€probativeÐ À  Ðvalue€of€the€evidence€outweighed€the€possibility€of€unfair€prejudice.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àÔ#†XXXUXH#ÔÔ‡ XXXXÔRule€404€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence€provides€in€pertinent€part€as€follows:Ð „Ô  Ðà8  àà ` àOther€Crimes,€Wrongs,€or€Acts.€Evidence€of€other€crimes,€wrongs,€or€acts€isÐ pÀ Ðnot€admissible€to€prove€the€character€of€a€person€in€order€to€show€action€inÐ \¬ Ðconformity€with€the€character€trait.€It€may,€however,€be€admissible€for€otherÐ H˜ Ðpurposes.€The€conditions€which€must€be€satisfied€before€allowing€inquiry€onÐ 4„ Ðcross-examination€about€specific€instances€of€conduct€are:Ð pÐ Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(1)€The€court€upon€request€must€hold€a€hearing€outside€the€jury's€presence;Ð \Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(2)€The€court€must€determine€that€a€material€issue€exists€other€than€conductÐ øH Ðconforming€with€a€character€trait€and€must€upon€request€state€on€the€record€theÐ ä4 Ðmaterial€issue,€the€€ruling,€and€the€reasons€for€admitting€the€evidence;€andÐÐ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(3)€The€court€must€exclude€the€evidence€if€its€probative€value€is€outweighedÐ ¼  Ðby€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.ШøÐ Ð  ÐTenn.€R.€Evid.€404(b).€€A€fourth€prerequisite€to€admissibility€is€that€the€trial€court€find€by€clear€andÐ ”ä Ðconvincing€evidence€that€the€defendant€committed€the€other€crimes€or€bad€acts.€€òòState€v.€DuBoseóó,Ð €Ð Ð953€S.W.2d€649,€654€(Tenn.€1997).€€Rule€404€was€patterned€in€great€measure€on€òòState€v.€Partonóó,€694Ð l¼ ÐS.W.2d€299€(Tenn.€1985),€wherein€our€supreme€court€ruled€that€evidence€of€other€crimes€is€generallyÐ X ¨ Ðinadmissible.€€The€terms€of€this€rule€establish€that€character€evidence€cannot€be€used€to€prove€thatÐ D!” Ða€person€has€a€propensity€to€commit€a€crime.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€404(b);€òòState€v.€Adkissonóó,€899€S.W.2dÐ 0"€  Ð626€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€Most€authorities€suggest€that€trial€courts€take€a€ð ðrestrictive€approachÐ #l! Ðof€404(b)€.€.€.€because€ððother€actðð€evidence€carries€a€significant€potential€for€unfairly€influencing€aÐ $X" Ðjury.ðð€€Neil€P.€Cohen€et€al.,€òòTennessee€Law€of€Evidenceóó€ðð€4.04[8][e]€(4th€ed.€2000).€€That€perhapsÐ ô$D # Ðbest€explains€the€traditional€posture€of€the€courts€that€any€testimony€of€prior€bad€acts€by€a€defendantÐ à%0!$ Ðis€not€usually€admissibleÔ#†XXX X¦K#ÔÔ‡ XXXXÔ€when€used€as€substantive€evidence€of€guilt€of€the€crime€on€trial.€€òòPartonóó,Ð Ì&"% Ð694€S.W.2d€at€302-03.€€In€those€instances€where€the€prior€conduct€or€acts€are€similar€to€the€crimesÐ ¸'#& Ðon€trial,€the€potential€for€such€a€result€increases.€€òòState€v.€Bordisóó,€905€S.W.2d€214,€232€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐApp.€1995).Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àÔ#†XXX XÁU#ÔÔ‡ XXXXÔExceptions€to€the€rule€may€occur€when€the€other€crime€is€relevant€to€an€issue€other€than€theÐ ° Ðâ âaccused's€character€such€as€identity,€motive,€common€scheme€or€plan,€intent,€or€absence€of€mistake.€Ð œì ÐIf,€however,€unfair€prejudice€outweighs€the€probative€value€of€the€other€crime€evidence,€courts€areÐ ˆØ Ðrequired€to€exclude€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Howellóó,€868€S.W.2d€238,€254€(Tenn.€1993);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòStateÐ tÄ Ðv.€Zagorskióó,€701€S.W.2d€808€(Tenn.€1985);€òòState€v.€Tayloróó,€669€S.W.2d€694€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð `° Ð1983).€€When€the€trial€court€substantially€complies€with€the€requirements€of€Rule€404(b),€this€courtÐ L œ Ðwill€review€the€trial€courtððs€determination€for€an€abuse€of€discretion.€òò€DuBoseóó,€953€S.W.2d€at€652.Ô#†XXX X®W#ÔÔ‡ XXXXÔÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àIn€admitting€evidence€of€the€defendantððs€pending€aggravated€assault€charge,€the€trial€courtÐ  ` Ðfailed€to€find€by€clear€and€convincing€evidence€that€the€defendant,€in€fact,€shot€Charles€Hill€in€1995.€Ð ü L  ÐMoreover,€the€trial€court€failed€to€engage€in€a€balancing€test€to€determine€whether€the€probative€valueÐ è 8  Ðof€the€evidence€was€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.€€In€consequence,€the€trial€courtÐ Ô$  Ðfailed€to€substantially€comply€with€the€requirements€of€Rule€404(b).Ô#†XXX XB[#ÔÔ‡UXXXXÔÐ À  ÐÌà  àAs€indicated,€the€state€asserted€at€trial€that€the€pending€charges€were€relevant€to€establish€theÐ ˜è  Ðdefendantððs€motive.€€Ô#†XXXUXÍ]#ÔÔ‡ XXXXÔMotive€should€not€be€confused€with€propensity.€€òòPartonóó,€694€S.W.2d€at€303.€Ð „Ô  ÐIn€òòState€v.€Rickmanóó,€our€supreme€court€quoted€the€Delaware€Supreme€Court€with€approval:Ð pÀ Ðà8  àð ð[W]e€are€no€more€inclined€to€endorse€[the€assumption€that€a€defendant's€propensityÐ \¬ Ðfor€satisfying€sexual€needs€is€so€unique€that€it€is€relevant€to€his€guilt]€than€we€are€toÐ H˜ Ðconsider€previous€crimes€of€theft€as€demonstrating€a€larcenous€disposition€and€thusÐ 4„ Ðadmissible€to€show€proof€of€intent€to€commit€theft€on€a€given€occasion.ððÐ pÐ Ð  Ðòòóó876€S.W.2d€824,Ô#†XXX X¿^#ÔÔ‡ XXXXÔ€829€(Tenn.€1994)€Ô#†XXX X¥a#ÔÔ‡ XXXXÔ(quoting€òòGetz€v.€Stateóó,€538€A.2d€726,€734€(Del.€1988)).Ô#†XXX Xùa#ÔÔ‡UXXXXÔ€€WeÐ  \ Ðcannot€conclude€that€the€defendantððs€1995€shooting€of€the€victim€Hill€demonstrated€a€motive€toÐ øH Ðshoot€Hill€some€three€years€later.€€The€similarity€of€the€crimes€also€militates€against€the€admissibilityÐ ä4 Ðof€the€evidence.€€òòSeeóó€òòÔ#†XXXUXxb#ÔÔ‡ XXXXÔBordisóó,€905€S.W.2d€at€232.Ô#†XXX Xæc#ÔÔ‡UXXXXÔ€€Moreover,€Ô#†XXXUXEd#ÔÔ‡ XXXXÔeven€if€the€previous€shooting€had€someÐ Ð  Ðminimal€relevance€to€an€issue€that€was€before€the€jury,€Rule€404(b)€would€require€the€trial€court€toÐ ¼  Ðexclude€the€evidence€as€its€insignificant€probative€value€is€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfairÐ ¨ø Ðprejudice.€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€404(b)(3).€€Thus,€the€trial€court€erred€by€admitting€into€evidence€theÐ ”ä Ðpending€charges€against€the€defendant.€€The€error€was€harmless,€however,€given€the€overwhelmingÐ €Ð Ðproof€of€his€guilt.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(a).Ô#†XXX X“d#ÔÐ l¼ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€also€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowing€evidence€of€a€priorÐ D!” Ðconfiscation€of€an€ammunition€clip€from€the€Defendant.€€Specifically,€The€Defendant€argues€that€theÐ 0"€  Ðevidence,€although€relevant,€should€have€been€excluded€because€its€probative€value€was€substantiallyÐ #l! Ðoutweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.€€€Investigator€Joseph€Huckleby€testified€that€he€foundÐ $X" Ða€.45€Glock€magazine€containing€ten€rounds€of€ammunition€in€the€Defendantððs€front€pants€pocketÐ ô$D # Ðduring€a€security€check€of€a€vehicle€containing€another€passenger€who€had€outstanding€warrants.€Ð à%0!$ ÐThe€Knoxville€Police€Department€confiscated€the€magazine.€€The€defense€filed€a€motion€in€limineÐ Ì&"% Ðto€exclude€evidence€of€the€magazine€clip,€arguing€that€the€information€was€highly€speculative€andÐ ¸'#& Ðprejudicial€to€the€Defendantððs€presumption€of€innocence.€€The€State€sought€to€prove€that€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðammunition€in€the€magazine€clip€probably€came€from€the€same€box€as€the€unfired€cartridges€foundÐ )à$( Ðâ âin€the€weapon€discovered€on€Alcoa€Highway.€€The€defense€argued€that€the€report€was€too€speculativeÐ |*Ì%) Ðand€that€by€introducing€evidence€of€the€clip,€the€Defendant€was€unfairly€prejudiced€because€theÐ ° ÐDefendantððs€prior€involvement€with€police€was€implied€by€introduction€of€the€evidence.€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àAfter€conducting€a€jury„out€hearing,€the€trial€court€allowed€the€State€to€introduce€theÐ tÄ Ðtestimony€of€Officer€Joseph€Huckleby€regarding€the€confiscation€of€the€magazine€clip.€€The€trialÐ `° Ðcourt€stated,€ð ðI€think€the€testimony€of€why€[Officer€Huckleby]€approached€the€car,€that€he€had€aÐ L œ Ðwarrant€on€an€occupant€of€the€car,€that€he€patted€the€people€down€in€the€car€and€found€[the€magazine]Ð 8 ˆ Ðis€perfectly€proper.ðð€€In€ruling€that€the€evidence€concerning€the€clip€was€admissible,€the€trial€courtÐ $ t Ðstated€that€because€of€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€confiscation€of€the€clip,€Tennessee€Rule€ofÐ  ` ÐEvidence€404(b)€was€not€applicable.€€The€trial€court€further€noted€that€even€if€it€was€applicable,Ð ü L  Ðð ðthereððs€no€unfair€prejudice€and€itððs€clearly€relevant.ðð€€The€trial€court€allowed€Officer€Huckleby€toÐ è 8  Ðtestify€about€the€confiscation€of€the€clip,€but€prohibited€the€introduction€of€any€evidence€concerningÐ Ô$  Ðthe€smell€of€marijuana€in€the€car€or€any€legal€actions€against€the€Defendant.€€We€find€no€abuse€ofÐ À  Ðdiscretion€by€the€trial€court€in€determining€that€the€probative€value€of€evidence€concerning€the€clipÐ ¬ü  Ðclearly€outweighed€any€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àà@º º ìàD.€€Constitutionality€of€Sentencing€ProvisionsˆÐ pÀ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€declare€the€sentencing€provisionsÐ H˜ Ðof€the€Tennessee€homicide€laws€to€be€unconstitutional.€€Specifically,€the€Defendant€argues€that€theÐ 4„ Ðtrial€court€erred€in€allowing€the€State€to€use€elements€of€the€crime€as€enhancement€factors€to€increaseÐ  p Ðthe€Defendantððs€punishment€to€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€parole.€Ð  \ ÐÌà  àPrior€to€trial,€the€State€gave€notice€that€it€intended€to€seek€life€imprisonment€without€theÐ ä4 Ðpossibility€of€parole.€€The€State€relied€on€the€following€aggravating€circumstance€to€enhance€theÐ Ð  ÐDefendantððs€punishment:Ð ¼  Ðà8  àThe€murder€was€knowingly€committed,€solicited,€directed,€or€aided€by€the€defendant,Ð ¨ø Ðwhile€the€defendant€had€a€substantial€role€in€committing€or€attempting€to€commit,€orÐ ”ä Ðwas€fleeing€after€having€a€substantial€role€in€committing€or€attempting€to€commit,Ð €Ð Ðany€first€degree€murder,€arson,€rape,€robbery,€burglary,€theft,€kidnapping,€aircraftÐ l¼ Ðpiracy,€or€unlawful€throwing,€placing€or€discharging€of€a€destructive€device€or€bombÐ X ¨ Ð.€.€.€.ÐD!”Ð Ð  ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(7).€€First€degree€felony€murder€is€ð ð[a]€killing€of€another€committedÐ 0"€  Ðin€the€perpetration€of€or€attempt€to€perpetrate€any€first€degree€murder,€arson,€rape,€robbery,€burglary,Ð #l! Ðtheft,€kidnapping,€aggravated€child€abuse€or€aircraft€piracy.ðð€òòId.óó€39„13„202(a)(2).€€Because€theÐ $X" Ðlanguage€of€the€aggravating€factor€and€the€language€of€the€first€degree€felony€murder€statute€areÐ ô$D # Ðsimilar,€the€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€the€State€to€use€elements€of€theÐ à%0!$ Ðoffense€of€felony€murder€to€enhance€the€Defendantððs€punishment.€€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àOur€supreme€court€has€held€that€the€elements€of€felony€murder€may€be€used€to€enhance€aÐ ¤(ô#' Ðsentence€to€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€parole.€€òòState€v.€Butleróó,€980€S.W.2d€359,€363Ð )à$( Ð(Tenn.€1998).€€However,€the€Defendant€argues€that€òòButleróó€should€be€reconsidered€in€light€ofÐ |*Ì%) ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€40„35„114€and€the€subsequent€United€States€Supreme€Court€decisionsÐ h+¸&* ÐòòApprendi€v.€New€Jerseyóó,€530€U.S.€466€(2000),€and€òòJones€v.€United€Statesóó,€526€U.S.€227€(1999).€Ð ° ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€40„35„114€provides€that€the€listed€enhancement€factors,€ð ðif€notÐ œì Ðthemselves€essential€elements€of€the€offense€as€charged€in€the€indictment,ðð€may€be€used€to€enhanceÐ ˆØ Ða€defendantððs€sentence.€€However,€in€òòButleróó,€our€supreme€court€addressed€the€argument€thatÐ tÄ ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€40„35„114€ð ðreveals€the€legislatureððs€disapproval€of€using€anÐ `° Ðaggravating€circumstance€when€the€aggravator€duplicates€an€element€of€the€offense.ðð€€òòButleróó,€980Ð L œ ÐS.W.2d€at€363.€€The€court€in€òòButleróó€stated€that€a€ð ðunique€sentencing€scheme,ðð€òòid.óó,€is€used€in€firstÐ 8 ˆ Ðdegree€murder€cases;€thus,€ð ðthe€provisions€in€[Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð]€40„35„114€have€noÐ $ t Ðbearing€on€the€sentencing€procedures€in€first€degree€murder€cases.ðð€€òòId.óó€€In€this€case,€the€DefendantÐ  ` Ðwas€convicted€of€two€counts€of€premeditated€murder€and€two€counts€of€felony€murder.€€The€trialÐ ü L  Ðcourt€merged€the€felony€murder€convictions€into€the€premeditated€murder€convictions.€€Thus,€theÐ è 8  Ðtrial€court€sentenced€the€Defendant€for€two€counts€of€premeditated€murder.€€This€issue€is€withoutÐ Ô$  Ðmerit.€€Ð À  ÐÌà  àNext,€the€Defendant€argues€that€the€aggravating€circumstance€relied€on€by€the€State€isÐ ˜è  Ðunconstitutionally€vague€because€it€charges€the€Defendant€with€crimes€not€recognized€underÐ „Ô  ÐTennessee€law.€€The€State€relied€on€the€following€aggravating€circumstance:€Ð pÀ Ðà8  àThe€murder€was€knowingly€committed,€solicited,€directed,€or€aided€by€the€defendant,Ð \¬ Ðwhile€the€defendant€had€a€substantial€role€in€committing€or€attempting€to€commit,€orÐ H˜ Ðwas€fleeing€after€having€a€substantial€role€in€committing€or€attempting€to€commit,Ð 4„ Ðany€first€degree€murder,€arson,€rape,€robbery,€burglary,€theft,€kidnapping,€aircraftÐ  p Ðpiracy,€or€unlawful€throwing,€placing€or€discharging€of€a€destructive€device€or€bombÐ  \ Ð.€.€.€.ÐøHÐ Ð  ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(7).€The€culpable€mental€state€ð ðknowingðð€refers€to€Ð ä4 Ðà8  àa€person€who€acts€knowingly€with€respect€to€the€conduct€or€to€circumstancesÐ Ð  Ðsurrounding€the€conduct€when€the€person€is€aware€of€the€nature€of€the€conduct€or€thatÐ ¼  Ðthe€circumstances€exist.€€A€person€acts€knowingly€with€respect€to€a€result€of€theÐ ¨ø Ðpersonððs€conduct€when€the€person€is€aware€that€the€conduct€is€reasonably€certain€toÐ ”ä Ðcause€the€result.€€Ð€ÐÐ Ð  ÐòòId.óó€ðð€39„11„302(b).€€First€degree€murder€is€the€ð ðpremeditated€and€intentional€killing€of€another.ðð€òòId.óóÐ l¼ Ððð€39„13„202(a)(2).€€The€culpable€mental€state€ð ðððintentionalðð€refers€to€a€person€who€acts€intentionallyÐ X ¨ Ðwith€respect€to€the€nature€of€the€conduct€or€to€a€result€of€the€conduct€when€it€is€the€personððsÐ D!” Ðconscious€objective€or€desire€to€engage€in€the€conduct€or€cause€the€result.ðð€€òòId.óó€ðð€39„11„302(a).€€TheÐ 0"€  ÐDefendant€argues€that€it€was€error€for€the€State€to€be€required€to€prove€the€culpable€mental€state€ofÐ #l! Ðð ðintentionalðð€to€convict€the€Defendant€of€first€degree€murder,€but€to€be€required€to€prove€only€theÐ $X" Ðless€culpable€mental€state€of€ð ðknowinglyðð€with€regard€to€the€aggravating€circumstance.€€TheÐ ô$D # ÐDefendant€argues€that€the€State€should€not€be€allowed€to€enhance€the€Defendantððs€punishment€byÐ à%0!$ Ðproving€a€less€culpable€mental€state€than€is€required€to€prove€the€underlying€offense€relied€upon€byÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€State€in€the€aggravating€circumstance.€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àWe€do€not€find€this€argument€to€be€persuasive.€€There€is€no€requirement€that€an€aggravatingÐ )à$( Ðcircumstance€include€a€mens€rea€ð ðequalðð€to€the€mens€rea€required€for€first€degree€premeditatedÐ |*Ì%) Ðmurder.€€An€aggravating€circumstance€is€not€necessarily€a€distinct€criminal€offense,€involving€a€mensÐ h+¸&* Ðrea,€but€is€rather€a€òòcircumstanceóó€pertaining€to€a€murder€that€is€deemed€by€our€legislature€to€warrantÐ ° Ða€more€severe€punishment.€€€Furthermore,€several€of€the€possible€statutory€aggravating€circumstancesÐ œì Ðcontain€no€language€indicating€that€any€mens€rea€is€required.€€òòSeeóó,€òòe.g.óó,€òòid.óó€ðð€39„13„Ð ˆØ Ð204(i)(1),(2),(4),(5),(6),(8),(12).€€Thus,€we€conclude€that€there€is€no€constitutional€defect€in€theÐ tÄ Ðenhancement€of€the€Defendantððs€punishment€to€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole€for€òòintentionallyóóÐ `° Ðand€with€premeditation€killing€two€victims€if€the€jury€concludes€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€theÐ L œ ÐDefendant€also€òòknowinglyóó€killed€the€victims€during€an€aggravated€robbery.€€This€issue€is€withoutÐ 8 ˆ Ðmerit.Ð $ t ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€next€argues€that€his€sentence€of€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€ofÐ ü L  Ðparole€is€unconstitutional€because€it€constitutes€cruel€and€unusual€punishment.€€Pursuant€to€theÐ è 8  ÐEighth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution,€ð ðexcessive€bail€shall€not€be€required,€norÐ Ô$  Ðexcessive€fines€imposed,€nor€cruel€and€unusual€punishments€inflicted.ðð€€The€language€of€Article€I,Ð À  Ððð€16€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€is€virtually€identical€to€that€of€the€Eighth€Amendment.€€€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€has€failed€to€cite€any€authority€for€the€proposition€that€a€sentence€of€lifeÐ „Ô  Ðwithout€the€possibility€of€parole€is€disproportionate€for€the€offense€of€first€degree€murder.€Ð pÀ ÐAccordingly,€this€issue€is€waived.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€27(a)(7).€Regardless,€we€conclude€that€theÐ \¬ ÐDefendantððs€contention€is€without€merit.€€The€United€States€Supreme€Court€upheld€the€impositionÐ H˜ Ðof€a€mandatory€sentence€of€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€parole€for€a€conviction€ofÐ 4„ Ðpossession€of€more€than€650€grams€of€cocaine€in€the€face€of€an€Eighth€Amendment€challenge.€€òòSeeóóÐ  p ÐòòHarmelin€v.€Michiganóó,€501€U.S.€957€(1991).òòóóò òó ó€€Based€on€the€òòHarmelinóó€decision,€our€Court€has€heldÐ  \ Ðthat€ð ða€sentence€of€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€parole€for€first€degree€murder€wouldÐ øH Ðnot€violate€[the€Eighth€Amendment].ðð€€òòState€v.€Jack€Jay€North,€Jr.óó,€No.€02C01„9512„CC„00369,Ð ä4 Ð1996€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€LEXIS€758,€at€*91€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,€Dec.€9,€1996).€€Moreover,Ð Ð  Ðthe€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€has€held€that€the€death€penalty€is€not€a€òòperóó€òòseóó€violation€of€Article€I,€ððÐ ¼  Ð16€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€òòState€v.€Blackóó,€815€S.W.2d€166,€187„88€(Tenn.€1991).€€Thereforeòòóó,Ð ¨ø Ðwe€conclude€that€the€Defendantððs€sentence€is€not,€òòperóó€òòseóó,€cruel€and€unusual€punishment€under€theÐ ”ä ÐTennessee€Constitution.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Jack€Jay€North,€Jr.óó,€1996€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€LEXIS€758,€at€*9.Ð €Ð ÐÌà@µµ#ìàE.€€IndictmentˆÐ X ¨ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€argues€that€his€indictment€was€constitutionally€defective€on€its€face€becauseÐ 0"€  Ðit€failed€to€allege€facts€to€enhance€the€Defendantððs€punishment€to€life€imprisonment€without€theÐ #l! Ðpossibility€of€parole.€€Generally,€defenses€based€upon€indictment€deficiencies€must€be€presented€priorÐ $X" Ðto€trial.€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€12(b),€(f).€€Thus,€this€issue€is€waived.€€Nevertheless,€we€will€brieflyÐ ô$D # Ðaddress€the€Defendantððs€argument.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€challenges€the€constitutionality€of€his€indictment€based€upon€the€United€StatesÐ ¸'#& ÐSupreme€Court€decisions€in€òòJones€v.€United€Statesóó,€526€U.S.€227€(1999),€and€òòApprendi€v.€NewÐ ¤(ô#' ÐJerseyóó,€530€U.S.€466€(2000).€€Ð )à$( Ðà8  àIn€Jones,€the€Court€construed€a€federal€statute€and€noted€that€the€constitutionalÐ |*Ì%) Ðguarantees€of€due€process,€notice€and€trial€by€jury€require€that€any€fact,€òòother€than€aÐ h+¸&* Ðprevious€convictionóó,€used€to€enhance€a€sentence€òòabove€the€statutory€maximumóó€mustÐ ° Ðbe€(1)€charged€in€the€indictment,€(2)€submitted€to€the€jury,€and€(3)€proven€beyond€aÐ œì Ðreasonable€doubt.€€òòJonesóó,€526€U.S.€at€243,€n.6.€€In€Apprendi,€the€Court€held€that€theÐ ˆØ ÐFourteenth€Amendment€extends€these€requirements€to€cases€involving€state€statutes.€Ð tÄ ÐòòApprendióó,€530€U.S.€at€476.€€Ð`°Ð Ð  ÐòòState€v.€James€Henderson€Dellinger€and€Gary€Wayne€Suttonóó,€No.€E1997„00196„SC„DDT„DD,€2002Ð L œ ÐTenn.€LEXIS€207,€at€*14„*15€(Tenn.,€Knoxville,€May€7,€2002)€(emphasis€in€original).€€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€the€Defendant€contends€that€his€indictment€failed€to€comply€with€the€òòApprendióóÐ  ` Ðrequirements€because€it€did€not€contain€any€facts€alleging€aggravating€factors€used€to€sentence€theÐ ü L  ÐDefendant.€€However,€this€argument€fails€because€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€paroleÐ è 8  Ðis€within€the€statutory€range€of€punishment€prescribed€by€the€legislature€for€first€degree€murder.€€òòSeeóóÐ Ô$  ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(a).€€ð ðThe€Apprendi€holding€applies€only€to€enhancement€factors€usedÐ À  Ðto€impose€a€sentence€above€the€statutory€maximum.ðð€€òòJames€Henderson€Dellingeróó,€2002€Tenn.Ð ¬ü  ÐLEXIS€207,€at€*16€(citing€òòApprendióó,€530€U.S.€at€481).€€€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€also€argues€that€the€indictment€failed€to€ð ðprotect€the€[D]efendant€againstÐ pÀ Ðdouble€jeopardy.ððòòóó€€The€indictments€charged€the€Defendant€with€two€counts€of€especially€aggravatedÐ \¬ Ðrobbery€and€two€counts€of€theft€of€property€valued€over€$1,000.€€The€Defendant€argues€that€inÐ H˜ ÐTennessee,€theft€has€been€declared€a€lesser„included€offense€of€especially€aggravated€robbery,€andÐ 4„ Ðas€such,€theft€is€incorporated€into€the€elevated€charge€of€especially€aggravated€robbery€and€becomesÐ  p Ðpart€of€this€offense.€€Based€on€this€reasoning,€the€Defendant€argues€that€charging€him€with€the€sameÐ  \ Ðoffense€violates€his€right€against€double€jeopardy.€€Ð øH ÐÌà  àBoth€the€United€States€and€Tennessee€Constitutions€require€that€an€accused€be€sufficientlyÐ Ð  Ðinformed€of€the€ð ðnature€and€cause€of€the€accusation.ðð€€U.S.€Const.€amend.€VI,€ðð€14;€Tenn.€Const.€art.Ð ¼  ÐI,€ðð€10;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.€Hillóó,€954€S.W.2d€725,€726„27€(Tenn.€1997).€€These€provisions€have€beenÐ ¨ø Ðinterpreted€to€require€that€an€indictment:€Ð ”ä Ðà8  à(1)€provide€notice€to€the€accused€of€the€offense€charged;€(2)€provide€the€court€withÐ €Ð Ðan€adequate€ground€upon€which€a€proper€judgment€may€be€entered;€and€(3)€provideÐ l¼ Ðthe€defendant€with€protection€against€double€jeopardy.€€ÐX ¨Ð Ð  ÐòòWyatt€v.€Stateóó,€24€S.W.3d€319,€324€(Tenn.€2000);€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòHillóó,€954€S.W.2d€at€727;€òòState€v.€Byrdóó,Ð D!” Ð820€S.W.2d€739,€741€(Tenn.€1991).Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àTennessee€Code€Annotated€further€requires€that€an€indictment€Ð $X" Ðà8  àÐ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àstate€the€facts€constituting€the€offense€in€an€ordinary€and€concise€language,€withoutÐ à%0!$ Ðprolixity€or€repetition,€in€such€a€manner€as€to€enable€a€person€of€commonÐ Ì&"% Ðunderstanding€to€know€what€is€intended,€and€with€that€degree€of€certainty€which€willÐ ¸'#& Ðenable€the€court,€on€conviction,€to€pronounce€the€proper€judgment€.€.€.€.Ф(ô#'Ð Ð  ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„13„202.Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àThe€Defendant€argues€that€the€juryððs€verdicts€convicting€him€of€especially€aggravated€robberyÐ ° Ðâ âand€theft€violate€his€right€against€double€jeopardy.€€The€Double€Jeopardy€Clauses€of€the€UnitedÐ œì ÐStates€and€Tennessee€Constitutions€state€that€no€person€shall€be€twice€put€in€jeopardy€of€life€or€limbÐ ˆØ Ðfor€the€same€offense.€€U.S.€Const.€amend.€V;€Tenn.€Const.€art.€I,€ðð€10.€€In€addition€to€protectingÐ tÄ Ðagainst€a€second€prosecution€for€the€same€offense€where€the€defendant€was€either€convicted€orÐ `° Ðacquitted,€this€clause€has€also€been€interpreted€to€protect€against€multiple€punishments€for€the€sameÐ L œ Ðoffense.€€òòNorth€Carolina€v.€Pearceóó,€395€U.S.€711,€717€(1969),€òòoverruled€on€other€grounds€byóó€òòóóÐ 8 ˆ ÐòòAlabama€v.€Smithóó,€490€U.S.€794€(1989);€òòState€v.€Phillipsóó,€924€S.W.2d€662,€664€(Tenn.€1996)€òòóó).òòóó€Ð $ t Ðà  àÌà  àTwo€indictments€were€filed€against€the€Defendant.€€Count€two€of€each€indictment€allegesÐ ü L  Ðfelony€murder€in€the€perpetration€of€a€robbery,€and€count€five€of€each€indictment€alleges€felonyÐ è 8  Ðmurder€in€the€perpetration€of€a€theft.€€These€multiple€charges€all€constitute€the€offense€of€felonyÐ Ô$  Ðmurder.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(2).€€The€Defendant€was€found€guilty€of€bothÐ À  Ðespecially€aggravated€robbery€and€theft€for€the€same€offense.€€The€Defendant€contends€that€theÐ ¬ü  Ðð ðmultiplication€of€offensesðð€caused€him€unfair€prejudice€which€violated€his€rights€against€doubleÐ ˜è  Ðjeopardy.€€However,€the€two€verdicts€were€merged€under€one€conviction.€€Thus,€the€Defendant€wasÐ „Ô  Ðsubject€to€only€one€sentence€for€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.€€Ð pÀ ÐÌÌà@ýýìàF.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidence€ˆÐ 4„ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€argues€that€insufficient€evidence€was€presented€at€trial€to€convict€him€of€€twoÐ  \ Ðcounts€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€two€counts€of€first€degree€felony€murder€in€perpetrationÐ øH Ðof€a€robbery,€two€counts€of€felony€murder€in€perpetration€of€theft,€one€count€of€especially€aggravatedÐ ä4 Ðrobbery,€and€one€count€of€theft€of€property€valued€over€$1,000.Ð Ð  ÐÌÔ‡ XXXXÔà  àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€an€appellate€courtððs€standardÐ ¨ø Ðof€review€is€whether,€after€considering€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,Ð ”ä Ðany€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonableÐ €Ð Ðdoubt.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€324€(1979);€òòState€v.€Duncanóó,€698Ð l¼ ÐS.W.2d€63,€67€(Tenn.€1985).€€This€rule€applies€to€findings€of€guilt€based€upon€direct€evidence,Ð X ¨ Ðcircumstantial€evidence,€or€a€combination€of€both€direct€and€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòState€v.Ð D!” ÐPendergrassóó,€13€S.W.3d€389,€392„93€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999).Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àIn€determining€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€this€Court€should€not€re„weigh€or€re„evaluateÐ $X" Ðthe€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€€Nor€may€thisÐ ô$D # ÐCourt€substitute€its€inferences€for€those€drawn€by€the€trier€of€fact€from€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Buggsóó,Ð à%0!$ Ð995€S.W.2d€102,€105€(Tenn.€1999);€òòLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(Tenn.€1956)òòóó.€€QuestionsÐ Ì&"% Ðconcerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€as€well€as€allÐ ¸'#& Ðfactual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòLiakasóó,€286€S.W.2d€at€859.òòóó€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐòòóóThis€Court€must€afford€the€State€of€Tennessee€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidenceÐ )à$( Ðcontained€in€the€record,€as€well€as€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐòòState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992).€€Because€a€verdict€of€guilt€against€a€defendantÐ h+¸&* Ðremoves€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€raises€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€convicted€criminalÐ ° Ðdefendant€bears€the€burden€of€showing€that€the€evidence€was€legally€insufficient€to€sustain€a€guiltyÐ œì Ðverdict.€€òòId.óó€Ô#†XXX X ¹#ÔÐ ˆØ ÐÌà