ÿWPCY4 e¼èÉ©E…“"·!ýÞôoÝ.žkaè;]"Ø©QáXÕÑS¥gfŠ2¼r‹d@> òt B±P«ûftjšhbZÅUZ®Æ÷Pmg.Ý1³ßŶ(ZΉK â4™Ý{örnïÌ“,'âHâêÉÚ6« QÍ”ýÄ‹þ1¸§‡{y¡I³ï.èwK\Ñ @Ó뀂ĒŸ+ñå¿_±ÎŸJ"×/øLG²í©Ã¿ÆÛÑV€Šp@Ã)óµÿp}Ó‡ÿå1œ¬KRÙ ÆÝP)Û ÷½¬D% R¬+ãbnù‰–ÔSÙä{PŸ½Îòuš¹YºA[½. M|…ò ïuiËI’Íaƒ§·|é½ö[wEÀ$DôJ+£þß³•ùN34¡Hq|„”!$$åâþ@_Îçñk6—úu©Rù™Ñ. NɈÔ+ǹD‡Ø\¾Ó3W8Å YÏ&LÚO¸“vBRÇ ¡¬£~ú=xOó Tº9ƒ$‹­@ª®Tþó¦ŠûEK‚2Q µû:p; œøÁ8R‰•/çÚÅ‘Ž_n¬N‘S|àˆ­¸ÛdÐÎ$C…(˜…]«Ñ¯®ô„…±{Ÿ{€±ÿ5gدƒT ’ýd‰ìƒ·‘ÆÚ b#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ U(N· w 4 z Ò— i x mz ‘ Æ™ Æ_ Æ% Æë $±NÕ 0D×'EB-Dq÷ŠË rk Ýòç#×Ù%U@°)£ð))“+^¼,¼,2.........bL/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/L/ 0ëT/T/T/T/ B?0?0 0¤\0 D51 D-51 0Kb1b1 AS­1Æ2 0¤Æ2 0Dj3 A«®3˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0»‚) (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularÖJ~'ü{Ÿ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 Ý ƒRh.$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€X-<X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€appellant€apparently€served€with€some€distinction€during€the€Persian€Gulf€War,€earningÐ ° Ðboth€the€Air€Medal€and€the€Bronze€Star€Medal.(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó Ý ƒRh.$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€X-<X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔA€military€heat€tablet€is€a€ð ðsmall€compressed€block€of€fuelðð€that€military€personnel€employÐ ° Ðin€the€field€in€order€to€heat€their€food. #Ý ƒRh.$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€X-<X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIn€1996,€the€Department€of€Human€Services€was€replaced€by€the€Department€of€Children'sÐ ° ÐServices.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€37-5-101€(1996). Ý ƒRh.$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€X-<X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€appellant€confessed€to€police€that€he€hired€Mr.€Winston€to€assist€him€in€murdering€hisÐ ° Ðwife.€€At€trial,€in€contrast,€the€appellant€denied€that€Mr.€Winston€participated€in€the€planning€andÐ –æ Ðexecution€of€the€murder.€€The€appellant€did€admit€that,€upon€his€discharge€from€the€Army,€heÐ |Ì Ðreceived€a€substantial€amount€of€ð ðseparation€pay.ðð€€Moreover,€he€admitted€that,€on€November€2,Ð b² Ð1994,€he€cashed€a€check€amounting€to€$2,700€and€that,€prior€to€the€murder,€he€used€a€credit€cardÐ H˜ Ðissued€by€Nations€Bank€of€Delaware€to€obtain€large€cash€advances.€€However,€he€explained€that€heÐ . ~ Ðwas€paying€an€attorney€to€represent€him€in€the€pending€divorce€proceedings.€€Moreover,€he€assertedÐ  d Ðthat,€at€some€point,€he€was€denied€access€to€his€bank€accounts€due€to€the€divorce€proceedings. íÝ ƒRh.$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÔ€X-<X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔLater€that€night,€the€officers€also€informed€Detective€Charvis€that€they€had€observed€theÐ ° Ðbarrel€of€a€shotgun€inside€Mr.€Winstonððs€Peugeot.€€It€is€unclear€from€the€record,€however,€whetherÐ –æ Ðthe€information€concerning€the€shotgun€barrel€was€conveyed€to€Detective€Charvis€prior€to€theÐ |Ì Ðappellantððs€arrest. Ý ƒRh.$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÔ€X-<X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔDetective€Bernard€apparently€knew€the€appellant,€having€met€him€during€the€appellantððsÐ ° Ðbrief€tenure€with€the€police€department.€ ÁÝ ƒRh.$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÔ€X-<X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€appellant€and€Mr.€Winston€traveled€in€separate€police€vehicles. hÝ ƒRh.$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÔ€X-<X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔInterestingly,€the€appellant€does€not€appear€to€argue€in€his€brief€that€any€mental€ailmentÐ ° Ðimpaired€his€ability€to€comprehend€his€òòMirandaóó€rights€and€the€consequences€of€his€decision€to€waiveÐ –æ Ðthose€rights.€€Moreover,€we€note€that,€although€the€record€contains€some€evidence€that€the€appellantÐ |Ì Ðwas€suffering€from€a€delusional€disorder€at€the€time€of€his€arrest,€Dr.€Kennerððs€testimony€indicatesÐ b² Ðthat€the€disorder€would€not€have€precluded€the€appellantððs€knowing€and€intelligent€waiver€of€hisÐ H˜ 4 ÐòòMirandaóó€rights.€€Specifically,€Dr.€Kenner€testified€that€a€delusional€disorder€only€impairs€a€personððs€Ð ° Ðð ðthinking€within€that€particular€area€.€.€.€that€has€to€do€with€their€delusion.ðð€€In€this€case,€to€the€extentÐ –æ Ðthat€the€appellant€was€suffering€a€delusional€disorder,€his€delusions€related€solely€to€his€wifeððsÐ |Ì Ðbehavior€during€their€marriage.€€Indeed,€the€psychologists€and€psychiatrists€who€examined€theÐ b² Ðappellant€unanimously€observed€that,€notwithstanding€any€mental€disease€or€defect,€the€appellantÐ H˜ Ðwas€competent€to€stand€trial. Ý ƒRh.$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÔ€X-<X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€appellant€indicates€in€his€brief€that,€prior€to€his€arrest,€he€had€been€preparing€to€commitÐ ° Ðsuicide.€€Thus,€the€appellant€hints€that€his€mental€condition€rendered€him€more€susceptible€to€policeÐ –æ Ðcoercion.€€Again,€the€record€simply€does€not€reflect€any€coercive€police€activity.€€Moreover,€otherÐ |Ì Ðthan€Detective€Bernardððs€purely€speculative€testimony,€the€record€does€not€indicate€that€the€appellantÐ b² Ðwas€suicidal.€€The€appellantððs€elaborate€efforts€to€conceal€his€commission€of€the€murder€and€theÐ H˜ Ðabsence€of€any€weapons€in€his€home€suggest€a€contrary€conclusion.€€Finally,€testimony€at€trialÐ . ~ Ðindicated€that,€to€the€extent€the€appellant€was€suffering€from€a€mental€disorder,€the€disorder€renderedÐ  d Ðhim€inflexible€and€resistant€to€any€form€of€authority. èÝ ƒRh.$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÔ€X-<X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔA€minor€exception€relates€to€the€appellantððs€theft€of€the€Ford€vehicle.€€Although€theÐ ° Ðindictment€originally€charged€the€appellant€with€theft€of€property€worth€more€than€one€thousandÐ –æ Ðdollars€($1,000),€the€jury€convicted€the€appellant€of€theft€of€property€worth€less€than€five€hundredÐ |Ì Ðdollars€($500). ÍÝ ƒRh.$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÔ€X-<X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIn€reaching€this€conclusion,€we€note€that€ð ða€question€which€would€clarify€a€prior€ambiguousÐ ° Ðstatement€(e.g.,€ððdid€what?ðð€in€response€to€ððI€did€itðð)ðð€does€not€constitute€interrogation.€€òò2€LaFave,Ð –æ Ðòòóósupraòòóó€óóðð€6.7(d),€at€567.€€Moreover,€under€the€circumstances€of€this€case,€Detective€BernardððsÐ |Ì Ðindication€to€the€appellant€that,€if€he€intended€to€make€a€statement,€he€should€tell€the€truth€did€notÐ b² Ðconstitute€interrogation.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Clarkóó,€377€S.E.2d€54,€60€(N.C.€1989)(ð ð[Ô_Ôe]ncouragingÔ_Ô€aÐ H˜ Ðdefendant€to€tell€the€truth,€even€after€she€has€asked€for€a€lawyer,€does€not€constitute€interrogation€norÐ . ~ Ðits€ððfunctional€equivalentðððð).(ÖÃ9 Z(Times New Roman  ™Ý ƒRh.$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€X-<X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€appellant€testified€at€trial€that,€several€months€prior€to€the€murder,€he€spoke€with€Ms.Ð ° ÐMaraschielloððs€ex„husband€and€became€convinced€that€his€wife€had€lied€about€the€rape€and€feignedÐ –æ Ðpsychological€problems€in€order€to€manipulate€him. Ý ƒRh.$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÔ€X-<X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMs.€Smith€conceded€at€trial€that,€in€compiling€the€appellantððs€social€history,€she€was€not€ableÐ ° Ðto€review€the€appellantððs€Army€records. TÝ ƒRh.$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÔ€X-<X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAccordingly,€we€need€not€address€whether€the€facts€or€data€underlying€Ms.€RileyððsÐ ° Ðtestimony€ð ðindicate€lack€of€trustworthinessðð€under€Tenn.€R.€Ô_ÔEvidÔ_Ô.€703. (Ý ƒRh.$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÔ€X-<X»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔDetective€Mason€correctly€noted€that€he€was€not€required€to€have€the€warrant€in€hisÐ ° Ðpossession€at€the€time€of€the€arrest.€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€4(d)(3).- ù-(|G2h.$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€A»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€X<ŒX»»Ô d(|3Vp$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€A»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3Vp$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€A»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€[À»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€¼[À»»»ÔÑ8€-<XXdæ»»d8Ñà@HHìàIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@§§$ìàAT€NASHVILLEˆÐ ¾ ÐÓ  ÓMay€2000Ð Ì ÐÔ‡X-<X»¼[ÀÔÌò òÔ#†¼[À»XX-<”#Ôà@@¬¬ìàSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€MICHAEL€€F.€Ô_ÔMARASCHIELLOÔ_ÔòòóóÔ‡X-<X»¼[ÀÔó óÐ À ÐÌà@@| | ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Montgomery€CountyÐ ´  Ðà@@§ § ìàNo.€35643€€€€€€Robert€W.€Ô_ÔWedemeyerÔ_Ô,€JudgeÐ š ê ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<K` AßÐ Lœ  ÐÌà@@Ä Ä ìàNo.€M1997„00049„CCA„R10„CD€„€Filed€July€28,€2000€Ð A‘  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE< ` AßÐ  ]  Ðó óÓ  ÓÌÓ  ÓThe€appellant,€Michael€F.€Ô_ÔMaraschielloÔ_Ô,€was€convicted€by€a€jury€in€the€Montgomery€County€CircuitÐ R  ÐCourt€of€first€degree€murder,€arson,€possession€of€an€explosive€weapon,€possession€of€a€shotgun€withÐ è8 Ðan€altered€serial€number,€and€theft.€€For€the€offense€of€first€degree€murder,€a€jury€imposed€a€sentenceÐ Î Ðof€life€imprisonment€in€the€Tennessee€Department€of€Correction.€€Additionally,€the€trial€courtÐ ´ Ðimposed€a€sentence€of€two€years€incarceration€in€the€Department€for€the€offense€of€arson,€two€yearsÐ šê Ðincarceration€in€the€Department€for€the€offense€of€possession€of€an€explosive€weapon,€six€monthsÐ €Ð Ðincarceration€in€the€Montgomery€County€Workhouse€for€the€offense€of€possession€of€a€shotgun€withÐ f¶ Ðan€altered€serial€number,€and€six€months€incarceration€in€the€workhouse€for€the€offense€of€theft.€€TheÐ Lœ Ðtrial€court€ordered€that€the€appellant€serve€his€sentences€consecutively.€€On€appeal,€the€appellantÐ 2‚ Ðpresents€the€following€issues€for€our€review:€(1)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€to€suppressÐ h Ðthe€appellantððs€confession€to€the€police;€(2)€whether€the€trial€court€committed€reversible€error€inÐ þN Ðpermitting€the€State€to€call€the€appellantððs€accomplice,€Timothy€Winston,€to€the€witness€stand€inÐ ä4 Ðlight€of€Mr.€Winstonððs€stated€intention€to€invoke€his€privilege€against€self„incriminationÔ#†¼[À»XX-!% Ðoffered€to€pay€him€ten€thousand€dollars€if€he€would€assist€the€appellant€in€murdering€Ms.Ð Ô&$"& Ðâ âMaraschiello.€€Mr.€Winston€agreed,€whereupon€the€appellant€paid€him€five€thousand€dollars,€and€Ô_ÔtheÐ º' #' Ðtwo€conspirators€began€to€formulate€a€plan.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€On€February€1,€1995,€the€appellant€purchased€theÐ ° Ðâ âmurder€weapon,€a€Ô_ÔMossbergÔ_Ô€ð ð.12€gauge€pump€shotgun,ðð€removing€the€serial€number€with€a€drill€andÐ –æ Ðð ðshortening€the€stock€and€barrel€length.ðð€€On€February€9,€1995,€the€appellant€stole€a€ð ðFord€Ô_ÔLTDÔ_Ô€four„Ð |Ì Ðdoorðð€vehicle,€which€he€planned€to€use€for€transportation€during€the€commission€of€the€murder.€€HeÐ b² Ðadditionally€stole€a€license€plate€from€another€vehicle€and€affixed€the€license€plate€onto€the€stolenÐ H˜ ÐFord.€€Finally,€anticipating€the€need€to€destroy€the€stolen€Ford€following€the€murder,€the€appellantÐ . ~ Ðprepared€two€incendiary€devices,€consisting€of€ð ðM80€firecrackersðð€and€fuses€attached€with€duct€tapeÐ  d Ðto€bottles€of€gasoline.€€The€appellant€also€attached€ð ðmilitary€heat€tabletsðð€to€the€sides€of€the€bottles.׃À×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ú J ÐÌà  àà ` àOn€the€night€of€February€16,€1995,€the€appellant€placed€the€shotgun,€ammunition,Ð Æ   Ðbinoculars,€a€ð ðscannerðð€capable€of€monitoring€Clarksville€police€radio€frequencies,€and€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðincendiary€devices€into€the€stolen€Ford€and€drove€to€the€Queen€City€Barber€College€in€Clarksville,Ð ’â  Ðwhere€Ms.€Ô_ÔMaraschielloÔ_Ô€was€employed.€€The€appellant€was€wearing€a€ð ðpony€tail€wigðð€and€a€skiÐ xÈ  Ðmask.€€Mr.€Winston€followed€the€appellant€in€a€Peugeot€station€wagon.€€Mr.€Winston€was€alsoÐ ^®  Ðcarrying€a€police€scanner€in€his€vehicle€in€addition€to€a€change€of€clothing€for€the€appellant.Ð D”  ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€appellant€and€Mr.€Winston€approached€the€barber€college€at€approximately€10:00Ð ` Ðp.m.€and€observed€Ms.€Ô_ÔMaraschielloÔ_Ô€driving€out€of€the€parking€lot.€€They€began€to€follow€her,€butÐ öF ÐMr.€Winston€soon€became€separated€from€both€the€appellant€and€his€wife.€€The€appellant,€however,Ð Ü, Ðsuccessfully€followed€Ms.€Ô_ÔMaraschielloÔ_Ô€to€the€Belle€Glade€Trailer€Park.€€Ð  ÐÌà  àà ` àSeveral€people,€including€Ms.€Ô_ÔMaraschielloÔ_Ôððs€roommate,€Linda€Ô_ÔHubenthalÔ_Ô,€and€Ms.Ð ŽÞ ÐÔ_ÔMaraschielloÔ_Ôððs€boyfriend,€Tommy€Piper,€were€inside€Ms.€Ô_ÔMaraschielloÔ_Ôððs€trailer,€awaiting€her€returnÐ tÄ Ðfrom€work.€€The€Ô_ÔMaraschiellosÔ_Ôðð€daughters€were€asleep€in€a€rear€bedroom€of€the€trailer.€€Ms.Ð Zª ÐÔ_ÔHubenthalÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Piper€heard€Ms.€Ô_ÔMaraschielloÔ_Ô€arrive€home€and€attempt€to€open€the€front€door€ofÐ @ Ðthe€trailer.€€However,€the€security€chain€was€fastened.€€Accordingly,€Ms.€Ô_ÔHubenthalÔ_Ô€went€to€the€frontÐ &v Ðdoor€to€unfasten€the€chain.€€Mr.€Piper€testified€at€trial€that,€before€Ms.€Ô_ÔHubenthalÔ_Ô€could€unfasten€theÐ  \ Ðchain,€someone€outside€said,€ð ð[Ô_ÔW]hatÔ_Ô€the€hell€do€you€want.ðð€€Mr.€Piper€then€heard€loud€noises€thatÐ òB Ðð ðsounded€like€fireworks€going€off.ðð€€Several€bullets€penetrated€the€front€door€and€the€walls€of€theÐ Ø( Ðtrailer,€and€Mr.€Piper€observed€ð ðsome€stuff€fly€past€[his]€face.ðð€€During€the€shooting,€Ms.€Ô_ÔHubenthalÔ_ÔÐ ¾ Ðand€Mr.€Piper€overheard€Ms.€Ô_ÔMaraschielloÔ_Ô€screaming€for€help.Ð ¤ô ÐÐ Š Ú Ðà  àà ` àIn€a€statement€to€the€police,€the€appellant€recalled€that,Ð ° Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àwhen€[my€wife]€pulled€into€.€.€.€[her]€driveway,€I€pulled€in€behind€her,Ð –æ ÐT„style.€€I€got€out€with€the€shotgun€and€followed€her€to€the€porch,Ð |Ì Ðaimed€the€shotgun€and€pulled€the€trigger€and€it€delayed€for€a€secondÐ b² Ðbefore€discharging.€€The€first€shot€missed€and€hit€the€door.€€I€thenÐ H˜ Ðshot€her€three€or€four€more€times.€€I€was€at€a€distance€of€about€fifteenÐ . ~ Ðfeet.Ð d` x` x ÐMs.€Ô_ÔMaraschielloÔ_Ô€died€as€a€result€of€shotgun€wounds€to€the€head,€chest,€and€abdomen.€€Dr.€CharlesÐ ú J ÐWarren€Harlan,€an€expert€in€forensic€pathology,€opined€at€the€appellantððs€trial€that€a€shotgun€woundÐ à 0 Ðto€Ms.€Ô_ÔMaraschielloÔ_Ôððs€abdomen€was€inflicted€from€a€distance€of€ten€(10)€or€twenty€(20)€feet.€€AÐ Æ   Ðshotgun€wound€to€Ms.€Ô_ÔMaraschielloÔ_Ôððs€chest€was€inflicted€from€a€distance€of€six€(6)€feet€or€less.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐFinally,€the€shotgun€wound€to€Ms.€Ô_ÔMaraschielloÔ_Ôððs€head,€involving€the€removal€of€the€left€frontal€lobeÐ ’â  Ðof€her€brain,€appeared€to€be€a€ð ðcontact€wound,ðð€inflicted€when€the€muzzle€of€the€shotgun€was€inÐ xÈ  Ðcontact€with€Ms.€Ô_ÔMaraschielloÔ_Ôððs€skin.€Ð ^®  ÐÌà  àà ` àFollowing€the€murder,€the€appellant€drove€in€the€stolen€Ford€toward€the€exit€of€theÐ *z  Ðtrailer€park,€encountering€Mr.€Winston€in€the€Peugeot€station€wagon€at€an€intersection€inside€theÐ ` Ðtrailer€park.€€Mr.€Winston€followed€the€appellant€to€Frost€Auto€Alignment€in€Clarksville.€€At€FrostÐ öF ÐAuto€Alignment,€the€appellant€parked€the€stolen€Ford€and,€positioning€the€incendiary€devices€insideÐ Ü, Ðthe€vehicle,€ignited€one€of€the€devices.€€The€appellant€then€got€into€Mr.€Winstonððs€Peugeot,€and€theÐ Â Ðtwo€began€to€drive€toward€Nashville.€€Inside€Mr.€Winstonððs€vehicle,€the€appellant€changed€into€cleanÐ ¨ø Ðclothing.€€Moreover,€during€their€somewhat€circuitous€trip€from€Clarksville€to€Nashville,€at€variousÐ ŽÞ Ðpoints€along€Interstate€24,€Highway€12,€and€Highway€49,€the€appellant€threw€out€of€his€windowÐ tÄ Ðvarious€incriminating€items,€including€the€clothing€that€he€wore€during€the€murder.Ð Zª ÐÌà  àà ` àAt€approximately€11:00€p.m.,€Mr.€Winston€and€the€appellant€were€traveling€towardÐ &v ÐNashville€on€Highway€41„A€at€an€excessive€rate€of€speed,€when€Trooper€Timothy€Hale€Dover€withÐ  \ Ðthe€Tennessee€Highway€Patrol€conducted€a€traffic€stop€of€their€vehicle.€€Deputy€Randall€AndersonÐ òB Ðwith€the€Ô_ÔCheathamÔ_Ô€County€Sheriffððs€Department€assisted€in€conducting€the€stop.€€The€ClarksvilleÐ Ø( ÐPolice€Department€had€not€yet€issued€a€ð ðBOLOðð€or€ð ðbe€on€the€lookoutðð€for€the€appellant.€Ð ¾ ÐAccordingly,€after€checking€Mr.€Winstonððs€driverððs€license€with€the€National€Crime€InformationÐ ¤ô ÐCenter€("Ô_ÔNCICÔ_Ô")€and€issuing€Mr.€Winston€a€traffic€ticket,€Trooper€Dover€allowed€both€him€and€theÐ Š Ú Ðappellant€to€depart.Ð p!À  ÐÌà  àà ` àAfter€the€traffic€stop,€Mr.€Winston€and€the€appellant€drove€to€the€Sycamore€CreekÐ <#Œ" ÐBridge€on€Highway€49.€€At€the€bridge,€the€appellant€removed€the€barrel€from€the€shotgun€that€he€hadÐ "$r# Ðused€to€murder€Ms.€Ô_ÔMaraschielloÔ_Ô.€€Next,€while€Mr.€Winston€waited€in€the€car,€the€appellant€threwÐ %X $ Ðthe€remaining€components€into€the€creek.€€However,€before€the€appellant€could€return€to€the€Peugeot,Ð î%>!% ÐDeputy€Anderson,€who€was€en€route€to€his€home€in€Ashland€City,€approached€the€bridge,€and€Mr.Ð Ô&$"& ÐWinston€began€to€drive€away.€€Ð º' #' ÐÌà  àà ` àDeputy€Anderson€stopped€his€vehicle€on€the€bridge€and€asked€the€appellant€what€heÐ †)Ö$) Ðwas€doing.€€The€appellant€explained€that€he€had€asked€his€friend€to€stop€their€vehicle,€because€heÐ l*¼%* Ðneeded€to€ð ðrelieve€himself.ðð€€He€added€that,€while€he€was€outside€the€vehicle,€his€friend€had€jokinglyÐ R+¢&+ Ðdriven€away.€€The€appellant€asked€the€deputy€to€pursue€Mr.€Winston€and€instruct€him€to€return€toÐ 8,ˆ', Ðthe€Sycamore€Creek€Bridge.€€As€he€initiated€pursuit,€the€deputy€radioed€Trooper€Dover€and€askedÐ ° Ðthat€he€drive€to€the€bridge€and€further€question€the€appellant.Ð –æ ÐÌà  àà ` àUpon€arriving€at€the€Sycamore€Creek€Bridge,€Trooper€Dover€observed€the€appellantÐ b² Ðwalking€alongside€the€road€approximately€three€hundred€feet€from€the€bridge.€€The€trooper€stoppedÐ H˜ Ðhis€vehicle,€requested€the€appellantððs€identification,€and€asked€the€appellant€what€he€was€doing.€€TheÐ . ~ Ðappellant€gave€his€driverððs€license€to€Trooper€Dover€and€repeated€the€story€that€he€had€told€DeputyÐ  d ÐAnderson.€€Trooper€Dover€recalled€at€trial€that€the€appellant€wasÐ ú J Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àjust€kind€of€.€.€.€joking€.€.€.€,€like€his€buddy€had€ran€off€and€left€himÐ à 0 Ðjust€to€be€messing€around€with€him.€.€.€.€[Ô_ÔH]eÔ_Ô€wasnððt€combative€orÐ Æ   Ðanything€and€he€cooperated€totally€at€that€particular€point.€€Ð¬ ü ` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` àMeanwhile,€Deputy€Anderson€had€succeeded€in€detaining€Mr.€Winston.€€In€contrastÐ xÈ  Ðto€the€appellant,€Mr.€Winston€informed€the€deputy€that€the€appellant€was€a€hitchhiker€whom€he€hadÐ ^®  Ðpicked€up€in€Clarksville€and€that€he€had€left€the€appellant€on€the€bridge€in€order€to€ð ðget€rid€of€him.ðð€Ð D”  ÐSubsequently,€Mr.€Winston€admitted€that€he€had€in€fact€known€the€appellant€for€several€years.€€TheÐ *z  Ðdeputy€again€radioed€Trooper€Dover,€informed€the€trooper€of€his€and€Mr.€Winstonððs€location,€andÐ ` Ðasked€that€the€Trooper€transport€the€appellant€to€their€location.Ð öF Ѐ€Ð Ü, Ðà  àà ` àUpon€the€arrival€of€Trooper€Dover€and€the€appellant,€Deputy€Anderson€checked€theÐ Â Ðappellantððs€driverððs€license€with€the€"Ô_ÔNCICÔ_Ô."€€Again,€the€Clarksville€Police€Department€had€not€yetÐ ¨ø Ðissued€a€ð ðBOLOðð€for€the€appellant.€€Accordingly,€the€officers€allowed€Mr.€Winston€and€the€appellantÐ ŽÞ Ðto€depart€once€more.€€At€the€appellantððs€trial,€Deputy€Anderson€recalled€that,€during€this€secondÐ tÄ Ðencounter€with€Mr.€Winston€and€the€appellant,€he€noticed€a€.12€gauge€shotgun€barrel€lying€in€the€rearÐ Zª Ðof€the€Peugeot.Ð @ ÐÌà  àà ` àSoon€thereafter,€the€Clarksville€Police€Department€issued€a€ð ðBOLOðð€for€the€appellantÐ  \ Ðon€the€basis€of€a€preliminary€investigation€of€Ms.€Ô_ÔMaraschielloÔ_Ôððs€murder.€€Specifically,€DetectiveÐ òB ÐAllan€Ô_ÔCharvisÔ_Ô€of€the€Clarksville€Police€Department€had€learned€that€the€appellant€and€Ms.Ð Ø( ÐÔ_ÔMaraschielloÔ_Ô€had€been€engaged€in€a€ð ðheated€divorceðð€involving€numerous€ð ðaltercationsðð€€and€thatÐ ¾ ÐMs.€Ô_ÔMaraschielloÔ_Ô€had€been€ð ðhidingðð€from€the€appellant.€€The€detective€additionally€ascertained€thatÐ ¤ô Ðthe€appellant€had€recently€been€accused€of€sexually€abusing€his€daughter€and€had€been€angered€byÐ Š Ú Ðthe€accusation.€€Finally,€immediately€following€the€issuance€of€the€ð ðBOLO,ðð€Trooper€Dover€andÐ p!À  ÐDeputy€Anderson€notified€Detective€Ô_ÔCharvisÔ_Ô€that€they€had€encountered€the€appellant€and€Mr.Ð V"¦! ÐWinston€in€Ô_ÔCheathamÔ_Ô€County,€en€route€from€Clarksville€to€Nashville,€soon€after€the€murder.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð <#Œ" ÐÌà  àà ` àDetective€Ô_ÔCharvisÔ_Ô€relayed€the€above€information€and€details€concerning€Ms.Ð %X $ ÐÔ_ÔMaraschielloÔ_Ôððs€murder€to€Detectives€Mason€and€West€of€the€Nashville€Metropolitan€PoliceÐ î%>!% ÐDepartment,€who€additionally€discovered€that€the€appellant€had€previously€been€employed€by€theirÐ Ô&$"& ÐÔ_Ôdepartment€as€a€police€officer.€€Detectives€Mason€and€West€then€proceeded€to€the€appellantððsÐ ° ÐNashville€residence€in€order€to€determine€whether€the€appellant€was€present.€€Their€first€visit€wasÐ –æ Ðunsuccessful.€€However,€they€returned€to€the€appellantððs€residence€at€approximately€1:00€a.m.€€AtÐ |Ì Ðthis€time,€Detective€Mason€understood,€erroneously,€that€a€warrant€was€currently€being€issued€forÐ b² Ðthe€appellantððs€arrest.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àà ` àWhen€the€detectives€approached€the€appellantððs€residence€a€second€time,€theyÐ  d Ðobserved€a€light€inside€the€house,€indicating€the€possible€presence€of€the€appellant.€€Accordingly,€theÐ ú J Ðdetectives€requested€additional€assistance.€€Three€uniformed€officers€quickly€arrived€at€theÐ à 0 Ðappellantððs€residence€and€positioned€themselves€strategically€around€the€house.€€The€detectives€thenÐ Æ   Ðapproached€the€appellantððs€front€door€and€knocked€on€the€door.€€The€appellant€eventually€respondedÐ ¬ ü  Ðto€the€detectivesðð€knock,€asking€the€detectives€through€the€closed€door€to€identify€themselves.€Ð ’â  ÐDetective€Mason€responded€that€they€were€police,€and€the€appellant€ð ðneed[ed]€to€open€the€door€andÐ xÈ  Ðtalk€to€[them].ðð€€When€the€appellant€opened€the€door,€Detective€Mason€ordered€the€appellant€atÐ ^®  Ðgunpoint€to€step€onto€the€porch€and€lie€down€on€the€ground.€€The€appellant€complied€with€theÐ D”  Ðdetectiveððs€order,€and€the€detective€handcuffed€the€appellantððs€hands€behind€his€back.€€Upon€inquiry,Ð *z  Ðthe€appellant€indicated€that€he€was€alone€and€refused€the€detectives€permission€to€search€his€homeÐ ` Ðfor€Mr.€Winston.€€Nevertheless,€several€officers€briefly€and€unsuccessfully€searched€the€appellantððsÐ öF Ðresidence€for€the€second€suspect.Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àà ` àAt€the€time€of€the€appellantððs€arrest,€the€temperature€outside€was€ð ðsub„zeroðð€or€ð ðsub„Ð ¨ø Ðfreezing.ðð€€Accordingly,€the€officers€brought€the€appellant€into€his€living€room€and€seated€him€onÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€couch.€€Approximately€twelve€minutes€after€the€appellantððs€arrest,€Detective€E.J.€Bernard€of€theÐ tÄ ÐNashville€Metropolitan€Police€Department€arrived€at€the€appellantððs€residence.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Detective€BernardÐ Zª Ðadvised€the€appellant€that€his€wife€had€been€killed€and€also€advised€the€appellant€of€his€òòMirandaóóÐ @ Ðrights.€€The€appellant€refused€to€provide€a€statement€and€expressed€his€desire€to€consult€with€anÐ &v Ðattorney.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àà ` àFollowing€the€appellantððs€invocation€of€his€òòMirandaóó€rights,€Clarksville€DetectiveÐ Ø( ÐCharvis€arrived€at€the€residence,€accompanied€by€Sergeant€Michael€Lee€Parr,€also€an€officer€withÐ ¾ Ðthe€Clarksville€Police€Department.€€The€Clarksville€officers€briefly€conferred€with€the€NashvilleÐ ¤ô Ðofficers,€whereupon€Detectives€Charvis€and€Mason€left€the€residence€in€order€to€obtain€a€warrant€toÐ Š Ú Ðsearch€the€appellantððs€house.€€Detective€Bernard€and€Sergeant€Parr€also€left€the€residence€in€orderÐ p!À  Ðto€search€for€Mr.€Winston.€€Ð V"¦! ÐÌà  àà ` àMeanwhile,€the€appellant,€his€hands€still€handcuffed€behind€his€back,€remained€underÐ "$r# Ðguard€on€the€couch€in€his€living€room.€€The€heating€system€inside€the€house€was€apparentlyÐ %X $ Ðmalfunctioning,€and€the€temperature€inside€was€approximately€forty€degrees€(40ð$ð)€Fahrenheit.€€TheÐ î%>!% Ðappellant€was€wearing€dark€blue€pants€and€a€t„shirt.€€At€the€appellantððs€request,€the€policeÐ Ô&$"& Ðadditionally€provided€the€appellant€with€a€button„down€shirt.€€Moreover,€the€police€offered€theÐ º' #' Ðappellant€a€blanket,€which€the€appellant€initially€refused€but€later€accepted.€€The€appellant€did€notÐ  (ð#( Ðotherwise€request€additional€clothing€or€ask€that€he€be€moved€to€a€warmer€location.€€In€fact,€duringÐ ° Ðmuch€of€his€wait,€the€appellant€slept.€€His€dog,€a€large,€black€Labrador€Retriever,€lay€on€the€couchÐ –æ Ðbeside€him.Ð |Ì ÐÌà  àà ` àAt€approximately€2:00€a.m.€or€2:30€a.m.,€Trooper€Dover€arrived€at€the€appellantððsÐ H˜ Ðresidence€and€identified€the€appellant€as€one€of€two€men€he€had€encountered€earlier€in€CheathamÐ . ~ ÐCounty.€€At€approximately€5:00€a.m.,€Detectives€Charvis€and€Mason€returned€to€the€residence,Ð  d Ðhaving€successfully€obtained€a€search€warrant.€€At€the€same€time,€Detective€Bernard€and€SergeantÐ ú J ÐParr€also€returned,€accompanied€by€Mr.€Winston.€€The€officers€brought€Mr.€Winston€inside€theÐ à 0 Ðhouse,€but€Mr.€Winston€quickly€indicated€that€he€preferred€to€wait€outside.€€Accordingly,€the€officersÐ Æ   Ðplaced€Mr.€Winston€inside€a€patrol€car.€€The€police,€including€Detective€Bernard,€then€began€toÐ ¬ ü  Ðexecute€the€search€warrant.Ð ’â  ÐÌà  àà ` àAt€this€time,€the€appellant€asked€to€speak€with€Detective€Bernard.€€According€toÐ ^®  ÐSergeant€Daniel€L.€Ogren€with€the€Nashville€Metropolitan€Police€Department,€the€officer€primarilyÐ D”  Ðresponsible€for€guarding€the€appellant€in€the€early€morning€hours€of€February€17,€the€appellantððsÐ *z  Ðrequest€was€entirely€unsolicited.€€Sergeant€Ogren€immediately€notified€Detective€Bernard€of€theÐ ` Ðrequest.Ð öF ÐÌà  àà ` àDetective€Bernard€approached€the€appellant€and,€at€the€appellantððs€suggestion,Ð Â Ðaccompanied€him€to€one€of€the€bedrooms.€€In€the€bedroom,€the€appellant€asked€that€the€detective€re„Ð ¨ø Ðhandcuff€him€with€his€hands€in€front€and€also€requested€cigarettes.€€The€detective€acceded€to€theseÐ ŽÞ Ðrequests€and€also€reiterated€that€the€appellant€did€not€have€to€speak€with€the€police€and€that€theÐ tÄ Ðappellant€was€entitled€to€an€attorney.€€The€detective€then€inquired€whether€the€appellant€still€wishedÐ Zª Ðto€make€a€statement.€€The€appellant€asserted€that€he€wished€to€make€a€statement€and€then€asked,Ð @ Ðð ð[W]hat€should€I€do?ðð€€When€the€detective€indicated€that€the€appellant€should€tell€the€truth,€theÐ &v Ðappellant€agreed€but€asked€that€he€first€be€allowed€to€look€at€his€Army€uniform,€which€was€hangingÐ  \ Ðon€the€door€of€a€closet€located€in€the€basement.€€Detective€Bernard€agreed€and€proceeded€with€theÐ òB Ðappellant€to€the€basement,€where€the€appellant€gazed€at€his€uniform€for€several€moments.€€When€theÐ Ø( Ðdetective€inquired€whether€the€appellant€had€intended€to€kill€himself,€the€appellant€did€not€respondÐ ¾ Ðand€merely€ð ðheld€his€head€down.ðð€€The€appellant€additionally€looked€at€a€flag€belonging€to€hisÐ ¤ô Ðformer€Army€unit€and€a€picture€of€his€children.€€Finally,€Detective€Bernard€and€the€appellantÐ Š Ú Ðreturned€to€the€bedroom.€€Ð p!À  ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€the€bedroom,€the€detective€again€inquired€whether€the€appellant€wished€to€provideÐ <#Œ" Ða€statement.€€The€appellant€responded,€ð ðYes,€sir,€.€.€.€I€did€it.ðð€€When€the€detective€requestedÐ "$r# Ðclarification€of€the€appellantððs€statement,€the€appellant€responded,€ð ðI€killed€her.ðð€€The€detective€thenÐ %X $ Ðasked€the€appellant€questions€concerning€his€commission€of€the€murder.€€The€detective€recalled:Ð î%>!% Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[E]verytime€I€would€ask€him€something,€[the€appellantððs]€reactionsÐ Ô&$"& Ðwere€very,€very€slow.€€Sometimes€when€I€would€ask€him€a€question,Ð º' #' Ðhe€would€stand€there€and€he€was€smoking€because€I€was€giving€himÐ  (ð#( Ðcigarettes€and€I€had€no€problem€in€doing€that,€it€was€his€house.€€HeÐ †)Ö$) Ðwould€look€up€at€me€and€he€would€look€down€and€he€would€continueÐ l*¼%* Ðsmoking€his€cigarette€and€would€look€up€and€it€was€sometimes€asÐ R+¢&+ Ðlong€as€ten€minutes€before€I€would€get€an€answer,€and€I€do€mean€tenÐ 8,ˆ', Ðminutes€because€I€looked€at€my€watch.€€It€was€as€if€he€was€thinkingÐ ° Ðvery,€very€carefully€about€what€he€was€saying.Жæ` x` x ÐThe€detective€observed€that€the€appellant€exhibited€no€remorse€during€the€interview.Ð |Ì ÐÌà  àà ` àAt€approximately€6:00€a.m.,€the€police€left€the€appellantððs€house€with€both€theÐ H˜ Ðappellant€and€Mr.€Winston.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€appellant€informed€the€police€that€he€had€disposed€of€severalÐ . ~ Ðincriminating€items€in€Cheatham€County.€€Accordingly,€they€proceeded€to€the€Cheatham€CountyÐ  d ÐSheriffððs€Department.€€While€waiting€for€the€Sheriffððs€Department€to€disperse€traffic€from€areasÐ ú J Ðwithin€the€scope€of€their€search,€the€police€provided€the€appellant€with€a€cup€of€coffee.€€The€policeÐ à 0 Ðand€the€detainees€then€drove€to€the€Sycamore€Creek€Bridge€on€Highway€49€and€recovered€theÐ Æ   Ðmurder€weapon€from€the€creek.€€The€appellant€attempted€to€recall€other€locations,€where€he€mightÐ ¬ ü  Ðhave€thrown€additional€items€of€evidence.€€However,€due€to€the€appellantððs€unfamiliarity€with€theÐ ’â  Ðarea,€the€ensuing€search€was€largely€unsuccessful.€€Afterwards,€the€appellant€directed€the€police€toÐ xÈ  ÐFrost€Auto€Alignment€in€Clarksville,€where€he€had€disposed€of€the€stolen€Ford.€€Finally,€the€policeÐ ^®  Ðdrove€the€appellant€and€Mr.€Winston€to€the€Clarksville€Police€Department,€stopping€briefly€alongÐ D”  Ðthe€way€to€purchase€food€for€the€detainees.€€At€the€police€department,€the€appellant€provided€aÐ *z  Ðwritten€confession,€which€he€signed€at€approximately€2:00€p.m.€€The€police€finally€obtained€aÐ ` Ðwarrant€for€the€appellantððs€arrest€later€on€the€same€day.Ð öF Ðò òó óÌà  àà ` àOn€April€3,€1995,€the€appellant€was€indicted€by€a€Montgomery€County€Grand€JuryÐ Â Ðfor€first€degree€murder,€arson,€possession€of€an€explosive€weapon,€possession€of€a€shotgun€with€anÐ ¨ø Ðaltered€serial€number,€and€theft.€€Additionally,€on€September€28,€1995,€the€State€notified€theÐ ŽÞ Ðappellant€of€its€intent€to€seek€a€punishment€of€life€imprisonment€without€parole€for€the€offense€ofÐ tÄ Ðfirst€degree€murder€on€the€basis€of€the€aggravating€circumstance€set€forth€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„Ð Zª Ð13„204(i)(3)€(1994),€that€ð ð[t]he€defendant€knowingly€created€a€great€risk€of€death€to€two€(2)€or€moreÐ @ Ðpersons,€other€than€the€victim€murdered,€during€the€act€of€murder.ðð€€The€appellantððs€case€proceededÐ &v Ðto€trial€on€March€17,€1997,€concluding€on€March€21,€1997.€€Ð  \ ÐÌà  àà ` àAt€trial,€the€State€relied€heavily€upon€the€appellantððs€statements€to€the€policeÐ Ø( Ðfollowing€the€murder.€€The€appellant€testified€on€his€own€behalf,€again€confessing€that€he€killed€hisÐ ¾ Ðwife.€€In€defense,€however,€the€appellant€adduced€testimony€in€support€of€the€proposition€that,€priorÐ ¤ô Ðto€the€shooting€and€at€the€time€of€the€shooting,€he€did€not€possess€the€capacity€to€form€the€requisiteÐ Š Ú Ðmental€state€for€first€degree€murder.€€Ð p!À  ÐÌà  àà ` àSpecifically,€the€appellant€presented€testimony€by€Kevin€Wilkinson,€a€pastor€of€theÐ <#Œ" ÐFirst€Christian€Church€in€Hendersonville,€Tennessee,€and€a€captain€in€the€Tennessee€Army€NationalÐ "$r# ÐGuard.€€According€to€Mr.€Wilkinson,€he€is€also€a€dilettante€or€an€amateur€in€the€field€of€psychology.€Ð %X $ ÐMr.€Wilkinson€testified€that,€at€the€request€of€the€appellantððs€parents,€he€visited€the€appellant€in€theÐ î%>!% ÐMontgomery€County€Jail€on€March€2,€1995,€and€spoke€with€the€appellant€for€approximately€twoÐ Ô&$"& Ðhours.€€Mr.€Wilkinson€recalled€that,€during€their€interview,€the€appellantððs€speech€was€ð ðflighty,ðð€i.e.,Ð º' #' Ðthe€appellant€ð ðfrequently€departed€from€the€stream€of€thought.ðð€€Additionally,€the€appellant€appearedÐ  (ð#( Ðto€possess€a€ð ðvery,€very€tenuous,€a€very€fragile€connection€with€reality.ðð€€Mr.€Wilkinson€Ô_ÔconcludedÐ †)Ö$) Ðthat€the€appellant€was€experiencing€the€ð ðresidual€effects€of€a€psychotic€episode.ðð€€Moreover,€Mr.Ð ° ÐWilkinson€opined€that€the€appellant€was€suffering€ð ðpost€battle€phase.ðð€€Mr.€Wilkinson€describedÐ –æ Ðð ðpost€battle€phaseðð€asÐ |Ì Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àthe€time€after€battle€has€occurred€when€troops€are€given€time€toÐ b² Ðintentionally€reconstitute€mentally,€emotionally,€physically,Ð H˜ Ðpsychically€and€to€stabilize.€.€.€.€€The€Ô_ÔsymptomologiesÔ_Ô€of€people€whoÐ . ~ Ðare€not€properly€reconstituting€.€.€.€would€be€erratic€behavior,€manicÐ  d Ðtypes€of€behavior,€blood€thirstiness,€a€desire€to€get€back€out€on€theÐ ú J Ðline.€€Sometimes€it€is€indicated€by€fighting,€sometimes€it€is€indicatedÐ à 0 Ðby€people€who€are€simply€withdrawn,€what€they€called€in€World€WarÐ Æ   ÐI,€shell„shock,€battle€fatigue€is€what€the€term€is€now.€Ð¬ ü ` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€appellant€also€presented€the€testimony€of€Dr.€Pamela€Ô_ÔAubleÔ_Ô,€a€clinicalÐ xÈ  Ðpsychologist.€€Dr.€Ô_ÔAubleÔ_Ô€examined€the€appellant€on€February€6,€1996,€and€on€September€18,€1996,Ð ^®  Ðand€reviewed€various€records€pertaining€to€the€appellant,€including€records€from€the€MiddleÐ D”  ÐTennessee€Mental€Health€Institute,€the€Harriet€Cohn€Mental€Health€Center,€the€VeteransÐ *z  ÐAdministration,€the€Army,€the€Nashville€Metropolitan€Police€Department,€and€the€Louisville,Ð ` ÐKentucky€Police€Department.€€According€to€Dr.€Ô_ÔAubleÔ_Ô,€the€appellant€was€suffering€from€a€delusionalÐ öF Ðdisorder,€post„traumatic€stress€disorder,€and€depression.€€She€also€noted€ð ðelements€of€a€paranoidÐ Ü, Ðpersonality€structure.ðð€€She€concluded€that,€due€to€the€appellantððs€delusional€disorder,€hisÐ Â Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àintent€to€commit€.€.€.€[the€murder€of€his€wife]€was€really€on€a€falseÐ ¨ø Ðdata€base.€€He€„€„€what€he€believed€and€what€was€true€were€twoÐ ŽÞ Ðdifferent€things.€€So€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔMaraschielloÔ_Ô€was€like€living€in€aÐ tÄ Ðnightmare.€€He€thought€that€he€could€see€how€evil€this€other€personÐ Zª Ðwas€and€nobody€else€could€see€it.€€He€acted€as€if€„€„€he€believes€thatÐ @ Ðhis€beliefs€were€true.€€His€beliefs€were€that€his€wife€was€someone€whoÐ &v Ðwas€abusing€and€neglecting€their€children,€sexually,€physically,€andÐ  \ Ðemotionally€and€that€she€was€in€essence,€a€prostitute.€€So€his€actionsÐ òB Ðwere€based€on€his€belief€that€all€that€was€true.€€As€part€of€hisÐ Ø( Ðdelusional€disorder.о` x` x ÐDr.€Ô_ÔAubleÔ_Ô€conceded,€however,€that€the€appellant€was€not€insane€at€the€time€of€the€instant€offenses.€Ð ¤ô ÐMoreover,€Dr.€Ô_ÔAubleÔ_Ô€testified€that,€at€the€time€of€her€interview€with€the€appellant,€he€was€competentÐ Š Ú Ðto€stand€trial.Ð p!À  ÐÌà  àà ` àDr.€William€D.€Kenner,€a€psychiatrist,€also€testified€on€behalf€of€the€appellant.€€Dr.Ð <#Œ" ÐKenner€testified€that€he€interviewed€the€appellant€on€February€17€and€25,€1996,€and€reviewedÐ "$r# Ðnumerous€records€concerning€the€appellant,€including€Dr.€Ô_ÔAubleÔ_Ôððs€report.€€He€concurred€in€Dr.Ð %X $ ÐÔ_ÔAubleÔ_Ôððs€conclusion€that€the€appellant€was€suffering€a€delusional€disorder.€€Specifically,€he€opinedÐ î%>!% Ðthat€the€appellant€was€suffering€from€ð ðconjugal€delusionsðð€or€an€ð ðÔ_ÔOthelloÔ_Ô€syndrome.ðð€€The€doctorÐ Ô&$"& Ðexplained:Ð º' #' Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à.€.€.€Shakespeareððs€play,€Ô_ÔOthelloÔ_Ôà8@F` x` xà,€in€which€he€has€this€fellow€namedÐ  (ð#( ÐÔ_ÔDiagoÔ_Ô,€who€is€a€rotten€apple€in€the€bunch€and€Ô_ÔDiagoÔ_Ô€is€telling€Ô_ÔOthelloÔ_ÔÐ †)Ö$) Ðall€these€bad€things€about€his€wife€and€Ô_ÔOthelloÔ_Ô€believes€him€and€endsÐ l*¼%* Ðup€killing€his€wife.€€In€delusional€disorder,€the€Ô_ÔDiagoÔ_Ô€is€a€part€of€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðindividual€himself.Ð8,ˆ',` x` x ÐDr.€Kenner€further€described€the€appellantððs€delusions€and€their€impact€upon€his€capacity€to€formÐ ° Ðthe€requisite€mental€state€for€first€degree€murder:Ð –æ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[The€appellant€believed]€that€his€wife€was€out€to€kill€him,€that€sheÐ |Ì Ðwas€trying€to€abuse€his€children,€sexually€abusing€his€children.€€ThatÐ b² Ðshe€was€the€devil€herself.€€She€was€„€„€all€involved€in€pornography€inÐ H˜ Ðterms€of€being€photographed€or€something€along€those€lines€and€thatÐ . ~ Ðshe€was€involved€in€various€affairs.Ð d` x` x Ðà@$$(ìàò ò*€*€*ó óˆÐ ú J Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[On€February€16,€1995,]€.€.€.€what€happened€was€a€sort€of€tragicÐ à 0 Ðconvergence€if€you€will€of€his€mental€illness€on€the€one€hand€and€onÐ Æ   Ðthe€other€hand,€the€fact€that€he€and€his€wife€were€having€problemsÐ ¬ ü  Ðprobably€in€a€large€part€as€a€result€of€his€mental€illness€becauseÐ ’â  Ðsomeone€who€develops€this€disorder€is€no€fun€to€be€with.€€I€mean,Ð xÈ  Ðthey€are€„€„€they€are€picky.€€They€go€for€very€small€details,€they€areÐ ^®  Ðaccusatory.€€They€have€this€tremendous€amount€of€anger€focused€onÐ D”  Ðthe€other€person€and€so€it€is€really€burdensome€to€have€a€relationshipÐ *z  Ðwith€someone€like€this,€so€I€would€imagine€that€she€was€trying€to€getÐ ` Ðaway€from€him€and€his€disordered€way€of€thinking€and€interactingÐ öF Ðwith€her€so€that€she€was€trying€to€leave€him€at€a€time€when€he€wasÐ Ü, Ðlooking€for€evidence€to€prove€his€case€that€she€was€evil,€that€she€wasÐ Â Ðkilling,€damaging€him€in€that€he€actually€committed€this€crime,€notÐ ¨ø Ðwith€the€ability€to€think€logically€about€it.€€Even€though€so€many€ofÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€actions€may€have€looked€logical.€€The€thinking€process€that€wasÐ tÄ Ðthe€foundation€for€that€action€was€severely€distorted.ÐZª` x` x Ðà@$$(ìàò ò*€*€*ó óˆÐ @ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[Ô_ÔI]tÔ_Ô€impacted€on€his€ability€to€form€intent€in€that€his€basis€for€hisÐ &v Ðaction€was€defective€and€he€was€operating€not€with€a€full€deck.€€It€wasÐ  \ Ðlike€he€was€playing€poker€and€there€were€some€jokers€in€the€deck€andÐ òB Ðhe€was€dealing€with€those€jokers€as€if€they€were€real€face€cards€orÐ Ø( Ðsomething.€€As€though€his€wife€was€definitely€out€to€kill€him€and€sheÐ ¾ Ðwas€sexually€abusing€the€children€and€all€these€horrible€things.Фô` x` x ÐFinally,€noting€the€incidence€of€mental€illness€in€the€appellantððs€family,€Dr.€Kenner€opined€that€theÐ Š Ú Ðappellant€likely€possessed€a€genetic€predisposition€to€develop€a€delusional€disorder.€Moreover,€Dr.Ð p!À  ÐKenner€observed€that€a€delusional€disorder€is€ð ðmore€likely€to€occur€in€people€who€have€gone€throughÐ V"¦! Ðsome€kind€of€stressorðð€and€opined€that€the€appellantððs€military€service€in€the€Persian€Gulf€War€couldÐ <#Œ" Ðhave€triggered€his€disorder.€Ð "$r# ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€rebuttal,€the€State€presented€the€testimony€of€Dr.€Sam€Ô_ÔCraddockÔ_Ô,€a€psychologistÐ î%>!% Ðemployed€by€the€Forensic€Services€Division€of€the€Middle€Tennessee€Mental€Health€Institute.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐAccording€to€Dr.€Ô_ÔCraddockÔ_Ô,€the€appellant€was€admitted€to€the€institute€at€the€beginning€of€July€1995Ð º' #' Ðâ âand€was€evaluated€by€the€institute€for€approximately€one€month.€€On€the€basis€of€this€evaluation€andÐ  (ð#( Ðon€the€basis€of€a€social€history€compiled€by€Rebecca€Smith,׃"×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€a€psychiatric€social€worker€employedÐ ° Ðâ âby€the€Forensic€Services€Division,€Dr.€Ô_ÔCraddockÔ_Ô€diagnosed€the€appellant€with€a€narcissisticÐ –æ Ðpersonality€disorder.€€He€conceded€that€psychological€testing€did€not€support€his€diagnosis€butÐ |Ì Ðfurther€noted€that€the€appellantððs€responses€to€testing€were€inconsistent€with€his€observations€of€theÐ b² Ðappellant€during€the€appellantððs€stay€at€the€institute.€€Dr.€Ô_ÔCraddockÔ_Ô€also€opined€that€the€appellant€wasÐ H˜ Ðnot€insane€at€the€time€of€the€instant€offenses,€was€competent€to€stand€trial,€and€did€not€qualify€forÐ . ~ Ðcommitment€to€a€psychiatric€hospital.€€He€concluded€that,€at€the€time€of€the€murder,€the€appellantÐ  d Ðwas€capable€of€forming€the€requisite€mental€state€for€first€degree€murder.€€Ô_ÔRokeyaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔFarooqueÔ_Ô,€aÐ ú J Ðpsychiatrist€employed€by€the€Forensic€Services€Division,€concurred€in€Dr.€Ô_ÔCraddockÔ_Ôððs€opinion.€Ð à 0 ÐMoreover,€Ô_ÔsheÔ_Ô€rejected€Dr.€Ô_ÔAubleÔ_Ôððs€and€Dr.€Kennerððs€diagnoses€of€a€delusional€disorder.€€€SheÐ Æ   Ðexplained€that€interviews€with€the€appellantððs€friends€and€family€had€revealed€that€the€appellantððsÐ ¬ ü  Ðbeliefs€concerning€his€wife,€as€described€by€the€appellant€to€the€doctor,€were€based€in€reality.Ð ’â  ÐÌà  àà ` àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€trial,€the€jury€convicted€the€appellant€of€the€offenses€chargedÐ ^®  Ðin€the€indictment.׃\×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Immediately€following€the€juryððs€verdicts€of€guilt,€the€trial€court€conducted€aÐ D”  Ðseparate€sentencing€hearing€in€accordance€with€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204.€€At€the€conclusionÐ *z  Ðof€the€hearing,€the€jury€imposed€a€sentence€of€life€imprisonment€for€the€offense€of€first€degreeÐ ` Ðmurder.€€Moreover,€following€a€sentencing€hearing€on€May€13,€1997,€the€trial€court€imposed€aÐ öF Ðsentence€of€two€years€incarceration€in€the€Department€for€the€offense€of€arson,€two€yearsÐ Ü, Ðincarceration€in€the€Department€for€the€offense€of€possession€of€an€explosive€weapon,€six€monthsÐ Â Ðincarceration€in€the€Montgomery€County€Workhouse€for€the€offense€of€possession€of€a€shotgun€withÐ ¨ø Ðan€altered€serial€number,€and€six€months€incarceration€in€the€workhouse€for€the€offense€of€theft.€€TheÐ ŽÞ Ðtrial€court€ordered€consecutive€service€of€the€appellantððs€sentences.Ð tÄ ÐÌà@éé$ìàò òòòII.€€Analysisó óóóˆÐ @ Ðò òa.à0  àThe€Appellantððs€Confessionó óÐ&v(#(# Ðà  àà ` àOn€appeal,€the€appellant€first€challenges€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€his€motion€toÐ  \ Ðsuppress€the€Stateððs€use€at€trial€of€his€confession€to€the€police.€€Specifically,€the€appellant€challengesÐ òB Ðthe€voluntariness€of€his€confession€and,€in€any€event,€contends€that€his€confession€was€the€fruit€ofÐ Ø( Ðhis€unlawful€arrest.€€The€State,€in€turn,€concedes€that€the€appellantððs€arrest€violated€the€Fourth€andÐ ¾ ÐFourteenth€Amendments€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€Section€7€of€the€TennesseeÐ ¤ô ÐConstitution.€€However,€the€State€asserts€that€the€appellant€voluntarily€confessed€to€the€murder€ofÐ Š Ú Ðhis€wifeòòóó€and€that€the€connection€between€the€unlawful€arrest€and€the€appellantððs€confession€wasÐ p!À  Ðsufficiently€attenuated€to€dissipate€the€primary€taint€of€the€unlawful€invasion.€€òòWong€Sun€v.€UnitedÐ V"¦! ÐStatesóó,€371€U.S.€471,€486,€83€Ô_ÔS.CtÔ_Ô.€407,€416€(1963).Ð <#Œ" ÐÐ "$r# Ðà  àà ` àThe€trial€court€conducted€a€suppression€hearing€on€March€14€and€15,€1996.€Ð ° ÐFollowing€the€hearing,€the€trial€court€concluded€that€the€police€had€unlawfully€arrested€the€appellant.€Ð –æ ÐHowever,€the€court€further€noted€that,Ð |Ì Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àeven€though€the€arrest€was€illegal€at€that€point,€the€statement€made€byÐ b² Ðthe€defendant€need€not€be€suppressed€if€it€is€voluntary,€under€the€FifthÐ H˜ ÐAmendment€and€there€were€sufficient€intervening€circumstances€toÐ . ~ Ðbreak€the€causal€connection€between€the€illegal€arrest€and€aÐ  d Ðconfession,€so€that€the€confession€is€on€its€own€sufficiently€an€act€ofÐ ú J Ðfree€will€and€thus,€because€it€is€an€act€of€free€will€on€its€own,€it€purgesÐ à 0 Ðthe€taint€created€by€the€initial€illegal€arrest.ÐÆ  ` x` x Ðà@$$(ìàò ò*€*€*ó óˆÐ ¬ ü  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIn€other€words,€is€the€violation€of€the€Fourth€Amendment€and€theÐ ’â  Ðillegal€arrest€resulting€therefrom,€so€egregious€that€it€affects€theÐ xÈ  Ðotherwise€voluntary€statement€under€the€Fifth€Amendment€given€byÐ ^®  Ðthe€Defendant.ÐD” ` x` x ÐThe€court€concluded€that€the€appellantððs€confession€was,€indeed,€voluntary€and€that€the€confessionððsÐ *z  Ðconnection€with€the€unlawful€arrest€was€sufficiently€attenuated.Ð ` ÐÌà  àà ` àPreliminarily,€we€note€that€the€appellant€made€more€than€one€incriminating€statementÐ Ü, Ðto€the€police.€€The€appellantððs€argument€on€appeal€focuses€exclusively€upon€the€circumstances€of€hisÐ Â Ðinitial€statement€to€Detective€Bernard€at€the€appellantððs€residence.€€Our€discussion€will€similarlyÐ ¨ø Ðfocus€upon€the€appellantððs€initial€statement.€€On€the€one€hand,€if€the€initial€statement€was€involuntaryÐ ŽÞ Ðor€the€fruit€of€an€unlawful€arrest,€the€ensuing€statements€were€likely€the€result€and€the€fruit€of€theÐ tÄ Ðfirst.òòóó€€ð ð[Ô_ÔH]avingÔ_Ô€ððlet€the€cat€out€of€the€bagðð€does€not€automatically€vitiate€[the€voluntariness]ðð€of€aÐ Zª Ðsubsequent€confession€nor,€under€the€ð ðfruit€of€the€poisonous€treeðð€doctrine,€preclude€the€admissionÐ @ Ðof€the€subsequent€confession.€€òòState€v.€Crumpóó,€834€S.W.2d€265,€271„272€(Tenn.€1992)(citing€òòStateÐ &v Ðv.€Smithóó,€834€S.W.2d€915,€919€(Tenn.€1992)).€€òòóóHowever,€the€provision€of€one€incriminatingÐ  \ Ðstatement€does€bolster€the€pressures€to€provide€a€second€or€ð ðat€least€vitiate€any€incentive€.€.€.€to€avoidÐ òB Ðself„incrimination.ðð€€òòBrown€v.€Illinoisóó,€422€U.S.€590,€605€n.12,€95€Ô_ÔS.CtÔ_Ô.€2254,€2262€n.12€(1975).€Ð Ø( ÐòòSeeóó€òòCrumpóó,€834€S.W.2d€at€272€(under€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€there€is€a€Ô_ÔrebuttableÔ_Ô€presumptionÐ ¾ Ðthat€an€illegally€obtained€confession€will€taint€any€subsequent€confession).€€On€the€other€hand,€if€theÐ ¤ô Ðinitial€statement€was€admissible€at€the€appellantððs€trial,€the€appellant€does€not€argue€that€theÐ Š Ú Ðsubsequent€statements€were€otherwise€inadmissible.€€Moreover,€if€the€initial€statement€wasÐ p!À  Ðadmissible,€any€error€by€the€trial€court€in€admitting€the€ensuing€statements€was€harmless€beyond€aÐ V"¦! Ðreasonable€doubt.€€òòChapman€v.€Californiaóó,€386€U.S.€18,€24,€87€Ô_ÔS.CtÔ_Ô.€824,€828€(1967).€€òòSee€alsoóóÐ <#Œ" ÐòòArizona€v.€Ô_ÔFulminanteÔ_Ôóó,€499€U.S.€279,€310„312,€111€Ô_ÔS.CtÔ_Ô.€1246,€1265„1266€€(1991).Ð "$r# ÐÌà  àà ` àWith€respect€to€the€appellantððs€initial€statement,€a€determination€of€whether€aÐ î%>!% Ðconfession€satisfies€the€Fifth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€the€United€States€Constitution€andÐ Ô&$"& ÐArticle€I,€Section€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€logically€precedes€any€attenuation€analysis€underÐ º' #' Ðthe€Fourth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€Section€7Ð  (ð#( Ðof€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€òòóó€Obviously,€if€a€confession€is€inadmissible€pursuant€to€the€formerÐ †)Ö$) Ðconstitutional€provisions,€a€court€need€not€determine€whether€the€confession€is€additionally€the€fruitÐ l*¼%* Ðof€some€other€illegality.€€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÔ_Ôà  àà ` àThe€Fifth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€ArticleÐ ° ÐI,€Section€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€protect€an€accusedððs€right€against€compelledÐ –æ Ðself-incrimination.€€òòState€v.€Blackstockóó,€No.€E1994„00004„SCR„11„CD,€2000€WL€358624,€at€*6Ð |Ì Ð(Tenn.€at€Knoxville,€April€10,€2000)(citing€òòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€544€(Tenn.€1994)).€Ð b² ÐMoreover,€in€òòMiranda€v.€Arizonaóó,€384€U.S.€436,€444,€86€S.Ct.€1602,€1612€(1966),€the€United€StatesÐ H˜ ÐSupreme€Court€held€that€the€Fifth€and€Fourteenth€Amendmentsðð€proscription€against€compelled€self„Ð . ~ Ðincrimination€requires€that€any€interrogation€of€a€suspect€in€custody€be€preceded€by€advice€that€heÐ  d Ðhas€the€right€to€remain€silent,€that€any€statement€that€he€makes€may€be€used€against€him€in€court,€andÐ ú J Ðthat€he€has€the€right€to€consult€with€an€attorney,€whether€retained€or€appointed,€and€have€the€attorneyÐ à 0 Ðpresent€during€any€questioning.€€In€other€words,€a€constitutional€waiver€of€the€right€againstÐ Æ   Ðcompelled€self-incrimination€requires€the€accused€to€make€a€knowing,€intelligent,€and€voluntaryÐ ¬ ü  Ðwaiver€of€the€rights€afforded€by€òòMirandaóó.€€òòState€v.€Ashworthóó,€3€S.W.3d€25,€31€(Tenn.Crim.App.Ð ’â  Ð1999).Ð xÈ  ÐÌà  àà ` àAt€a€suppression€hearing,€the€State€has€the€burden€of€proving€a€valid€waiver€ofÐ D”  ÐòòMirandaóó€rights€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Bushóó,€942€S.W.2d€489,€500Ð *z  Ð(Tenn.1997).€€In€other€words,€the€State€must€establish€that€a€defendantððs€waiver€of€òòMirandaóó€rightsÐ ` ÐwasÐ öF Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àvoluntary€in€the€sense€that€it€.€.€.€[was]€the€product€of€a€free€andÐ Ü, Ðdeliberate€choice€rather€than€the€product€of€intimidation,€coercion€orÐ Â Ðdeception.€€Moreover,€the€waiver€must€.€.€.€[have€been]€made€with€fullÐ ¨ø Ðawareness€of€both€the€nature€of€the€right€being€abandoned€and€theÐ ŽÞ Ðconsequences€of€the€decision€to€abandon€it.ÐtÄ` x` x ÐòòStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€at€544.€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòBlackstockóó,€No.€E1994„00004„SCR„11„CD,€2000€WLÐ Zª Ð358624,€at€*6.€€Courts€look€to€the€totality€of€the€circumstances€when€determining€whether€an€accusedÐ @ Ðhas€made€a€knowing,€intelligent,€and€voluntary€waiveròòóó.€€òòState€v.€Callahanóó,€979€S.W.2d€577,€581„582Ð &v Ð(Tenn.€1998).€à ` àOn€appeal,€the€determination€by€a€trial€court€that€a€defendant€executed€a€valid€waiverÐ  \ Ðis€binding€upon€this€court€unless€the€appellant€can€demonstrate€that€the€evidence€preponderatesÐ òB Ðotherwise.€€òòState€v.€Carteróó,€988€S.W.2d€145,€149€(Tenn.€1999);€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€22„23Ð Ø( Ð(Tenn.€1996).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòBlackstockóó,€No.€E1994„00004„SCR„11„CD,€2000€WL€358624,€at€*8.Ð ¾ ÐÌà  àà ` àIf€an€accused€declines€to€waive€the€rights€afforded€by€òòMirandaóó€and€ð ðexpresse[s]€hisÐ Š Ú Ðdesire€to€deal€with€the€police€only€through€counsel,€[he€may€not€be]€.€.€.€subject[ed]€to€furtherÐ p!À  Ðinterrogation€by€the€authorities€until€counsel€has€been€made€available€to€him,€unless€the€accusedÐ V"¦! Ðhimself€initiates€further€communication,€exchanges,€or€conversations€with€police.ðð€€òòEdwards€v.Ð <#Œ" ÐArizonaóó,€451€U.S.€477,€484,€101€S.Ct.€1880,€1884„1885€(1981).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2dÐ "$r# Ðat€545.€€òòóóð ðInterrogationðð€encompasses€any€ð ðpractice€that€the€police€should€know€is€reasonably€likelyÐ %X $ Ðto€evoke€an€incriminating€response€from€a€suspect€.€.€.€.ðð€€òòRhode€Island€v.€Innisóó,€446€U.S.€291,€301,Ð î%>!% Ð100€S.Ct.€1682,€1690€(1980).€€A€trial€courtððs€determination€of€whether€an€accused€was€subjected€toÐ Ô&$"& Ðpolice€interrogation€involves€questions€of€both€fact€and€law€and€is€reviewed€de€novo€by€the€appellateÐ º' #' Ðcourts.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Landóó,€No.€M1999„01023„CCA„R3„CD,€2000€WL€678787,€at€*4€(Tenn.Ð  (ð#( ÐCrim.€App.€at€Nashville,€April€28,€2000).Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€the€absence€of€interrogation,€the€Fifth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€do€not€prohibitÐ R+¢&+ Ðpolice€from€ð ðmerely€listening€to€a€defendantððs€voluntary,€volunteered€statements€and€using€themÐ 8,ˆ', Ðagainst€him€at€trial.ðð€€òòEdwardsóó,€451€U.S.€at€485,€101€S.Ct.€at€1885.€€This€is€true€even€when€theÐ ° Ðstatement€is€volunteered€by€an€accused€who€is€in€custody€and€has€previously€asserted€his€right€toÐ –æ Ðremain€silent€or€his€right€to€counsel.€€òò2€Wayne€R.€LaFave,€et€al.,€Criminal€Procedure€óóðð€6.7(d),Ð |Ì Ðat€566€(West€Group€ed.,€2d€ed.€1999).€€Of€course,Ð b² Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[i]f,€as€frequently€would€occur€in€the€course€of€a€meeting€initiated€byÐ H˜ Ðthe€accused,€the€conversation€is€not€wholly€one„sided,€it€is€likely€thatÐ . ~ Ðthe€officers€will€say€or€do€something€that€clearly€would€beÐ  d Ðð ðinterrogation.ðð€€In€that€event,€the€question€would€be€whether€a€validÐ ú J Ðwaiver€of€the€right€to€counsel€and€the€right€to€silence€had€occurred,Ð à 0 Ðthat€is,€whether€the€purported€waiver€was€knowing€and€intelligent€andÐ Æ   Ðfound€to€be€so€under€the€totality€of€circumstances,€including€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðnecessary€fact€that€the€accused,€not€the€police,€reopened€the€dialogueÐ ’â  Ðwith€the€authorities.ÐxÈ ` x` x ÐòòEdwardsóó,€451€U.S.€at€486€n.€9,€101€S.Ct.€at€1885€n.9.òòóó€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòOregon€v.€Bradshawóó,€462€U.S.€1039,Ð ^®  Ð1044„1045,€103€S.Ct.€2830,€2834€(1983)(plurality€opinion).Ð D”  ÐÌà  àà ` àAs€previously€noted,€the€appellant€in€this€case€was€advised€concerning€his€òòMirandaóóÐ ` Ðrights€approximately€twelve€minutes€following€his€arrest€and€immediately€invoked€his€rights,Ð öF Ðdeclining€to€provide€a€statement€to€the€police€and€requesting€an€attorney.€€Four€hours€later,€theÐ Ü, Ðappellant€asked€to€speak€with€Detective€Bernard€and€confessed€to€the€murder€of€his€wife.€Ð  ÐSignificantly,€the€appellant€does€not€explicitly€argue€in€his€brief€that€he€was€subjected€toÐ ¨ø Ðð ðinterrogationðð€during€the€interval€between€his€invocation€of€òòMirandaóó€rights€and€his€request€to€speakÐ ŽÞ Ðwith€Detective€Bernard,€nor€do€we€believe€that€the€record€reflects€any€activity€by€the€police€duringÐ tÄ Ðthis€interval€that€the€police€should€have€known€was€likely€to€evoke€an€incriminating€response€fromÐ Zª Ðthe€appellant.€€òòInnisóó,€446€U.S.€at€301,€100€S.Ct.€at€1690.Ð @ ÐÌà  àà ` àThus,€we€reject€any€implication€in€the€appellantððs€brief€that€the€police€placed€theÐ  \ Ðappellant€in€uncomfortable€circumstances€in€order€to€elicit€a€confession€or€should€otherwise€haveÐ òB Ðanticipated€a€confession€due€to€the€circumstances€of€the€appellantððs€detention.€€Again,€following€hisÐ Ø( Ðarrest€and€invocation€of€his€òòMirandaóó€rights€and€prior€to€his€request€to€speak€with€Detective€Bernard,Ð ¾ Ðthe€appellant€was€detained€in€his€home€for€approximately€four€hours€while€the€police€procured€aÐ ¤ô Ðwarrant€to€search€his€home€and€sought€the€appellantððs€accomplice.€€During€this€four„hour€interval,Ð Š Ú Ðthe€appellant€slept€on€a€couch€in€his€living€room.€€Although€the€temperature€in€the€house€wasÐ p!À  Ðapproximately€forty€degrees€Fahrenheit€(40ð$ð),€the€appellant€never€asked€that€he€be€moved€to€aÐ V"¦! Ðdifferent€location.€€Sergeant€Ogren€testified€that€he€would€have€moved€the€appellant€to€a€warmerÐ <#Œ" Ðlocation€had€the€appellant€indicated€any€discomfort.€€The€appellant€did€request€and€was€provided€aÐ "$r# Ðbutton€down€shirt.€€Moreover,€the€police€offered€and€the€appellant€ultimately€accepted€a€blanket.€Ð %X $ ÐThe€police€also€permitted€the€appellantððs€Labrador€Retriever€to€lie€on€the€couch€with€the€appellant.€Ð î%>!% ÐWe€do€note€that€the€appellantððs€hands€were€handcuffed€behind€his€back€during€his€lengthy€sojournÐ Ô&$"& Ðon€his€couch,€but€apparently€the€handcuffs€did€not€cause€the€appellant€sufficient€discomfort€toÐ º' #' Ðprevent€him€from€sleeping.€€Indeed,€the€appellant€did€not€request€that€the€police€change€the€positionÐ  (ð#( Ðof€his€hands€until€immediately€prior€to€his€confession.Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€record€does€reflect€that,€during€the€four„hour€interval,€Trooper€Dover€identifiedÐ R+¢&+ Ðthe€appellant.€€Moreover,€during€the€interval,€the€police€apprehended€the€appellantððs€accomplice,€Mr.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐWinston,€and€brought€Mr.€Winston€to€the€appellantððs€home.€€The€disclosure€of€incriminatingÐ ° Ðevidence€to€a€suspect,€however,€does€not€necessarily€constitute€interrogation€within€the€meaning€ofÐ –æ ÐòòInnisóó.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,òòóó€òòShedelbower€v.€Estelleóó,€885€F.2d€570,€573€(9òòthóó€Cir.€1989)(police€officerððs€commentsÐ |Ì Ðto€a€rape€and€murder€suspect€that€his€accomplice€was€in€custody€and€that€the€surviving€victim€hadÐ b² Ðidentified€his€photograph€did€not€constitute€interrogation);òòóó€òòUnited€States€v.€Vazquezóó,€857€F.2d€857,Ð H˜ Ð938€(1òòstóó€Cir.€1988)(ð ðthe€disclosure€of€the€fact€that€a€suspected€accomplice€has€been€questioned€isÐ . ~ Ð[not]€of€sufficient€moment€to€implicate€òòInnisóóðð€standard€of€ððacts€reasonably€likely€to€elicit€anÐ  d Ðincriminating€responseðððð).€€òòCompareóó€òòNelson€v.€Fulcomeróó,€911€F.2d€928,€935€(3òòrdóó€Cir.Ð ú J Ð1990)(confronting€a€suspect€with€his€or€her€alleged€partner€in€crime€and€claiming€that€the€partner€hasÐ à 0 Ðconfessed€constitute€ð ðinterrogationðð).€€Moreover,€while€not€determinative,€there€is€no€indication€inÐ Æ   Ðthe€record€that€the€police€engaged€in€these€activities€in€anticipation€of€any€response€by€the€appellant.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐRather,€the€record€reflects€that€the€police€were€ð ðengaged€in€activity€calculated€to€produce€evidenceÐ ’â  Ðagainst€the€defendant€by€other€means€.€.€.€.ðð€€òò2€LaFave,€òòóósupraòòóó€óóðð€6.7(c),€at€562.€€We€conclude€that€theÐ xÈ  Ðpolice€did€not€subject€the€appellant€to€interrogation€during€the€four„hour€interval€between€hisÐ ^®  Ðinvocation€of€òòMirandaóó€rights€and€his€request€to€speak€with€Detective€Bernard.Ð D”  ÐÌà  àà ` àIndeed,€the€record€is€devoid€of€any€evidence€of€coercive€activity€by€the€police€priorÐ ` Ðto€the€appellantððs€confession.€€Absent€coercive€police€activity,€we€must€conclude€that€the€appellantÐ öF Ðvoluntarily€initiated€a€dialogue€with€Detective€Bernard€and€confessed€to€the€murder€of€his€wife.€Ð Ü, ÐòòState€v.€Brimmeróó,€876€S.W.2d€75,€79€(Tenn.€1994);€òòState€v.€Kellyóó,€603€S.W.2d€726,€728€(Tenn.Ð Â Ð1980).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Phillipsóó,€No.€E1999„01104„CCA„R3„CD,€2000€WL€336960,€at€*5€(Tenn.Ð ¨ø ÐCrim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€March€31,€2000).׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Moreover,€even€assuming€that€Detective€Bernard,Ð ŽÞ Ðfollowing€the€appellantððs€initiation€of€a€dialogue,€engaged€in€interrogation,€the€totality€ofÐ tÄ Ðcircumstances€reflect€the€appellantððs€knowing€and€intelligent€waiver€of€his€òòMirandaóó€rights.€€TheÐ Zª Ðappellant€in€this€case€possesses€a€college€education€and€is€a€former€captain€in€the€United€StatesÐ @ ÐArmy.€€Moreover,€at€the€time€of€his€arrest,€the€appellant€had€recently€undergone€training€as€a€policeÐ &v Ðofficer.€€Finally,€as€noted€previously,€the€appellant€was€advised€of€his€òòMirandaóó€rights€soon€after€hisÐ  \ Ðarrest€and€was€again€advised€of€his€right€to€remain€silent€and€his€right€to€counsel€immediatelyÐ òB Ðfollowing€his€request€to€speak€with€Detective€Bernard.׃À×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð Ø( Ðà  à€€€€Ð ° Ðà  àà ` àIn€sum,€the€admission€into€evidence€of€the€appellantððs€initial€confession€wasÐ –æ Ðconsistent€with€the€Fifth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€ArticleÐ |Ì ÐI,€Section€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€We€turn,€then,€to€the€question€of€whether€the€appellantððsÐ b² Ðconfession€was€the€fruit€of€his€unlawful€arrest.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€òòWong€Sunóó,€371€U.S.€at€488,€83€S.Ct.€at€417€(citation€omitted),€the€Supreme€CourtÐ  d Ðnoted€that,€in€determining€whether€a€confession€is€the€fruit€of€a€prior€illegality,€the€ð ðapt€question€.Ð ú J Ð.€.€is€ððwhether,€granting€establishment€of€the€primary€illegality,€the€evidence€to€which€instantÐ à 0 Ðobjection€is€made€has€been€come€at€by€exploitation€of€that€illegality€or€instead€by€means€sufficientlyÐ Æ   Ðdistinguishable€to€be€purged€of€the€primary€taint.ðððð€€Stated€in€another€way,€a€court€must€determineÐ ¬ ü  Ðwhether€the€confession€was€ð ðsufficiently€an€act€of€free€will€to€purge€the€primary€taint€of€the€unlawfulÐ ’â  Ðinvasion.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€486,€416„417.€€At€a€suppression€hearing,€the€State€carries€the€burden€of€establishingÐ xÈ  Ðsufficient€attenuation.€€òòBrownóó,€422€U.S.€at€604,€95€S.Ct.€at€2262;€òòState€v.€Carteróó,€16€S.W.3d€762,€766Ð ^®  Ð(Tenn.€2000);€òòState€v.€Huddlestonóó,€924€S.W.2d€666,€675€(Tenn.€1996).Ð D”  ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€òòBrownóó,€422€U.S.€at€603„604,€95€S.Ct.€at€2261„2262,€the€Supreme€Court€listedÐ ` Ðseveral€factors€pertinent€to€a€trial€courtððs€determination€of€whether€the€connection€between€anÐ öF Ðunlawful€arrest€and€a€confession€is€sufficiently€attenuated,€including€(1)€the€provision€of€òòMirandaóóÐ Ü, Ðwarnings;€(2)€the€temporal€proximity€of€the€arrest€and€the€confession;€(3)€the€presence€of€interveningÐ Â Ðcircumstances;€and€(4)€the€purpose€and€flagrancy€of€official€misconduct.€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòCarteróó,€16€S.W.3dÐ ¨ø Ðat€766;€òòHuddlestonóó,€924€S.W.2d€at€674„675;€òòState€v.€Burtisóó,€664€S.W.2d€305,€308„309€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð ŽÞ ÐApp.€1983).€€The€Supreme€Court€emphasized€that€ð ð[n]o€single€fact€is€dispositive€.€.€.€.ðð€€òòBrownóó,€422Ð tÄ ÐU.S.€at€603,€95€S.Ct.€at€2261.€€On€appeal,€this€court€reviews€de€novo€the€trial€courtððs€determination.€Ð Zª ÐòòState€v.€Fordóó,€No.€M1999„01078„CCA„R3„CD,€2000€WL€502825,€at€*2€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€atÐ @ ÐNashville,€April€27,€2000).Ð &v ÐÌà  àà ` àIt€is€undisputed€in€this€case€that€the€appellant€was€advised€of€his€òòMirandaóó€rightsÐ òB Ðfollowing€his€arrest€and€was€again€advised€of€his€right€to€remain€silent€and€his€right€to€counselÐ Ø( Ðimmediately€prior€to€his€confession.€€Of€course,€ð ðòòMirandaóó€warnings,€alone€and€per€se,€cannot€alwaysÐ ¾ Ðmake€the€.€.€.€[confession]€sufficiently€a€product€of€free€will€to€break,€for€Fourth€AmendmentÐ ¤ô Ðpurposes,€the€causal€connection€between€the€illegality€and€the€confession.ðð€€òòBrownóó,€422€U.S.€at€603,Ð Š Ú Ð95€S.Ct.€at€2261.€€Nevertheless,€this€factor€weighs€against€suppression.òòóóÐ p!À  ÐÌà  àà ` àAs€to€the€temporal€proximity€of€the€arrest€to€the€appellantððs€confession,€one€notedÐ <#Œ" Ðauthority€has€observed€that€ð ðtemporal€proximity€is€the€ððleast€determinative€factor€involvedðð€in€theÐ "$r# ÐòòBrownóó€formula.ðð€€òò3€LaFave,€óóòòsupraóó€ðð€9.4(a),€at€361€(footnote€omitted).€€In€any€event,€the€four„hourÐ %X $ Ðinterval€in€this€case€between€the€arrest€and€the€confession€was€insufficient€to€purge€the€confessionÐ ° Ðof€the€primary€taint.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòTaylor€v.€Alabamaóó,€457€U.S.€687,€690,€102€S.Ct.€2664,€2667Ð –æ Ð(1982)(an€interval€of€six€hours€between€an€unlawful€arrest€and€a€confession€will€not€purge€theÐ |Ì Ðprimary€taint).€€Accordingly,€this€factor€weighs€in€favor€of€suppression.Ð b² ÐÌà  àà ` àAs€to€the€presence€of€intervening€circumstances,€a€spontaneous,€volunteeredÐ . ~ Ðstatement€can€itself€be€a€significant€intervening€circumstance.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòUnited€States€v.€Houleóó,€620Ð  d ÐF.2d€164,€166€(8òòthóó€Cir.€1980);€òòUnited€States€v.€McQuaggeóó,€787€F.Supp.€637,€663€(E.D.€Texas€1992);Ð ú J ÐòòState€v.€Gonzalesóó,€731€P.2d€1101,€1108€(Wash.€App.€1986).€€In€other€words,€Ð à 0 Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[w]hen€a€suspect€volunteers€a€statement€absent€the€pressures€ofÐ Æ   Ðinterrogation,€.€.€.€it€is€far€.€.€.€[from]€clear€that€the€law€enforcementÐ ¬ ü  Ðofficers€have€actively€exploited€the€illegal€arrest.€€In€such€a€case,€ððtheÐ ’â  Ðillegal€arrest€merely€provides€the€occasion€of€initial€contact€betweenÐ xÈ  Ðthe€police€and€the€accused,ðð€and€the€deterrent€effect€of€excluding€suchÐ ^®  Ða€statement€is€doubtful.€€ÐD” ` x` x ÐòòMcQuaggeóó,€787€F.Supp.€at€663€(citation€omitted).€€We€have€already€concluded€that€the€appellant€wasÐ *z  Ðnot€subjected€to€interrogation€prior€to€his€initiation€of€a€dialogue€with€Detective€Bernard.€€WeÐ ` Ðlikewise€conclude€that€the€appellantððs€statement€to€the€detective€that,€ð ðI€killed€her,ðð€was€not€theÐ öF Ðproduct€of€interrogation€and,€therefore,€was€not€ð ðððcome€at€by€exploitation€of€th[e]€[primary]Ð Ü, Ðillegality.ðððð€€òòWong€Sunóó,€371€U.S.€at€488,€83€S.Ct.€at€417€(citation€omitted).׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð Â ÐÌà  àà ` àFinally,€the€police€conduct€in€arresting€the€appellant€was€neither€purposeful€norÐ ŽÞ Ðflagrant.€€In€this€regard,€we€note€that€it€was€at€least€arguable€that€the€police€possessed€probable€causeÐ tÄ Ðto€believe€that€the€appellant€had€murdered€his€wife,€and,€indeed,€the€record€reflects€DetectiveÐ Zª ÐMasonððs€belief€that€an€arrest€warrant€was€currently€being€issued.׃%Ú×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€other€words,€the€appellantððsÐ @ Ðillegal€arrest€was€more€the€result€of€miscommunication€between€the€Clarksville€Police€DepartmentÐ &v Ðand€the€Nashville€Police€Department€than€the€result€of€any€ð ðpurposefulðð€misconduct.€€That€havingÐ  \ Ðbeen€said,€at€the€time€of€his€arrest,€the€proof€implicating€the€appellant€in€his€wifeððs€murder€wasÐ òB Ðpurely€circumstantial.€€Thus,€while€the€police€in€this€case€did€not€merely€arrest€the€appellant€ð ðin€theÐ Ø( Ðhope€that€something€would€turn€up,ðð€òòTayloróó,€457€U.S.€at€693,€102€S.Ct.€at€2668,€the€appellantððsÐ ¾ Ðarrest€was€clearly€one€component€of€a€continuing€investigation,€òòCarteróó,€16€S.W.3d€at€768.€Ð ¤ô ÐNevertheless,€having€considered€all€of€the€above€factors,€we€conclude€that€the€appellantððs€confessionÐ Š Ú Ðwas€not€the€fruit€of€his€arrest€and€was€admissible€at€his€trial.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ð p!À  Їò òb.à0  àTestimony€of€Timothy€Winstonó óа(#(# Ðà  àà ` àCiting€òòState€v.€Dicksóó,€615€S.W.2d€126€(Tenn.€1981),€the€appellant€next€contends€thatÐ –æ Ðthe€trial€court€committed€reversible€error€in€permitting€the€State€to€call€the€appellantððs€accomplice,Ð |Ì ÐTimothy€Winston,€to€the€witness€stand€in€light€of€Mr.€Winstonððs€stated€intention€to€invoke€hisÐ b² Ðprivilege€against€self„incrimination.€€The€State€responds,€in€essence,€that€the€appellant€has€failed€toÐ H˜ Ðdemonstrate€prejudice.€€Ð . ~ ÐÌà  àà ` àDuring€the€appellantððs€trial,€the€State€announced€that€it€intended€to€call€Mr.€WinstonÐ ú J Ðto€the€witness€stand.€€Defense€counsel€immediately€objected,€stating€that€Mr.€Winston€had€informedÐ à 0 Ðher€that€he€intended€to€invoke€his€privilege€against€self„incrimination.€€The€prosecutor€responded€thatÐ Æ   Ðhe€was€unaware€of€any€authority€prohibiting€him€from€calling€Mr.€Winston€to€the€witness€standÐ ¬ ü  Ðregardless€of€Mr.€Winstonððs€intention.€€The€prosecutor€also€noted€that€Mr.€Winston€had€not€indicatedÐ ’â  Ðto€him€that€he€intended€to€invoke€the€privilege.€€Ð xÈ  ÐÌà  àà ` àDue€to€defense€counselððs€objection,€the€trial€court€permitted€the€prosecutor€toÐ D”  Ðquestion€Mr.€Winston€outside€the€juryððs€presence€in€order€to€determine€his€intention,€whereupon€Mr.Ð *z  ÐWinston€confirmed€that€he€intended€to€invoke€his€privilege€against€self„incrimination.€€Nevertheless,Ð ` Ðthe€trial€court€permitted€the€State€to€examine€Mr.€Winston€in€the€juryððs€presence.€€The€followingÐ öF Ðcolloquy€ensued:Ð Ü, Ðà8  àà ` àProsecutor:à8Ð Ð àPlease€state€your€full€name,€sir.ÐÂÈÈ Ðà8  àà ` àMr.€Winston:à8Ð Ð àTimothy€Glenn€Winston.ШøÈÈ Ðà8  àà ` àProsecutor:à8Ð Ð àMr.€Winston,€where€do€you€live?ÐŽÞÈÈ Ðà8  àà ` àMr.€Winston:à8Ð Ð à3104€River€Drive.ÐtÄÈÈ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àProsecutor:à8` x` xàIs€that€in€Nashville?ÐZªÈÈ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMr.€Winston:à8` x` xàYes.Ð@ÈÈ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àProsecutor:à8` x` xàWhere€are€you€currently€employed?Ð&vÈÈ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMr.€Winston:à8` x` xàI€am€supposed€to€start€work€MondayÐ  \ Ðat€United€Stationary.ÐòBÈÈ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àProsecutor:à8` x` xàIs€that€in€Nashville€too?ÐØ(ÈÈ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMr.€Winston:à8` x` xàYes.оÈÈ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àProsecutor:à8` x` xàTo€my€left,€I€think€is€seated,€MichaelÐ ¤ô ÐMaraschiello,€wearing€a€gray€suit;€doÐ Š Ú Ðyou€know€Mr.€Maraschiello?Ðp!À ÈÈ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMr.€Winston:à8` x` xàYes.ÐV"¦!ÈÈ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àProsecutor:à8` x` xàHow€long€have€you€known€Mr.Ð <#Œ" ÐMaraschiello?Ð"$r#ÈÈ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMr.€Winston:à8` x` xàBased€on€counsel,€I€am€going€to€takeÐ %X $ Ðthe€Fifth.Ðî%>!%ÈÈ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThe€Court:à8` x` xàMr.€Winston,€on€advice€of€yourÐ Ô&$"& Ðattorney,€you€are€asserting€your€FifthÐ º' #' ÐAmendment€privilege€against€self„Ð  (ð#( Ðincrimination,€is€that€correct?І)Ö$)ÈÈ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMr.€Winston:à8` x` xàOnce€again,€Your€Honor,€based€onÐ l*¼%* Ðinformation€that€I€was€given€from€bothÐ R+¢&+ Ðsides,€and€the€information€thenÐ 8,ˆ', Ðconflicting,€yes.аÈÈ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThe€Court:à8` x` xàAnd€you€wish€to€assert€that€privilegeÐ –æ Ðwith€regard€to€any€questions€.€.€.€thatÐ |Ì Ðeither€attorney€might€ask€pertaining€toÐ b² Ðthis€case,€is€that€correct,€sir?ÐH˜ÈÈ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMr.€Winston:à8` x` xàThatððs€correct.Ð. ~ÈÈ ÐAt€the€time€of€his€testimony,€Mr.€Winston€was€wearing€ð ðorange€jailhouse€clothes€with€MontgomeryÐ  d ÐCounty€Jail€on€the€back€of€his€shirt€and€on€the€sides€of€his€pants.ððÐ ú J ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€òòDicksóó,€615€S.W.2d€at€129,€our€supreme€court€noted€the€general€principle€thatÐ Æ   Ðneither€a€defendant€nor€the€prosecution€possesses€the€right€to€benefit€from€any€inferences€a€jury€mayÐ ¬ ü  Ðdraw€from€a€witnessðð€assertion€of€his€privilege€against€self„incrimination.€€òòDicksóó,€615€S.W.2d€at€129Ð ’â  Ð(citing€òòUnited€States€v.€Johnsonóó,€488€F.2d€1206,€1211€(1òòstóó€Cir.€1973));€òòState€v.€Butleróó,€880€S.W.2dÐ xÈ  Ð395,€399€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€Consistent€with€this€general€principle,€the€prosecution€ð ðððmayÐ ^®  Ðnot€deliberately€call€a€witness€closely€identified€with€the€defendant,€knowing€that€the€witness€willÐ D”  Ðassert€his€right€to€remain€silent.ðððð€€òòBusby€v.€Holtóó,€781€F.2d€1475,€1477€(11òòthóó€Cir.€1986).€€The€UnitedÐ *z  ÐStates€Court€of€Appeals€for€the€District€of€Columbia€explained€that,€while€a€jury€may€believe€thatÐ ` Ða€witnessðð€invocation€of€the€privilege€is€of€probative€significance,€Ð öF Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àthe€probative€value€of€the€event€is€almost€entirely€undercut€by€theÐ Ü, Ðabsence€of€any€requirement€that€the€witness€justify€his€fear€ofÐ Â Ðincrimination€and€by€the€fact€that€it€is€a€form€of€evidence€not€subjectÐ ¨ø Ðto€cross„examination.ÐŽÞ` x` x ÐòòBowles€v.€United€Statesóó,€439€F.2d€536,€541„542€(D.C.€Cir.€1970).Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àà ` àNevertheless,€in€òòNamet€v.€United€Statesóó,€373€U.S.€179,€186„187,€83€S.Ct.€1151,€1154„Ð @ Ð1155€(1963),€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€observed€that€ð ð[n]one€of€the€several€decisions€dealingÐ &v Ðwith€this€question€suggests€that€reversible€error€is€invariably€committed€whenever€a€witness€claimsÐ  \ Ðhis€privilege€.€.€.€[in€the€juryððs€presence].ðð€€Rather,€the€Supreme€Court€noted€that€lower€courtsÐ òB Ðconsider€several€factors.€€òòId.óó€€First,€courts€consider€the€presence€of€prosecutorial€misconduct,€i.e.,Ð Ø( Ðwhether€the€prosecutor€made€a€conscious€and€flagrant€attempt€to€build€his€case€out€of€inferencesÐ ¾ Ðarising€from€invocation€of€the€privilege.€€òòId.óó€€Second,€courts€consider€whether€the€witnessðð€refusalÐ ¤ô Ðto€answer€ð ðadded€critical€weight€to€the€prosecutorððs€case€in€a€form€not€subject€to€cross„examination,Ð Š Ú Ðand€thus€unfairly€prejudiced€the€defendant.ðð€€òòId.óó€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòDouglas€v.€State€of€Alabamaóó,€380€U.S.Ð p!À  Ð415,€418„420,€85€S.Ct.€1074,€1076„1077€(1965)(under€the€latter€circumstances,€the€witnessðð€refusalÐ V"¦! Ðto€answer€will€violate€the€Confrontation€Clause€of€the€Sixth€Amendment€to€the€United€StatesÐ <#Œ" ÐConstitution,€applicable€to€the€states€through€the€Fourteenth€Amendment).€Ð "$r# ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€two€factors€articulated€above€have€subsequently€been€referred€to€as€the€ð ðòòNametóóÐ î%>!% Ðtest.ðð€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòUnited€States€v.€Victoróó,€973€F.2d€975,€979€(1òòstóó€Cir.€1992).€€In€applying€this€ð ðtest,ððÐ Ô&$"& Ðcourts€more€specifically€consider€(1)€the€prosecutorððs€intent€in€calling€the€witness;€(2)€the€numberÐ º' #' Ðof€questions€which€elicit€an€assertion€of€the€privilege;€(3)€whether€either€side€attempted€to€drawÐ  (ð#( Ðadverse€inferences,€in€closing€argument€or€at€any€time€during€trial,€from€the€witnessðð€refusal€toÐ †)Ö$) Ðtestify;€(4)€whether€the€inferences€relate€to€central€issues€or€collateral€matters;€(5)€whether€theÐ l*¼%* Ðinferences€constitute€the€only€evidence€bearing€upon€the€issue€or€are€cumulative€of€other€evidence;Ð R+¢&+ Ðand€(6)€whether€the€trial€court€provided€curative€instructions.€€òòId.óó;€òòUnited€States€v.€Crozieróó,€987€F.2dÐ 8,ˆ', Ð893,€901€(2òòndóó€Cir.€1993).Ð ° ÐÌà  àà ` àHaving€considered€the€above€guidelines,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€erred€inÐ |Ì Ðpermitting€Mr.€Winston€to€testify€before€the€jury,€but€the€error€does€not€mandate€reversal€of€theÐ b² Ðappellantððs€convictions.€€In€reaching€this€conclusion,€we€acknowledge€that,€with€the€possibleÐ H˜ Ðexception€of€establishing€Mr.€Winstonððs€acquaintance€with€the€appellant,€the€prosecutionððs€motiveÐ . ~ Ðin€calling€Mr.€Winston€to€the€witness€stand€was€clearly€the€creation€of€an€impermissible€inferenceÐ  d Ðthat€Mr.€Winstonððs€testimony€would€be€unfavorable€to€the€appellant€and€would€further€establish€theÐ ú J Ðappellantððs€guilt€of€the€charged€offenses.€€This€inference€was€underscored€by€Mr.€WinstonððsÐ à 0 Ðappearance€before€the€jury€in€a€jail€uniform.€€However,€the€inference€was€cumulative€of€other,Ð Æ   Ðoverwhelming€evidence€of€the€appellantððs€guilt,€including€the€appellantððs€own€statements€to€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðpolice€and€his€testimony€at€trial.€€Moreover,€the€prosecutor€in€this€case€only€asked€a€few,€purelyÐ ’â  Ðpreliminary€questions€prior€to€Mr.€Winstonððs€invocation€of€his€privilege€against€self„incrimination.€Ð xÈ  ÐFinally,€during€the€trial,€including€closing€argument,€the€prosecutor€otherwise€refrained€fromÐ ^®  Ðmentioning€to€the€jury€Mr.€Winstonððs€invocation€of€the€privilege.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ð D”  ÐÌò òc.à0  àGulf€War€Syndromeó óÐ`(#(# Ðà  àà ` àThe€appellant€next€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€excluding€testimonyÐ öF Ðconcerning€ð ðGulf€War€Syndrome,ðð€thereby€ð ðsignificantly€impair[ing]€the€juryððs€ability€to€accuratelyÐ Ü, Ðassess€his€mental€state€and€.€.€.€[his]€ability€to€form€the€intent€necessary€to€commit€first€degreeÐ Â Ðmurder.ðð€€The€State€responds€that€the€disputed€testimony€was€neither€relevant€nor€admissibleÐ ¨ø Ðpursuant€to€evidentiary€rules€governing€the€admission€of€expert€testimony.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌà  àà ` àDuring€his€trial,€the€appellant€proffered€the€testimony€of€Joyce€Riley,€a€nurse,Ð Zª Ðð ðmedical€legal€consultant,ðð€and€the€Spokesperson€for€the€American€Gulf€War€Veteranððs€Association.€Ð @ ÐThe€trial€court€conducted€a€hearing€outside€the€presence€of€the€jury,€wherein€Ms.€Riley€informed€theÐ &v Ðcourt€that€she€had€previously€testified€as€an€expert€on€Gulf€War€Syndrome€and€had€also€testifiedÐ  \ Ðconcerning€chemical€and€biological€warfare€before€President€Clintonððs€Presidential€AdvisoryÐ òB ÐCommission.€€With€respect€to€the€instant€case,€she€stated€that€she€could€not€testify€that€the€appellantÐ Ø( Ðwas€suffering€from€Gulf€War€Syndrome€but€could€testify€generally€concerning€problems€sufferedÐ ¾ Ðby€veterans€who€had€fought€in€the€Persian€Gulf€War.€€Specifically,€Ms.€Riley€stated€that€she€hadÐ ¤ô Ðinterviewed€ð ðhundredsðð€of€veterans€of€the€Persian€Gulf€War€and€had€examined€reports€issued€by€theÐ Š Ú ÐUnited€States€Senate€and€other€evidence€obtained€from€the€federal€government,€including€someÐ p!À  Ðdocuments€pertaining€to€ð ðscientifically€controlled€medical€stud[ies],ðð€which€were€the€subject€of€ð ðpeerÐ V"¦! Ðreview.ðð€€On€the€basis€of€the€interviews€and€the€government€documents,€she€asserted:Ð <#Œ" Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[W]e€are€seeing€chronic€fatigue,€muscle€pain,€joint€pain,€night€sweats,Ð "$r# Ðchest€pain,€headaches,€extreme€emotional€ability€„€„€they€are€not€at€allÐ %X $ Ðhaving€the€same€thought€processes€that€they€did€prior€to€the€GulfÐ î%>!% ÐWar.€€Many€of€them€are€divorcing,€marital€problems,€and€primarilyÐ Ô&$"& Ðwe€are€concerned€„€„€I€am€concerned€about€the€violent€outbursts€inÐ º' #' ÐGulf€War€Veterans€since€the€Gulf€War.Р(ð#(` x` x ÐShe€noted€that€more€than€fifty€percent€(50%)€of€the€veterans€that€she€had€interviewed€and€veteransÐ †)Ö$) Ðwhose€complaints€of€ð ðconcentration€loss€and€memory€loss€and€problems€in€thinking€processesðð€areÐ l*¼%* Ðrecorded€in€government€documents€ð ðhave€problems€with€emotional€outbursts,€violent€behavior€andÐ R+¢&+ Ðviolent€actions,€that€they€are€committing,€that€they€never€did€prior€to€the€Gulf€War.ððÐ 8,ˆ', Їà  àà ` àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€hearing,€the€trial€court€declined€to€admit€Ms.€RileyððsÐ ° Ðtestimony€pursuant€to€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€702,€because€Ms.€Riley€was€unable€ð ðto€relate€her€expertise€toÐ –æ Ðthe€facts€of€this€case.ðð€€The€trial€court€additionally€found€that€Ms.€Rileyððs€testimony€relied€primarilyÐ |Ì Ðupon€hearsay€statements€by€veterans€allegedly€suffering€from€Gulf€War€Syndrome€and€was,Ð b² Ðtherefore,€inadmissible€under€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€703.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àà ` àExpert€testimony€regarding€a€defendantððs€capacity€or€lack€of€capacity€to€form€theÐ  d Ðmental€state€required€for€the€commission€of€an€offense€is€admissible€if€it€satisfies€ð ðgeneral€relevancyÐ ú J Ðstandards€as€well€as€.€.€.€evidentiary€rules€which€specifically€govern€expert€testimony.ðð€€òòState€v.€Hallóó,Ð à 0 Ð958€S.W.2d€679,€689€(Tenn.€1997).€€In€this€regard,€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401€broadly€provides€thatÐ Æ   Ðð ððð[r]elevant€evidenceðð€means€evidence€having€any€tendency€to€make€the€existence€of€any€fact€thatÐ ¬ ü  Ðis€of€consequence€to€the€determination€of€the€action€more€probable€or€less€probable€than€it€wouldÐ ’â  Ðbe€without€the€evidence.ðð€€Even€relevant€evidence€may€be€excluded,€however,€if€its€probative€valueÐ xÈ  Ðis€ð ðoutweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice,€confusion€of€the€issues,€or€misleading€the€jury€.Ð ^®  Ð.€.€.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403.€€Moreover,€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€702€(emphasis€added)€requires€that€expertÐ D”  Ðtestimony€ð ðòòsubstantiallyóó€assist€the€trier€of€fact€to€understand€the€evidence€or€to€determine€a€fact€inÐ *z  Ðissue€.€.€.€,ðð€and€the€facts€or€data€underlying€the€expertððs€opinion€must€be€ð ðtrustworthy,ðð€Tenn.€R.Ð ` ÐEvid.€703.€€A€trial€courtððs€application€of€these€rules€to€exclude€expert€testimony€will€not€be€reversedÐ öF Ðon€appeal€absent€an€abuse€of€discretion.€€òòState€v.€Edisonóó,€9€S.W.3d€75,€77€(Tenn.€1999).Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àà ` àWe€conclude€that€the€trial€court€acted€well€within€its€discretion€in€excluding€Ms.Ð ¨ø ÐRileyððs€testimony.€€Despite€her€avowed€expertise,€Ms.€Riley€apparently€did€not€interview€theÐ ŽÞ Ðappellant€and€did€not€propose€to€testify€that€symptoms€described€by€the€appellant€were€consistentÐ tÄ Ðoverall€with€ð ðcategorizedðð€symptoms€of€Gulf€War€Syndrome.€€In€order€to€be€admissible,€an€expertððsÐ Zª Ðtestimony€must€relate€to€the€particular€defendant€on€trial.€€òòSeeóó€òòMeeks€v.€Stateóó,€No.€01C01„9807„CC„Ð @ Ð00295,€1999€WL€173972,€at€*4€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,€March€30,€1999)(interpreting€òòHallóó,Ð &v Ð958€S.W.2d€at€691).€€Moreover,€Ms.€Riley€did€not€indicate€that,€if€the€appellant€were€suffering€fromÐ  \ ÐGulf€War€Syndrome,€the€syndrome€would€preclude€his€formation€of€the€requisite€mental€state.€€OurÐ òB Ðsupreme€court€emphasized€in€òòHallóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€690,€that€ð ð[i]t€is€the€showing€of€a€lack€of€òòcapacityóóÐ Ø( Ðto€form€the€requisite€culpable€mental€intent€[due€to€a€mental€disease€or€defect]€that€is€central€toÐ ¾ Ðevaluating€the€admissibility€of€expert€psychiatric€testimony€on€the€issue.ðð€(Emphasis€in€original).€Ð ¤ô ÐAccordingly,€Ms.€Rileyððs€testimony€was,€indeed,€irrelevant,€raised€a€significant€danger€of€confusionÐ Š Ú Ðof€the€issues€or€misleading€the€jury,€and€did€not€satisfy€the€standard€for€admissibility€of€expertÐ p!À  Ðtestimony€set€forth€in€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€702.׃#×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ð V"¦! ÐÌò òd.à0  àConsecutive€Sentencingó óÐ"$r#(#(# Ðà  àà ` àÔ‡ X-<XXX-<ÔFinally,€the€appellant€argues€that€the€trial€court€Ô#†X-<XX X-<Ñs#Ôerred€in€imposing€consecutiveÐ %X $ ÐsentencingÔ‡ X-<XXX-<Ô.€€Ô#†X-<XX X-<‚t#ÔThe€State€once€again€disagrees€with€the€appellant.€€This€courtððs€review€of€the€mannerÐ î%>!% Ðof€service€of€a€sentence€is€de€novo.€€Tenn.€Code.€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d)€(1997).€€In€conducting€its€deÐ Ô&$"& Ðnovo€review,€this€court€considers€the€following€factors:€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€at€the€trialÐ º' #' Ðand€the€sentencing€hearing;€(2)€the€pre„sentence€report;€(3)€the€principles€of€sentencing€andÐ  (ð#( Ðarguments€as€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(4)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€criminal€conductÐ ° Ðinvolved;€(5)€evidence€and€information€offered€by€the€parties€on€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors;Ð –æ Ð(6)€any€statement€by€the€defendant€in€his€own€behalf;€and€(7)€the€defendantððs€potential€forÐ |Ì Ðrehabilitation€or€treatment.€Tenn.€Code.€Ann.€ðð€40„35„102,€„103€(1997),€„210€(1994).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòStateÐ b² Ðv.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€168€(Tenn.€1991).€€The€burden€is€upon€the€appellant€to€demonstrate€theÐ H˜ Ðimpropriety€of€his€sentence.€€Tenn.€Code.€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.€Ð . ~ ÐòòSee€alsoóó€òòÔ‡ X-<XXX-<ÔState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€934€(Tenn.€1995).Ô#†X-<XX X-<†y#Ô€€Moreover,€if€the€record€reveals€thatÐ  d Ðthe€trial€court€adequately€considered€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances,Ð ú J Ðthis€court€will€accord€the€trial€courtððs€determination€a€presumption€of€correctness.€òòóó€Tenn.€Code.€Ann.Ð à 0 Ððð€40„35„401(d);€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169.Ô‡ X-<XXX-<ÔòòóóÐ Æ   ÐÌà  àà ` àTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(a)€(1997)€provides€that€a€trial€court€may€imposeÐ ’â  Ðconsecutive€sentencing€upon€the€determination€that€a€defendant€meets€one€of€the€criteria€listedÐ xÈ  Ðtherein.€€Moreover,€if€the€trial€court€classifies€a€defendant€as€a€dangerous€offender€pursuant€to€Tenn.Ð ^®  ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(4),€the€court€must€also€find€that€the€defendantððs€sentence€reasonablyÐ D”  Ðrelates€to€the€severity€of€his€offenses€and€is€necessary€in€order€to€protect€the€public€from€furtherÐ *z  Ðcriminal€conduct€by€the€defendant.€€òòWilkersonóó€€905€S.W.2d€at€938.€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Laneóó,€3€S.W.3dÐ ` Ð456,€460„61€(Tenn.€1999).Ð öF ÐÌà  àà ` à€€In€this€case,€the€trial€court€found€that€the€appellant€is€a€dangerous€offender.€€Tenn.Ð Â ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(4).€€However,€the€trial€court€failed€to€make€the€additional€findingsÐ ¨ø Ðrequired€by€òòWilkersonóó,€and€its€determination€will€not€be€accorded€a€presumption€of€correctness.€Ð ŽÞ ÐNevertheless,€pursuant€to€our€de€novo€review,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€properly€imposedÐ tÄ Ðconsecutive€sentencing.Ð Zª ÐÌà  àà ` àFirst,€we€agree€with€the€trial€court€that€the€circumstances€of€this€offense€amplyÐ &v Ðdemonstrate€that€the€defendant€has€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life€and€no€hesitation€aboutÐ  \ Ðcommitting€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€is€high.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(4).€Ð òB ÐIndeed,€the€record€reflects€that,€in€murdering€his€wife,€the€appellant€shot€repeatedly€through€the€frontÐ Ø( Ðdoor€and€walls€of€his€wifeððs€trailer€notwithstanding€his€certain€knowledge€of€the€possibility€that€hisÐ ¾ Ðtwo€daughters€were€inside.€€Second,€the€aggregate€length€of€the€appellantððs€sentences€is€withoutÐ ¤ô Ðquestion€commensurate€with€the€gravity€of€his€offenses.€€Finally,€although€we€have€noted€the€needÐ Š Ú Ðfor€caution€when€relying€totally€upon€the€circumstances€of€the€offenses€in€applying€the€publicÐ p!À  Ðprotection€requirement€of€òòWilkersonóó,òòóó€Ô#†X-<XX X-!% Ðà  àà ` àFor€the€foregoing€reasons,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÐ †)Ö$) Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àNorma€McGee€Ogle,€Judge