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ŠÓæÓĢą@@OO&ģąņ ņOPINIONó óŌ#†¼§»XX¢ƒī#ŌŌ‡X¢ƒX»¼§ŌŠ –#ę" ŠĢņņóóŌ#†¼§»XX¢ƒÖ #ŌÓ  ÓŌ€X¢ƒX»¼§Ōą  ąThe€defendant,€James€M.€McBride,€appeals€as€of€right€his€convictions€by€a€jury€for€twoŠ v%Ę $ Šcounts€of€first€degree€murder€and€one€count€of€attempted€first€degree€murder.€€The€jury€sentencedŠ f&¶!% Šthe€defendant€to€life€imprisonment€on€each€count€of€first€degree€murder.€€At€the€sentencing€hearing,Š V'¦"& Šthe€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€to€twenty€years€for€the€attempted€first€degree€murderŠ F(–#' Šconviction.€€The€trial€court€determined€that€the€life€sentences€would€run€concurrently€but€that€theŠ 6)†$( Štwenty„year€sentence€would€run€consecutively.€€The€trial€court€based€its€decision€to€imposeŠ &*v%) Šconsecutive€sentences€on€the€finding€that€the€defendant€was€a€dangerous€offender.€€On€appeal,€theŠ +f&* Šdefendant€contends€(1)€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€show€premeditation;€(2)€that€his€confessionŠ ,V'+ Šā āshould€have€been€suppressed€because€he€did€not€voluntarily,€knowingly,€and€intelligently€waive€hisŠ ö,F(,ż Šconstitutional€rights;€(3)€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€gory€photographs€of€the€victims€andŠ ° Šof€the€motor€vehicle;€and€(4)€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€sentencing€him€to€consecutive€sentences.Š  š Šā āĢą  ąAt€trial,€the€surviving€victim,€Nelson€Harmon,€testified€as€follows:€The€evening€of€April€1,Š €Š Š1998,€John€Ruland,€Elizabeth€Ray,€and€he€went€in€Rayššs€car€to€Michael€Roddyššs€house€to€see€if€Š pĄ ŠRoddy,€who€is€the€defendantššs€uncle,€was€interested€in€buying€Harmonššs€car.€€Roddy€said€that€heŠ ` ° Šwas€interested€in€the€car.€€At€that€point,€Ruland,€Ray,€and€he€left€and€returned€with€the€car€shortlyŠ P   Šbefore€midnight.€€He€parked€his€car€and€went€over€to€Rayššs€car€to€talk€with€Roddy€about€the€title€toŠ @  Šhis€car.€€He€was€sitting€in€the€back€seat€on€the€driverššs€side€with€the€door€open,€and€Roddy€wasŠ 0 € Šstanding€outside€the€car.€€Ruland€was€sitting€in€the€front€passenger€seat.€€Š  p  ŠĢą  ąWhile€talking€to€Roddy,€Harmon€saw€the€defendant€for€the€first€time.€€The€defendant€wasŠ P  Šapproaching€the€car€carrying€something€on€his€side.€€He€heard€Roddy€say€something€like,€š šJamieŠ š@  Šdonššt.€€Go€in€the€house.€€This€doesnššt€concern€you.šš€€As€the€defendant€approached€Ray,€HarmonŠ ą0  Šheard€Ray,€who€was€standing€about€eight€feet€in€front€of€the€car,€say€something€like,€š šJamie€leaveŠ Š  Šus€alone.€€We€havenššt€done€anything€to€you.šš€€Harmon€saw€the€defendant,€without€speaking,€lift€aŠ Ą Šshotgun,€put€it€to€Rayššs€head,€and€shoot€her€in€the€eye.€€When€he€saw€this,€he€tried€to€slide€down€inŠ ° Šthe€back€seat€and€get€out€the€passenger€side.€€That€door€was€locked,€and€he€was€unable€to€escapeŠ  š Šbefore€the€defendant€reached€the€car.€€The€defendant€ran€to€the€driverššs€side€of€the€car€and€enteredŠ ą Šthe€car€through€the€opened€front€door.€€He€shot€Ruland€twice€š!š€once€in€the€upper€body€and€once€inŠ €Š Šthe€head.€€The€defendant€then€shot€Harmon€twice.€€Although€the€defendant€was€pointing€the€gun€atŠ pĄ ŠHarmonššs€head,€Harmon€was€able€to€direct€the€barrel€of€the€gun€down,€causing€the€first€shot€to€hitŠ `° Šhis€leg€and€the€second€to€hit€his€arm€and€side.€€The€defendant€continued€to€pump€the€shotgun€andŠ P  Špull€the€trigger,€but€the€gun€was€out€of€ammunition.€€When€the€shooting€stopped,€Harmon€was€ableŠ @ Što€open€the€passenger€side€door€and€get€out€of€the€car.€€Then,€the€defendant€ran€to€that€side€of€the€carŠ 0€ Šand€struck€him€twice€in€the€head€with€the€stock€of€the€shotgun,€yelling€for€him€to€die.€€When€HarmonŠ  p Šfled,€the€defendant€did€not€chase€him.€€Later,€when€Harmon€was€in€an€ambulance,€someone€askedŠ ` Šhim€who€had€done€the€shooting.€€He€told€them€that€Jamie€had€done€it.Š P ŠĢą  ąChuck€Moore,€a€detective€with€the€Harriman€Police€Department,€testified€at€trial€as€follows:€Š ą0 ŠHe€arrived€at€the€scene€shortly€after€midnight€on€the€morning€of€April€2,€1998.€€He€asked€HarmonŠ Š  Šwho€had€shot€these€people,€and€Harmon€answered€that€Jamie€McBride€had€shot€them.€€ShortlyŠ Ą! Šthereafter,€Moore€ordered€everyone€to€come€out€of€Roddyššs€house€with€their€hands€behind€theirŠ °"  Šheads.€€Four€people€came€out:€€the€defendant,€wearing€only€undershorts;€Roddy;€Gordon€Gillespie,Š  #š! Šanother€uncle€of€the€defendant;€and€Marilyn€Bazler.€€He€asked€each€of€them€their€names,€and€whenŠ $ą" Šhe€discovered€the€defendantššs€name,€he€took€the€defendant€into€custody.€€Š €%Š # ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€did€not€appear€intoxicated€to€Moore,€nor€did€Moore€smell€any€alcohol€on€theŠ `'°"% Šdefendantššs€breath,€although€the€defendant€told€him€that€he€had€been€drinking.€€Also,€the€defendantŠ P( #& Šwas€very€steady€on€his€feet€and€did€not€have€any€trouble€walking€down€the€steps,€even€with€his€handsŠ @)$' Šbehind€his€head€and€his€fingers€interlocked.€€The€defendant€followed€all€directions,€and€the€defendantŠ 0*€%( Špromptly€and€clearly€responded€to€his€questions.Š  +p&) ŠŠ ,`'* Šą  ąMoore€said€that€beginning€at€5:50€a.m.,€he€and€Randy€Scarborough,€an€investigator€for€theŠ ° ŠRoane€County€Sheriffššs€Department,€interviewed€the€defendant€in€Scarboroughššs€office€at€the€RoaneŠ  š ŠCounty€Jail.€€He€read€the€defendant€the€ņņMirandaóó€warnings,€and€the€defendant€said€that€he€understoodŠ ą Šhis€rights.€€The€defendant€signed€a€waiver€at€5:57€a.m.€€€The€defendant€confessed€to€the€crimesŠ €Š Šduring€the€questioning€that€followed,€which€they€recorded.€€The€tape€was€played€during€MooreššsŠ pĄ Štestimony,€and€it€revealed€in€relevant€part:€Š ` ° ŠÓ HÓÓ HÓĢ[Roddy€and€I€were]€drinking€and€then€some€people€pulled€up€.€.€.€and€he€saidŠ @  Šš šman€yeah€there€they€go,€they€owe€me€some€money.šš€€O.K.,€so€they€went€inŠ 0 € Šthere€an€had€some€words,€he€said€Jamie€.€.€.€they€probably€gonna€try€and€jumpŠ  p  Šme,€go€get€the€gun,€go€get€the€gun.€€So€I€went€in€there€and€got€the€gun.€.€.€.€[Ō_ŌH]eŌ_ŌŠ `  Štold€me€to€get€the€gun€and€then€he€said€their€gonna€get€me,€they€gonna€jumpŠ P  Šme,€so€Iššm€loving€my€uncle€like€that€and€donššt€want€nothing€to€happen€to€him,Š š@  Šitššs€just€a€drug€deal€anyway,€Iššm€Ō_ŌthinkinŌ_Ō€their€gonna€shoot€him,€but€then€IŠ ą0  Šstarted€Ō_ŌshootinŌ_Ō€without€even€Ō_ŌthinkinŌ_Ō€and€thatššs€what€happened.€€I€ran€from€theŠ Š  Šcar€to€the€back€and€put€the€gun€in€the€bushes€in€the€back€and€went€into€theŠ Ą Šhouse€when€you€all€came.€.€.€.€€I€put€the€jacket€around€the€gun.Š ° Šą P ą.€.€.€.Š  š ŠĢIt€was€already€loaded.€€I€didnššt€even€have€to€cock€it,€just€take€the€safety€off€ofŠ €Š Šit.€.€.€.€I€ainššt€never€seen€that€gun€until€that€day.Š pĄ Šą P ą.€.€.€.Š `° ŠĢI€was€just€Ō_ŌshootinŌ_Ō.€€I€wasnššt€trying€to,€I€was€trying€to€hit€below,€I€was€trying€to€Š @ Šhit€at€their€knees,€but€the€gun€was€so€powerful€I€couldnššt€do€nothing€with€it.ņ ņó óŠ 0€ ŠĢÓ HČ#ÓÓ Hŗ#ÓMoore€said€that€the€defendant€did€not€appear€intoxicated€during€questioning€and€that€his€responsesŠ ` Šwere€clear€and€not€out€of€the€ordinary.Š P Šą  ąņ ņó óĢą  ąChris€Ō_ŌMynattŌ_Ō,€a€Harriman€police€officer,€testified€at€trial€that€he€found€a€twelve„gauge,€pistol„Š ą0 Šgrip€shotgun€behind€Roddyššs€house€under€a€coat€in€some€bushes.€€He€also€stated€that€the€defendantŠ Š  Šdid€not€appear€drunk,€did€not€smell€of€alcohol,€did€not€stagger€or€have€difficulty€walking,€and€didŠ Ą! Šnot€have€difficulty€responding€to€commands.Š °"  Šą  ąĢą  ąMichael€Roddy,€the€defendantššs€uncle,€testified€at€trial€as€follows:€He€owned€a€twelve„gauge,Š $ą" Špistol„grip€shotgun€identical€to€the€one€found€behind€his€house,€and€he€kept€this€shotgun€loaded€and€Š €%Š # Šbehind€a€chair€in€his€living€room.€€Roddy€said€that€on€the€evening€of€April€1,€1998,€Ō_ŌRulandŌ_Ō,€Ray,€andŠ p&Ą!$ ŠHarmon,€none€of€whom€owed€him€any€money,€came€over€to€his€house€and€asked€him€if€he€wasŠ `'°"% Šinterested€in€buying€Harmonššs€car.€€He€said€that€he€was€interested,€but€he€wanted€to€see€it.€€Ō_ŌRulandŌ_Ō,Š P( #& ŠRay,€and€Harmon€left€to€get€Harmonššs€car.€€€When€Ō_ŌRulandŌ_Ō,€Ray,€and€Harmon€returned,€he€wentŠ @)$' Šoutside€to€see€the€title€and€talk€about€the€price.€€When€he€went€back€inside€to€see€if€he€had€enoughŠ 0*€%( Šmoney€to€buy€the€car,€the€defendant€thought€there€was€some€kind€of€conflict.€€He€told€the€defendantŠ  +p&) Šthat€it€was€cool€and€that€there€was€no€problem.€€At€some€point,€the€defendant€got€the€shotgun€andŠ ,`'* Šwent€outside.€€He€never€told€the€defendant€that€he€needed€help,€and€he€never€asked€the€defendant€toŠ ° Šget€a€weapon.€He€told€the€defendant€to€put€away€the€shotgun€and€unsuccessfully€tried€to€take€it€from€Š  š Šhim.€€He€heard€the€defendant€arguing€outside€with€the€victims.€€Roddy€stated€that€when€he€wentŠ ą Šoutside,€he€heard€shots€and€immediately€dropped€to€the€ground.€€He€saw€the€defendant€come€backŠ €Š Šdown€the€street€and€go€behind€the€house.€€The€defendant€then€returned€to€the€house,€told€the€othersŠ pĄ Šnot€to€say€anything,€undressed,€and€got€into€bed.€€Š ` ° ŠĢą  ąRoddy€said€that€the€defendant€had€started€drinking€around€8:00€a.m.€on€April€1,€1998.€Š @  ŠBetween€this€time€and€the€time€of€the€shootings,€the€defendant€consumed€more€than€twelve€beers,Š 0 € Šsmoked€marijuana,€and€snorted€cocaine.Š  p  Šą  ąĢą  ąGordon€Gillespie,€another€uncle€of€the€defendant,€testified€as€follows:€He€lives€next€door€toŠ P  ŠRoddy,€and€he€saw€the€defendant€on€and€off€all€day.€€The€defendant€was€intoxicated€the€evening€ofŠ š@  ŠApril€1,€1998.€€The€defendant€drank€a€lot€of€beer,€smoked€marijuana,€and€snorted€cocaine.€Š ą0  ŠĢą  ąGillespie€was€in€his€front€yard€the€first€time€that€Ō_ŌRulandŌ_Ō,€Ray,€and€Harmon€came€to€seeŠ Ą ŠRoddy,€and€he€heard€them€arguing.€€After€Ō_ŌRulandŌ_Ō,€Ray,€and€Harmon€left,€he€went€over€to€RoddyššsŠ ° Šhouse.€€He€heard€Roddy€tell€the€defendant€that€he€almost€got€in€a€fight€with€someone€about€a€car.€Š  š ŠWhen€Ō_ŌRulandŌ_Ō,€Ray,€and€Harmon€returned€with€Harmonššs€car,€Roddy€went€outside€to€talk€to€them.€Š ą ŠHe€could€hear€what€sounded€like€an€argument.€€At€this€point,€the€defendant€asked€him€if€the€peopleŠ €Š Šoutside€were€the€same€ones€with€whom€Roddy€had€previously€argued,€and€he€said,€š šYes.šš€€TheŠ pĄ Šdefendant€got€dressed€and€took€the€shotgun.€€Gillespie€said€that€he€asked€him€why€he€had€the€gun,Š `° Šand€the€defendant€said€that€they€had€š šdisrespectedšš€his€uncle€and€that€he€was€going€to€scare€them.€Š P  ŠBoth€Roddy,€who€had€returned€to€the€house,€and€he€told€the€defendant€not€to€take€the€gun€outside.€Š @ ŠRoddy€and€the€defendant€went€outside,€and€he€heard€them€arguing.€€When€Roddy€came€back€insideŠ 0€ Šthe€house,€Gillespie€heard€the€defendant€arguing€with€the€victims,€and€then€he€heard€the€gunfire.€€HeŠ  p Šlooked€outside€a€window€and€saw€the€defendant€run€through€the€yard€and€behind€the€house.€€WhenŠ ` Šthe€defendant€came€back€inside,€the€defendant€said€that€he€had€not€done€anything.€€Roddy€saidŠ P Šsomething€like€you€just€killed€those€folks,€and€the€defendant€said€that€he€had€not€done€anything€andŠ š@ Šjust€to€go€to€bed€and€not€to€answer€the€door.€€The€defendant€also€told€them€to€tell€the€police€that€theyŠ ą0 Šwere€all€asleep.Š Š  ŠĢņ ņÓ  ÓI.€€SUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEó óŠ °"  ŠĢŌ‡XäĮ XXX¢ƒŌÓ  Óą  ąOn€appeal,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€show€premeditation€onŠ $ą" Šhis€part.€€The€defendant€asserts€that€he€went€outside€with€the€shotgun€only€to€scare€the€victims€andŠ |%Ģ # Šthat€an€argument€with€the€victims€provoked€him€to€shoot€them.€€The€state€contends€that€the€evidenceŠ h&ø!$ Šis€sufficient.€€Ō#†X¢ƒX XXäĮ†>#ŌŠ T'¤"% ŠÓ„>ÓÓ  ÓĢą  ąŌ‡XäĮ XXX¢ƒŌOur€standard€of€review€when€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€questioned€on€appeal€isŠ 0)€$' Šš šwhether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€ņņanyóó€rational€trierŠ *l%( Šof€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.šš€€ņņJacksonŠ +X&) Šv.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979).€€This€means€that€we€do€not€Ō_ŌreweighŌ_Ō€theŠ ō+D'* Ševidence€but€presume€that€the€jury€has€resolved€all€conflicts€in€the€testimony€and€drawn€allŠ ° Šreasonable€inferences€from€the€evidence€in€favor€of€the€state.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Sheffieldóó,€676€S.W.2dŠ œģ Š542,€547€(Tenn.€1984);€ņņState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).Š ˆŲ ŠĢą  ąŌ#†X¢ƒX XXäĮ@#ŌFirst€degree€premeditated€murder€is€defined€as€a€š špremeditated€and€intentional€killing€ofŠ `° Šanother.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„202(a)(1).€€Further,€š špremeditationšš€is€defined€asŠ P   ŠĢÓ HÓÓ HÓÓ Óan€act€done€after€the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment.€€š šPremeditationššŠ 0 € Šmeans€that€the€intent€to€kill€must€have€been€formed€prior€to€the€act€itself.€€It€isŠ  p Šnot€necessary€that€the€purpose€to€kill€pre„exist€in€the€mind€of€the€accused€forŠ  `  Šany€definite€period€of€time.€€The€mental€state€of€the€accused€at€the€time€theŠ P  Šaccused€allegedly€decided€to€kill€must€be€carefully€considered€in€order€toŠ š@  Šdetermine€whether€the€accused€was€sufficiently€free€from€excitement€andŠ ą0  Špassion€as€to€be€capable€of€premeditation.€Š Š  ŠÓ H5EÓÓ H'EÓÓ CEÓņņId.ó󀚚€39„13„202(d).€The€element€of€premeditation€is€a€question€for€the€jury€and€may€be€establishedŠ ° Šby€proof€of€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€killing.€€ņņState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€660€(Tenn.Š  š Š1997).€€Our€supreme€court€has€delineated€the€following€factors€that€demonstrate€the€existence€ofŠ ą Špremeditation:€the€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€upon€an€unarmed€victim,€the€particular€cruelty€of€theŠ €Š Škilling,€declarations€by€the€defendant€of€an€intent€to€kill,€evidence€of€procurement€of€a€weapon,Š pĄ Špreparations€before€the€killing€for€concealment€of€the€crime,€and€calmness€immediately€after€theŠ `° Škilling.€€ņņId.óó€Š P  ŠĢą  ąApplying€the€above€factors,€the€record€in€this€case€reveals€sufficient€evidence€ofŠ 0€ Špremeditation€to€support€the€defendantššs€convictions€of€first€degree€murder€and€attempted€firstŠ  p Šdegree€murder.€€Viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€the€proof€shows€thatŠ ` ŠŌ_ŌRulandŌ_Ō,€Ray,€and€Harmon€were€trying€to€sell€a€car€to€Roddy.€€There€was€never€an€argument€betweenŠ P Šthese€parties.€€However,€the€defendant,€perhaps€believing€that€the€victims€had€shown€no€respect€to€Š š@ ŠRoddy,€obtained€a€twelve„gauge,€pistol„grip€pump€shotgun€from€Roddyššs€house€and€went€outsideŠ ą0 Što€confront€the€unarmed€victims.€€Both€Roddy€and€Gillespie€told€the€defendant€not€to€go€outside€withŠ Š  Šthe€gun,€and€Roddy€even€tried€to€take€the€gun€from€the€defendant.€€Despite€these€attempts€to€stop€theŠ Ą  Šdefendant,€the€defendant€walked€outside,€took€the€safety€off€the€gun,€and€approached€Ray.€€TheŠ °! Šdefendant,€without€hesitating€or€speaking,€put€the€shotgun€to€Rayššs€head€and€shot€her€in€the€eye.€€TheŠ  "š  Šdefendant€then€ran€to€the€nearby€car€and€shot€Ō_ŌRulandŌ_Ō€once€in€the€back€and€once€in€the€head.€€TheŠ #ą! Šdefendant€turned€the€gun€on€Harmon,€but€Harmon€was€able€to€direct€the€gun€away€from€his€head,Š €$Š" Šresulting€in€the€defendant€shooting€him€once€in€the€leg€and€once€in€the€arm€and€side.€€The€defendantŠ p%Ą # Šcontinued€to€pump€the€shotgun€and€pull€the€trigger,€but€the€gun€was€out€of€ammunition.€€HarmonŠ `&°!$ Šwas€able€to€escape€from€the€car,€but€the€defendant€ran€around€the€car€and€hit€Harmon€in€the€headŠ P' "% Šwith€the€now€empty€shotgun,€shouting€for€him€to€die.€€The€defendant€ran€from€the€car€to€the€backŠ @(#& Šof€Roddyššs€house€and€hid€the€shotgun€in€a€jacket€under€some€brush.€€The€defendant€then€went€insideŠ 0)€$' ŠRoddyššs€house€and€instructed€his€uncles€that€he€did€not€do€anything,€to€go€to€bed,€and€not€to€answerŠ  *p%( Šthe€door.€€The€defendant€then€stripped€down€to€his€undershorts€and€got€into€bed.Š +`&) ŠŠ ,P'* Šą  ąWe€conclude€that€most,€if€not€all,€of€the€factors€listed€in€ņņBlandóó€are€present.€€The€defendantŠ ° Šobtained€a€weapon€and€refused€his€unclesšš€pleas€to€put€it€down.€€He€shot€three€unarmed€victims€fromŠ  š Šclose€range,€aiming€at€each€victimššs€head.€€When€the€third€victim€did€not€die€immediately,€he€hit€himŠ ą Šin€the€head€with€the€shotgun,€shouting€for€him€to€die.€€Finally,€after€the€shootings,€the€defendantŠ €Š Šcalmly€attempted€to€conceal€his€crime€by€hiding€the€gun,€instructing€his€relatives€to€cover€up€hisŠ pĄ Šactions,€and€undressing€and€getting€into€bed€to€act€as€if€he€had€been€asleep.€€Because€a€rational€juryŠ ` ° Šcould€have€found€premeditation€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€based€on€these€reasonable€inferences,Š P   Šthe€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€the€defendantššs€convictions€of€first€degree€murder€and€attemptedŠ @  Šfirst€degree€murder.Š 0 € ŠĢņ ņÓ  ÓII.€€SUPPRESSION€OF€DEFENDANTššS€STATEMENTŠ `  ŠĢó óÓ  Óą  ąThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€his€motion€to€suppress€hisŠ š@  Šstatement€given€to€the€police€on€the€morning€after€the€shootings.€€The€defendant€contends€thatŠ ą0  Šbecause€of€his€intoxicated€state,€he€was€unable€to€make€a€voluntary,€knowing,€and€intelligent€waiverŠ Š  Šof€his€constitutional€rights€under€Article€I,€Section€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€and€under€theŠ Ą ŠFifth€Amendment€of€the€United€States€Constitution.€€For€a€waiver€of€these€rights€to€be€valid,€theŠ ° Šwaiver€must€be€made€voluntarily,€knowingly,€and€intelligently,€€ņņMiranda€v.€Arizonaóó,€384€U.S.€436,Š  š Š475,€86€S.€Ct.€1602,€1628€(1966),€which,€in€turn,€is€determined€by€the€"totality€of€the€circumstancesŠ ą Šsurrounding€the€interrogation."€ņņóó€ņņState€v.€Van€Ō_ŌTranŌ_Ōóó,€864€S.W.2d€465,€472„73€(Tenn.€1993)€(citingŠ €Š ŠņņNorth€Carolina€v.€Butleróó,€441€U.S.€369,€374-75,€99€S.€Ct.€1755,€1758€(1979)).€Š pĄ ŠĢą  ąA€trial€courtššs€decision€on€a€motion€to€suppress€will€be€upheld€unless€the€evidence€in€theŠ P  Šrecord€preponderates€against€it.€€ņņState€v.€Ō_ŌOdomŌ_Ōóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.€1996).€€Further,€questionsŠ @ Šof€the€š šcredibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€and€the€resolution€of€conflictsŠ 0€ Šin€the€evidence€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€trial€judge€as€a€trier€of€fact.šš€€ņņId.óó€€The€prevailing€partyŠ  p Šš šis€entitled€to€the€strongest€view€of€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferencesŠ ` Šthat€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.šš€€ņņId.óó€€Finally,€both€the€proof€adduced€at€the€suppressionŠ P Šhearing€and€the€proof€adduced€at€trial€may€be€considered€in€reviewing€the€trial€courtššs€decision€onŠ š@ Šthe€motion€to€suppress.€€ņņState€v.€Ō_ŌHenningŌ_Ōóó,€975€S.W.2d€290,€299€(Tenn.€1998).Š ą0 ŠĢą  ąAt€the€suppression€hearing,€the€trial€court€heard€the€testimony€of€four€witnesses:€theŠ Ą! Šdefendant,€Michael€Roddy,€Chuck€Moore,€and€Randy€Scarborough.€€The€testimony€of€the€witnessesŠ °"  Šwere€markedly€different.€€Š  #š! ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€testified€that€on€April€1,€1998,€between€8:00€a.m.€and€11:50€p.m.,€he€drankŠ €%Š # Šmore€than€twelve€beers,€some€whiskey,€and€three€glasses€of€champagne.€€The€defendant€also€statedŠ p&Ą!$ Šthat€he€smoked€about€an€ounce€of€marijuana€and€snorted€about€a€gram€of€cocaine.€€The€defendantŠ `'°"% Štestified€that€he€was€drunk€and€high€at€the€time€he€gave€his€statement€and€that€he€did€not€understandŠ P( #& Šwhat€he€was€doing€when€he€waived€his€ņņMirandaóó€rights.Š @)$' ŠĢą  ąThe€defendantššs€testimony€was€corroborated€by€Michael€Roddy,€the€defendantššs€uncle.€Š  +p&) ŠRoddy€testified€at€the€suppression€hearing€that€he€saw€the€defendant€drinking,€smoking€marijuana,Š ,`'* Šand€snorting€cocaine€all€day€on€the€date€of€the€shootings.€€Roddy,€of€course,€was€not€present€at€theŠ ° Šjail€when€the€defendant€signed€the€waiver€nearly€six€hours€after€his€arrest.€€Š  š ŠĢą  ąThe€two€officers€that€questioned€the€defendant€concluded€that€the€defendant€was€notŠ €Š Šintoxicated.€€Detective€Moore€testified€at€the€suppression€hearing€that€the€defendant€did€not€appearŠ pĄ Šintoxicated€at€the€crime€scene€or€at€the€jail€when€he€waived€his€ņņMirandaņņóó€óórights€and€gave€hisŠ ` ° Šstatement.€€He€stated€that€the€defendantššs€speech€was€rational€and€plain,€not€slurred€or€difficult€toŠ P   Šunderstand.€€Further,€he€said€that€the€defendant€never€staggered€and€that€the€defendant€was€able€toŠ @  Šunderstand€and€follow€instructions.€€On€cross„examination,€he€admitted€that€the€defendant€told€himŠ 0 € Šseveral€times€during€the€questioning€that€he€had€been€drinking€a€lot€the€previous€day.Š  p  ŠĢą  ąRoane€County€Sheriffššs€Investigator€Randy€Scarborough€testified€that€Detective€Moore€andŠ P  Šhe€questioned€the€defendant€beginning€around€5:50€a.m.€on€April€1,€1998,€in€his€office€at€theŠ š@  ŠSheriffššs€Department.€€He€stated€that€the€defendant€was€read€and€waived€his€ņņMirandaņņóó€óórights€and€thatŠ ą0  Šthe€defendant€confessed€to€the€crimes€during€the€subsequent€questioning.€€He€testified€that€theŠ Š  Šdefendant€did€not€appear€to€be€drunk€and€did€not€have€trouble€understanding€questions€orŠ Ą Šcommunicating.€€On€cross„examination,€he€admitted€that€the€defendant€told€him€several€times€duringŠ ° Šthe€questioning€that€he€had€been€drinking€the€previous€day€and€that€he€was€drunk€at€the€time€of€theŠ  š Šshootings.€€ņ ņŠ ą Šó óĢą  ąThe€trial€court€accredited€the€testimony€of€the€police€officers€and€denied€the€defendantššsŠ pĄ Šmotion€to€suppress,€specifically€finding€that€the€defendantššs€statements€were€made€voluntarily€andŠ `° Šintelligently€after€the€ņņMirandaņņóó€óówarnings€were€waived.€€The€trial€courtššs€findings€are€presumedŠ P  Šcorrect€and€may€only€be€overcome€on€appeal€if€the€evidence€in€the€record€preponderates€against€theŠ @ Štrial€court's€findings.€€From€the€record€before€us,€the€evidence€does€not€preponderate€against€the€trialŠ 0€ Šcourtššs€finding€that€the€defendantššs€ņņMirandaóó€waiver€and€subsequent€statement€to€the€police€wereŠ  p Šintelligently€and€voluntarily€made.€Š ` ŠĢņ ņÓ  ÓIII.€€ADMISSIBILITY€OF€PHOTOGRAPHSó óŠ š@ ŠĢÓ  Óą  ą€The€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€gory€photographs€of€theŠ Š  Švictims€and€of€the€motor€vehicle.€€The€defendant€argues€that€some€of€the€photographs€admitted€intoŠ Ą! Ševidence€were€not€used€for€the€purposes€of€proving€any€part€of€the€stateššs€case.€€Further,€theŠ °"  Šdefendant€argues€that€the€unfair€prejudice€produced€by€the€gruesome€nature€of€the€photographsŠ  #š! Šsubstantially€outweighed€their€probative€value.Š $ą" ŠĢą  ąThe€leading€case€regarding€the€admissibility€of€photographs€of€murder€victims€is€ņņState€v.Š p&Ą!$ ŠBanksóó,€564€S.W.2d€947€(Tenn.1978),€in€which€the€supreme€court€indicated€that€the€admissibility€ofŠ `'°"% Šphotographs€of€murder€victims€is€within€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court€after€considering€theŠ P( #& Šrelevance,€probative€value,€and€potential€unfair€prejudicial€effect€of€such€evidence.€€Generally,Š @)$' Š"photographs€of€the€corpse€are€admissible€in€murder€prosecutions€if€they€are€relevant€to€the€issuesŠ 0*€%( Šon€trial,€notwithstanding€their€gruesome€and€horrifying€character."€€ņņId.óó€at€950-51.€€However,€"if€theyŠ  +p&) Šare€not€relevant€to€prove€some€part€of€the€prosecution's€case,€they€may€not€be€admitted€solely€toŠ ,`'* Šinflame€the€jury€and€prejudice€them€against€the€defendant."€ņņId.óó€at€951.€€The€determination€of€theŠ ° Šadmissibility€of€photographs€lies€within€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€court,€and€that€discretion€Š  š Šwill€not€be€overturned€on€appeal€absent€a€clear€showing€of€abuse.€€ņņState€v.€Harrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,Š ą Š73€(Tenn.€1992)€(citing€ņņState€v.€Allenóó,€692€S.W.2d€651,€654€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1985)).€€ņ ņó óIn€aŠ €Š Šhomicide€trial,€a€photograph€of€the€victim€or€of€the€crime€scene€is€admissible€only€if€(1)€theŠ pĄ Šphotograph€is€relevant€to€prove€some€part€of€the€stateššs€case€and€(2)€the€photographššs€probative€valueŠ ` ° Šis€not€substantially€outweighed€by€the€unfair€prejudice€to€the€defendant.€€ņņId.óó;€ņņseeóó€ņņalsoóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.Š P   Š403.€€Here,€the€defendant€attacks€both€of€these€prongs.€€Š @  ŠĢą  ąAt€the€trial,€the€state€introduced€seventeen€photographs€of€the€crime€scene.€€In€his€brief,€theŠ  p  Šdefendant€does€not€specify€the€photographs€to€which€he€objects.€€Rather,€the€defendant€assertsŠ `  Šgenerally€that€the€photographs€of€the€victims€and€the€motor€vehicle€should€not€have€been€admitted.Š P  ŠOf€the€color€photographs€admitted€at€trial,€five€showed€the€inside€of€the€blood„and„flesh„splatteredŠ š@  Šcar€and€three€showed€the€victims.€€Two€of€the€three€photographs€of€the€victims€could€be€consideredŠ ą0  Šgruesome.€€One€photograph€was€of€the€full€body€of€Ray€on€the€ground€with€a€pool€of€blood€next€toŠ Š  Šher€head.€€Another€photograph€was€a€close„up€of€Rulandššs€bloody€head.€€The€third€photograph€ofŠ Ą ŠRulandššs€back€is€not€gruesome.€€Š ° ŠĢą  ąThe€state€argues€that€the€photographs€of€the€victims€are€relevant€to€show€premeditation.€Š ą ŠPhotographs€may€be€relevant€to€the€issue€of€premeditation.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņBanksóó€564€S.W.2d€at€949„50.€Š €Š ŠHowever,€š šin€some€cases,€photographic€evidence€has€been€excluded€because€it€does€not€add€anythingŠ pĄ Što€the€testimonial€descriptions€of€the€injuries.šš€€ņņId.óó€at€951€(citations€omitted).€€Often,€testimony€ofŠ `° Šthe€witnesses€gives€an€accurate€description€of€the€nature€and€extent€of€the€wounds€inflicted€on€theŠ P  Švictims.€€ņņId.óó€at€952.€€As€a€general€rule,€when€testimony€adequately€describes€the€degree€or€extent€ofŠ @ Šan€injury,€gruesome€and€graphic€photographs€should€not€be€admitted.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Duncanóó,€698Š 0€ ŠS.W.2d€63,€69€(Tenn.1985).€€€€€In€the€present€case,€Harmon€and€Moore€testified€about€the€nature€andŠ  p Šextent€of€the€victimsšš€injuries.€€Further,€the€defendant€did€not€dispute€that€the€victims€were€shot€inŠ ` Šthe€head€or€that€those€shots€caused€the€victimsšš€death.€€The€photographs€of€the€victims€did€not€addŠ P Šanything€to€the€testimonial€descriptions.€€Thus,€the€photographs€of€the€victims€that€were€admittedŠ š@ Šwere€cumulative€evidence,€making€their€probative€value€minimal.€€Accordingly,€the€danger€of€theŠ ą0 Šunfair€prejudice€created€by€bloody,€color€photographs€of€the€victims€substantially€outweighed€theirŠ Š  Šprobative€value.€€The€trial€court€should€not€have€admitted€the€photographs€of€the€victims.Š Ą! ŠĢą  ąThe€second€set€of€photographs,€the€five€pictures€of€the€inside€of€the€car€splattered€with€bloodŠ  #š! Šand€flesh,€is€also€contested€on€appeal.€€The€trial€court€admitted€these€photographs,€finding€that€theyŠ $ą" Šwere€not€prejudicial€in€any€way.€€The€state€did€not€provide€a€reason€at€trial€why€the€photographs€ofŠ €%Š # Šthe€inside€of€the€car€were€relevant,€other€than€the€general€assertion€that€they€showed€premeditation.Š p&Ą!$ ŠIt€should€also€be€noted€that€the€state€does€not€address€these€photographs€in€its€brief.€€However,€whenŠ `'°"% Šthe€state€introduced€the€photographs,€it€merely€used€them€to€show€the€crime€scene.€€The€state€neverŠ P( #& Šexplained,€and€it€is€not€apparent,€how€these€photographs€are€relevant€to€show€premeditation.€€Further,Š @)$' ŠMoore€could€have€just€as€easily€described€the€inside€of€the€car€without€the€use€of€the€close„up,€colorŠ 0*€%( Šā āphotographs.€€If€gruesome€photographs€of€the€crime€scene€are€not€relevant€to€prove€the€stateššs€case,Š  +p&) Šthen€they€should€be€excluded.€€Here,€the€trial€court€should€have€excluded€the€photographs€of€theŠ ° Šinside€of€the€car.Š  š Šā āĢą  ąAlthough€the€photographs€of€the€victims€and€of€the€car€should€have€been€excluded,€the€errorŠ €Š Šis€harmless.€€š šIn€Tennessee,€nonconstitutional€errors€will€not€result€in€reversal€unless€the€errorŠ pĄ Šaffirmatively€appears€to€have€affected€the€result€of€the€trial€on€the€merits,€or€considering€the€wholeŠ ` ° Šrecord,€the€error€involves€a€substantial€right€which€more€probably€than€not€affected€the€judgment€orŠ P   Šwould€result€in€prejudice€to€the€judicial€process.šš€€ņņState€v.€Harrisóó,€989€S.W.2d€307,€315€(Tenn.€1999)Š @  Š(citing€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(a)€and€Tenn.€€R.€App.€P.€36(b)).€€Š 0 € ŠĢą  ąIn€this€case,€it€cannot€be€said€that€the€error€more€probably€than€not€affected€the€judgment.€Š `  ŠAlthough€the€photographs€are€gruesome,€the€result€of€the€trial€would€have€been€the€same€if€theŠ P  Šphotographs€had€been€excluded.€€All€of€the€elements€of€the€offenses€were€established€through€otherŠ š@  Ševidence.€€Moreover,€descriptions€of€the€victimsšš€injuries€were€provided€through€witnesses.€€WithŠ ą0  Šthe€defendantššs€guilt€being€overwhelming,€the€admission€of€the€photographs€did€not€more€probablyŠ Š  Šthan€not€affect€the€judgment.€€Therefore,€the€admission€of€the€photographs€of€the€victims€and€of€theŠ Ą Šcar€was€harmless.Š ° ŠĢÓ  Óņ ņIV.€CONSECUTIVE€SENTENCESŠ ą ŠĢó óÓ  Óą  ą€The€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€to€serve€the€two€life€sentences€concurrently;Š pĄ Šhowever,€it€sentenced€the€defendant€to€serve€the€twenty„year€attempted€first€degree€murder€sentence€Š `° Šconsecutively.€€The€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€finding€him€to€be€a€dangerousŠ P  Šoffender€and,€consequently,€€imposing€consecutive€sentences.€€He€complains€that€the€trial€court€didŠ @ Šnot€consider€the€defendantššs€background€or€alleged€intoxication€at€the€time€of€the€crime.Š 0€ ŠĢą  ąWhen€a€defendant€appeals€the€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court,€thisŠ ` Šcourt€conducts€a€ņņdeóó€ņņnovoóó€review€of€the€record€with€a€presumption€that€the€trial€courtššsŠ P Šdeterminations€are€correct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„401(d).€€The€presumption€of€correctness€isŠ š@ Šš šconditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencingŠ ą0 Šprinciples€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.šš€€ņņState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.Š Š  Š1991).€€The€burden€of€showing€that€the€sentence€is€improper€is€upon€the€appealing€party.€€Tenn.Š Ą! ŠCode€Ann.€šš€40„35„401(d),€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.€€€However,€if€the€record€shows€thatŠ °"  Šthe€trial€court€failed€to€consider€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances,Š  #š! Šthen€review€of€the€sentence€is€Ō‡X¢ƒXXX¢ƒŌpurelyŌ#†X¢ƒXXX¢ƒķ”#Ō€ņņdeóó€ņņnovoóó.€€ņņAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169.Š $ą" ŠĢą  ąŌ‡X¢ƒXXX¢ƒŌConsecutive€sentencing€is€guided€by€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„115(b),€which€states€inŠ p&Ą!$ Špertinent€part:Š `'°"% Š€Ģą0  ąThe€court€may€order€sentences€to€run€consecutively€if€the€court€finds€by€a€preponderance€ofŠ @)$' Šthe€evidence€that:Š0*€%((#(# Šą8  ą€ą0` Š Š ą.€.€.€.Š +p&)` Š ` Š  ŠŠ ,`'* Šą8  ą(4)€The€defendant€is€a€dangerous€offender€whose€behavior€indicates€little€or€no€regardŠ ° Šfor€human€life,€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€toŠ  š Šhuman€life€is€high.ŠąŠ Š  ŠĢFor€dangerous€offenders,€though,€š šconsecutive€sentences€cannot€be€imposed€unless€the€termsŠ pĄ Šreasonably€relate€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses€committed€and€are€necessary€in€order€to€protect€theŠ ` ° Špublic€from€further€serious€criminal€conduct€by€the€defendant.šš€€ņņState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,Š P   Š938€(Tenn.€1995);€ņņState€v.€Laneóó,€3€S.W.3d€456,€461€(Tenn.€1999).€€€The€trial€court€is€required€toŠ @  Šrecite€the€specific€findings€of€fact€behind€its€imposition€of€a€consecutive€sentence.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€CodeŠ 0 € ŠAnn.€šš€40„35„209(c);€ņņAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169.€€€€Š  p  ŠĢą  ąIn€the€present€case,€Ō#†X¢ƒXXX¢ƒ•#Ōthe€trial€court€imposed€consecutive€sentences€because€it€found€that€theŠ P  Šdefendant€was€a€dangerous€offender.€€The€trial€court€based€its€finding€Ō‡X¢ƒXXX¢ƒŌon€the€presence€of€multipleŠ š@  Švictims€and€the€manner€in€which€murder€was€attempted,€specifically€the€defendantššs€behavior€afterŠ ą0  Šthe€two€shots€did€not€kill€Mr.€Harmon.€€The€defendantššs€contention€that€the€trial€court€failed€toŠ Š  Šconsider€his€intoxication€or€his€background€is€without€merit.€€Both€of€these€arguments€wereŠ Ą Špresented€by€the€defendant€and€considered€by€the€trial€court€during€the€sentencing€hearing.€€AmpleŠ ° Ševidence€supports€the€trial€courtššs€finding€that€the€defendantššs€behavior€indicated€little€or€no€regardŠ  š Šfor€human€life€and€that€the€defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€riskŠ ą Što€human€life€is€high.Ō#†X¢ƒXXX¢ƒö›#ŌŌ‡X¢ƒXXX¢ƒŌŠ €Š ŠĢą  ąŌ#†X¢ƒXXX¢ƒPŸ#ŌŌ‡X¢ƒXXX¢ƒŌHowever,€the€trial€court€failed€Ō#†X¢ƒXXX¢ƒ“Ÿ#Ōto€address€the€ņņWilkersonóó€factors,€which€removes€theŠ `° Špresumption€of€correctness€for€the€consecutive€sentencing€determination.€Thus,€we€must€determineŠ P  Šif€these€factors€are€present€through€a€ņņdeóó€ņņnovoóó€review€of€the€record.€€First,€the€effective€sentence€ofŠ @ Šlife€plus€twenty€years€does€reasonably€relate€to€the€severity€of€the€defendantššs€offenses.€€TheŠ 0€ Šdefendant€brutally€killed€two€people€by€shooting€them€in€their€heads.€€Further,€the€defendant€shotŠ  p Ša€third€victim€twice€and€continued€to€pump€the€shotgun€and€pull€the€trigger€when€the€gun€was€outŠ ` Šof€ammunition.€€Finally,€when€the€third€victim€did€not€die,€the€defendant€beat€him€with€the€shotgun,Š P Štelling€him€to€die.€€These€are€severe€offenses,€and€the€consecutive€sentence€reasonably€relates€to€theirŠ š@ Šseverity.€€€Š ą0 Šą  ąĢŌ‡XäĮ XXX¢ƒŌą  ąŌ#†X¢ƒX XXäĮē£#ŌSecond,€we€must€determine€whether€consecutive€sentencing€is€necessary€to€protect€the€publicŠ Ą! Šfrom€future€criminal€conduct€by€the€defendant.€€This€rationale€for€consecutive€sentencing€was€firstŠ °"  Šstated€by€our€supreme€court€in€ņņGray€v.€Stateóó.€€538€S.W.2d€391,€393€(Tenn.€1976).€€It€was€codifiedŠ  #š! Šin€the€Criminal€Sentencing€Reform€Act€of€1989,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„115,€SentencingŠ $ą" ŠCommission€Comments,€and€wasņņóó€reiterated€in€ņņWilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€at€938.€€ņņGrayóó€established€thatŠ €%Š # Ša€dangerous€offender€should€not€be€sentenced€to€consecutive€sentences€based€only€upon€the€fact€thatŠ p&Ą!$ Štwo€or€more€dangerous€crimes€were€committed,€but€consecutive€sentences€should€be€š šbased€Ō‡XäĮ XXX¢ƒŌuponŠ `'°"% Šthe€presence€of€aggravating€circumstances.šš€€ņņGrayóó,€538€S.W.2d€at€393.€€Here,€as€discussed€above,Š `(°#& Šseveral€aggravating€circumstances€exist.€€Again,€the€defendant€brutally€killed€two€unarmed€peopleŠ L)œ$' Šby€shooting€them€in€their€heads.€€The€defendant€attempted€to€kill€a€third€unarmed€victim€by€shootingŠ 8*ˆ%( Šhim€in€the€head,€but€this€victim€was€able€to€direct€the€gun€away€from€his€head.€€The€defendantŠ $+t&) Šcontinued€to€pump€the€shotgun€and€pull€the€trigger,€attempting€to€kill€the€third€victim.€€When€theŠ ,`'* Šdefendant€realized€the€gun€was€out€of€ammunition,€he€beat€the€victim€with€the€gun,€shouting€for€himŠ ° Što€die.€€The€public€needs€and€deserves€protection€from€this€type€of€criminal€behavior,€of€which€thisŠ œģ Šdefendant€has€shown€he€is€capable.Ō#†X¢ƒX XXäĮ`§#Ō€€Therefore,€with€both€of€the€ņņWilkersonóó€factors€present,€we€affirmŠ ˆŲ Šthe€trial€courtššs€imposition€of€consecutive€sentences.Š ˆŲ Šą  ąĢÓ  Óņ ņV.€CONCLUSIONŠ h ø ŠĢó óÓ  Óą  ąIn€consideration€of€the€foregoing€and€the€record€as€a€whole,€we€affirm€the€defendantššsŠ H ˜ Šconvictions€and€sentence.ą  ąņ ņó óŠ 8 ˆ ŠĢĢĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ą___________________________________€Š ųH  Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąJOSEPH€M.€TIPTON,€JUDGE