ÿWPC5  T˜íµqXË,€ùÃíµUÝhÈBµÛV¦¢XÅ,Š l>„1 ýLBdh½û?>®x§…¨´mO‚ÚÊ×*&Dê:ë~qRt#ò’i›ú­^Ôúˆy?gèúèôúÁ¸C×l4)êœÝ¢ð éþU6”Ûa&}SoÁwœ˜–Nà—¿{º ™4–“Ú×è,1¹0SÃ:ýtc΂¦÷®±óèå`o 6j¢løPµ”&!þm÷_%¼àÌ ÍnH¸ˆ”£×'$9Ã$ì‚ןϗe™l'2 ?+UÝ“Ð%øЏÖùÈì‰FBÜÍcÅŒ‚´UÌÀÇ\yoò€ŽÐé @ºS!vú<ñ˜ÂÃÁ©Ð x“æoCždi*„}µao“kÊ¥Yx"wX•õ+ºÁõÛUÎYÍ ö(©,|¡ÌýðÇmˆº§)`úû­Ù€ g­Ÿ¤|CÁ¯eךáÁ§°Šm¸NïÑ]ˆ•þŠFbbSŒñ‚¥ª;ÐÀc€ ;.gÕÒâ\ edD«:C÷È,dàÓ@•ÊšSõRJCÂírʌѥùÒ=y6«Æ|jÑÁ o…­ú_ò§vK?åë¼åQÂÕXäw5”µ®f &†5mb %\4b 0ˆ–UN fl TÒ ^ & z2 Ò¬ w~ 4‚ – ¥ Ƨ ÆmÆ3Æù m¿NÖ#ÉØõ¡E–––UN˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 0Dææææb************************************ 0ë2222 B 0¤: D3Þ D- 0K>> AS‰ÆÜ 0¤¢ 0DF A«Š» *Ý ƒRå$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¢!ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔApparently,€the€Defendantððs€presence€in€a€bar€in€Chattanooga€in€the€presence€of€a€known€ð ðfelonðð€would€haveÐ ° Ðbeen€grounds€for€a€parole€violation.(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular \Ý ƒRå$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¢!ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔArticle€one,€section€nine€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€provides,€in€pertinent€part,€that€ð ðin€all€criminalÐ ° Ðprosecutions,€the€accused€.€.€.€shall€not€be€compelled€to€give€evidence€against€himself.ðð JÝ ƒRå$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¢!ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€Fifth€Amendment€to€the€Unites€States€Constitution€provides,€in€pertinent€part,€that€ð ðNo€person€.€.€.€shallÐ ° Ðbe€compelled€in€any€criminal€case€to€be€a€witness€against€himself.ððªo1Þ  ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptóbï.ê:i¢Ø+003|xLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜\\IB01S08\KNOXCLERK3ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0 ëÝ ƒRå$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¢!ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ô¢!òòô¢!ÔThe€Defendantððs€statements€to€Drs.€Smith€and€Caruso,€if€relied€upon€to€prove€the€truth€of€the€matters€asserted,Ð ° Ðwere€hearsay.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€801(c).€€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€803(4)€provides€for€the€admissibility€of€hearsayÐ tÄ Ðstatements€rendered€for€purposes€of€medical€diagnosis€òòand€treatmentóó.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(4);€òòState€v.€McLeodóó,€937Ð 8ˆ ÐS.W.2d€867,€873€(Tenn.€1996)€(holding€that€statements€made€for€the€purpose€of€medical€evaluation,€as€opposed€to€thoseÐ üL Ðmade€for€medical€treatment,€are€not€admissible€pursuant€to€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€803(4)).€€The€statements€madeÐ À Ðby€the€Defendant€to€Drs.€Smith€and€Caruso€were€not€made€for€the€purpose€of€his€obtaining€medical€òòtreatmentóó,€but€ratherÐ „Ô Ðfor€evaluations.€€Also,€our€courts€have€generally€held€that€the€Rule€803(4)€exception€applies€only€when€the€statements€Ð H ˜ ÐÌÌÐ ” ä  ‘ ÐÔ_ÔrelateÔ_Ô€to€a€medical€or€physical€problem.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Baroneóó,€852€S.W.2d€216,€220€(Tenn.€1993)€(holding€thatÐ ° Ðstatements€admissible€pursuant€to€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€803(4)€are€limited€to€those€concerning€physical€conditionsÐ tÄ Ðas€distinguished€from€mental€or€psychological€injuries).€€òòóóFor€these€reasons,€the€statements€given€by€the€Defendant€to€theÐ 8ˆ Ðphysicians€in€this€case€were€not€admissible€to€show€the€truth€of€the€matters€asserted.€€Ô#†ô¢!òòô¢!~#Ô(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó- ù-(|G2å$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€¹»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôªÑò»»Ô d(|3v$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€¹»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3v$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€¹»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€u»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼u»»»ÔÑ8€\‰XXdì»»d8ÑÑ hXÑà@ttìàÔ‡î@uÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEÔ#†¼u»îî@#ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àJuly€27,€2004€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡X\‰X»¼uÔÌò òÔ#†¼u»XX\‰!#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€MICHAEL€LEE€Ô_ÔMcCORMICKÔ_ÔÔ‡X\‰X»¼uÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Hamilton€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€167205€€€€€€Douglas€A.€Meyer,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€E2003„02689„CCA„R9„DD€„€Filed€November€15,€2004Ð ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€Defendant,€Michael€Lee€McCormick,€was€convicted€in€1987€of€the€first€degree€murder€of€DonnaÐ xÈ  ÐJean€Ô_ÔNicholsÔ_Ô.€€The€Defendant€was€sentenced€to€death€for€the€murder.€€The€Defendantððs€convictionÐ d´ Ðand€sentence€were€affirmed€on€direct€appeal.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€McCormickóó,€778€S.W.2d€48€(Tenn.€1989).€Ð P  ÐSubsequently,€the€Defendant€filed€for€post„conviction€relief€on€the€grounds€of€ineffective€assistanceÐ <Œ Ðof€counsel€and€a€new€trial€was€awarded.€€òòSeeóó€òòMichael€Lee€McCormick€v.€Stateóó,€No.€03C01„9802„Ð (x ÐCR„00052,€1999€WL€394935€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.,€Knoxville,€June€17,€1999).€€In€conjunction€withÐ d Ðthe€new€trial,€defense€counsel€filed€a€motion€to€suppress€statements€the€Defendant€made€to€policeÐ P Ðofficers€prior€to€his€1987€arrest.€€The€trial€court€granted€the€Defendantððs€motion.€€The€State€nowÐ ì< Ðappeals€by€permission.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€9.€€We€affirm€in€part€and€reverse€in€part.€€Ð Ø( ÐÓ»ÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€9€Interlocutory€Appeal;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Ð ° ÐAffirmed€in€Part;€Reversed€in€Part;€Remandedó óÐ œì ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼u»àX\‰²#ÔÔ‡X\‰X.¼uÔDavid€H.€Welles,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJerry€L.€Smithóó€and€òòJamesÐ tÄ ÐÔ_ÔCurwoodÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔWittÔ_Ô,€Jr.,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð `° ÐÌMike€Richardson€and€Mary€Ann€Green,€Chattanooga,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Michael€LeeÐ 8!ˆ  ÐMcCormick.Ð $"t! ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Michael€E.€Moore,€Solicitor€General;€Joseph€F.Ð ü#L# ÐÔ_ÔWhalenÔ_Ô,€Associate€Solicitor€General;€Bill€Cox,€District€Attorney€General;€and€J.€Michael€Taylor,Ð è$8 $ ÐDistrict€Attorney€General€Pro„Tem,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð Ô%$!% ÐÓù ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼u»XX\‰( #ÔÔ‡X\‰X»¼uÔÐ ¬'ü"' ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼u»XX\‰ #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X\‰X»¼uÔà  àA€brief€review€of€the€facts€adduced€at€the€Defendantððs€first€trial€will€be€helpful.€€òòSeeÐ „)Ô$) Ðgenerallyóó€òòState€v.€McCormickóó,€778€S.W.2d€48€(Tenn.€1989).€€During€the€early€morning€hours€ofÐ p*À%* ÐFebruary€14,€1985,€Donna€Jean€Ô_ÔNicholsÔ_Ôðð€body€was€found€in€a€parking€area€along€Ô_ÔBrainerdÔ_Ô€Road€inÐ \+¬&+ Ðâ âChattanooga.€€The€victim€had€been€shot€in€the€head€at€close€range.€€In€a€back€pocket€of€the€victimððsÐ H,˜',ý ÐÔ_Ôjeans,€police€found€a€blank€signed€check€made€out€for€$20.€€The€ensuing€police€investigationÐ ° Ðrevealed€no€witnesses€to€the€crime.Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àThe€Defendant€was€a€friend€of€the€victimððs€younger€brother€Hap.€€The€Defendant€and€HapÐ tÄ Ðhad€committed€a€burglary€at€Dalton€College€in€Georgia€and€stolen€electronic€equipment.€€Some€ofÐ `° Ðthis€equipment€was€stored€at€the€apartment€that€the€victim€shared€with€Hap.€€When€the€victim€learnedÐ L œ Ðabout€the€burglary,€she€insisted€that€the€stolen€goods€be€removed€and€that€her€brother€end€hisÐ 8 ˆ Ðrelationship€with€the€Defendant.€€Hap€told€the€Defendant€about€the€victimððs€concerns.€€Ð $ t ÐÌà  àDetective€Charles€Dudley€of€the€Chattanooga€Police€Department€became€the€lead€investigatorÐ ü L  Ðon€the€case;€it€was€the€first€homicide€case€in€which€he€served€as€lead€detective.€€Through€hisÐ è 8  Ðinvestigation,€he€discovered€that€the€Defendant€had€told€his€ex„wife€that€he€had€seen€the€victim€onÐ Ô$  Ðthe€night€she€was€murdered.€€Accordingly,€Det.€Dudley€decided€to€talk€with€the€Defendant.€€InÐ À  Ðreviewing€arrest€reports€on€the€morning€of€February€22,€1985,€Det.€Dudley€discovered€that€theÐ ¬ü  ÐDefendant€had€been€arrested€for€DUI.€€Because€the€Defendant€was€already€in€custody,€Det.€DudleyÐ ˜è  Ðrequested€that€the€Defendant€be€brought€to€his€office€for€an€interview.Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àDet.€Dudley€obtained€a€waiver€of€rights€from€the€Defendant€and€the€Defendant€agreed€to€talkÐ \¬ Ðwith€the€detective€about€the€murder€investigation.€€This€conversation€was€tape„recorded€and€admittedÐ H˜ Ðinto€evidence€at€the€suppression€hearing.€€The€Defendant€told€Det.€Dudley€that€he€had€known€theÐ 4„ Ðvictim€for€three€to€four€years.€€They€had€met€at€Dalton€Junior€College€in€Georgia€where€the€victimÐ  p Ðwas€a€student€and€the€Defendant€was€a€media€technician.€€The€victimððs€brother€Hap€worked€with€theÐ  \ ÐDefendant€as€a€student€aide.€€Ð øH ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€told€the€detective€that€he€had€not€seen€the€victim€since€she€had€returned€toÐ Ð  ÐChattanooga.€€He€said€that€on€the€night€she€was€murdered,€he€went€to€Benniganððs€restaurant€onÐ ¼  ÐBrainerd€Road€at€about€6:00€or€6:30€p.m.€€He€happened€upon€a€friend€there,€and€they€went€toÐ ¨ø ÐBrainerd€Beach€Club.€€The€Defendant€danced€with€a€couple€of€women€and€then€went€home€at€aboutÐ ”ä Ð11:00€or€11:30€p.m.€€The€Defendant€was€living€with€his€parents€at€the€time.€€Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€stated€that€he€had€spoken€to€his€ex„wife€on€the€morning€of€either€the€14th€orÐ X ¨ Ð15th€of€February€and€told€her€that€he€had€dated€the€victim€once€or€twice€and€was€very€upset€at€herÐ D!” Ðdeath.€€He€told€his€ex„wife€that€he€had€seen€the€victim€on€the€night€of€her€death,€had€bought€herÐ 0"€  Ðdrinks,€and€was€going€to€cash€a€check€for€her.€€The€Defendant€told€Det.€Dudley€that€he€told€thisÐ #l! Ðð ðfabricat[ion]ðð€to€his€ex„wife€in€an€attempt€to€gain€her€sympathy€because€she€was€complaining€toÐ $X" Ðhim€about€being€late€on€his€child€support.€€He€told€the€detective€that€he€had€not€seen€the€victim€onÐ ô$D # Ðthe€night€of€her€death,€nor€had€he€spoken€to€her,€nor€had€he€ever€dated€her.€€He€said€that€he€had€neverÐ à%0!$ Ðbeen€in€her€car.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€he€first€learned€about€the€victimððs€death€over€the€radio.€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌÌà  àAs€the€interrogation€progressed,€the€Defendant€repeatedly€asserted€that€he€had€nothing€to€doÐ )à$( Ðwith€the€victimððs€death.€€Eventually,€the€following€exchange€between€the€Defendant€and€Det.€DudleyÐ |*Ì%) Ðoccurred:Ð h+¸&* Ðà8  àDet.€Dudley:€€à0¸ Ð Ð àà ` àà0¸ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð àAll€right.€€In€the€very€beginning,€I€told€you€there€were€some€tests€thatÐ ° Ðwe€could€take.€€Thereððs€a€series€of€tests€here,€which€would€consist€ofÐ œì Ðsome€personal€tests€which€would€require€a€hair€from€you,€a€bloodÐ ˆØ Ðsample€from€you,€which€you€have€the€right€to€refuse.Ðtĸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDefendant:à0¸ Ð Ð àà0¸ Ð ¸ Ð àà ¸ àIððm€willing€to€do€it.ÐL œÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àà ` àà0¸ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð àIf€youððre€willing€to€do€this€and€sign€a€form,€weððll€have€the€test.€€WeÐ $ t Ðalso€have€the€polygraph€operator€here.€€Now,€a€polygraph€cannot€beÐ  ` Ðused€for€you€or€against€you.€€It€gives€us€basically€an€idea.€€Would€youÐ ü L  Ðbe€willing€to€submit€to€a€polygraph€examination?Ðè 8 ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDefendant:à0¸ Ð Ð àYes,€sir.ÐÀ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àAnd€you€wouldnððt€have€any€qualms€about€it?Ð˜è ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà  àDefendant:€€à0 ¸ àNo,€sir.ÐpÀ¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àThe€thing€that€Iððm€curious€about,€Mike,€and€like€I€say,€this€is€my€job.Ð H˜ ÐItððs€hard€for€us€to€sit€down€and€talk€to€a€total€stranger€that€we€donððtÐ 4„ Ðknow€and€that€doesnððt€know€us,€you€know.€€Over€a€period€of€time€youÐ  p Ðcan€develop€a€little€bit€of€trust.€€But,€see,€we€deal€in€facts,€and€ourÐ  \ Ðmain€concern€in€this€job€is€to€separate€fact€from€fantasy.€€And,€youÐ øH Ðknow,€just€from€everything€that€youððve€told€me€and€incidents€thatÐ ä4 Ðhave€been€related€to€me,€itððs€very€hard€for€me€to€sit€down€and€realize.Ð Ð  ÐI€have€got€a€person€that€can€tell€me€the€type€of€clothing€that€you€wereÐ ¼  Ðwearing€that€night.€€Now,€what€I€would€like€to€do€„„€you€live€withÐ ¨ø Ðyour€parents,€right?Ð”ä¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà  àDefendant:€€à0 ¸ àYes,€sir.Ðl¼¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà  àDet.€Dudley:€€à0 ¸ àDo€you€pay€any€kind€of€rent€there€or€anything?ÐD!”¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà  àDefendant:€€à0 ¸ àI€did€pay€when€I€had€it.Ð#l!¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:€€à0¸ Ð Ð àSo€you€just€try€to€help€them€out€as€best€you€can?Ðô$D #¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà  àDefendant:€€€€€€Yeah.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à8¸ Ð Ð àI€would€like€to€get€in€touch€with€your€parents€and€getÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthat€clothing€that€you€were€wearing€that€night€forÐ )à$( Ðâ âexamination.€€I€would€also€like€to€examine€bothÐ |*Ì%) Ðvehicles€that€you€were€operating.€€Would€you€beÐ ° Ðwilling€to€cooperate€that€far?à À à€Ðœì¸ ¸  Ðâ âÌà  àDefendant:€€à0 ¸ àSure.Ðtĸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àAnd€you€feel€that€no€way,€shape,€form€or€fashion€that€you€can€beÐ L œ Ðconnected€into€this?Ð8 ˆ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDefendant:à0¸ Ð Ð àI€didnððt€have€anything€to€do€with€it,€no,€sir.€€Iððve€done€a€lot€of€weirdÐ  ` Ðthings,€but€I€didnððt€have€anything€to€do€with€that.€€Ðü L ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà  àDet.€Dudley:€€What€do€you€mean€by€ð ðweird€thingsðð?Ð Ô$  ÐÌà8  àDefendant:à0¸ Ð Ð àWell,€the€incidents€fabricating€stories€and,€that€we€discussed,€youÐ ¬ü  Ðknow.€€Iððve€had€my€problems,€but€I€„„Ð˜è ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ЀÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àHave€you€ever€sought€any€help,€I€mean€serious€help?ÐpÀ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDefendant:€à0¸ Ð Ð àAt€one€time€I€was€going€to€AA€meetings.€€It€didnððt€last€too€long.€€IððmÐ H˜ Ðdefinitely€an€alcoholic.Ð4„¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà  à.€.€.€Ð  \ ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àI€notice€several€scratches€here€on€your€arm.€€Iððm€going€to€ask€you,€ifÐ ä4 Ðyou€would,€to€stand€up€and€remove€your€shirt€for€me€and€let€me€justÐ Ð  Ðtake€a€look.м ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà  àDefendant:€à0 ¸ àAll€right.Ð”ä¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà  àDet.€Dudley:€à0 ¸ àCould€you€tell€me€how€you€got€these€scratches€on€your€arm?Ðl¼¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà  àDefendant:€à0 ¸ àJust€working,€I€guess.€€Iððve€got€a€dog.ÐD!”¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà  àDet.€Dudley:€€à0 ¸ àWould€you€slide€that€shirt€off?€€What€kind€of€dog€you€got?Ð#l!¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà8  àDefendant:à0¸ Ð Ð àItððs€an€Australian€shepherd€with€a€pug€face.€€(Inaudible).€€I€think€theseÐ ô$D # Ðright€here€are€the€handcuffs.Ðà%0!$¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àà ` àà0¸ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð àThat€right€there,€thatððs€what€Iððm€talking€about.€€Thereððs€right€here€Ð ¸'#& Ðlooks€like€scratch€marks€on€that.Ф(ô#'¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDefendant:à0¸ Ð Ð àYeah,€just€working,€I€guess,€maybe,€and€I€deal€with€a€lot€ofÐ |*Ì%) Ðequipment,€you€know,€and€sticking€my€arms€and€stuff€with€it.Ðh+¸&*¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Їà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àWhat€kind€of€equipment?€€Computer€(inaudible)?а¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDefendant:à0¸ Ð Ð àAnd€photocopiers.Јظ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àTurn€around€here€just€a€little€bit.€€Yeah,€hereððs€a€scratch€mark€hereÐ `° Ðbehind€your€ear.€€Do€you€recall€how€that€happened?ÐL œ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDefendant:à0¸ Ð Ð àNot€offhand,€no,€sir.Ð$ t¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àDo€you€have€any€scratches€or€any€scratch€marks€on€your€legs€orÐ ü L  Ðanywhere?Ðè 8 ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDefendant:à0¸ Ð Ð àNot€to€my€knowledge.ÐÀ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àHave€you€got€on€underwear?Ð˜è ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDefendant:à0¸ Ð Ð àNo,€sir,€I€donððt.ÐpÀ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àWell,€I€hate€to€tell€you€to€do€this,€but€I€need€to€look.ÐH˜¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà  àDefendant:€€à0 ¸ àOkay.Ð p¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà  àDet.€Dudley:à0 ¸ àYou€donððt€have€to€allow€me€to€do€this.ÐøH¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà8  àDefendant:à0¸ Ð Ð àIððm€willing€to€do€anything€I€can€to€prove€my€innocence.€€I€donððt€recallÐ Ð  Ðany€there.м ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àTurn€around.€€Would€you€have€any€objection€if€I€got€our€I.D.€man€upÐ ”ä Ðhere€to€take€photographs€of€you€„„€go€ahead€and€pull€your€pants€up€„„Ð €Ð Ðphotograph€you€with€your€shirt€on€and€also€take€a€photograph€of€thoseÐ l¼ Ðscratches€on€your€arms?ÐX ¨¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà  àDefendant:€€à0 ¸ àI€wouldnððt€have€any€qualms€at€all.Ð0"€ ¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àOkay.€€As€of€now,€Iððm€going€to€go€ahead€and€terminate€the€interviewÐ $X" Ðand€explain€to€you€some€things€and€we€will€turn€the€tape€back€on.€€à @˜ àà8@˜ ƒàIÐ ô$D # Ðwant€to€show€you€a€form€that€we€have€to€collect€evidence.€€And,€inÐ à%0!$ Ðfact,€before€I€do€cut€the€tape€off,€it€looks€like€we€do€have€a€fewÐ Ì&"% Ðseconds€of€tape€left€to€get€this.€€Let€me€read€this€to€you.€€If€you€would,Ð ¸'#& Ðjust€read€along€right€here€with€me.€€If€youððll€notice,€itððs€authorizedÐ ¤(ô#' Ðconsent€to€collect€physical€evidence.€€ð ðI,ðð€your€name€would€go€rightÐ )à$( Ðhere,€ð ðhave€been€informed€of€my€right€not€to€submit€to€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðproceduresðð€„„€excuse€me€„„€ð ðas€prescribed€below€for€the€purpose€ofÐ h+¸&* Ðcollecting€physical€evidence.€€These€procedures€consist€of€theÐ ° Ðcollection€of€blood€specimen€by€a€licensed€medical€technician.ðð€€ThatÐ œì Ðmeans€youððll€go€to€a€hospital,€we€wonððt€even€attempt€to€draw€it€here.€Ð ˆØ Ðð ðThe€collection€of€a€head€and€pubic€hair€samples€and€a€collection€ofÐ tÄ Ða€saliva€sample.€€I€authorize,ðð€that€would€be€me,€ð ðof€the€ChattanoogaÐ `° ÐPolice€Department,€to€arrange€for€the€collection€of€these€items€andÐ L œ Ðfurther€agree€that€they€may€be€used€as€material€evidence€in€theirÐ 8 ˆ Ðinvestigation.€€This€permission€is€givenðð€to€me,€given€to€me,€ð ðto€theÐ $ t Ðofficers€named€voluntarily,€and€no€threats€and€promises€have€beenÐ  ` Ðmade€against€me.ðð€€You€do€understand€that€youððre€not€required€toÐ ü L  Ðsign€this€form?Ðè 8 ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà  àDefendant:€€à0 ¸ àYes,€sir.ÐÀ ¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà  àDet.€Dudley:à0 ¸ àAnd€that€you€do€this€on€your€own€free€will?Ð˜è ¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà  àDefendant:à0 ¸ àYes,€sir.ÐpÀ¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà  àDet.€Dudley:à0 ¸ àAnd€you€are€willing€to€submit€to€this?ÐH˜¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà  àDefendant:à0 ¸ àIððd€be€willing€to€do€it.€€òòIððd€like€to€have€a€lawyer€óó„„Ð p¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà  àDet.€Dudley:à0 ¸ àYou€would€like€to€have€„„ÐøH¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà  àDefendant:à0 ¸ à„„€at€this€point.ÐÐ ¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà  àDet.€Dudley:à0 ¸ à„„€an€attorney?Шø¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà  àDefendant:à0 ¸ àBut€Iððm€willing€to€do€anything.Ѐи (#¸ (# ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àWell,€see,€weððve€got€to€know.€€Do€you€want€to€consult€with€anÐ X ¨ Ðattorney€or€do€you€want€to€go€ahead€and€work€with€us?€€Itððs€yourÐ D!” Ðchoice€now.Ð0"€ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDefendant:à0¸ Ð Ð àLike€I€say,€Iððll€do€anything,€but€òòI€still€think€I,€you€know,€like€to€haveÐ $X" Ða€lawyer€with€me,€óóand€Iððll€be€glad€to€do€that.€€Ðô$D #¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àOkay.€€Now€back€to€the€polygraph€examination.€€Are€you€willing€toÐ Ì&"% Ðsubmit€to€a€polygraph?и'#&¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà  àDefendant:à0 ¸ àSure.Ð)à$(¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àDo€you€want€a€lawyer€present€at€the€polygraph?Ðh+¸&*¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Їà8  àDefendant:à0¸ Ð Ð àYes,€sir,€Iððd€like€to,€you€know.€€I€think€itððs€my€best€interest.€€IððmÐ ° Ðwilling€to€do€anything€that€will€help€you€in€this€case,€but€I€„„€Ðœì¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àAs€I€told€you€in€the€very€beginning,€if€you€were€innocent,€you€had€noÐ tÄ Ðqualms.Ð`°¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà  àDefendant:à0 ¸ àIððm€„„Ð8 ˆ¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà  àDet.€Dudley:à0 ¸ àNo€worries.Ð `¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà  àDefendant:à0 ¸ à„„€completely€innocent€of€this€murder.€Ðè 8 ¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àAnd€I€can€tell€you,€if€you€do€want€an€attorney€present,€he€wouldÐ À  Ðprobably€advise€you€against€taking€these€tests€if€he€feels€anyÐ ¬ü  Ðinclination€at€all€that€youððre€guilty.Ð˜è ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDefendant:à0¸ Ð Ð àOkay.€€See€Iððm,€Iððm€in€over€my€head.€€I€donððt€know€„„€Iððm€willing€toÐ pÀ Ðdo€anything€to€prove€my€innocence€because€I€know€Iððm€innocent€ofÐ \¬ Ðthis€murder.ÐH˜¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àWhat€Iððd€like€to€do€then,€if€you€are€innocent€of€this€murder,€is€getÐ  p Ðthese€samples€today€and€just€get€you€on€out€of€the€picture.€€Iððve€got€toÐ  \ Ðeliminate€people.ÐøH¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà8  àDefendant:à0¸ Ð Ð àThatððs€fine.€€Sure.€€But€òòcan€we€still€go€ahead€get€me€set€up?€I€canððtÐ Ð  Ðafford€a€lawyeróó.€€I€donððt,€see,€I€donððt€know€what€to€do.м ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà  àDet.€Dudley:à0 ¸ àOkay.Ð”ä¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà  àDefendant:à0 ¸ àYou€understand€what€Iððm€saying?Ðl¼¸ (#¸ (# ÐÌà8  àDet.€Dudley:à0¸ Ð Ð àAn€attorney,€as€far€as€us€appointing€you€an€attorney,€if€youððre€inÐ D!” Ðcustody€and€unable€to€make€bond,€they€will€appoint€you€an€attorney.€Ð 0"€  ÐIf€you€€wish€to€have€an€attorney€present,€you€are€making€bond€on€thisÐ #l! ÐDUI€charge,€then€the€Court€will€probably€require€you€to€retain€yourÐ $X" Ðown.€Ðô$D #¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌà  à(Sound€of€tape€cutting€off)Ð Ì&"% Ðà8  àÐ Ð Ð  Ð(Emphases€added.)€€Det.€€Dudley€admitted€at€the€suppression€hearing€that€he€continued€hisÐ ¤(ô#' Ðconversation€with€the€Defendant€while€there€was€no€tape€in€the€recorder.€€When€the€recordingÐ )à$( Ðresumes,€Det.€Dudley€is€€reviewing€with€the€Defendant€the€relevant€forms€for€the€taking€of€physicalÐ |*Ì%) Ðevidence.€€Following€this,€Det.€Dudley€returned€to€the€topic€of€the€Defendantððs€conversation€withÐ h+¸&* Ðhis€ex„wife€about€the€victimððs€murder.€€Det.€Dudley€told€the€Defendant€that€this€conversation€wasÐ ° Ðð ðvery€importantðð€and€requested€the€Defendant€to€recall€it€ð ðword€for€word,€exactly€what€you€told€her.ðð€Ð œì ÐThe€Defendant€replied,€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà8  àà ` àSomething€to€the€effect€that€I€met€Jeannie€[the€victim]€there€to€cash€a€check.€Ð `° ÐI€donððt€remember€the€amount.€€Twenty€dollars€stands€out€in€my€mind,€but€I€donððt,€youÐ L œ Ðknow,€I€canððt€be€positive€of€that.€€You€know,€how€sad€I€was,€you€know,€€couldnððtÐ 8 ˆ Ðbelieve€it.€€You€know,€I€made€it€really€sound€like€I€was,€was€involved€with€the€girl,Ð $ t Ðtrying€to€make€my€ex„wife€feel€sorry€for€me€and€this€sort€of€thing.Ð `Ð Ð  ÐÌFollowing€this€interrogation,€Det.€Dudley€obtained€physical€evidence€from€the€Defendantððs€personÐ è 8  Ðand€also€searched€the€Defendantððs€home€and€vehicles.€€The€police€did€not€arrest€the€Defendant,Ð Ô$  Ðhowever.€€The€Defendant€left€town€for€a€period€of€time€and€then€returned.€€He€was€subsequentlyÐ À  Ðconvicted€of€the€burglary€of€Dalton€College€and€served€some€time€in€a€Georgia€prison.€€He€was€laterÐ ¬ü  Ðreleased€on€parole.€€òòóóÐ ˜è  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€remained€the€key€suspect€in€the€victimððs€murder.€€Accordingly,€the€policeÐ pÀ Ðdecided€to€conduct€an€undercover€operation€in€an€attempt€to€elicit€incriminating€information€aboutÐ \¬ Ðthe€murder€from€the€Defendant.€€To€this€end,€with€the€cooperation€of€the€Defendantððs€Georgia€paroleÐ H˜ Ðofficer,€Chattanooga€Police€Department€undercover€officer€Eddie€Cooper€posed€as€a€fellow€paroleeÐ 4„ Ðand€met€the€Defendant€at€the€Defendantððs€Georgia€parole€office€on€January€21,€1987.€€According€toÐ  p Ðhis€testimony€at€the€suppression€hearing,€Detective€Cooperððs€goal€was€€to€ð ðforge€a€friendshipðð€withÐ  \ Ðthe€Defendant€and€gain€his€trust€and€confidence.€€To€that€end,€Det.€Cooper€struck€up€a€conversationÐ øH Ðwith€the€Defendant€and€the€Defendant€suggested€they€meet€for€a€beer€at€a€local€bar.€€The€two€menÐ ä4 Ðmet€there,€where€the€Defendant€drank€some€beer,€and€they€met€there€again€the€next€day,€with€theÐ Ð  ÐDefendant€again€drinking€beer.€€The€men€discussed€why€they€had€been€incarcerated€with€Det.€CooperÐ ¼  Ðtelling€the€Defendant€that€he€had€been€convicted€of€car€theft.€€The€men€also€discussed€the€paroleÐ ¨ø Ðofficerððs€suggestion€that€they€go€to€work€at€a€local€carpet€mill.€€The€Defendant€was€not€enthusiasticÐ ”ä Ðabout€this€prospect.€€Det.€Cooper€told€the€Defendant€that€he€could€arrange€to€have€someone€ð ðcoverððÐ €Ð Ðand€report€falsely€that€the€Defendant€was€working€at€the€mill.€€Meanwhile,€Det.€Cooper€couldÐ l¼ Ðinvolve€the€Defendant€in€several€transactions€purporting€to€involve€stolen€cars.€€For€his€participationÐ X ¨ Ðin€these€ð ðcrimes,ðð€the€Defendant€would€be€paid€$100€per€transaction.€€Det.€Cooper€arranged€the€firstÐ D!” Ðof€these€transactions€on€January€24€and€paid€the€Defendant€$100€as€agreed.Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àAt€some€point€during€their€early€discussions,€Det.€Cooper€asked€the€Defendant€if€he€mightÐ $X" Ðbe€interested€in€a€contract€murder€involving€a€lot€of€money.€€The€Defendant€indicated€that€he€wasÐ ô$D # Ðinterested.€€Det.€Cooper€later€told€the€Defendant€that€he€was€working€on€a€contract€to€kill€someoneÐ à%0!$ Ðin€Knoxville€for€$20,000,€and€offered€to€split€the€proceeds€with€the€Defendant€if€the€DefendantÐ Ì&"% Ðwould€participate€in€the€killing.€€According€to€Det.€Cooper,€the€Defendant€was€enthusiastic€aboutÐ ¸'#& Ðthis€prospect.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àWhen€Det.€Cooper€first€met€the€Defendant,€the€Defendant€was€living€with€his€parents€andÐ |*Ì%) Ðworking€for€a€computer€company.€€The€Defendant€told€Det.€Cooper€that€he€was€having€problemsÐ h+¸&* Ðstaying€with€his€parents.€€Det.€Cooper€confirmed€this€report€with€the€Defendantððs€parole€officer€whoÐ ° Ðtold€Det.€Cooper€that€the€Defendantððs€problems€with€his€parents€stemmed€from€his€drinking.€€As€partÐ œì Ðof€her€cooperation€with€the€undercover€operation,€the€Defendantððs€parole€officer€told€the€DefendantððsÐ ˆØ Ðmother€that,€in€order€for€the€Defendant€to€address€his€drinking€problem,€she€should€kick€theÐ tÄ ÐDefendant€out€of€her€house.€€The€Defendantððs€mother€took€this€advice€and€told€the€Defendant€heÐ `° Ðwould€have€to€leave€her€residence.€€Meanwhile,€Det.€Cooper€suggested€to€the€Defendant€that€theyÐ L œ Ðshare€an€apartment,€to€which€the€Defendant€agreed.€€The€Defendant€then€left€town€for€several€days.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐWhen€he€returned,€the€two€men€engaged€in€their€second€ð ðstolenðð€vehicle€transaction,€with€Det.Ð $ t ÐCooper€again€paying€the€Defendant€$100.€€Det.€Cooper€testified€that€they€eventually€conducted€fiveÐ  ` Ðor€six€of€these€ð ðcrimes.ððÐ ü L  ÐÌà  àOn€February€2,€Det.€Cooper€rented€a€motel€suite€in€Chattanooga€for€the€two€men€to€share€asÐ Ô$  Ðan€apartment.€€Det.€Cooper€paid€all€of€the€rent€charged€for€this€lodging.€€Det.€Cooper€stated€that€heÐ À  Ðand€the€Defendant€both€stayed€there€ð ðsomeðð€nights,€with€the€Defendant€sometimes€spending€theÐ ¬ü  Ðnight€elsewhere€with€a€girlfriend.€€The€Defendant€did€move€his€possessions€into€the€suite.€€TheÐ ˜è  ÐDefendant€also€brought€liquor€into€the€residence;€Det.€Cooper€stated€that€he€never€brought€any€in.Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àOn€February€9,€the€two€men€participated€in€another€ð ðstolenðð€car€deal€and€then€went€to€a€bar.€Ð \¬ ÐDet.€Cooper€had€arranged€for€Det.€Dudley€to€arrive€at€the€bar€while€they€were€there€and€pretend€toÐ H˜ Ðarrest€someone.€€Det.€Cooper€was€hoping€this€event€would€trigger€some€conversation€between€he€andÐ 4„ Ðthe€Defendant€about€the€Nichols€murder:€€an€event€the€two€men€had€not€yet€discussed.€€Det.€CooperÐ  p Ðtestified€that,€after€Dudley€ð ðarrestedðð€their€accomplice,€Dudley€walked€over€to€the€Defendant€andÐ  \ Ðtold€him,€ð ðI€havenððt€forgotten€you.ðð€€The€Defendant€became€concerned€about€this,€fearing€that€heÐ øH Ðwould€be€found€in€violation€of€his€parole.׃×Ý ƒ*#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àAt€this€point,€Det.€Cooper€turned€on€the€tape€recorder€he€was€secretly€wearing€and€recordedÐ ¼  Ðthe€conversation€he€had€with€the€Defendant€after€they€left€the€bar,€a€transcript€of€which€was€admittedÐ ¨ø Ðat€the€suppression€hearing.€€During€that€conversation,€Cooper€asked€the€Defendant,€ð ð[w]hat€in€theÐ ”ä Ðhellððs€going€on?ðð€€The€Defendant€replied€that€he€knew€Dudley€because€Dudley€had€questioned€himÐ €Ð Ðabout€the€victimððs€murder.€€Cooper€asked,€ð ð[w]ho€killed€the€damn€woman?ðð€and€the€Defendant€toldÐ l¼ Ðhim€that€the€murder€was€ð ðunsolved.ðð€€Cooper€expressed€concern€that€Dudley€had€now€seen€themÐ X ¨ Ðtogether,€stating,€ð ðSon,€thisððs€got€me€nervous.ðð€€Cooper€again€asked€who€murdered€the€victim,€andÐ D!” Ðthe€Defendant€again€told€Cooper€that€it€was€unsolved.€€The€Defendant€explained€that€he€had€beenÐ 0"€  Ðquestioned€because€he€had€gotten€some€of€the€property€that€the€victimððs€brother€had€stolen€from€theÐ #l! Ðcollege.€€Ð $X" ÐÌà  àReferring€to€the€planned€ð ðhitðð€in€Knoxville,€Cooper€again€told€the€Defendant,€ð ðIððve€got€toÐ à%0!$ Ðknow€what€in€the€hellððs€going€on.ðð€€The€Defendant€repeatedly€denied€any€involvement€in€the€murder.€Ð Ì&"% ÐNevertheless,€Cooper€stated,€ð ðWell,€you€know,€hell,€here€we€are€talking€about€wasting€that€son„a„Ð ¸'#& Ðbitch€in€Knoxville€and€then€here€you€come€up€involved€in€a€damn€murder.ðð€€Cooper€continued:€€ð ðIfÐ ¤(ô#' Ðyouððre€involved€in€something€like€that,€gosh€damnit,€be€straight€up€and€tell€me€so,€so€we€can€doÐ ° Ðsomething€about€it.ðð€€The€Defendant€repeatedly€denied€any€involvement,€even€after€Cooper€said,€ð ðIfÐ œì Ðyou€killed€the€heifer,€fine€and€dandy.ððÐ ˆØ ÐÌà  àChanging€tactics,€Cooper€asked€the€Defendant,€ð ðWhat€if€[Dudley]€tags€us€and€goes€toÐ `° ÐKnoxville€with€us?€€What€do€we€do€then?€€We€take€that€son„of„bitch€out,€kill€his€ass.€€What€do€weÐ L œ Ðdo€then?ðð€€The€Defendant€then€told€Cooper€that€the€best€thing€for€Cooper€to€do€would€be€to€completeÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€Knoxville€job€by€himself,€or€with€someone€else,€because€he€(the€Defendant)€did€not€want€toÐ $ t Ðð ðcause€no€shit.ðð€€The€Defendant€told€Cooper€that€the€only€real€trouble€they€faced€was€his€beingÐ  ` Ðarrested€for€violating€his€parole€and€being€placed€back€in€jail.€€He€told€Cooper€he€would€spend€theÐ ü L  Ðnext€few€nights€with€his€girlfriend€so€as€to€avoid€Cooperððs€being€tied€up€with€him.€€Later€in€theÐ è 8  Ðconversation€the€Defendant€said,€ð ðYou€know,€if€it€takes€it,€hell,€Iððll,€you€know,€find€another€placeÐ Ô$  Ðfor€a€couple€of€weeks,€you€know.ððÐ À  ÐÌà  àCooper€testified€that,€after€he€had€turned€the€recorder€off,€he€had€further€discussions€with€theÐ ˜è  ÐDefendant€about€the€Nichols€murder.€€Cooper€stated€that€during€this€later,€unrecorded€conversation,Ð „Ô  Ðthe€Defendant€told€him€he€had€been€approached€about€committing€it,€had€declined€the€offer,€butÐ pÀ Ðknew€who€did€it.€€Cooper€testified€the€Defendant€stated€that€he€told€whoever€approached€him€thatÐ \¬ Ðð ðhe€wouldnððt€do€it€but€he€would€tell€them€how€to€do€it.ðð€€The€Defendant€told€Cooper€that€the€victimððsÐ H˜ Ðdeath€had€something€to€do€with€drugs.€€The€Defendant€also€told€Cooper€that€the€victim€had€been€shotÐ 4„ Ðthree€times.Ð  p ÐÌà  àDet.€Cooper€secretly€recorded€another€conversation€he€had€with€the€Defendant€on€FebruaryÐ øH Ð11,€a€transcript€of€which€was€admitted€at€the€suppression€hearing.€€During€this€discussion,€theÐ ä4 ÐDefendant€again€brought€up€the€possibility€of€his€leaving€town.€€Det.€Cooper€replied,€ð ðItððs€kinda€hardÐ Ð  Ðto,€ah,€break€a€partnership€up,€you€know,€thatððs€working,€you€know€what€I€mean?ðð€€The€DefendantÐ ¼  Ðresponded,€ð ðBut€what€Iððm€saying€is€once€I,€you€know,€I€get€reestablished€[in€Georgia],€we€canÐ ¨ø Ðcontinue€to€make€money,€and€continue€to€stay€in€contact,€or€we€can€hit€the€road,€jack,€either€way€weÐ ”ä Ðwant€to€do€it.€€I€mean,€itððs€entirely€up€to€you.ðð€€Shortly€thereafter,€the€following€discussion€occurredÐ €Ð Ðin€reference€to€the€proposed€Knoxville€ð ðhitðð:Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àDet.€Cooper:à8 ¸ àI€„€Iððm€ððonna€be,€Iððm€ððonna€be€honest€with€you.€€AllÐ D!” Ðthat€damn€mess€about€that€f_€_€king€girl,€I€could€giveÐ 0"€  Ða€shit€less€about€that€heifer.€€You€know€what€I€mean?Ð#l!¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àDefendant:à8 ¸ àYeah,€I€know€what€you€mean.Ðô$D #¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àDet.€Cooper:à8 ¸ àBut,€what€Iððve€said,€and€I,€and,€honestly,€I€think€youððreÐ Ì&"% Ðbullshitting€me€about€it,€Mike.и'#&¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àDefendant:à8 ¸ àThey€ainððt€no€bullshit.€€They€ainððt€a€bit€of€a€f_€_kingÐ )à$( Ðbullshit.€€I€donððt€know€no€more€who€done€it€thanÐ |*Ì%) Ðanybody€did.Ðh+¸&*¸ ¸  Їà  àDet.€Cooper:à8 ¸ àWell,€see,€huh,€there€again,€you€go€from€one€thing€toÐ ° Ðanother.€€You€te„„,€you€said€one€thing€and€then€nowÐ œì Ðyou€say€another.Јظ ¸  ÐÌà  àDefendant:à8 ¸ àWell,€I€know€thatÐ`°¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àDet.€Cooper:€€€But€I€donððt€know€whatÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àDefendant:€€€€€€there€was€some€money€offered€on€it,€and,€thatððs€about€allÐ  ` ÐÌà  àDet.€Cooper:€€€And€I,Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àDefendant:€€€€€€I€know.Ð À  ÐÌà  àDet.€Cooper:à8 ¸ àand€I€donððt€know€what€to€think,€bud.€€And€what€IððmÐ ˜è  Ðsaying€is,€what€weððre€fixing€to€bite€off€is€big€business.€Ð „Ô  ÐAnd€when€it€all€comes€down€to€the€nut€cutting,€meÐ pÀ Ðand€you€gonna€have€to€be€standing€there€together,€byÐ \¬ Ðourself,€no€matter€what€comes€up.€€Are€you€ready€forÐ H˜ Ðthat?Ð4„¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àDefendant:à8 ¸ àIððm€ready€for€that€part.€€The€only€part€I€see€with€theÐ  \ Ðproblem€is,€is€you€convincing€yourself.€€If€you,€like€IÐ øH Ðtold€you,€I€told€you€when€we€was€riding€back€in€theÐ ä4 Ðtruck€the€other€night,€I€said€look,€you€do€what€youÐ Ð  Ðfeelððs€right,€I€said,€there€ainððt€gonna€be€no€hair€off€myÐ ¼  Ðass€if€you€want,€cut€me€out€of€this€or€whatever,€itÐ ¨ø Ðdonððt€matter€to€me,€one€way€or€the€other.€€I€can€take€itÐ ”ä Ðone€way,€or€I€can€take€it€the€other.€€Iððm€ready€for€myÐ €Ð Ðpart€of€it.Ðl¼¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àDet.€Cooper:à8 ¸ àWell,€thatððs,€thatððs€just€what€Iððve€been€trying€to€say.€Ð D!” ÐWeððve€got,€you€know,€hey,€I,€ah€huh,€all€that€mess,€IÐ 0"€  Ðwish€you€had.€€Thatððd€make€me€feel€a€hell€lot€betterÐ #l! Ðabout€it.€€You€know.€€But,Ð$X"¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àDefendant:€€€€€à0 ¸ àWell,€even€if€I€had,€I€wouldnððt€set€and€admit€it€to€anybody.Ðà%0!$¸ (#¸ (# ÐÓÓÌÓÓLater,€the€Defendant€said,€ð ð[M]e€and€you€both€are€survivors.€€Weððre€gonna€make€it€one€way€orÐ ¤(ô#' Ðanother.€€You€know.€€If€we€have€to€do€it€together,€thatððs€great.€€Thatððs€the€way€Iððd€like€it.€€If€we€haveÐ )à$( Ðto€do€it€apart,€hell,€that€ainððt€no€hair€off€my€ass.ððÐ |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àDet.€Cooper€did€not€see€the€Defendant€again€until€several€days€later,€on€February€16.€€On€thatÐ ° Ðday,€the€Defendant€and€Det.€Cooper€were€in€the€motel€room€with€another€man€named€Jay€Lewis.€Ð œì ÐMr.€Lewis€was€in€fact€a€confidential€informant€working€for€Det.€Cooper.€€While€the€three€men€wereÐ ˆØ Ðtogether,€Cooper€paid€$2,000€in€cash€to€Mr.€Lewis€in€the€Defendantððs€presence.€€Det.€CooperÐ tÄ Ðtestified€that€he€did€this€in€order€to€ð ðleave€an€impression€[t]hat€maybe€Lewis€had€done€something€forÐ `° Ð[him]€and,€and€[he]€was€paying€him.ðð€€Cooper€did€not€tape€record€this€transaction.Ð L œ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€and€Det.€Cooper€were€again€in€the€motel€room€together€on€the€night€ofÐ $ t ÐFebruary€17.€€Although€Det.€Cooper€was€ð ðwired,ðð€he€had€not€turned€the€recorder€on.€€Det.€CooperÐ  ` Ðtestified€that,€during€his€ð ðgeneralðð€conversation€with€the€Defendant,€ð ð[h]e€just€out€of€the€blue,€heÐ ü L  Ðturns€around€to€me€and€said,€ððI€killed€the€goddamn€bitch.ðððð€€At€this€point,€Det.€Cooper€turned€on€theÐ è 8  Ðrecorder.€Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€is€then€recorded€stating,€ð ðI€wasted€that€goddamn€bitch.€€And€it€wadnððt€for€noÐ ¬ü  Ðf_€_king€thousand.ðð€€The€Defendant€told€Det.€Cooper€that€he€hadnððt€admitted€the€killing€beforeÐ ˜è  Ðbecause€he€had€been€scared€and€told€Cooper€that€he€was€the€only€person€he€had€admitted€it€to.€€TheÐ „Ô  ÐDefendant€said,€ð ðItððs€been€in€the€back€of€my€mind€since€the€night€it€happened.€€Ten€thirty€seven.ðð€Ð pÀ ÐThe€Defendant€said€that€heððd€been€at€the€club€with€the€victim€that€night,€ð ðand€she€decided€she€wantedÐ \¬ Ðto€leave€and€I€left€with€her,€met€her€out€in€the€parking€lot,€and€wasted€her€ass€and€dumped€her€outÐ H˜ Ðin€Eastgate.€€Parked€her€car€back€here€at€the€Beach€Club,€got€in€my€damn€van€and€drove€off.ðð€€TheÐ 4„ ÐDefendant€claimed€to€have€been€paid€$3,500€to€commit€the€killing.€€The€Defendant€also€stated€thatÐ  p Ðhe€took€the€murder€weapon€apart€and€threw€the€pieces€in€ð ðfour€or€five€different€rivers.ðð€€TheÐ  \ ÐDefendant€was€arrested€for€the€victimððs€murder€the€next€day.Ð øH ÐÌà  àDr.€Murray€Wilton€Smith€testified€on€behalf€of€the€Defendant€as€a€physician€specializing€inÐ Ð  Ðthe€practice€of€addiction€medicine.€€Dr.€Smith€reviewed€numerous€medical€and€other€records€of€theÐ ¼  ÐDefendantððs€history€and€conducted€a€clinical€interview€with€the€Defendant.€€Dr.€Smith€also€reviewedÐ ¨ø Ðthe€taped€conversations€between€the€Defendant€and€Det.€Cooper.€€As€a€result€of€this€investigation,Ð ”ä ÐDr.€Smith€opined€that€the€Defendant€ð ðmeets€all€the€criteria€for€chronic€alcoholism.ðð€€Dr.€SmithÐ €Ð Ðtestified€that€his€review€indicated€that€the€Defendant€ð ðwas€a€daily€heavy€drinker.ðð€€As€an€alcoholic,Ð l¼ ÐDr.€Smith€stated€that€the€Defendant€ð ðwould€say€anything,€do€anything,€whatever€it€takes€to€obtainÐ X ¨ Ðhis€alcohol€is€what€he€would€do,€because€itððs€the€most€important€thing€in€his€life.ððÐ D!” ÐÌà  àDr.€Smith€was€of€the€opinion€that€Det.€Cooper€ð ðclearly€coercedðð€the€DefendantððsÐ #l! Ðincriminating€statements.€€Dr.€Smith€explained:Ð $X" ÐÌà8  àà ` à[Det.€Cooper]€threatened€to€remove€the€most€important€thing€that€[theÐ à%0!$ ÐDefendant]€had€in€his€life:€€an€easy€supply€of€liquor,€a€place€to€live€where€he€didnððtÐ Ì&"% Ðhave€anybody€looking€over€his€shoulder€and€saying€no,€I€donððt€want€you€doing€that,Ð ¸'#& Ðand€a€free€place€to€live.€€That,€thatððs€a€pretty€big€threat.€€For€an€alcoholic,€itððs€a€bigÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthreat.€€€Ð)à$(Ð Ð  Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) ÐDr.€Smith€stated€that,€ð ðfor€the€alcoholic€.€.€.€the€threat€of€losing€the€alcohol€to€them€is€like€a€threatÐ ° Ðâ âof€death.ðð€€Ð œì ÐÌà  àDr.€Keith€Allen€Caruso€also€testified€on€behalf€of€the€Defendant€as€an€expert€in€forensicÐ tÄ Ðpsychiatry.€€Dr.€Caruso€interviewed€the€Defendant€on€four€occasions€for€a€total€of€about€nine€andÐ `° Ðone„half€hours.€€Dr.€Caruso€also€listened€to€the€taped€conversations€between€the€Defendant€and€Det.Ð L œ ÐCooper.€€Dr.€Caruso€additionally€reviewed€numerous€other€records€and€reports.€€Dr.€CarusoÐ 8 ˆ Ðconcluded€that,€in€his€medical€opinion,€the€Defendant€suffered€from€ð ðalcohol€dependence,Ð $ t Ðpolysubstance€abuse,€[and]€narcissistic€personality€disorder€with€antisocial€features.ðð€€As€a€result€ofÐ  ` Ðthese€conditions,€the€Defendant€is,€according€to€Dr.€Caruso,€ð ðpredisposed€to€make€false€statements,Ð ü L  Ðbut€also€predisposed€to€make€an€involuntary€statement.ðð€€Dr.€Caruso€stated€further€that€ð ðthere€wasÐ è 8  Ða€degree€of,€of€coercion€or€inducement€in€that€[the€Defendant]€felt€that€this€lifestyle€[being€providedÐ Ô$  Ðby€Det.€Cooper]€was€going€to€be€cut€off,€that€he€was€going€to€be€replaced€by€Jay€€Lewis,ðð€and€that,Ð À  Ðwere€he€to€confess€to€murdering€the€victim,€ð ðthere€seemed€to€be€inducements€of€future€bounty€andÐ ¬ü  Ðbeing€able€to€continue€this€lifestyle€or€even€improve€upon€this€lifestyle.ðð€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Dr.€Caruso€acknowledged€that€the€Defendantððs€I.Q.€was€ð ðbetter€thanÐ pÀ Ðaverageðð€and€that€he€was,€at€least€in€part,€using€Det.€Cooper€as€a€ð ðpiggy„bankðð€and€could€have€beenÐ \¬ Ðlying€to€the€undercover€officer.€€He€also€acknowledged€that€the€Defendant€could€have€been€tellingÐ H˜ Ðthe€truth€to€Det.€Cooper€because€the€Defendant€trusted€him€and€viewed€the€relationship€as€aÐ 4„ Ðpartnership.€Ð  p ÐÌà  àBertha€McCormick,€the€Defendantððs€mother,€testified€that,€after€he€was€released€from€theÐ øH ÐGeorgia€prison€on€parole,€the€Defendant€came€to€live€with€her€and€her€husband.€€She€stated€that€theÐ ä4 ÐDefendant€had€had€an€alcohol€problem€since€age€fourteen€and€that,€while€he€was€living€with€themÐ Ð  Ðwhile€on€parole,€he€drank€ð ðall€the€time.ðð€€Ms.€McCormick€explained€that€she€developed€a€friendshipÐ ¼  Ðwith€the€Defendantððs€parole€officer,€Debbie€Simpson.€€She€thought€that€Ms.€Simpson€wanted€to€helpÐ ¨ø Ðthe€Defendant€overcome€his€drinking€problem.€€Ms.€McCormick€testified€that€Ms.€Simpson€told€herÐ ”ä Ðthat€ð ðthe€only€way€heððd€ever€get€help€was€that€[she]€would€put€him€out€on€his€own,€that€there€was€„„Ð €Ð Ðheððd€never€be€any€better€if€[she]€didnððt€put€him€out€on€his€own.ðð€€Ms.€McCormick€followed€thisÐ l¼ Ðadvice€and€told€the€Defendant€that€he€would€have€to€move€out.€€As€far€as€she€knew,€the€DefendantÐ X ¨ Ðleft€her€house€and€moved€in€with€Det.€Cooper€(whom€she€knew€only€as€Eddie€Cooper).€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àMs.€McCormick€did€not€know€how€much€money€the€Defendant€was€making€at€the€time,€butÐ #l! Ðhe€did€not€pay€her€any€rent€and€she€paid€for€his€food€while€he€was€living€with€her.€€SheÐ $X" Ðacknowledged€that€the€Defendant€had€been€employed€while€on€parole.€€€Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àPrior€to€trial,€the€Defendant€moved€to€suppress€the€statements€he€made€to€Det.€Dudley€afterÐ Ì&"% Ðstating€that€he€wanted€a€lawyer.€€He€also€moved€to€suppress€the€statements€he€made€to€Det.€Cooper.€Ð ¸'#& ÐAfter€an€evidentiary€hearing,€the€trial€court€granted€both€of€the€Defendantððs€motions.€€The€State€nowÐ ¤(ô#' Ðappeals.Ð )à$( Ðò òó óÌÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àà@dd!ìàò òSTANDARD€OF€REVIEWˆÐ ° Ðó óÌà  àOur€supreme€court€has€set€forth€our€standard€of€review€for€motions€to€suppress€as€follows:Ð ˆØ ÐÌà8  àà ` àQuestions€of€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€theÐ `° Ðevidence,€and€resolution€of€conflicts€in€the€evidence€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€trialÐ L œ Ðjudge€as€the€trier€of€fact.€€The€party€prevailing€in€the€trial€court€is€entitled€to€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðstrongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€adduced€at€the€suppression€hearing€as€wellÐ $ t Ðas€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawn€from€that€evidence.€€SoÐ  ` Ðlong€as€the€greater€weight€of€the€evidence€supports€the€trial€courtððs€findings,€thoseÐ ü L  Ðfindings€shall€be€upheld.€€In€other€words,€a€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€in€aÐ è 8  Ðsuppression€hearing€will€be€upheld€unless€the€evidence€preponderates€otherwise.ÐÔ$ Ð Ð  ÐÌòòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.€1996).€€However,€the€trial€courtððs€application€of€law€to€theÐ ¬ü  Ðfacts€is€a€question€of€law€which€this€Court€reviews€òòdeóó€òònovoóó.€€òòState€v.€Danielóó,€12€S.W.3d€420,€423Ð ˜è  Ð(Tenn.€2000).€€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌÌà@òò&ìàò òANALYSISó óˆÐ H˜ Ðà@LLìàò òI.€€Statements€to€Detective€Dudleyó óˆÐ 4„ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€moved€to€suppress€all€of€the€statements€he€made€to€Det.€Dudley€subsequentÐ  \ Ðto€his€request€for€a€lawyer.€€The€trial€court€sustained€the€Defendantððs€motion,€finding€as€follows:Ð øH ÐÌà8  à.€.€.€when€Detective€Dudley€started€talking€with€the€[D]efendant€about€a€polygraphÐ Ð  Ðexamination€and€taking€various€samples€of€items€from€the€[D]efendant,€theÐ ¼  Ð[D]efendant€clearly€indicated€several€times€that€he€felt€this€was€a€little€outside€hisÐ ¨ø Ðarea€of€knowledge€and€that€he€wanted€a€lawyer.€€The€[D]efendant€continued€to€stateÐ ”ä Ðthat€he€wanted€a€lawyer€until€the€tape€ended.€€When€the€tape€restarted,€theÐ €Ð Ð[D]efendant€was€consenting€to€various€things€without€any€further€mention€orÐ l¼ Ðexplanation€of€why€a€lawyer€would€not€be€needed.€€ÐX ¨Ð Ð  Ðà  à.€.€.€Ð D!” Ðà8  àà ` àAfter€carefully€reviewing€the€evidence,€this€court€holds€that€the€[D]efendantððsÐ 0"€  Ðrequests€for€an€attorney€were€unambiguous€and€that€questioning€should€have€ceased.€Ð #l! ÐTherefore,€the€[D]efendantððs€motion€is€GRANTED€in€that€all€statements€made€toÐ $X" ÐDetective€Dudley€on€2/22/85€after€the€first€request€for€an€attorney€are€suppressed.Ðô$D #Ð Ð  ÐÌIn€a€footnote,€the€court€added:Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà8  àà ` àEven€if€this€court€had€found€that€the€[D]efendantððs€initial€request€wasÐ ¤(ô#' Ðambiguous,€the€remaining€portion€of€the€interview€establishes€that€the€[D]efendantÐ )à$( Ðcontinued€to€request€an€attorney.€€The€officer€stated€that€he€felt€the€initial€request€wasÐ |*Ì%) Ðambiguous€and€that€is€why€he€followed€up€with€further€questions€about€the€request.€Ð h+¸&* ÐThe€[D]efendant,€however,€continued€to€state€that€he€wanted€a€lawyer.€€It€was€onlyÐ ° Ðafter€the€tape€went€off€and€came€back€on€that€a€lawyer€was€no€longer€mentioned.€Ð œì ÐòòThis€court€finds€this€to€be€highly€suspect€and€finds€the€officerððs€testimony€on€thisÐ ˆØ Ðmatter€insufficient.óóÐtÄÐ Ð  ÐÌ(emphasis€added).€€Ð L œ ÐÌà  àThe€State€now€argues€on€appeal€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€suppressing€any€portion€of€theÐ $ t ÐDefendantððs€statements€to€Det.€Dudley.€€The€State€contends€that€the€Defendant€was€not€invoking€hisÐ  ` Ðright€to€have€counsel€present€during€any€further€interrogation,€but€was€instead€merely€ð ðrequestingÐ ü L  Ðto€consult€with€an€attorney€about€his€consent€to€the€collection€of€physical€evidence€and€the€takingÐ è 8  Ðof€a€polygraph€examination.ðð€€As€such,€the€State€argues€that€Det.€Dudley€was€not€required€to€ceaseÐ Ô$  Ðquestioning€the€Defendant€about€the€murder.€€We€respectfully€disagree.Ð À  ÐÌà  à€In€òòEdwards€v.€Arizonaóó,€451€U.S.€477€(1981),€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€held€thatÐ ˜è  Ðpolice€officers€must€immediately€cease€questioning€a€suspect€once€the€suspect€clearly€asserts€his€orÐ „Ô  Ðher€right€to€have€counsel€present€during€custodial€interrogation.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€at€484„85.€€The€suspectððsÐ pÀ Ðrequest€for€an€attorney€during€any€further€questioning€must€be€articulated€ð ðsufficiently€clearly€thatÐ \¬ Ða€reasonable€police€officer€in€the€circumstances€would€understand€the€statement€to€be€a€request€forÐ H˜ Ðan€attorney.ðð€€òòDavis€v.€United€Statesóó,€512€U.S.€452,€459€(1994).€€If€the€accusedððs€statement€fails€toÐ 4„ Ðmeet€the€requisite€level€of€clarity,€the€officers€are€not€required€to€stop€the€interrogation.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€Ð  p ÐÌà  àOur€supreme€court€has€held€that€ð ð[t]he€standard€for€a€valid€invocation€of€the€right€to€counselÐ øH Ðis€the€same€under€both€Article€I,€Section€9€[of€the€Tennessee€Constitution׃×Ý ƒ*#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×]€and€the€Fifth€AmendmentÐ ä4 Ð[to€the€United€States€Constitution׃×Ý ƒ*#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×].ðð€€òòState€v.€Sayloróó,€117€S.W.3d€239,€246€(Tenn.€2003).€€WhetherÐ Ð  Ða€suspect€makes€an€equivocal€or€an€unequivocal€request€for€an€attorney€is€a€question€of€fact.€€òòSeeóóÐ ¼  ÐòòState€v.€Farmeróó,€927€S.W.2d€582,€594€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996).€€And,€as€set€forth€above,€ð ða€trialÐ ¨ø Ðcourtððs€findings€of€fact€in€a€suppression€hearing€will€be€upheld€unless€the€evidence€preponderatesÐ ”ä Ðotherwise.ðð€€òòOdomóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€23.€€Here,€the€trial€court€found€that€ð ðthe€[D]efendantððs€requestsÐ €Ð Ðfor€an€attorney€were€unambiguous€.€.€.€.ðð€€Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àThe€evidence€before€us€does€not€preponderate€against€the€trial€courtððs€finding€that€theÐ D!” ÐDefendant€made€an€unequivocal€request€for€a€lawyer€during€custodial€interrogation€by€Det.€Dudley.€Ð 0"€  ÐOur€review€of€the€detectiveððs€custodial€interview€of€the€Defendant€indicates€that,€after€Det.€DudleyÐ #l! Ðinitially€reviewed€with€the€Defendant€the€form€by€which€the€Defendant€could€consent€to€theÐ $X" Ðcollection€of€evidence,€the€Defendant€stated,€ð ðIððd€be€willing€to€do€it,€òòIððd€like€to€have€a€lawyer€at€thisÐ ô$D # Ðpointóó.ðð€€(Emphasis€added.)€€When€Det.€Dudley€then€asks€if€the€Defendant€wants€to€consult€with€anÐ à%0!$ Ðattorney€or€ð ðgo€ahead€and€work€with€us,ðð€the€Defendant€reiterates,€ð ðIððll€do€anything,€but€I€still€thinkÐ Ì&"% ÐI,€you€know,€òòlike€to€have€a€lawyer€with€meóó,€and€Iððll€be€glad€to€do€that.ðð€€(Emphasis€added.)€€TheÐ ° ÐDefendant€is€clearly€and€unambigously€requesting€the€presence€of€a€lawyer€before€he€cooperates€anyÐ œì Ðfurther€in€the€investigation:€€which€includes€the€custodial€interrogation€then€being€conducted€by€Det.Ð ˆØ ÐDudley.€€€At€that€point,€the€interrogation€should€have€ceased.€€Because€€it€did€not,€the€trial€courtÐ tÄ Ðcorrectly€suppressed€all€of€the€Defendantððs€statements€to€Det.€Dudley€made€subsequent€to€his€requestÐ `° Ðfor€a€lawyer.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ð L œ Ðà  àÌà@ìàò òII.€€Statements€to€Detective€Cooperó óˆÐ $ t ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€moved€to€suppress€his€statements€to€Det.€Cooper€on€the€grounds€that€hisÐ ü L  Ðinvocation€of€his€right€to€counsel€during€his€interrogation€by€Det.€Dudley€remained€in€effect€andÐ è 8  Ðbinding€upon€Cooper;€that€the€tape€recordings€made€by€Cooper€during€certain€conversations€betweenÐ Ô$  ÐCooper€and€the€Defendant€violated€the€Defendantððs€Fourth€Amendment€rights;€that€the€DefendantððsÐ À  Ðstatements€to€Det.€Cooper€were€obtained€in€violation€of€òòMiranda€v.€Arizonaóó,€384€U.S.€436€(1966);Ð ¬ü  Ðthat€the€Defendantððs€statements€to€Det.€Cooper€constituted€an€involuntary€confession;€and€that€theÐ ˜è  ÐDefendantððs€statements€to€Det.€Cooper€were€elicited€in€such€a€manner€as€to€violate€the€DefendantððsÐ „Ô  Ðdue€process€rights.€€The€trial€court€denied€the€Defendantððs€claims€that€Det.€Cooperððs€actions€violatedÐ pÀ Ðhis€Fourth€Amendment€rights€and€further€denied€his€claim€that€Det.€Cooper€violated€his€òòMirandaóóÐ \¬ Ðrights.€€However,€the€trial€court€granted€the€Defendantððs€motion€on€the€basis€that€law€enforcementððsÐ H˜ Ðconduct€during€the€undercover€operation€constituted€coercive€misconduct€violative€of€theÐ 4„ ÐDefendantððs€due€process€rights,€which€resulted€in€an€involuntary,€and€therefore€inadmissible,Ð  p Ðconfession.€€The€State€now€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€granting€the€Defendantððs€motion€toÐ  \ Ðsuppress.Ð øH ÐÌà  àAs€acknowledged€by€the€Supreme€Court€in€òòDickerson€v.€United€Statesóó,€530€U.S.€428€(2000),Ð Ð  Ðthe€courts€of€this€nation€have€long€recognized€that€ð ðcoerced€confessions€are€inherentlyÐ ¼  Ðuntrustworthy.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€433.€€The€federal€constitution€provides€two€bases€for€the€requirement€that€aÐ ¨ø Ðconfession€be€voluntary€in€order€to€be€admissible€at€trial:€€the€Fifth€Amendment€right€against€self„Ð ”ä Ðincrimination€and€the€Due€Process€Clause€of€the€Fourteenth€Amendment.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€Under€the€FifthÐ €Ð ÐAmendment,€to€be€admissible€a€confession€must€be€ð ðfree€and€voluntary;€that€is,€[it]€must€not€beÐ l¼ Ðextracted€by€any€sort€of€threats€or€violence,€nor€obtained€by€any€direct€or€implied€promises,€howeverÐ X ¨ Ðslight,€nor€by€the€exertion€of€any€improper€influence.ðð€€òòBram€v.€United€Statesóó,€168€U.S.€532,€542„43Ð D!” Ð(1897).€€Due€process€jurisprudence€determines€the€voluntariness€of€a€confession€by€examiningÐ 0"€  Ðwhether€the€accusedððs€will€was€overborne€by€the€circumstances€surrounding€his€or€her€confession.€Ð #l! ÐòòSeeóó€òòDickersonóó,€530€U.S.€at€434.€€òòóóð ðThe€due€process€test€takes€into€consideration€ððthe€totality€of€allÐ $X" Ðthe€surrounding€circumstances€„„€both€the€characteristics€of€the€accused€and€the€details€of€theÐ ô$D # Ðinterrogation.ðððð€€òòId.óó€(quoting€òòSchneckloth€v.€Bustamonteóó,€412€U.S.€218,€226€(1973)).€òòóóÐ à%0!$ ÐÌà  àThe€Supreme€Court€explained€the€repugnance€of€involuntary€confessions€in€òòRogers€v.Ð ¸'#& ÐRichmondóó,€365€U.S.€534€(1961):Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà8  àà ` àOur€decisions€under€[the€Fourteenth]€Amendment€have€made€clear€thatÐ |*Ì%) Ðconvictions€following€the€admission€into€evidence€of€confessions€which€areÐ h+¸&* Ðinvoluntary,€i.e.,€the€product€of€coercion,€either€physical€or€psychological,€cannotÐ ° Ðstand.€€This€is€so€not€because€such€confessions€are€unlikely€to€be€true€but€because€theÐ œì Ðmethods€used€to€extract€them€offend€an€underlying€principle€in€the€enforcement€ofÐ ˆØ Ðour€criminal€law:€€that€ours€is€an€accusatorial€and€not€an€inquisitorial€system€„„€aÐ tÄ Ðsystem€in€which€the€State€must€establish€guilt€by€evidence€independently€and€freelyÐ `° Ðsecured€and€may€not€by€coercion€prove€its€charge€against€an€accused€out€of€his€ownÐ L œ Ðmouth.Ð8 ˆÐ Ð  ÐÌòòId.óó€at€540„41.€€Thus,€€Ð  ` ÐÌà8  àThe€attention€of€the€trial€judge€should€[be]€focused,€for€purposes€of€the€FederalÐ è 8  ÐConstitution,€on€the€question€whether€the€behavior€of€the€Stateððs€law€enforcementÐ Ô$  Ðofficials€was€such€as€to€overbear€[the€accusedððs]€will€to€resist€and€bring€aboutÐ À  Ðconfessions€not€freely€self„determined€.€.€.€.€Ð¬ü Ð Ð  ÐÌòòId.óó€at€544.€€Significantly,€ð ðcoercive€police€activity€is€a€necessary€predicate€to€the€finding€that€aÐ „Ô  Ðconfession€is€not€ððvoluntaryðð€within€the€meaning€of€the€Due€Process€Clause€of€the€FourteenthÐ pÀ ÐAmendment.ðð€€òòColorado€v.€Connellyóó,€479€U.S.€157,€167€(1986).€Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àòòóóCriminal€suspects€in€Tennessee€are€granted€even€greater€protection€than€that€afforded€underÐ 4„ Ðthe€Federal€Constitution:€€ð ðThe€test€of€voluntariness€for€confessions€under€Article€I,€ðð€9€of€theÐ  p ÐTennessee€Constitution€is€broader€and€more€protective€of€individual€rights€than€the€test€ofÐ  \ Ðvoluntariness€under€the€Fifth€Amendment.ðð€€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€933€S.W.2d€450,€455€(Tenn.€1996).€€ð ðInÐ øH ÐTennessee,€the€particular€circumstances€of€each€case€must€be€examined€as€a€whole.€€A€defendantððsÐ ä4 Ðsubjective€perception€alone€is€not€sufficient€to€justify€a€conclusion€of€involuntariness€in€theÐ Ð  Ðconstitutional€sense.€€Rather,€ððcoercive€police€activity€is€a€necessary€predicate€to€finding€that€aÐ ¼  Ðconfession€is€not€voluntary€.€.€.€.ðððð€€òòId.óó€(citations€omitted)€(quoting€òòState€v.€Brimmeróó,€876€S.W.2d€75,Ð ¨ø Ð79€(Tenn.€1994)).€€Our€supreme€court€continued:€€ð ðThe€critical€question€is€whether€the€behavior€ofÐ ”ä Ðthe€stateððs€law€enforcement€officials€was€such€as€to€overbear€[the€accusedððs]€will€to€resist€and€bringÐ €Ð Ðabout€confessions€not€freely€self„determined.ðð€€òòId.óó€(quotation€marks€omitted).€€That€is,€ð ð[t]o€renderÐ l¼ Ða€subsequent€statement€involuntary,€the€tactics€of€the€state€actor€must€be€so€coercive€as€to€overbearÐ X ¨ Ðthe€defendantððs€will.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€456.€€Thus,€as€this€Court€has€previously€recognized,€ð ðððA€confession€isÐ D!” Ðinvoluntary€only€if€there€is€(1)€police€coercion€or€overreaching€which€(2)€overbore€the€accusedððs€willÐ 0"€  Ðand€(3)€caused€the€confession.ðððð€€òòState€v.€Ann€Marie€Thornton€Kellyóó,€No.€M2001„01054„CCA„R3„Ð #l! ÐCD,€2002€WL€31730874,€at€*15€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nasvhille,€Dec.€5,€2002)€(quoting€òòHill€v.Ð $X" ÐAndersonóó,€300€F.3d€679,€682€(6th€Cir.€2002)).Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€determined€that€the€undercover€operation€involving€the€Defendant€wasÐ Ì&"% Ðcoercive€and€that€the€Defendantððs€confession€to€Det.€Cooper€was€involuntary.€€In€so€doing,€the€trialÐ ¸'#& Ðcourt€relied€on€the€Supreme€Courtððs€opinion€in€òòArizona€v.€Fulminanteóó,€499€U.S.€279€(1991),€inÐ ¤(ô#' Ðreaching€its€conclusion€that€the€Defendantððs€confession€had€been€coerced.€€In€òòFulminanteóó,€€theÐ )à$( Ðdefendant€was€incarcerated€in€federal€prison.€€The€Supreme€Court€described€the€Defendant€asÐ |*Ì%) Ðpossessing€low€average€to€average€intelligence;€a€drop„out€in€the€fourth€grade;€and€short€and€slightÐ h+¸&* Ðin€build.€€During€a€previous€incarceration,€he€had€felt€threatened€by€the€other€inmates€and€requestedÐ ° Ðprotective€custody.€€Once€there,€he€had€been€unable€to€cope€with€the€isolation€and€was€admitted€toÐ œì Ða€psychiatric€hospital.€€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€was€befriended€in€prison€by€a€man€named€Sarivola€who€was€working€as€aÐ `° Ðconfidential€informant.€€Sarivola€became€aware€of€a€prison€rumor€that€the€defendant€had€killed€hisÐ L œ Ðstepdaughter.€€Sarivola€began€questioning€the€defendant€about€the€murder.€€The€defendant€deniedÐ 8 ˆ Ðinvolvement;€Sarivolaððs€superiors€instructed€him€to€continue€pressing€the€defendant.Ð $ t ÐÌà  àSarivola€approached€the€defendant€and€told€him€that€he€knew€the€defendant€was€starting€toÐ ü L  Ðget€some€ð ðtough€treatmentðð€from€the€other€inmates€because€of€the€rumor.€€Sarivola€offered€to€protectÐ è 8  Ðthe€defendant,€but€only€if€the€defendant€told€him€about€the€murder.€€The€defendant€then€confessedÐ Ô$  Ðto€having€killed€his€stepdaughter.€€Prosecution€by€the€State€of€Arizona€ensued,€resulting€in€theÐ À  Ðdefendantððs€conviction.€€The€Arizona€Supreme€Court€subsequently€found€the€defendantððs€confessionÐ ¬ü  Ðto€Sarivola€to€have€been€the€product€of€coercion€and€ruled€it€should€therefore€have€been€suppressed.€Ð ˜è  ÐThe€Arizona€Supreme€Court€stated:€€ð ððð[T]he€confession€was€obtained€as€a€direct€result€of€extremeÐ „Ô  Ðcoercion€and€was€tendered€in€the€belief€that€the€defendantððs€life€was€in€jeopardy€if€he€did€not€confess.€Ð pÀ ÐThis€is€a€true€coerced€confession€in€every€sense€of€the€word.ðððð€€499€U.S.€at€286€(quoting€òòArizona€v.Ð \¬ ÐFulminanteóó,€161€Ariz.€237,€262,€778€P.2d€602,€627€(1988)).Ð H˜ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àÌà  àThe€Supreme€Court€agreed:Ð  p ÐÌà8  àà ` àAlthough€the€question€is€a€close€one,€we€agree€with€the€Arizona€SupremeÐ øH ÐCourtððs€conclusion€that€Fulminanteððs€confession€was€coerced.€€The€Arizona€SupremeÐ ä4 ÐCourt€found€a€credible€threat€of€physical€violence€unless€Fulminante€confessed.€€OurÐ Ð  Ðcases€have€made€clear€that€a€finding€of€coercion€need€not€depend€upon€actualÐ ¼  Ðviolence€by€a€government€agent;€a€credible€threat€is€sufficient.€€As€we€have€said,Ð ¨ø Ðð ðcoercion€can€be€mental€as€well€as€physical,€and€.€.€.€the€blood€of€the€accused€is€notÐ ”ä Ðthe€only€hallmark€of€an€unconstitutional€inquisition.ðð€€As€in€òòPayne€v.€Arkansasóó,€356Ð €Ð ÐU.S.€560€(1958),€where€the€Court€found€that€a€confession€was€coerced€because€theÐ l¼ Ðinterrogating€police€officer€had€promised€that€if€the€accused€confessed,€the€officerÐ X ¨ Ðwould€protect€the€accused€from€an€angry€mob€outside€the€jailhouse€door,€so€too€here,Ð D!” Ðthe€Arizona€Supreme€Court€found€that€it€was€fear€of€physical€violence,€absentÐ 0"€  Ðprotection€from€his€friend€(and€Government€agent)€Sarivola,€which€motivatedÐ #l! ÐFulminante€to€confess.€€Accepting€the€Arizona€courtððs€finding,€permissible€on€thisÐ $X" Ðrecord,€that€there€was€a€credible€threat€of€physical€violence,€we€agree€with€itsÐ ô$D # Ðconclusion€that€Fulminanteððs€will€was€overborne€in€such€a€way€as€to€render€hisÐ à%0!$ Ðconfession€the€product€of€coercion.ÐÌ&"%Ð Ð  ÐÌÓÓ499€U.S.€at€287„288€(footnotes€omitted)€(citations€omitted).€€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÐ |*Ì%) ÐÓÓà  àWith€these€precedents€in€mind,€we€turn€now€to€the€trial€courtððs€findings€of€facts€and€itsÐ ° Ðresulting€determination€that€the€actions€of€Det.€Cooper€and€his€cohorts€coerced€the€Defendant€intoÐ œì Ðgiving€an€involuntary,€and€therefore€inadmissible,€confession€to€murdering€the€victim.€€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àInitially,€the€trial€court€found€that€ð ð[t]he€evidence€was€undisputed€that€at€the€time€of€theÐ `° Ðundercover€operation€Detective€Cooper€paid€all€of€the€[D]efendantððs€living€expenses€and€paid€forÐ L œ Ðsome€meals€and€alcohol€when€they€went€out.ðð€€While€the€record€does€support€the€finding€that€Det.Ð 8 ˆ ÐCooper€paid€for€some€meals€and€alcohol€which€he€consumed€with€the€Defendant,€it€does€not€supportÐ $ t Ðthe€finding€that€Det.€Cooper€paid€for€ð ðallðð€of€the€defendantððs€living€expenses.€€The€undercoverÐ  ` Ðoperation€began€on€January€21,€1987.€€Det.€Cooper€did€not€rent€the€motel€suite€until€February€2,Ð ü L  Ð1987,€twelve€days€later.€€While€the€record€indicates€that€Det.€Cooper€paid€all€of€the€rent€for€this€suite,Ð è 8  Ðand€paid€for€some€of€the€Defendantððs€meals€and€beverages,€there€is€no€proof€that€he€paid€for€any€ofÐ Ô$  Ðthe€Defendantððs€other€living€expenses.€€The€trial€court€also€put€much€emphasis€on€the€fact€that€Det.Ð À  ÐCooper€paid€the€Defendant€at€least€$400€for€the€ð ðstolenðð€car€transactions.€€However,€the€record€alsoÐ ¬ü  Ðcontains€proof€that€the€Defendant€was€gainfully€employed€during€the€undercover€operation.€€ThereÐ ˜è  Ðis€no€proof€in€the€record€about€the€amount€of€money€the€Defendant€earned€from€his€employmentÐ „Ô  Ðduring€this€time,€or€how€he€spent€it,€other€than€that€the€Defendant€brought€alcohol€into€the€premisesÐ pÀ Ðhe€shared€with€Det.€Cooper.€€We€also€note€that,€during€the€latter€part€of€January,€the€Defendant€tookÐ \¬ Ða€five„day€trip€to€Miami.€€The€record€does€not€reflect€how€this€trip€was€funded,€but€it€is€clear€thatÐ H˜ ÐDet.€Cooper€did€not€accompany€the€Defendant€there.€€€We€further€note€as€significant€that€theÐ 4„ Ðundercover€operation€lasted€a€total€of€twenty„eight€days,€with€the€Defendant€being€arrested€on€DayÐ  p Ð29.€€During€this€period,€the€Defendant€had€contact€with€Det.€Cooper€on€only€fourteen€of€the€twenty„Ð  \ Ðeight€days.€€Between€the€rental€of€the€motel€suite€on€February€2€and€the€Defendantððs€arrest,€there€wasÐ øH Ðno€contact€between€the€two€men€during€seven€of€sixteen€days.€€The€evidence€preponderates€againstÐ ä4 Ðthe€trial€courtððs€finding€that€the€Defendant€was€financially€dependent€upon€Det.€Cooper.Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€also€found€that€the€Defendant€ð ðfeared€being€replaced€byðð€the€confidentialÐ ¨ø Ðinformant€Jay€Lewis,€and€that€the€Defendant€ð ðbelieved€that€if€he€did€not€tell€Cooper€he€hadÐ ”ä Ðcommitted€the€murder,€that€his€access€to€alcohol€would€be€shut€off.ðð€€Significantly,€the€DefendantÐ €Ð Ðdid€not€testify€at€the€suppression€hearing.€€Rather,€the€trial€courtððs€findings€of€these€ð ðfactsðð€wereÐ l¼ Ðapparently€based€solely€on€the€diagnostic€histories€collected€by€Drs.€Smith€and€Caruso,€who€gaveÐ X ¨ Ðtheir€opinions€of€the€Defendantððs€psychological€makeup€based,€in€part,€on€what€the€Defendant€toldÐ D!” Ðthem.€€Ignoring€the€hearsay€implicit€in€these€opinions,׃×Ý ƒ*#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€we€note€that€Dr.€Caruso€also€testified€that€theÐ 0"€  ÐDefendant€has€a€ð ðpersonality€disorder€commonly€associated€with€boasting,€exaggeration,Ð ° Ðmanipulation€and€deceitfulness.ðð€€Obviously,€anything€the€Defendant€told€these€doctors€about€hisÐ œì Ðsubjective€reactions€to€Det.€Cooper€is€highly€suspect.€€We€recognize,€of€course,€that€the€trial€courtÐ ˆØ Ðmade€a€specific€finding€about€the€high€credibility€of€these€two€physicians.€€We€do€not€second„guessÐ tÄ Ðthe€trial€courtððs€findings€of€their€credibility€or€their€sincerity.€€Nevertheless,€their€opinions€wereÐ `° Ðlargely€informed€by€the€same€information€available€to€this€Court:€€the€recorded€conversationsÐ L œ Ðbetween€the€Defendant€and€Cooper.€€Although€the€experts€(and€the€trial€court)€repeatedly€referredÐ 8 ˆ Ðto€Cooperððs€ð ðthreatsðð€to€end€the€relationship,€the€record€of€the€transcripts€of€the€conversationsÐ $ t Ðbetween€Cooper€and€the€Defendant€does€not€support€a€finding€of€this€ð ðmisconductðð€by€the€detective.€Ð  ` ÐThe€record€contains€statements€by€the€Defendant€that€belie€the€expertsðð€findings.€€After€the€ð ðfakeððÐ ü L  Ðarrest€in€the€bar€by€Det.€Dudley€on€February€9,€which€triggered€the€first€discussion€between€theÐ è 8  ÐDefendant€and€Cooper€about€the€victimððs€murder,€the€Defendant€volunteered€to€abandon€theÐ Ô$  ÐKnoxville€ð ðjobðð€and€further€volunteered€to€make€himself€scarce€so€that€Cooper€would€not€be€seenÐ À  Ðwith€him.€€The€Defendant€repeated€his€offer€to€leave€a€few€days€later.€€The€record€certainly€does€notÐ ¬ü  Ðsupport€the€trial€courtððs€conclusion€that€the€Defendant€was€ð ðafraidðð€of€losing€his€relationship€withÐ ˜è  ÐCooper.€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€summed€up€its€findings€and€conclusions€as€follows:Ð \¬ ÐÌà8  àà ` àThis€court€finds€that€the€police€conspired€with€the€Georgia€parole€office€toÐ 4„ Ðplace€the€known€alcoholic€[D]efendant€in€a€manipulative€living€situation.€€AlthoughÐ  p Ðthe€environment€was€non„violent€in€nature,€the€police€clearly€and€intentionally€placedÐ  \ Ðthe€[D]efendant€in€a€psychologically€coercive€environment.€€Instead€of€helping€theÐ øH Ð[D]efendant€with€his€alcohol€problem,€the€parole€officer€and€the€TennesseeÐ ä4 Ðauthorities€moved€the€[D]efendant€into€a€situation€where€he€was€dependent€onÐ Ð  Ðundercover€officer€Cooper€for€his€place€to€live€and€his€access€to€funds€for€continuousÐ ¼  Ðalcohol€consumption.€€The€police€knew€the€[D]efendant€was€an€alcoholic€with€anÐ ¨ø Ðalready€established€history€of€telling€untrue€stories€to€make€himself€seem€better€toÐ ”ä Ðthose€around€him.€€The€experts€very€credibly€testified€regarding€the€circumstancesÐ €Ð Ðand€how€they€were€interpreted€by€the€[D]efendant,€as€an€alcoholic.€€The€persistentÐ l¼ Ðpushing€by€Detective€Cooper€for€the€[D]efendant€to€ð ðtell€the€truthðð€about€hisÐ X ¨ Ðinvolvement€in€the€murder€and€that€Cooper€would€feel€better€if€the€[D]efendant€hadÐ D!” Ðdone€the€murder€were€meant€to€and€did€overbear€the€[D]efendantððs€will.€€TheÐ 0"€  Ðalcoholic€[D]efendant€believed€that€if€he€did€not€tell€Cooper€he€had€committed€theÐ #l! Ðmurder,€that€his€access€to€alcohol€would€be€shut€off.€€This€court€agrees€with€Dr.Ð $X" ÐSmith€that€such€a€threat€is€the€equivalent€to€a€threat€to€life€for€a€non„alcoholic.€€TheÐ ô$D # Ð[D]efendant€had€consistently€denied€any€involvement€until€the€authorities€made€himÐ à%0!$ Ðdependent€upon€them€for€his€alcohol.€€Under€all€these€circumstances,€it€is€clear€thatÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€crucial€motivating€factor€behind€the€[D]efendantððs€statements€were€the€policeÐ ° Ðmisconduct€in€question.МìÐ Ð  ÐÌ(footnotes€omitted).€€With€respect€to€the€specific€finding€that€ð ð[t]he€persistent€pushing€by€DetectiveÐ tÄ ÐCooper€for€the€[D]efendant€to€ððtell€the€truthðð€about€his€involvement€in€the€murder€and€that€CooperÐ `° Ðwould€feel€better€if€the€[D]efendant€had€done€the€murder€were€meant€to€and€did€overbear€theÐ L œ Ð[D]efendantððs€will,ðð€we€simply€do€not€find€sufficient€support€in€the€record€for€this€conclusion.€€TheÐ 8 ˆ Ðtape€recording€of€the€conversation€between€Cooper€and€the€Defendant€on€February€17€indicates€thatÐ $ t Ðthe€Defendant€felt€guilty€about€not€telling€Cooper€earlier€about€the€murder,€not€that€he€told€CooperÐ  ` Ðin€order€to€stay€in€Cooperððs€good€graces.€€€The€Defendant€also€told€Cooper€that€he€had€not€confessedÐ ü L  Ðearlier€because€he€had€been€ð ðscared.ðð€€The€implication€of€these€statements€is€that€the€Defendant€toldÐ è 8  ÐCooper€that€he€had€killed€the€victim€because€he€had€come€to€trust€Cooper€and€valued€him€as€a€friend,€Ð Ô$  Ðnot€because€he€was€afraid€of€losing€a€free€ride.€€Similarly,€the€trial€courtððs€conclusion€that€ð ðtheÐ À  Ðalcoholic€Defendant€believed€that€if€he€did€not€tell€Cooper€that€he€had€committed€the€murder,€thatÐ ¬ü  Ðhis€access€to€alcohol€would€be€shut€off,ðð€is€not€supported€by€the€record.€€As€recognized€by€one€of€ourÐ ˜è  Ðfederal€courts,Ð „Ô  ÐÌà8  àà ` àTrickery,€deceit,€even€impersonation€do€not€render€a€confession€inadmissible,Ð \¬ Ðcertainly€in€noncustodial€situations€and€usually€in€custodial€ones€as€well,€unlessÐ H˜ Ðgovernment€agents€make€threats€or€promises.€€.€.€.€òòNothingóó€is€more€common€in€theÐ 4„ Ðnoncustodial€setting€of€police€investigations€than€for€an€undercover€police€officer€toÐ  p Ðextract€a€damaging€admission€from€a€criminal€suspect€simply€by€pretending€to€beÐ  \ Ðanother€criminal.€€The€admission€is€useable€in€evidence€against€the€suspect€evenÐ øH Ðthough€he€would€never€have€spilled€the€beans€to€the€officer€had€he€known€theÐ ä4 Ðofficerððs€status.€ÐÐ Ð Ð  ЀòòÐ ¼  ÐUnited€States€v.€Kontnyóó,€238€F.3d€815,€817€(7th€Cir.€2001)€(citations€omitted).€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€accepted€Dr.€Smithððs€theory€that€the€Defendant€viewed€the€loss€of€hisÐ €Ð Ðrelationship€with€Cooper€as€a€threat€of€death,€hence€the€trial€courtððs€reliance€on€òòFulminanteóó.€€ThisÐ l¼ Ðtheory€was€based€on€the€fact€of€the€Defendantððs€alcoholism€and€Cooperððs€alleged€threats€to€withdrawÐ X ¨ Ðfrom€his€partnership€with€the€Defendant,€thereby€leaving€the€Defendant€without€access€to€theÐ D!” Ðsubstance€he€(allegedly)€so€desperately€craved.€€However,€the€Defendant€had€been€managing€withoutÐ 0"€  ÐCooper€prior€to€January€21€and€managed€without€Cooper€for€fully€half€of€the€time€of€the€undercoverÐ #l! Ðoperation.€€Moreover,€it€was€the€Defendant€who€repeatedly€offered€to€withdraw€from€CooperððsÐ $X" Ðpresence€and€from€the€supposed€contract€hit€in€Knoxville.€€The€record€simply€does€not€support€theÐ ô$D # Ðconclusion€that€the€Defendant€was€dependent€upon€Cooper€to€the€extent€envisaged€by€the€trial€court.€Ð à%0!$ ÐRather,€the€record€supports€the€conclusion€that€the€Defendant€is€an€opportunist€who€wasÐ Ì&"% Ðmanipulating€Cooper€as€well€as€being€manipulated€by€him.€€Unlike€the€defendant€in€òòFulminanteóó,€theÐ ¸'#& ÐDefendant€is€not€below„average€in€intelligence,€not€a€fourth„grade€drop„out,€and€was€not€subject€toÐ ¤(ô#' Ðbeatings€by€larger€inmates€from€whom€he€could€not€escape.€€That€is,€the€undercover€operation€in€thisÐ )à$( Ðcase€did€not€place€the€Defendant€in€a€situation€whereby,€if€he€did€not€confess,€he€would€be€likely€toÐ |*Ì%) Ðface€physical€harm.€€òòFulminanteóó€is€simply€not€controlling€of€this€case.Ð h+¸&* Їà  àWe€agree€with€the€trial€court€that€the€Chattanooga€police€department€deceived€andÐ ° Ðmanipulated€the€Defendant.€€Deceit€and€manipulation€are,€however,€the€hallmarks€of€an€undercoverÐ œì Ðoperation.€€While€perhaps€distasteful,€we€do€not€agree€with€the€trial€court€that€the€police€conduct€inÐ ˆØ Ðthis€case€amounted€to€coercion€sufficient€to€overbear€the€Defendantððs€will.€€The€evidenceÐ tÄ Ðpreponderates€against€the€trial€courtððs€findings€in€this€regard.€€Accordingly,€we€reverse€that€portionÐ `° Ðof€the€trial€courtððs€order€suppressing€the€Defendantððs€statements€to€Det.€Cooper.€Ð L œ ÐÌà@FF%ìàò òCONCLUSIONó óˆÐ $ t ÐÌà  àWe€affirm€the€trial€courtððs€suppression€of€the€Defendantððs€statements€to€Det.€Dudley€madeÐ ü L  Ðsubsequent€to€the€Defendantððs€request€for€a€lawyer.€€We€reverse€the€trial€courtððs€suppression€of€theÐ è 8  ÐDefendantððs€statements€to€Det.€Cooper.€€This€matter€is€remanded€to€the€trial€court€for€furtherÐ Ô$  Ðproceedings€consistent€with€this€opinion.Ð À  ÐÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð ˜è  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGEÐ „Ô  Ð