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HÝ ƒR͵$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôû•ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô×ÃD×× C ×There€appears€to€be€some€question€as€to€the€actual€date€of€filing€of€the€request€for€acceptance€of€plea€of€guiltyÐ ° Ðand€the€order€accepting€the€pleas.€€Although€both€documents€bear€a€file€stamp€date€of€ð ðOctober€8,€1998,ðð€the€recordÐ tÄ Ðreflects€discussion,€between€counsel€and€the€court€in€reviewing€the€plea€form€during€the€hearing€on€the€motion€forÐ 8ˆ Ðwithdrawal€of€the€pleas,€that€the€date€of€the€plea€form€ð ðprobably€should€be€the€9th.ðð€€In€addition,€the€order€accepting€theÐ üL Ðpleas€was€signed€by€the€trial€judge€and€ð ðenteredðð€on€ð ðOctober€9,€1998,ðð€the€date€the€submission€hearing€was€held. àÝ ƒR¥¼$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ‡X8mX»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThere€appears€to€be€some€question€as€to€the€actual€date€of€filing€of€the€request€for€acceptanceÐ ° Ðfor€plea€of€guilty€and€the€order€accepting€the€plea.€€Although€both€documents€bear€a€file€stamp€dateÐ –æ Ðof€"October€8,€1998,"€the€order€accepting€the€plea€is€signed€by€the€trial€judge€and€"entered"€onÐ |Ì Ð"October€9,€1998."€€The€record€reflects€discussion€between€counsel€and€the€court€in€reviewing€pleaÐ b² Ðform€during€the€motion€for€withdrawal€of€the€plea€that€the€plea€form€dated€October€8,€"probablyÐ H˜ Ðshould€be€the€9th."€€4ÿÿ2Emphasisòòóó6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ €€ ÔóóÔ  Ô4goÿÿ2Keyboardò òÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡c<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡dô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔó ó<“›ÿÿ:PreformattedÓ/%° °Ïî ,KkŠ©È %#/ÓÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡c<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡dô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ/%° °Ïî ,KkŠ©È %#/Ó<š®ÿÿ:z©Bottom of Ó7€L(€X7ÓÓ  ÓÔ‡ÔÔ?‡e%ä2¼A`‹Arial?ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡dô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ7€Z(€X7Ó&ÿÿ  d dK)1dxd<š®ÿÿ:z©Top of ForÓ7€N(€X7ÓÓ  ÓÔ‡ÔÔ?‡e%ä2¼A`‹Arial?ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡dô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ7€Z(€X7ÓK)2dxd0KSÿÿ.SampleÔK‡c<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔS‡dô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ0ÿÿ.Strongò òó ó8dlÿÿ6TypewriterÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡c<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡dô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ(|G2͵$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€HÝ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôû•ò»»Ô4ÿÿ2Variableòòóó: ÿÿ8HTML MarkupÔB  ÔÔ ÿ ÔÔ  Ô2 ÿÿ0CommentÔB  Ô d !"#$% ÿÿ35;AGMSY_11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.(|3Ç$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€HÝ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3Ç$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€HÝ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKK\i)<þ6X9`(‹Courier Newô\  `‹&Times New Roman%ä2¼A`‹Arialÿÿ7420-87 ±Ý ƒR͵$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôû•ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€plea€agreement€was€executed€on€October€9,€1998. §Ý ƒR͵$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôû•ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€motion,€while€referring€to€the€defendantððs€ð ðplea€of€guilty,ðð€alleges€that€the€same€conditions€existed€bothÐ ° Ðas€to€the€pleas€to€felony€murder€and€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€Accordingly,€we€presume€that€the€request€was€toÐ tÄ Ðwithdraw€both€pleas.(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular ½Ý ƒR͵$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôû•ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔWe€have€attempted€to€reproduce€this€statement€as€handwritten€but€because€of€spelling€errors,€lack€ofÐ ° Ðpunctuation,€and€the€fact€that€certain€letters€have€been€marked€over,€are€not€certain€that€we€have€reproduced€the€statementÐ tÄ Ðas€intended€by€its€author,€whoever€that€may€have€been.Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€HÝ»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼HÝ»»»ÔÑ8€QXXdì»»d8ÑÑ€ OY&Ñà@ttìàÔ‡î] HÝÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEÔ#†¼HÝ»îî] #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àNovember€28,€2001€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XQX»¼HÝÔÌò òÔ#†¼HÝ»XXQ(#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€JAMES€A.€MELLONÔ‡XQX»¼HÝÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Knox€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€64113B€€€€€€Mary€Beth€Ô_ÔLeibowitzÔ_Ô,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€E1999„01505„CCA„R3„DDÐ ¥õ  ÐSeptember€19,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ‘á  ÐßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ#†¼HÝ»XXQ™#ÔÔ‡XQX»¼HÝÔThe€defendant,€James€A.€Mellon,€pled€guilty€to€first€degree€felony€murder€and€especially€aggravatedÐ xÈ  Ðrobbery€and€waived€his€right€to€a€trial€by€jury.€€As€part€of€the€plea€agreement,€the€State€agreed€toÐ d´ Ðrecommend€concurrent€sentences€on€these€charges€of€life€imprisonment€with€the€possibility€of€paroleÐ P  Ðand€twenty„five€years€imprisonment,€respectively,€in€exchange€for€the€defendantððs€agreement€toÐ <Œ Ðtestify€truthfully€and€consistent€with€his€previous€statement€at€the€trials€of€his€Ô_ÔcodefendantsÔ_Ô.€Ð (x ÐThereafter,€the€defendant€refused€to€testify€as€required€by€his€plea€agreement,€instead,€moving€toÐ d Ðwithdraw€his€guilty€pleas.€€That€motion€was€denied,€the€State€withdrew€its€sentencingÐ P Ðrecommendation,€and€a€sentencing€hearing€was€held.€€The€jury,€at€the€sentencing€hearing,€found€theÐ ì< Ðstatutory€aggravating€circumstance€that€the€defendant€had€previously€been€convicted€of€a€felonyÐ Ø( Ðinvolving€violence€to€the€person€and€sentenced€the€defendant€to€death.€€For€the€conviction€ofÐ Ä Ðespecially€aggravated€robbery,€the€defendant€was€sentenced€to€a€consecutive€term€of€twenty„fiveÐ ° Ðyears€imprisonment.€€He€then€filed€a€timely€appeal.€€Following€our€review,€we€affirm€the€judgmentsÐ œì Ðof€the€trial€court€and€the€imposition€of€the€death€penalty.Ð ˆØ ÐÔ#†¼HÝ»XXQ#ÔÔ‡XQX»¼HÝÔÓíÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óÐ `° ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼HÝ»àXQL #ÔÔ‡XQX.¼HÝÔAlan€E.€Glenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJoseph€M.€Ô_ÔTiptonÔ_Ôóó€and€òòJohnÐ 8!ˆ  ÐEverett€Williams,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð $"t! ÐÌGerald€L.€Ô_ÔGulleyÔ_Ô,€Jr.,€Knoxville,€Tennessee,€and€Tim€S.€Moore,€Newport,€Tennessee€(on€appeal);Ð ü#L# ÐBrandt€Davis€and€Leslie€M.€Ô_ÔJeffressÔ_Ô,€Knoxville,€Tennessee€(at€trial),€for€the€appellant,€James€A.Ð è$8 $ ÐMellon.Ð Ô%$!% ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Michael€E.€Moore,€Solicitor€General;€Marvin€S.Ð ¬'ü"' ÐBlair,€Jr.,€Assistant€Attorney€General;€Randall€E.€Ô_ÔNicholsÔ_Ô,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Robert€L.Ð ˜(è#( ÐÔ_ÔJolleyÔ_Ô,€Jr.,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð „)Ô$) ÐÓê ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼HÝ»XXQ #ÔÔ‡XQX»¼HÝÔÐ \+¬&+ ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼HÝ»XXQ:#ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XQX»¼HÝÔà  àIn€his€appeal,€the€defendant€raises€the€following€issues€for€our€review:Ð 4-„(-ýà ÐÔ_Ô‡à8  àà8` Ð Ð àI.€€The€evidence€presented€in€its€entirety€and€as€contained€in€theÐ ° Ðrecord€was€insufficient€as€a€matter€of€law€to€support€a€sentence€ofÐ œì Ðdeath:ЈØ` x` x ÐÌÓ*°,X„Xä –X°œX*Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àA.à ä àCapital€punishment€is€not€proportional€to€the€defendantððsÐ `° Ðculpability€in€the€death€of€Robert€Scott€Loveday,€and€its€impositionÐ L œ Ðwould€constitute€cruel€and€unusual€punishment€prohibited€by€theÐ 8 ˆ ÐEighth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€by€ArticleÐ $ t ÐI,€Section€16€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution;Ð `` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àB.à ä àThe€imposition€of€capital€punishment€in€this€case€isÐ è 8  Ðdisproportionate€to€the€penalty€imposed€in€similar€cases,€consideringÐ Ô$  Ðthe€nature€of€the€crime;€andÐÀ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àC.à ä àThe€imposition€of€capital€punishment€in€this€case€isÐ ˜è  Ðdisproportionate€to€the€penalty€imposed€in€similar€cases,€consideringÐ „Ô  Ðthe€defendant.ÐpÀ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àII.€€The€jury€failed€to€properly€consider€and€weigh€the€mitigatingÐ H˜ Ðevidence€against€the€aggravating€factor€found.Ð4„` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIII.€€The€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€to€grant€defendantððs€motion€toÐ  \ Ðstrike€from€the€Stateððs€notice€of€aggravating€circumstances€that€theÐ øH Ðdefendant€had€a€previous€felony€conviction€involving€the€use€ofÐ ä4 Ðviolence€to€the€person.ÐÐ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIV.€€The€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€to€allow€the€defendant€toÐ ¨ø Ðwithdraw€his€guilty€pleas:Дä` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àA.à ä àThe€trial€court€did€not€allow€the€defendant€to€withdraw€hisÐ l¼ Ðguilty€pleas,€although€they€were,€in€effect,€uncounseled€pleas€andÐ X ¨ Ðthere€were€fair€and€just€reasons€why€the€pleas€should€have€beenÐ D!” Ðwithdrawn;€andÐ0"€ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àB.à ä àThe€trial€court€erred€when€it€did€not€allow€the€defendantÐ $X" Ðto€withdraw€his€guilty€pleas€and€proceed€to€trial,€on€the€basis€of€theÐ ô$D # ÐStateððs€failure€to€disclose€òòBrady€v.€Marylandóó€material.Ðà%0!$` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àV.€€The€State€òòóófailed€to€make€full€disclosure€pretrial€of€exculpatoryÐ ¸'#& Ðevidence.Ф(ô#'` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àVI.€€The€trial€court€erred€in€denying€the€defendantððs€motion€toÐ |*Ì%) Ðcontinue€the€sentencing€hearing€in€order€that€the€defendantððs€expertÐ h+¸&* Ðcould€evaluate€medical€test€data€not€made€available€until€the€first€dayÐ ° Ðof€the€hearing.Мì` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àVII.€€The€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€grant€the€defendantððs€challengeÐ tÄ Ðto€the€constitutionality€of€capital€punishment:Ð`°` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àA.à ä àDeath€imposed€by€electrocution,€or€by€any€means,€is€cruelÐ 8 ˆ Ðand€unusual€punishment€in€violation€of€the€Eighth€and€FourteenthÐ $ t ÐAmendments€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€SectionÐ  ` Ð16€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution;Ðü L ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àB.à ä àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204€does€notÐ Ô$  Ðsufficiently€narrow€the€population€of€defendants€convicted€of€firstÐ À  Ðdegree€murder€who€are€eligible€for€capital€punishment€in€violation€ofÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€Eighth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€the€United€StatesÐ ˜è  ÐConstitution€and€Article€I,€Sections€8€and€16€of€the€TennesseeÐ „Ô  ÐConstitution;ÐpÀ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àC.à ä àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204€does€notÐ H˜ Ðsufficiently€limit€the€exercise€of€the€juryððs€discretion€because,€onceÐ 4„ Ðthe€jury€finds€aggravation,€it€can€impose€capital€punishment€no€matterÐ  p Ðwhat€mitigation€is€shown,€in€violation€of€the€Eighth€and€FourteenthÐ  \ ÐAmendments€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€SectionsÐ øH Ð8€and€16€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution;Ðä4` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àD.à ä àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204€mandatorilyÐ ¼  Ðrequires€the€jury€to€impose€capital€punishment€if€it€finds€theÐ ¨ø Ðaggravating€circumstances€outweigh€the€mitigating€circumstances,€inÐ ”ä Ðviolation€of€the€Eighth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€the€UnitedÐ €Ð ÐStates€Constitution€and€Article€I,€Sections€8€and€16€of€the€TennesseeÐ l¼ ÐConstitution;ÐX ¨` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àE.à ä àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204€does€notÐ 0"€  Ðinform€the€jury€in€specific€terms€of€its€ability€to€impose€a€life€sentenceÐ #l! Ðout€of€mercy,€in€violation€of€the€Eighth€and€Fourteenth€AmendmentsÐ $X" Ðto€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€Sections€8€and€16€ofÐ ô$D # Ðthe€Tennessee€Constitution;€andÐà%0!$` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àF.à ä àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204€prohibitsÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€jury€from€being€informed€of€the€consequences€of€its€failure€toÐ ¤(ô#' Ðreach€a€unanimous€verdict€in€the€penalty€phase,€in€violation€of€theÐ )à$( Ðâ âFifth,€Sixth,€Eighth,€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€the€United€StatesÐ |*Ì%) ÐConstitution€and€Article€1,€Sections€8,€9,€10,€and€16€of€the€TennesseeÐ ° ÐConstitution.Мì` x` x Ðâ âÌÓ  Óòòò òPROCEDURAL€HISTORY€AND€FACTSóóó óÐ tÄ ÐÌòòóóò òPleas€of€Guilty€as€to€First€Degree€Felony€Murder€and€Especially€Aggravated€Robbery€ó ó€€€€Ð L œ ÐÌÓ  Óà  àThe€events€which€resulted€in€the€defendantððs€being€sentenced€to€death€began€the€evening€ofÐ ( x ÐAugust€23,€1997,€in€Knox€County.€€The€first€criminal€episode€in€which€the€defendant€was€involved€Ð  d Ðresulted€in€a€ð ðbest€interestðð€plea€of€guilty€on€January€8,€1998,€in€Case€No.€64114„A€to€the€aggravatedÐ  P  Ðrobbery€of€Matthew€Miller,€a€Class€B€felony.€€òòSeeóó€òòNorth€Carolina€v.€Alfordóó,€400€U.S.€25,€91€S.€Ct.Ð ì <  Ð160,€27€L.€Ed.€2d€162€(1970).€€On€February€12,€1998,€the€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€toÐ Ø(  Ðtwelve€years€imprisonment€based€upon€the€following€facts€presented€to€the€court:Ð Ä  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€JOLLEY:€€Your€Honor,€the€Stateððs€proof€in€this€case€wouldÐ œì  Ðshow€the€following:€€From€the€testimony€of€the€witnesses€listed€onÐ ˆØ  Ðthe€indictment,€the€State€would€show€that€on€August€the€23òòrdóó€of€1997,Ð tÄ Ða€little€after€11:00€oððclock,€that€Matthew€Miller€was€leaving€his€workÐ `° Ðat€Loweððs,€5431€Clinton€Highway,€here€in€Knox€County.ÐLœ` x` x ÐÌÓ9°,XƒXŒ ä –X°,X„Xä –X9Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThat€while€he€was€in€the€parking€lot€he€was€approached€by€a€carÐ $t Ðthat€ha[d]€several€males€in€it.Ð`` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àOne€of€these€males€got€out€of€the€car,€approached€him,€and€askedÐ è8 Ðfor€a€light.ÐÔ$` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThat€he€would€identify€this€male€as€James€A.€Mellon.Ьü` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThat€as€he€looked€for€a€lighter€Mr.€Mellon€drew€a€silver€handgun,Ð „Ô Ðput€it€to€his€head,€and€demanded€his€wallet€and€car€keys.ÐpÀ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àAnd€Mr.€Miller€handed€over€these€items.ÐH!˜` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThat€Mr.€Mellon€then€got€back€into€the€vehicle,€and€that€theÐ  #p! Ðvehicle€fled€the€scene.Ð $\"` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThat€his€wallet€contained€$40.00€and€other€personal€items.Ðä%4!$` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àOf€course,€his€car€keys€were€also€taken.м' #&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àAll€of€these€events€occurred€in€Knox€County,€Tennessee.Д)ä$(` x` x Ðâ âÐ €*Ð%) Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Anything€you€would€like€to€add€to€that€stipulation€ofÐ ° Ðâ âproof,€sir?Мì` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€DAVIS:€€Your€Honor,€there€is€one€thing€I€would€like€to€add.ÐtÄ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àI€would,€for€the€record,€state€that€proof€that€we€would€beÐ L œ Ðconfronted€with€at€trial,€we€are€not€agreeing€to€any€elements€of€that,Ð 8 ˆ Ðparticularly,€except€only€with€regard€to€what€Mr.€Mellon€did,€as€farÐ $ t Ðas€putting€the€gun€to€the€victimððs€head.Ð `` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€You€are€agreeing€to€that?Ðè 8 ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€DAVIS:€€No,€we€are€not€agreeing€to€that.ÐÀ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€You€are€not€agreeing€to€that?Иè ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€DAVIS:€€Everything€else€that€the€General€has€cited€is€stipulated.ÐpÀ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€That€is,€that€Mr.€Mellon€was€at€the€scene?ÐH˜` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€DAVIS:€€Yes.Ð p` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€All€right.ÐøH` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€JOLLEY:€€Your€Honor,€we€would€state,€that€in€addition€to€that,Ð Ð  Ðthat€the€testimony€of€Mr.€Miller€and€the€testimony€of€Darryl€Johnson,Ð ¼  Ðof€the€Knox€County€Sheriffððs€Department,€showed€that€on€August€theÐ ¨ø Ð26òòthóó,€1997,€that€Mr.€Mellon,€after€being€fully€advised€of€his€MirandaÐ ”ä Ðwarnings,€gave€a€statement€admitting€that€he€was€the€person€who€hadÐ €Ð Ðpulled€the€gun€on€Mr.€Miller€at€this€time,€and€robbed€him.Ðl¼` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€DAVIS:€€Your€Honor,€I€would€also€disagree€with€that€version€ofÐ D!” Ðwhat€the€statement€says.Ð0"€ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àI€donððt€believe€that€the€statement€that€Mr.€Mellon€gave€everÐ $X" Ðindicated€that€he€held€a€gun€to€Mr.€Millerððs€head,€or€pointed€a€gun€inÐ ô$D # Ðany€way€at€Mr.€Miller.Ðà%0!$` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àWe€dispute€that.и'#&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€I€will€take€the€Stateððs€stipulation€of€what€it€wouldÐ )à$( Ðseek€to€prove€at€trial€as€a€stipulation€with€the€objections€that€youððveÐ |*Ì%) Ðnoted.Ðh+¸&*` x` x Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àI€will€otherwise€accept€the€plea€of€Mr.€Mellon.а` x` x ÐÌà  àDuring€the€submission€hearing,€the€defendant€was€advised€of€the€effect€of€the€plea€of€guiltyÐ ˆØ Ðto€aggravated€robbery€as€to€the€other€pending€cases:Ð tÄ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€JOLLEY:€€Your€Honor,€if€we€might,€we€would€ask€the€Court€toÐ L œ Ðspecifically€advise€Mr.€Mellon€that€this€conviction€may€be€used€as€anÐ 8 ˆ Ðenhancement€factor€if€the€State€were€to€seek€the€death€penalty€or€lifeÐ $ t Ðwithout€parole€against€him.Ð `` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€I€thought€I€had€done€that,€but€I€will€do€that€muchÐ è 8  Ðmore€specifically.ÐÔ$ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àI€think€that€is€important€for€him€to€understand.Ьü ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€DAVIS:€€For€the€record,€we€have,€Iððve€discussed€that€at€lengthÐ „Ô  Ðwith€Mr.€Mellon.ÐpÀ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àYou€may€want€to€inquire€of€this.ÐH˜` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àBut€he€does€understand€that.Ð p` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Mr.€Mellon,€you€understand€the€conviction€in€thisÐ øH Ðcase€can,€can€be€used€by€the€State,€ð!ð€Ðä4` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€MELLON:€€Yes,€maððam.м ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€ð!ð€before€the€jury€to€seek€life€without€parole€in€caseÐ ”ä Ðnumber€64113,€or€a€sentence€of€death€in€case€no.€64113?ЀÐ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àDo€you€understand€that,€sir?ÐX ¨` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àAnd€thatððs€an€effect€of€a€conviction€here€today,€and,€and€evenÐ 0"€  Ðthough€you€have€entered€an€Alford€plea€there€will€be€a€conviction?Ð#l!` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€MELLON:€€Yes,€maððam.€€Ðô$D #` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€was€also€indicted€for€the€especially€aggravated€robbery€and€felony€murder€ofÐ Ì&"% ÐRobert€Scott€Loveday€which€occurred€shortly€after€the€aggravated€robbery€of€Matthew€Miller,€andÐ ¸'#& Ðwhich€resulted€in€imposition€of€the€death€penalty.€€Trial€was€originally€set€in€the€Loveday€case€inÐ ¤(ô#' ÐJune€1998.€€The€State€filed€its€notice€of€intent€to€seek€the€death€penalty€on€May€15,€1998.€€Trial€wasÐ )à$( Ðâ ârescheduled€to€begin€on€October€12,€1998.€€On€October€9,€1998,€pursuant€to€a€plea€agreement,€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðdefendant€entered€guilty€pleas€to€first€degree€felony€murder€and€especially€aggravated€robbery€in€theÐ ° ÐLoveday€case.׃C×Ý ƒ=#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€prosecutor€explained€the€defendantððs€pleas€of€guilty€as€follows:Ð œì Ðâ âÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€JOLLEY:€€Your€Honor,€in€case€number€64113,€Mr.€MellonsÐ tÄ Ð[sic]€will€be€entering€a€plea€of€guilty€to€the€second€count€of€theÐ `° Ðindictment,€which€charges€first€degree€murder€by€means€of€felonyÐ L œ Ðmurder,€and€to€the€fourth€count€of€the€indictment,€which€chargesÐ 8 ˆ Ðespecially€aggravated€robbery,€a€class€A€felony.Ð$ t` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThe€recommendation€in€this€case€will€be€as€follows:€€ThatÐ ü L  Ðsentence€be€reserved€in€this€matter.€€That€Mr.€Mellons€[sic]€agrees€toÐ è 8  Ðtestify€truthfully€for€the€State€in€any€proceeding€involving€thisÐ Ô$  Ðincident,€consistent€with€the€prior€statements€that€he€gave€to€theÐ À  Ðmembers€of€the€Knox€County€Sheriffððs€Department.€€That€should€Mr.Ð ¬ü  ÐMellons€[sic]€comply€with€his€agreement,€that€the€State€would€beÐ ˜è  Ðrecommending€at€the€time€of€sentencing,€that€he€receive€a€sentence€ofÐ „Ô  Ðlife€with€parole€on€the€second€count€ð!ð€ÐpÀ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€With€the€possibility€of€parole.ÐH˜` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€JOLLEY:€€Yes.€€On€the€second€count€of€the€indictment.€€ThatÐ  p Ðthat€sentence€would€be€served€consecutively€to€the€sentence€that€Mr.Ð  \ ÐMellons€[sic]€had€previously€received€in€case€number€64114.€€AndÐ øH Ðthat€a€sentence€be€imposed€in€the€fourth€count€of€the€indictment,€thatÐ ä4 Ðis,€concurrent€with€the€sentence€in€the€second€count€of€the€indictment.ÐÐ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€In€what€amount?Шø` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€JOLLEY:€€We€have€no€agreement€as€to€a€specific€time.ЀÐ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€So,€it€will€be€Judge€sentencing€at€that€point€on€thatÐ X ¨ Ðcount?ÐD!”` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€JOLLEY:€€Yes,€Your€Honor.€€Yes,€Your€Honor.Ð#l!` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àYour€Honor,€we€wouldð!ð€Ðô$D #` x` x Ðâ âÐ à%0!$ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€That€it€would€be€agreed€that€it€would€be€concurrent,Ð ° Ðâ âis€that€what€I€just€heard?Мì` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€JOLLEY:€€Concurrent€with€the€second€count€of€the€indictment,Ð tÄ ÐYour€Honor,€for€an€effective€sentence€of,€of€life€with€the€possibilityÐ `° Ðof€parole,€plus€twelve€years,€or€twelve€years,€since€heððs€already€beenÐ L œ Ðsentenced,€plus€life€with€the€possibility€of€parole.Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Is€Mr.€Mellon€in€the€fourth€count€a€range€I€offenderÐ  ` Ðfor€the€purposes€of€the€sentencing?Ðü L ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€JOLLEY:€€He€is€for€the€class€A€felony,€Your€Honor.ÐÔ$ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Okay.€Ð¬ü ` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€and€his€attorney€then€responded€to€the€Stateððs€announcement:Ð „Ô  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Is€that€the€agreement,€Mr.€Davis?Ð\¬` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€DAVIS:€€Your€Honor,€that€is€the€agreement.Ð4„` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€All€right.Ð \` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àMr.€Mellon,€would€you€please€stand,€sir,€and€raise€your€right€handÐ ä4 Ðto€be€sworn.ÐÐ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(Mr.€Mellon€was€so€sworn.)Шø` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Have€a€seat,€please,€sir.ЀÐ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àMr.€Mellon€youððve€heard€the€announcement€of€the€AttorneyÐ X ¨ ÐGeneral.ÐD!”` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àIs€this€what€you€understood€the€agreement€to€be,€sir,€and€is€thatÐ #l! Ðthe€agreement€you€wish€me€to€approve€at€this€point,€insofar€as€it€is€anÐ $X" Ðagreement?Ðô$D #` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€MELLON:€€Yes,€Your€Honor.ÐÌ&"%` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Letððs€go€over€it.Ф(ô#'` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àFirst,€do€you€understand,€sir,€that€you€are€entering€a€plea€of€guiltyÐ |*Ì%) Ðin€the€second€count€of€the€indictment€to€felony€murder,€first€degreeÐ h+¸&* Ðmurder,€by€means€of€felony€murder,€in€effect,€as€you€know,€the€StateÐ ° Ðhad€requested€the€death€penalty€in€this€case,€the€recommendedÐ œì Ðsentence,€however,€is€life€with€the€possibility€of€parole.€€It€is€not€aÐ ˆØ Ðpromise€of€parole€but€you€certainly€would€become€eligible€for€paroleÐ tÄ Ðand€would€go€up€for€parole.€€And€that€would€be€served€consecutivelyÐ `° Ðto€the€sentence€youððve€received€already€in€64114.ÐL œ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àIn€the€fourth€count€of€that€indictment€you€would€be€pleadingÐ $ t Ðguilty€to€especially€aggravated€robbery,€wherein€you€are€a€range€IÐ  ` Ðstandard€offender,€and€the€range€of€punishment€for€that€is€fifteen€toÐ ü L  Ðtwenty„five€years.Ðè 8 ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThere€is€no€agreement.€€It€would€be€a€sentence€that€I€wouldÐ À  Ðimpose,€and€make€a€decision€as€to€what€the€sentence€would€be.€€ButÐ ¬ü  Ðit€would€be€agreed€that€that€would€be€a€sentence€concurrent€with€theÐ ˜è  Ðfelony€murder€sentence.Ð„Ô ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àDo€you€understand€that€so€far,€sir?Ð\¬` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€MELLON:€€Yes,€Your€Honor.Ð4„` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€And€do€you€understand,€sir,€that€until€.€.€.€weððve€gotÐ  \ Ðto€the€point€of€testimony,€or€conclusion€of€the€cases€of€the€co„Ð øH Ðdefendants,€sentencing€will€be€reserved,€and€you€will€wait€forÐ ä4 Ðsentence,€and€it€is€agreed€further€that€you€will€testify€truthfully€andÐ Ð  Ðconsistently€with€the€statements€that€you€previously€made?м ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àDo€you€understand€all€that,€sir?Дä` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€MELLON:€€Yes,€Your€Honor.€€Ðl¼` x` x ÐÌà  àIn€addition€to€being€orally€advised€during€the€submission€hearing€that€the€plea€agreementÐ D!” Ðrequired€his€testifying€against€his€codefendants,€the€request€for€acceptance€of€guilty€plea€also€sets€outÐ 0"€  Ðthis€condition€with€the€following€handwritten€language:Ð #l! ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant€agrees€that€he€will,€if€called€upon,€testify€truthfully€in€anyÐ ô$D # Ðother€proceeding€in€connection€with€this€incident.€€Said€testimonyÐ à%0!$ Ðwill€be€consistent€with€the€statements€defendant€made€to€KnoxÐ Ì&"% ÐCounty€Sheriffððs€Department€officers.и'#&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àSentencing€in€this€case€is€reserved.Ð)à$(` x` x Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àA€handwritten€correction€to€this€statement,€substituting€the€word€ð ðincidentðð€for€the€wordÐ ° Ðâ âð ðindictment,ðð€bears€the€initials€of€the€defendant€and€both€defense€counsel.Ð œì ÐÌà  àThe€court€accepted€the€pleas€and€sentencing€was€reserved€pending€the€defendantððs€truthfulÐ tÄ Ðtestimony€as€a€Stateððs€witness€in€any€proceedings€involving€these€offenses,€consistent€with€theÐ `° Ðdefendantððs€prior€statements€to€members€of€the€Knox€County€Sheriffððs€Department.€€If€the€defendantÐ L œ Ðcomplied€with€the€agreement,€the€State€would,€in€exchange,€recommend€a€sentence€of€life€with€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðpossibility€of€parole€on€the€felony€murder€conviction,€with€the€sentence€on€the€especially€aggravatedÐ $ t Ðrobbery€conviction€to€be€served€concurrently.€€These€sentences€would€be€served€consecutively€to€theÐ  ` Ðtwelve„year€sentence€imposed€for€the€aggravated€robbery€conviction€in€Case€No.€64114„A.Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àThe€parties€stipulated€to€the€proof€as€follows:€€Ð Ô$  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€JOLLEY:€€Your€Honor,€the€stipulated€proof€in€this€case€wouldÐ ¬ü  Ðshow€from€the€testimony€of€witnesses€listed€on€the€indictment,€that,€Ð ˜è  Ðon€August€the€24òòthóó€of€1997,€a€little€after€midnight,€that€the€defendantÐ „Ô  Ðand€three€other€individuals,€Mr.€Earnest€Rodgers,€and€Mr.€AnthonyÐ pÀ Ðð ðT„Boneðð€Jones,€and€Mr.€Davis€Jones,€pulled€into€a€Cone€StationÐ \¬ Ðwhere€an€individual€by€the€name€of€Robert€Scott€Loveday€was€usingÐ H˜ Ða€telephone.€€That€these€individuals€approached€Mr.€Mellons,€(sic)Ð 4„ Ðand€Mr.€Rodgers€approached€Mr.€Loveday,€that€Mr.€Rodgers€held€aÐ  p Ðgun€to€Mr.€Lovedayððs€head,€that€Mr.€Mellons€[sic]€also€held€a€gun€toÐ  \ ÐMr.€Loveday,€and€demanded€money€from€him.€€And€that€Mr.€LovedayÐ øH Ðwas€in€the€process€of€taking€his€money€out.€€That€at€the€time€he€wasÐ ä4 Ðtaking€his€money€out€Mr.€Anthony€Jones€€came€up,€took€the€gun€awayÐ Ð  Ðfrom€Mr.€Mellons€[sic]€and€shot€Mr.€Loveday.€€[T]his€testimonyÐ ¼  Ðwould€show€that€after€this€incident€occurred€that€Mr.€Mellons€[sic]Ð ¨ø Ðand€these€other€individuals€left€the€scene.€€That€they€wereÐ ”ä Ðsubsequently€arrested,€and€Mr.€Mellons€[sic],€after€being€asked€aboutÐ €Ð Ðthis€incident,€gave€statements€to€the€Knox€County€SheriffððsÐ l¼ ÐDepartment,€in€which€he€admitted€his€participation,€and€the€summaryÐ X ¨ Ðof€the€facts€are€which€I€gave.ÐD!”` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThe€proof€would€also€show€that€he€talked€to€an€individual€namedÐ #l! ÐEdward€Beeler.€€[D]uring€the€course€of€his€talk€with€Mr.€Beeler,€afterÐ $X" Ðthis€incident€occurred,€Mr.€Mellons€[sic]€made€statements€in€whichÐ ô$D # Ðhe€said€that€he€was€the€person€who€killed€Mr.€Loveday.€€That€he€wasÐ à%0!$ Ðkilled€because€he€did€not€have€any€money.ÐÌ&"%` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àIt€would€be€stipulated€that€all€these€events€occurred€in€KnoxÐ ¤(ô#' ÐCounty,€Tennessee.Ð)à$(` x` x Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àTHE€COURT:€€With€the€correction€that€Mr.€Mellonððs€correct€lastÐ ° Ðâ âname€is€M€E€L€L€O€N.Мì` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€JOLLEY:€€It€is,€it€is€Mellon,€Your€Honor.€€I€did€say€Mellons.€€ItÐ tÄ Ðis€Mellon.Ð`°` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Is€there€anything€that€you€would€like€to€add€to€any€ofÐ 8 ˆ Ðthat€stipulation,€counsel,€or€corrections€you€want€to€make?Ð$ t` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€DAVIS:€€No,€Your€Honor.€€Ðü L ` x` x ÐÌòòÓ  Óóóò òMotion€to€Withdraw€Guilty€Pleasó óÐ Ô$  ÐÓ |ÓÌà  àOn€December€17,€1998,€approximately€two€months€after€his€pleas€of€guilty€to€first€degreeÐ ¬ü  Ðfelony€murder€and€especially€aggravated€robbery,€the€defendant€filed€a€òòpro€seóó€handwritten€ð ðMotionÐ ˜è  Ðfor€the€Withdrawal€of€Counselðð€as€to€each€trial€counsel,€seeking€to€have€both€relieved€becauseÐ „Ô  Ðneither€was€ð ðcompetent€to€handle€his€case.ðð€€Subsequently,€as€to€each€trial€counsel,€the€defendantÐ pÀ Ðfiled€a€òòpro€seóó€typed€ð ðMotion€for€the€Withdrawal€of€Counsel.ðð€€These€latter€motions€were€datedÐ \¬ ÐDecember€31,€1998,€and€one€motion€had€a€handwritten€notation€that€ð ð[t]his€was€mailed€Jan.€11€ofÐ H˜ Ð1998€because€of€holidays,ðð€while€the€other€recited€that€it€was€mailed€ð ðon€Jan.€11€of€1999,ðð€whichÐ 4„ Ðwould€have€been€the€correct€year€for€both€motions.€€The€typed€motions€were€filed€on€January€13,Ð  p Ð1999,€by€the€criminal€court€clerk.€The€two€typed€motions€were€almost€identical,€as€were€theÐ  \ Ðhandwritten€motions,€although€one€of€each€set€bore€the€name€of€different€counsel.€€In€brief,€eachÐ øH Ðmotion€alleged€that€respective€trial€counsel€were€ð ðnot€and€[had]€not€been€competent€to€handle€[theÐ ä4 Ðdefendantððs]€case€and€that,€[t]his€[had]€violated€all€[his]€rights€to€[a]€fair€trial,ðð€had€violated€anÐ Ð  Ðenumerated€disciplinary€rule€and€an€ethics€opinion,€and€recited€that€the€defendant€had€filedÐ ¼  Ðmalpractice€claims€against€both€counsel€for€ð ðviolating€all€[the€defendantððs]€constitutional€rights€andÐ ¨ø Ðfor€Professional€Negligence€and€for€violating€the€code€of€Professional€Responsibility.ðð€€The€motionsÐ ”ä Ðsought€to€have€new€counsel€appointed€before€the€defendant€was€ð ðto€go€to€trial.ðð€€These€motions€wereÐ €Ð Ðdenied€on€January€19,€1999;€and,€on€that€same€day,€the€trial€court€continued€the€sentencing€hearingÐ l¼ Ðfrom€February€22€to€March€1,€1999.€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àOn€January€19,€1999,€the€same€day€that€the€òòpro€seóó€motions€to€dismiss€appointed€counsel€wereÐ 0"€  Ðdenied,€counsel€filed€a€motion€asking€that€the€defendant€be€allowed€to€withdraw€his€pleas€of€guilty.׃i×Ý ƒ=#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð #l! ÐThe€affidavit€of€counsel,€attached€to€the€motion,€sets€out€the€reasons€for€the€request:Ð $X" Ðâ âÐ ô$D # ÐÓ9°,XƒXŒ –X°,XƒXŒ ä –X9Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð à1.à Œ àI€am€counsel€for€James€Mellon€and€was€present€in€Court€andÐ ° Ðsigned€the€Plea€of€Guilty€executed€by€the€defendant€on€October€8,Ð œì Ð1998.׃h×Ý ƒ=#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Sentencing€was€reserved€in€this€case.ЈØ` x` x Ðâ âÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à2.à Œ àPrior€to€the€entry€of€this€plea€the€defendant€had€expressed€to€bothÐ `° Ðhis€trial€counsel€his€reluctance€to€testify€against€any€co„defendants€inÐ L œ Ðthis€or€any€pending€cases,€as€he€was€afraid€of€what€might€happen€toÐ 8 ˆ Ðhim€in€prison€if€he€were€labeled€a€ð ðsnitchðð€as€the€result€of€suchÐ $ t Ðtestimony.Ð `` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à3.à Œ àThe€defendant€continued€to€express€this€reluctance€to€testify€onÐ è 8  Ðthe€morning€of€October€8,€1998,€although€he€was€willing€to€otherwiseÐ Ô$  Ðaccept€the€offer€made€by€the€State.€€Upon€being€advised€the€plea€offerÐ À  Ðwould€be€withdrawn€by€the€State€if€not€accepted€that€morning,€theÐ ¬ü  Ðdefendant€met€further€with€the€defense€investigator€and€later€withÐ ˜è  Ðboth€defense€counsel€and€agreed€to€accept€the€plea€agreement€whichÐ „Ô  Ðhe€executed€and€which€was€accepted€by€the€Court.ÐpÀ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à4.à Œ àThe€undersigned,€having€been€advised€Mr.€Mellon€had€beenÐ H˜ Ðplaced€in€protective€custody€immediately€upon€his€return€to€BrushyÐ 4„ ÐMountain€Penitentiary,€on€October€23,€1998,€went€to€the€prison€andÐ  p Ðmet€with€Mr.€Mellon.€€Prior€to€entry€of€this€plea€Mr.€Mellon€had€beenÐ  \ Ðworking€in€the€prison,€was€in€the€general€population,€and€hadÐ øH Ðexperienced€no€problems.Ðä4` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à5.à Œ àOn€October€23,€1998,€Mr.€Mellon€advised€the€undersigned€that,Ð ¼  Ðbecause€of€the€publicity€following€his€plea€whereby€the€mediaÐ ¨ø Ðannounced€in€the€newspaper,€on€radio€and€on€TV€that€he€had€agreedÐ ”ä Ðto€testify€against€his€co„defendants,€there€had€been€talk€within€theÐ €Ð Ðprison€by€other€inmates€which€resulted€in€his€being€placed€inÐ l¼ Ðprotective€custody€and€isolated€from€the€general€population.ÐX ¨` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à6.à Œ àThe€undersigned,€when€he€questioned€prison€authorities€at€BrushyÐ 0"€  ÐMountain,€was€advised€this€was€true€and€that€they€feared€reprisalsÐ #l! Ðagainst€Mr.€Mellon;€hence€the€protective€custody.Ð$X"` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à7.à Œ àThe€undersigned€was€also€advised€by€Mr.€Mellon€that,€followingÐ à%0!$ Ðhis€plea,€he€had€experienced€direct€physical€contact€and€had€aÐ Ì&"% Ðconversation€with€his€co„defendant,€Anthony€ð ðT„Boneðð€Jones,€atÐ ¸'#& ÐBrushy€Mountain€Penitentiary.€€Although€he€did€not€divulge€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcontent€of€this€conversation,€the€undersigned€believes€Mr.€MellonÐ )à$( Ðactually€was,€or€at€least€felt,€threatened€by€Mr.€Jones.€€Mr.€MellonÐ ° Ðhas,€on€at€least€one€prior€occasion,€been€physically€assaulted€by€Mr.Ð œì ÐJones€while€in€Knox€County€Jail.ЈØ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à8.à Œ àCounsel€is€advised€and€Mr.€Mellon€is€aware€that€Mr.€Jones€hasÐ `° Ðassaulted€at€least€one€other€co„defendant€in€these€cases,€resulting€inÐ L œ Ðthe€hospitalization€of€that€individual,€and€that€he€has€also€madeÐ 8 ˆ Ðthreats€against€other€individuals€involved€in€this€case.€€This€CourtÐ $ t Ðhas,€on€several€occasions,€also€observed€the€behavior€of€Mr.€JonesÐ  ` Ðand€his€unsettling€behavior€in€Court.Ðü L ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à9.à Œ àFor€the€foregoing€reasons€Mr.€Mellon€advised€the€undersigned€onÐ Ô$  ÐOctober€23,€1998,€that€he€was€seriously€considering€not€to€testifyÐ À  Ðagainst€anyone€as€he€had€agreed€to€do€in€his€plea€agreement.€€ThisÐ ¬ü  Ðdecision€was€finally€made€by€Mr.€Mellon€and€directly€conveyed€byÐ ˜è  Ðhim€to€Gen.€Bob€Jolley€and€Lt.€Darryl€Johnson€at€a€meeting€withÐ „Ô  Ðthem€and€both€trial€counsel€on€the€day€his€co„defendant,€Ernest€ð ðEððÐ pÀ ÐRogers,€was€set€for€trial.Ð\¬` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à10.à Œ àCounsel€requests€that€this€Affidavit€be€attached€to€and€made€partÐ 4„ Ðof€the€Motion€to€Withdraw€Plea€of€Guilty€filed€by€the€defendant,Ð  p ÐJames€Mellon.€€Ð \` x` x ÐÌà  àOn€January€19,€1999,€the€day€of€its€filing,€a€hearing€was€held€on€counselððs€motion€to€allowÐ ä4 Ðthe€defendant€to€withdraw€his€pleas€of€guilty.€€The€trial€court€first€noted€that€the€defendant€had€filedÐ Ð  Ða€letter,€addressed€to€the€district€attorney€general,€asking€that€he€be€permitted€to€withdraw€his€pleasÐ ¼  Ðof€guilty.€€The€text€of€the€undated€letter€is€as€follows:Ð ¨ø ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àI€have€had€some€time€to€think,€and€due€to€my€two€attorney[s]€has€[sic]Ð €Ð Ðmore[]€or€less€pressured€me€into€this€deal€for€themselves,€and€not€me;Ð l¼ Ðor€the€fact€that€I€to€[sic]€have€a€family€to€think€of.€€I€am€writing€to€youÐ X ¨ Ðin€good„standing,€and€would€like€to€say€if€you€would€come,€and€talkÐ D!” Ðwith€me€I€would€be€willing€to€give€you,€and€your€office€the€truth€ofÐ 0"€  Ðthis€case,€and€all€that€you€need€to€get€your€convictions.€€I€will€awaitÐ #l! Ðyour€response.Ð$X"` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€testified€at€the€hearing:Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Mr.€Mellon,€would€you€please€stand€sir€and€raise€yourÐ ¸'#& Ðright€hand€to€be€sworn?Ф(ô#'` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(Whereupon,€Mr.€Mellon€was€so€sworn.)Ð|*Ì%)` x` x ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Mr.€Mellon,€I€am€not€going€to€ask€you€about€any€ofÐ ° Ðthe€facts€of€this€case,€in€terms€of€what€happened€on€the€date€inÐ œì Ðquestion€and€that€kind€of€stuff.ЈØ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àWhat€I€need€to€know,€sir,€is,€whether€or€not€you€the€attorneys€haveÐ `° Ðinformed€me€that€on€the€day€of€Mr.€Rogersðð€trial,€when€you€wereÐ L œ Ðbrought€here,€you€informed€both€your€attorneys€and€the€AttorneyÐ 8 ˆ ÐGeneral€that€you€would€not€testify€in€that€matter.Ð$ t` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àIs€that€correct?Ðü L ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€MELLON:€€Yes,€maððam.ÐÔ$ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€And€I€take€it€that€.€.€.€you€understood€that€that€wouldÐ ¬ü  Ðbreach€the€agreement€that€you€had€made€with€the€State€regardingÐ ˜è  Ðsentencing€in€this€case?Ð„Ô ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€MELLON:€€I€would€like€to€say€something.Ð\¬` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àI€under,€I€did€not€understand€that€I€was€to€testify€against€all€co„Ð 4„ Ðdefendants.Ð p` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àI€thought€it€would€be€Anthony,€Anthony€Jones,€only.ÐøH` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àSo,€I€did€not,€I€misunderstood€the€agreement€at€that€point.ÐÐ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Assuming€that€it€is€as€to€each€co„defendant,€do€youÐ ¨ø Ðstill€understand€that,€do€you€still€state€that€you€would€testify€or€notÐ ”ä Ðtestify?ЀÐ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€MELLON:€€Yes,€maððam.ÐX ¨` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Are€you€telling€me€you€will€not€testify€against€any€ofÐ 0"€  Ðthe€co„defendants?Ð#l!` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€MELLON:€€Yes,€maððam.Ðô$D #` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Do€you€understand€by€telling€me€that€youððve€breachedÐ Ì&"% Ðthis€agreement?и'#&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€MELLON:€€Yes,€maððam.Ð)à$(` x` x Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Do€you€understand,€sir,€that€as€a€result€of€breachingÐ ° Ðâ âthe€agreement,€if€the€Court€finds€that€you€have€breached€theÐ œì Ðagreement,€and€I€think€I€have€to€make€that€finding,€after€talking€to€youÐ ˆØ Ðand€hearing€what€the€attorneys€say,€that€you€are€subject€to€one€of€twoÐ tÄ Ðthings€happening?Ð`°` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àEither€the€Court€ordering€a€sentencing€hearing€in€which€youÐ 8 ˆ Ðwould€be€subjected€to€the€possibility€of€a€sentence€of€death,€or€aÐ $ t Ðsentence€of€life€without€parole.Ð `` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àOr€the€sentence€which€you€had€previously€agreed€to,€which€wasÐ è 8  Ðlife€with€the€possibility€of€parole.ÐÔ$ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThat€if€you€.€.€.€if€that€should€occur€those€things€may€happen.Ьü ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àIf€the€Court€finds€that€you€would€be€tried,€that€the€plea€agreementÐ „Ô  Ðbe€withdrawn€and€that€you€be€retried,€then€you€are€still€subject€to€allÐ pÀ Ðof€those€various€possibilities.Ð\¬` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àAnd€the€agreement€made€with€the€State€is€gone.Ð4„` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àDo€you€understand€that,€sir?Ð \` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€MELLON:€€Yes,€maððam.Ðä4` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€You€are€telling€me€now€that€you€will€not€testify,€amÐ ¼  ÐI€correct?Шø` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€MELLON:€€Yes,€maððam.ЀÐ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Have€you€discussed€this€matter€with€Mr.€Davis€andÐ X ¨ ÐMr.€Jeffress?ÐD!”` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€MELLON:€€Yes,€maððam.€€Ð#l!` x` x ÐÌà  àLater,€the€defendant€testified,€in€response€to€questioning€by€his€counsel,€as€to€why€he€wantedÐ ô$D # Ðto€withdraw€his€pleas€of€guilty:Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà0Œ ` x` xàOkay.и'#&Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8Œ ` x` xàCan€you€tell€the€Judge€why€you€want€to€withdraw€your€plea?Ð)à$(Œ LŒ L Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà Œ à[F]rom€the€very€beginning€of€this€procedure€I€pled€not€guilty€uponÐ ° Ðâ âthe€charges€that€Iððm€charged€with,€and€I€continued€to€ask€the€question,Ð œì Ðwould€I€take€the€plea€that€was€offered,€and€I€kept€saying,€ð ðNo,ðð€IÐ ˆØ Ðdidnððt€want€to€take€the€plea.ÐtÄ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àAnd€then,€come€October€the€9òòthóó,€I€believe,€my€lawyer,€Bryant€[sic]Ð L œ ÐDavis€said,€ð ðTalk€to€me,ðð€and€I€told€him,€ð ðNo,ðð€I€didnððt€want€to€takeÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€plea.Ð$ t` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àSo€he€said,€ð ðOkay,ðð€and€so€argued€a€continuance.Ðü L ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àSo€here€comes€Mike€Cohan€and,€Broom,€when€my€lawyer€wasnððtÐ Ô$  Ðpresent€and€asked€me€the€same€question.ÐÀ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àAnd€I€told€him,€ð ðNo,ðð€I€did€not€want€to€take€a€plea.Иè ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àAnd€that€I€wanted€to€go€to€trial.ÐpÀ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àAnd€then,€Mike€kept€saying,€ð ðWell,€youððre€going€to€get€the€deathÐ H˜ Ðpenalty€if€you€donððt€take€the€plea€agreement.ððÐ4„` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àAnd€then€I€said,€ð ðWell,ðð€I€said€I€wanted€to€take€it.Ð \` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àAnd€I€feel€like€that€I€was€pressured€into€taking€the€plea€becauseÐ ä4 Ðin€the€very€beginning€I€said,€ð ðNo,ðð€until€they€came€and€asked€me€theÐ Ð  Ðsame€question€after€I€said,€ð ðNo.ððм ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àI€got€so€aggravated€that€I€said,€ð ðYesðð€to€the€plea€agreement.Дä` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àBut€during€the€plea€agreement,€when,€the€Judge€was€reading€it€offÐ l¼ Ðto€me€in€Court€I€did€not€understand€that€I€was€to€testify€against€all€myÐ X ¨ Ðco„defendants.ÐD!”` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Okay.Ð#l!` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà Œ àDid€you€give€us€any€reasons€before€you€pled€as€to€why€you€did€notÐ ô$D # Ðwant€to€take€the€plea€offer?Ðà%0!$` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà Œ àFor€one,€I€didnððt€want€to€be€labeled€as€a€snitch€in€prison.и'#&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àAnd€two,€in€prison€people€like€that€get€killed.Ð)à$(` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àAnd€three,€I€never€grew€up€to,€you€know,€to€tell€on€people.Ðh+¸&*` x` x Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àI€feel€like€my€life€would€be€threatened€if€I€was€to€testify.а` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà0Œ ` x` xàHas€your€life,€or€your€physical€body€been€threatened€at€all?Ј، xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà0Œ ` x` xàNo,€not€at€this€point.Ð`°Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà0Œ ` x` xàWhat€happened€when€you€left€here,€after€October€the€9òòthóó?Ð8 ˆŒ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà Œ àI€was€on,€I€got€back€to€Brushy€on€October€the€14òòthóó,€and,Ð  ` Ðautomatically€on€my€return€they€locked€me€down€on€administrativeÐ ü L  Ðlock€down,€which€is€protective€custody,€because€there€were€rumorsÐ è 8  Ðgoing€around€Brushy€that€some€people€were€going€to€kill€me.ÐÔ$ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Now,€when€was€this,€Mr.€Mellon?Ьü ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àAfter€you€pled€ð!ð€Ð„Ô ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€WITNESS:€€October€the€14òòthóó.€€Yes,€maððam.Ð\¬` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Okay.Ð4„` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà Œ àHow€long€did€you€spend€in€protective€custody?Ð \` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà Œ à33€days,€until€I€saw€the€Review€Board€and€they€reclassed€me€andÐ ä4 Ðsent€me€to€Northeast.ÐÐ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà Œ àAt€some€point€while€you€were€at€Brushy€Mountain€did€you€meetÐ ¨ø Ðup€with€ð ðT„Boneðð€Jones?Дä` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà0Œ ` x` xà[Y]es,€sir.Ðl¼Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà0Œ ` x` xàAnd€what€happened?ÐD!”Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà0Œ ` x` xàWell,€we€was€talking,€and€I€told€him€that€I€wasnððt€going€to€testify.Ð#l!Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà0Œ ` x` xàAll€right.Ðô$D #Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àDid€he€seem€pleased?€€Angry?€€At€that€statement€by€you?ÐÌ&"%` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà Œ àNo.€€He€didnððt€act€like,€you€know,€heððs€just€like,€ð ðThatððs€cool,ððÐ ¤(ô#' Ðyou€know.€€Thatððs€about€all€he€said.€€Ð)à$(` x` x Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àFollowing€the€presentation€of€proof€and€arguments€by€respective€counsel,€the€trial€court€madeÐ ° Ðâ âa€lengthy€review€of€the€defendantððs€allegations€and€the€proof€at€the€hearing,€declining€to€allow€theÐ œì Ðdefendant€to€withdraw€his€pleas€of€guilty:Ð ˆØ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àMr.€Mellon,€when€he€entered€this€plea,€was€asked€by€me€whetherÐ `° Ðhe€was€guilty,€and€he€responded€he€was.ÐL œ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àHe€now€says€he€does€not€feel€that€he€is€guilty€of€the€offense,€andÐ $ t Ðthat€the€plea€agreement€was€under€duress,€as€heððs€described.Ð `` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àBut€the€Court€feels€that€the€duress€that€Mr.€Mellon€is€feeling€nowÐ è 8  Ðis€duress€that€occurred€after€this€plea€agreement.ÐÔ$ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à.€.€.€.Ьü ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àI€donððt€think€heððs€given€me€a€fair€and€just€reason€to€withdraw€hisÐ „Ô  Ðplea,€and€I€am€going€to€require€his€plea€to€stand,€which€raises€the€nextÐ pÀ Ðquestion.€€Ð\¬` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€then€determined€that€the€defendant€was€entitled€to€have€his€sentencesÐ 4„ Ðdetermined€by€a€jury,€following€the€presentation€of€proof.Ð  p ÐÌòòÓ  Óóóò òCapital€Sentencing€Hearingó óÐ øH ÐÌÓìÏÓà  àEdward€Allen€Beeler,€testifying€as€the€Stateððs€first€witness,€said€that€he€had€known€theÐ Ð  Ðdefendant€for€three€or€four€years.€€The€afternoon€following€the€murder,€as€he€and€the€defendant€wereÐ ¼  Ðswimming,€the€defendant€told€Beeler€of€the€events€of€the€previous€night:€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà Œ àTell€us€about€that,€please.ЀÐ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà Œ àWhen€I€went€to€pick€him€up€to€go€swimming€and,€when€I€gotÐ X ¨ Ðthere€he€kept€telling€me€he€had€something€to€tell€me.ÐD!”` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à€à Œ àAnd€I€asked€him€what€it€was€and€he€said,€ð ðI€killed€this€boy€lastÐ #l! Ðnight.ððÐ$X"` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àAnd€I€ð!ð€Ðà%0!$` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà Œ àHe€said,€ð ðòòIóó€killed€this€boy?ðð€€[emphasis€in€original]и'#&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà Œ àYes,€he€did.Ð)à$(` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà Œ àDid€he€tell€you€anything€else?Ðh+¸&*` x` x Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà Œ àYeah.€.€.€.€€[H]e€said,€he€said,€ð ðWe€was€out€robbinðð€last€night,ðð€andÐ ° Ðhe€said,€ð ðand€we€rode€up€on€this€boy,ðð€and€he€said,€ð ðand€he€didnððtÐ œì Ðhave€no€money€or€nothinðð€except€for€a€watch€and€a€dollar.ðð€€And€heÐ ˆØ Ðsaid,€ð ðAnd€I€shot€him,ðð€and€he€said,€ð ðI€seen€the€blood,ðð€and€he€said,Ð tÄ Ðð ðit€popped€me€up€and€I€shot€him€again.ððÐ`°` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà Œ àDid€he€tell€you€where€it€happened?Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà Œ àHe€just€told€me€it€was€at€a€phone€booth€somewhere€in€westÐ  ` ÐKnoxville.€€Ðü L ` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€told€Beeler€he€had€been€drinking€and€smoking€crack€cocaine€at€the€time€of€theÐ Ô$  Ðmurder.€€Beeler€described€the€defendant€as€excited€about€killing€someone,€although€the€defendantÐ À  Ðsaid€he€was€still€hung€over€after€being€released€from€detoxification€that€morning.€€Beeler€stated€heÐ ¬ü  Ðdid€not€believe€the€defendantððs€story€until€he€heard€about€the€murder€on€the€news€the€next€morning.€Ð ˜è  ÐBeelerððs€mother€encouraged€him€to€report€what€he€knew€to€authorities.€€On€the€morning€of€AugustÐ „Ô  Ð25,€1997,€Beeler€gave€a€statement€concerning€the€matter€to€a€detective€in€the€sheriffððs€department.€Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àDuring€cross„examination,€Beeler€admitted€that,€at€the€time€of€his€testimony,€he€wasÐ H˜ Ðincarcerated€for€an€aggravated€robbery€conviction€and€also€had€been€convicted€for€aggravatedÐ 4„ Ðburglary€and€theft.€€He€said€that€he€had€not€believed€the€defendant€because€he€did€not€think€theÐ  p Ðdefendant€ð ðwas€capable€of€doing€something€like€that.ðð€€During€redirect€examination,€he€said€that€heÐ  \ Ðwas€neither€seeking€a€reward€nor€expecting€to€ð ðget€out€of€prisonðð€in€exchange€for€testifying.€Ð øH ÐÌà  àThe€Stateððs€next€witness€was€Brad€Park,€a€crime€scene€technician€for€the€Knox€CountyÐ Ð  ÐSheriffððs€Department,€who€testified€that€he€had€been€called€to€the€scene€of€the€Loveday€shooting,€theÐ ¼  ÐCone€Station€on€Kingston€Pike€in€Knox€County,€during€the€early€morning€hours€of€August€24,€1997.€Ð ¨ø ÐA€series€of€photographs€which€he€had€taken€were€introduced€through€him.€€He€said€that€he€hadÐ ”ä Ðlocated€and€photographed€two€nine„millimeter€spent€cartridge€cases,€ð ðone€in€the€rear€driverððs€sideÐ €Ð Ðseat,€and€one€on€the€passengerððs€rear€back€seat.ðð€€Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àMartha€Phillips,€the€Knox€County€Criminal€Court€Clerk,€testifying€from€the€recordsÐ D!” Ðmaintained€by€her€office,€said€that€the€defendant€had€been€convicted€on€February€12,€1998,€for€theÐ 0"€  Ðoffense€of€aggravated€robbery,€in€case€number€64114„A,€receiving€a€sentence€of€twelve€years.€Ð #l! ÐAccording€to€the€judgment,€the€offense€had€occurred€on€August€23,€1997.€Ð $X" ÐÌà  àMatthew€Miller,€the€victim€in€the€aggravated€robbery€which€occurred€at€approximately€11:00Ð à%0!$ Ðp.m.€on€August€23,€1997,€and€resulted€in€the€defendantððs€prior€conviction,€identified€the€defendantÐ Ì&"% Ðas€the€man€who€had€robbed€him€and€testified€that€the€defendant€ð ð€had€stuck€[a€gun]€to€my€head€andÐ ¸'#& Ðtold€me€to€give€him€my€wallet€and€keys.ðð€€Miller€said€he€had€$40€in€his€wallet.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àCaptain€Darryl€Johnson€of€the€Knox€County€Sheriffððs€Department,€investigating€the€LovedayÐ |*Ì%) Ðmurder,€interviewed€the€defendant€in€the€early€evening€on€August€25€and€again€on€the€morning€ofÐ h+¸&* ÐAugust€26,€1997.€€Audiotape€recordings€of€the€defendantððs€statements€were€played€for€the€jury,€asÐ ° Ðwere€two€statements€taken€by€Captain€Johnson€from€codefendant€Anthony€Jones.€€During€the€playingÐ œì Ðof€each€tape,€each€juror€was€supplied€with€a€transcript€of€that€tape.€€A€nine„millimeter€handgun€andÐ ˆØ ÐLovedayððs€watch€were€recovered€from€a€closet€at€the€home€of€Anthony€Jones.€€During€cross„Ð tÄ Ðexamination,€Johnson€affirmed€that€a€knife€was€found€at€the€crime€scene.€€He€agreed€that€a€crimeÐ `° Ðscene€photograph€appeared€to€show€a€knife€at€the€scene€but€did€not€recall€ever€seeing€the€knife€itself.€Ð L œ ÐÌÌà  àFollowing€the€testimony€of€Captain€Johnson,€the€State€rested€its€case€in€chief.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àThe€defendantððs€half„sister,€Angelia€Cunningham,€testified€that€she€had€been€aware€of€theÐ è 8  Ðdefendantððs€drug€and€alcohol€abuse€since€his€early€teenage€years.€€She€said€the€defendantððs€drug€habitÐ Ô$  Ðð ðwas€almost€like€a€every€day€thing.ðð€€She€and€the€defendant€lived€with€their€mother€in€the€WesternÐ À  ÐHeights€housing€project€for€thirteen€years.€€The€area€was€overwrought€with€drugs€and€violence,Ð ¬ü  Ðwhich€worsened€as€she€and€the€defendant€grew€up.€€When€the€defendant€turned€13,€his€attitudeÐ ˜è  Ðchanged,€and€he€began€sneaking€out€of€the€house€and€running€around.€€She€described€the€defendantÐ „Ô  Ðas€a€follower€who€was€easily€influenced€by€others.€€She€said€that€he€had€tried€to€kill€or€hurt€himselfÐ pÀ Ðin€various€ways.€€Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àJackie€Burgess,€a€records€clerk€at€Brushy€Mountain€Prison,€testified€that€the€defendant€hadÐ 4„ Ðbeen€cited€for€two€nonviolent€violations€of€prison€policies€since€his€incarceration,€both€occurring€onÐ  p ÐOctober€6,€1998.€€She€said€that,€according€to€their€records,€he€had€been€placed€in€protective€custodyÐ  \ Ðon€October€16,€1998,€after€a€newspaper€reported€that€the€defendant€had€ð ðplea€bargained€for€life€withÐ øH Ðparole€instead€of€death€in€exchange€for€testimony€against€[his]€co„defendants.ðð€€She€said€that,€to€theÐ ä4 Ðbest€of€her€knowledge,€he€had€not€requested€to€be€put€into€protective€custody,€but€that€ð ðas€[an]Ð Ð  Ðinstitution€we€thought€that€that€could€be€a€problem€for€him€later.ðð€€The€defendant€remained€inÐ ¼  Ðprotective€custody€until€November€23,€1998,€when€he€was€transferred€to€another€institution.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àDr.€Claude€Renee€Valesco,€an€associate€professor€of€pathology€at€the€University€ofÐ €Ð ÐTennessee,€testified€that€he€performed€the€autopsy€on€the€victimððs€body.€€The€autopsy€revealed€thatÐ l¼ Ðthe€victim€was€struck€by€two€bullets,€both€of€which€were€recovered.€€One€bullet€entered€the€left€chestÐ X ¨ Ðarea€and€was€recovered€from€the€lower€right€back;€the€other€entered€the€victimððs€left€arm,€traveledÐ D!” Ðacross€the€chest,€exited€the€right€armpit,€and€then€went€into€the€right€arm.€€Both€shots€were€ð ðveryÐ 0"€  Ðdamaging,ðð€and€either€could€have€been€fatal.€€The€victim€would€have€lost€consciousness€within€aÐ #l! Ðmatter€of€several€minutes,€probably€less,€due€to€the€lack€of€blood€flow€to€the€heart.€Ð $X" ЀÌà  àKathy€McKee€testified€that€she€first€met€the€defendant€when€her€father€and€the€defendantððsÐ à%0!$ Ðmother€briefly€dated.€€McKee€had€met€the€defendantððs€father€but€said€that€he€was€not€around€theÐ Ì&"% Ðfamily.€€€She€had€known€the€defendant€for€fourteen€years€and€had€visited€him€in€prison.€SheÐ ¸'#& Ðestimated€the€defendant€had€used€alcohol€ð ðprobably€two,€two€days€a€weekðð€since€he€was€14€yearsÐ ¤(ô#' Ðold.€€She€also€said€that€the€defendant€began€using€marijuana€at€the€age€of€14.€€He€had€a€reputationÐ )à$( Ðâ âin€the€community€as€a€nonviolent€person.€€The€day€after€the€murder,€McKee€visited€with€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðdefendant,€who€appeared€as€if€ð ðhe€had€lost€his€best€friend.ðð€€He€was€sad€and€depressed€and€askedÐ ° Ðwhere€something€bad€would€be€reported€in€the€newspaper.€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àVirginia€Williams,€the€defendantððs€mother,€testified€that€the€defendant€was€born€onÐ tÄ ÐDecember€4,€1975,€and€she€and€his€father€were€together€until€he€was€13€months€old.€€His€father€thenÐ `° Ðcame€in€and€out€of€the€defendantððs€life€two€or€three€times€a€year.€€The€defendant€had€difficultyÐ L œ Ðlearning€in€school€and€failed€the€second€or€third€grade€and€the€ninth€grade€twice.€€The€defendant€wasÐ 8 ˆ Ðtransferred€to€Oak€Hill€Center€at€the€age€of€10€or€11€because€of€a€learning€disability.€€He€was€laterÐ $ t Ðsent€to€Cape€Cods,€apparently€a€juvenile€facility,€because€of€truancy€problems.€€He€also€was€sent€toÐ  ` ÐOverlook€for€testing€and€to€the€Helen€Ross€McNabb€Center.€€At€the€age€of€16€or€17,€he€was€sent€toÐ ü L  ÐCumberland€Hall€by€the€juvenile€court€system€for€drug€rehabilitation.€€The€defendant€was€diagnosedÐ è 8  Ðwith€attention€deficit€hyperactivity€disorder€(ð ðADHDðð).€€Williams€did€not€observe€her€son€usingÐ Ô$  Ðdrugs€or€alcohol€and€did€not€find€out€about€this€until€he€told€her€at€the€age€of€14€or€15.Ð À  ÐÌà  àWilliams€testified€that€she€raised€the€defendant€after€his€father€left.€€While€she€worked,€theÐ ˜è  Ðdefendant€attended€Boys€Club€at€times€and€later€stayed€by€himself.€€She€described€Western€HeightsÐ „Ô  Ðas€€a€ð ðconcentration€campðð€where€ð ð[y]ou€needed€to€stay€to€yourself€most€of€the€time.ðð€€The€defendantÐ pÀ Ðdid€not€get€into€any€serious€trouble€there€but€was€involved€in€auto€theft€as€a€teenager.€€In€1992,€sheÐ \¬ Ðswore€out€a€petition€in€juvenile€court€stating€that€she€could€no€longer€control€the€defendant.€€TheÐ H˜ Ðmorning€after€the€murder,€the€defendantððs€father€brought€him€home€from€detoxification,€and€theÐ 4„ Ðdefendant€appeared€to€be€depressed.€€She€recalled€that€he€told€her€several€times€that€day€that€he€lovedÐ  p Ðher.€€When€she€visited€the€defendant€in€prison,€he€hung€his€head€down€in€sorrow.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àFormer€Knoxville€Patrol€Officer€John€Hankins€testified€that€at€about€12:45€a.m.€on€AugustÐ ä4 Ð24,€1997,€he€observed€a€car€commit€a€traffic€offense€as€it€was€leaving€an€apartment€complex€onÐ Ð  ÐWestern€Avenue.€€Two€white€males€were€in€the€front€seat,€and€two€black€males€were€in€the€backseat.€Ð ¼  ÐHankins€activated€his€blue€lights€and€siren€and€attempted€to€make€a€traffic€stop,€but€the€carÐ ¨ø Ðcontinued.€€Near€the€College€Homes€housing€project,€the€two€black€males€jumped€from€the€car,Ð ”ä Ðwhich€continued€onward.€€Officer€Hankins€followed€the€car,€which€eventually€stopped.€€HeÐ €Ð Ðapprehended€the€defendant€and€the€driver,€David€Jones.€€The€defendant€was€cited€for€publicÐ l¼ Ðintoxication€and€taken€to€detoxification€for€the€night.€€Although€the€defendant€and€David€JonesÐ X ¨ Ðreported€that€the€two€black€males€who€had€earlier€fled€from€the€vehicle€had€been€trying€to€rob€andÐ D!” Ðkill€them,€they€did€not€mention€the€nightððs€robberies€or€murder.Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àIn€his€testimony,€the€twenty„three„year„old€defendant€provided€additional€information€as€toÐ $X" Ðhis€background.€€At€the€time€of€the€Loveday€killing,€he€was€unmarried€and€had€a€young€son.€€HeÐ ô$D # Ðalways€found€it€hard€to€pay€attention€in€school,€was€often€truant,€and€failed€the€sixth€grade€beforeÐ à%0!$ Ðdropping€out€in€the€ninth€grade.€€He€periodically€worked€as€a€house€painter.€€He€began€drinkingÐ Ì&"% Ðalcohol€at€age€12,€which€behavior€escalated€to€a€daily€habit€as€a€teenager.€€His€drug€use€began€withÐ ¸'#& Ðmarijuana€at€age€9€and€by€the€time€he€was€15€years€old,€he€was€using€crack€cocaine€and€laterÐ ¤(ô#' Ðmorphine.€€He€was€ð ðout€on€the€streets€sixty„three€days€in€ðð97,€and€.€.€.€drunk€every€day.ðð€€He€was€inÐ )à$( Ðan€alcohol€and€drug€rehabilitation€program€at€Cumberland€Hall€for€nine€months€in€1993€and€stayedÐ |*Ì%) Ðoff€drugs€and€alcohol€for€approximately€six€months€after€his€release.€€He€then€began€socializing€withÐ h+¸&* Ðhis€old€friends€and€began€drinking€again.€€He€had€several€head€injuries€during€his€youth,€onceÐ ° Ðinjuring€his€head€on€a€steel€pole€and,€another€time,€running€into€a€lifeguard€stand€which€knocked€himÐ œì Ðunconscious.€€His€criminal€record€included€auto€theft,€credit€card€fraud,€possession€of€a€weapon,€twoÐ ˆØ Ðcounts€of€reckless€endangerment€which€were€reduced€to€misdemeanors,€driving€offenses,€andÐ tÄ Ðcriminal€impersonation,€but€no€violent€crimes.€€He€had€not€seen€his€father€in€two€years€at€the€timeÐ `° Ðof€the€sentencing€hearing.€€His€father€had€not€visited€him€in€prison.€€As€a€child,€he€mostly€saw€hisÐ L œ Ðfather€on€birthdays€and€holidays.€€His€stepfather€raised€him€for€six€or€seven€years,€and€they€had€aÐ 8 ˆ Ðgood€relationship.€€His€problems€began€at€age€12€when€he€began€running€around€with€older€crowdsÐ $ t Ðð ðwho€had€always€been€in€trouble€with€the€law.ðð€€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€testified€that€in€August€1997,€the€month€when€the€instant€offenses€occurred,Ð è 8  Ðhe€was€21€years€old€and€lived€with€his€mother€in€Fountain€City.€€On€August€23,€he€had€been€drinkingÐ Ô$  Ðand€doing€crack€cocaine.€€That€afternoon,€David€Jones€picked€him€up€to€go€riding€in€Jonesðð€car.€€TheÐ À  Ðtwo€then€picked€up€Anthony€ð ðT„Boneðð€Jones€(no€relation€to€David€Jones),€Ernest€Rogers,€and€JoshuaÐ ¬ü  ÐShaw.€€They€drove€around€for€a€time,€smoking€marijuana,€and€Anthony€Jones€displayed€a€gun.€Ð ˜è  ÐRogers€also€displayed€a€.38€caliber€revolver.€€The€group€purchased€liquor,€of€which€the€defendantÐ „Ô  Ðestimated€he€drank€half€of€a€bottle€before€they€continued€driving€to€Clinton€Highway.€€In€the€LoweððsÐ pÀ Ðparking€lot€on€Clinton€Highway,€the€defendant€observed€Matthew€Miller€sitting€in€a€nearby€car€underÐ \¬ Ða€large€street€lamp.€€The€defendant€was€the€only€person€who€exited€Jonesðð€vehicle,€and€he€did€notÐ H˜ Ðcover€his€face€when€he€approached€Miller€and€asked€him€for€a€light.€€The€defendant€then€ð ðshowedððÐ 4„ ÐMiller€his€gun€and€told€Miller€to€give€him€his€money€and€wallet.€He€testified€that€he€pled€guilty€toÐ  p Ðthe€aggravated€robbery€of€Matthew€Miller€because€he€had€ð ðcommitted€a€crime.ððÐ  \ ÐÌà  àAfter€the€Miller€robbery,€they€continued€driving,€first€to€the€Christenberry€area€and€thenÐ ä4 Ðtowards€west€Knoxville.€€The€defendant€testified€he€was€ð ðprobably€very€intoxicatedðð€by€this€time.€Ð Ð  ÐIn€Farragut,€they€drove€to€a€Cone€gas€station€just€off€Kingston€Pike.€€The€station€was€closed,€and€aÐ ¼  Ðyoung€man,€Robert€Scott€Loveday,€was€using€the€pay€phone€outside.€€David€Jones€and€AnthonyÐ ¨ø ÐJones€remained€in€the€vehicle.€€The€defendant€and€Rogers,€armed€with€guns,€exited€the€car,€intendingÐ ”ä Ðto€rob€Loveday.€€They€approached€Loveday€as€he€sat€in€his€car€using€the€phone,€and€the€defendantÐ €Ð Ðordered€him€to€turn€over€his€money.€€As€Loveday€began€emptying€his€pockets,€Anthony€Jones€gotÐ l¼ Ðout€of€the€car.€€The€defendant€testified€that€he€saw€what€he€believed€was€a€knife€come€out€ofÐ X ¨ ÐLovedayððs€pocket€but,€before€he€could€react,€his€gun€was€grabbed€out€of€his€hand€and€shots€wereÐ D!” Ðfired.€€Loveday€was€still€sitting€in€the€driverððs€seat€of€his€car€when€two€shots€were€fired.€€TheÐ 0"€  Ðdefendant€denied€shooting€the€victim,€saying€he€had€intended€only€to€rob€Loveday,€just€as€he€hadÐ #l! Ðrobbed€Miller,€but€never€intended€to€harm€him.€€He€explained€that€he€had€given€two€differingÐ $X" Ðstatements€when€first€questioned€about€the€murder€because€he€was€afraid,€but€the€last€statement€heÐ ô$D # Ðgave€was€truthful.€€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€said€that,€after€the€shooting,€he€had€talked€to€Edward€Beeler€because€he€ð ðhadÐ ¸'#& Ðto€talk€to€somebody.€€It€was€on€my€mind.€€And,€you€know,€I€couldnððt€keep€it€inside€because€I€wasÐ ¤(ô#' Ðhurting.ðð€At€the€time,€he€thought€that€Beeler€had€been€ð ðdoing€more€thanðð€drinking,€and€had€usedÐ )à$( Ðâ âmorphine€ð ðbecause€he€kept€nodding€out.ðð€He€said€he€told€Beeler€ð ðthat€someone€had€been€shot,€toÐ |*Ì%) Ðwatch€it€on€the€news,€but€[€]€did€not€tell€him€that€[he]€had€shot€no€one€[sic],€or€who€had€been€shot.ðð€Ð ° ÐÌâ âà  àIn€December€1997,€as€both€were€incarcerated,€he€and€Anthony€Jones€were€placed€in€the€sameÐ ˆØ Ðholding€cell.€€Jones€ð ðsmackedðð€him,€and€the€two€fought.€€The€defendant€said€he€has€thought€aboutÐ tÄ Ðthe€murder€every€day€and€felt€remorseful€and€sorry€for€the€victimððs€family.€€He€felt€there€was€nothingÐ `° Ðhe€could€have€done€to€prevent€the€murder,€because€he€did€not€know€it€was€going€to€happen.€€He€didÐ L œ Ðnot€ð ðagree€with€what€we€was€doing€that€nightðð€but€never€intended€to€harm€anyone,€and€asked€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðvictimððs€family€for€forgiveness.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€pled€guilty€because€he€felt€the€murderÐ $ t Ðwas€wrong,€and€that€he€deserved€to€go€to€prison€but€not€to€die.€€He€decided€not€to€testify€pursuantÐ  ` Ðto€his€plea€agreement€because€upon€being€taken€to€Brushy€Mountain€after€entering€the€pleas,€he€wasÐ ü L  Ðplaced€in€protective€custody€due€to€the€possibility€of€retaliation€from€other€inmates.€€Entering€theÐ è 8  Ðpleas€was€like€ð ðsigning€a€death€warrant,ðð€and€he€decided€he€could€not€live€with€having€to€ð ðwatchÐ Ô$  Ð[his]€back€all€the€time,ðð€worrying€that€he€would€be€killed.€€He€was€aware€that€another€inmate€whoÐ À  Ðhad€ð ðtold€on€some€peopleðð€had€been€stabbed€fifteen€times€in€prison€and€killed.€€He€and€AnthonyÐ ¬ü  ÐJones€had€seen€each€other€again€while€in€transit,€waiting€to€return€to€prison€after€court,€and€heÐ ˜è  Ðinformed€Jones€that€he€would€not€testify€against€him.€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àDuring€cross„examination,€the€defendant€admitted€he€was€on€probation€at€the€time€of€theÐ \¬ Ðmurder.€€On€that€night,€the€group€discussed€robbing€a€drug€dealer.€€He€did€not€report€the€murder€toÐ H˜ ÐOfficer€Hankins€when€stopped€because€he€was€afraid.€€When€later€questioned,€he€initially€lied€andÐ 4„ Ðsaid€he€never€got€out€of€the€car€when€Loveday€was€robbed€and€killed.€€He€admitted€that€when€heÐ  p Ðgave€his€statement€to€the€police€he€had€said€that€Anthony€Rogers€shot€the€victim€three€times,€ratherÐ  \ Ðthan€two€times,€but€did€so€out€of€fear.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€was€ð ðdrunkðð€on€the€night€of€theÐ øH Ðmurder,€but€conceded€that€his€blood„alcohol€level€was€.042%€at€3:00€a.m.€when€he€arrived€at€theÐ ä4 Ðdetoxification€center.€€He€recalled€telling€police€during€questioning€that€he€had€ð ðblowed€a€.042€whichÐ Ð  Ðis€not€even€enough€hardly€to€register.ðð€€He€lied€to€police€when€he€said€that€he€had€not€been€usingÐ ¼  Ðdrugs€and€that€he€was€forced€to€participate€in€the€events€that€night€by€Anthony€Jones€and€ErnestÐ ¨ø ÐRogers.€€He€admitted€to€seeing€Loveday€at€the€pay€phone€and€pointing€him€out€to€the€others,Ð ”ä Ðknowing€they€were€looking€for€someone€else€to€rob.€€The€defendant€denied€that€Loveday€was€shotÐ €Ð Ðbecause€he€had€no€money€and€said€there€had€been€no€plan€to€kill€the€next€robbery€victim€after€theÐ l¼ ÐMiller€robbery.€€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àDr.€Thomas€Schacht€testified€for€the€defense€as€an€expert€witness€in€the€field€of€clinicalÐ 0"€  Ðpsychology.€€He€had€interviewed€the€defendant€for€one€and€a€half€days€in€August€1998€and€testifiedÐ #l! Ðas€to€the€defendantððs€history.€€The€defendant€had€had€persistent€ear€infections€which€resulted€in€someÐ $X" Ðhearing€loss€by€age€5.€€He€had€no€risk€factors€for€early€developmental€problems,€other€than€beingÐ ô$D # Ðborn€to€a€teenaged€mother.€€However,€he€did€have€risk€factors€for€mental€and€behavioralÐ à%0!$ Ðimpairments.€€His€mother€had€been€diagnosed€with€bipolar€disorder,€both€parents€were€substanceÐ Ì&"% Ðabusers,€and€his€paternal€grandmother€had€some€form€of€severe€psychiatric€illness.€€His€natural€fatherÐ ¸'#& Ðhad€a€history€of€violence€and€multiple€arrests.€€His€parents€divorced€when€he€was€an€infant,€and€hisÐ ¤(ô#' Ðmother€admitted€being€an€inconsistent€and€ineffective€parent.€€He€and€his€sister€attended€churchÐ )à$( Ðregularly€on€their€own,€without€either€parent.€€The€defendant€was€often€left€unsupervised€by€hisÐ |*Ì%) Ðmother€and€began€criminal€activities€in€exchange€for€being€supplied€with€alcohol€and€drugs.€€HeÐ h+¸&* Ðreported€acting€as€his€stepfatherððs€chauffeur€at€age€12,€going€with€him€to€bars€so€that€his€stepfatherÐ ° Ðcould€drink€and€the€defendant€could€drive€him€home.€€The€defendantððs€neighborhood€was€dangerous,Ð œì Ðand€he€reported€being€involved€in€many€fights€there€as€a€result€of€being€in€a€racial€minority.€€InÐ ˆØ Ðschool,€he€earned€ð ðunsatisfactoryðð€grades€in€conduct€beginning€in€the€second€grade€and€continuingÐ tÄ Ðthrough€the€sixth€grade.€€A€psychological€evaluation€in€1989€indicated€increasing€learning€andÐ `° Ðbehavioral€problems.€€His€ability€to€think€rationally€was€impaired.€€Evaluators€reported€a€risk€of€brainÐ L œ Ðdamage€caused€by€the€defendantððs€ð ðhuffingðð€paint€solvents€between€the€ages€of€13€and€14.€AcademicÐ 8 ˆ Ðtesting€showed€that€the€defendant€had€severe€problems€with€verbal€comprehension€and€mathÐ $ t Ðcalculations,€in€which€he€ranked€in€the€first€and€second€percentile€ranges.€€A€second€psychiatricÐ  ` Ðconsultation€showed€symptoms€of€severe€emotional€distress.€€The€defendant€had€threatened€suicideÐ ü L  Ðand€had€difficulty€controlling€his€impulses.€€As€of€1990,€school€officials€did€not€feel€that€theÐ è 8  Ðdefendantððs€problems€were€the€result€of€attention€deficit€disorder€or€substance€abuse.€€A€later€reportÐ Ô$  Ðby€Mountain€View€Youth€Developmental€Center,€however,€noted€that€he€had€been€a€heavy€marijuanaÐ À  Ðuser€since€age€12.€€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àBased€on€his€own€evaluation,€Dr.€Schacht€testified€that€the€defendant€suffered€from€a€severeÐ „Ô  Ðpersonality€disorder€with€notable€borderline€and€antisocial€traits.€€Dr.€Schacht€noted€that€in€theseÐ pÀ Ðcases,€individuals€typically€had€ð ðmarked€difficulties€with€impulsivity,€behavior€that€is€damaging€toÐ \¬ Ðself€and€others,€intense€and€unstable€interpersonal€relationships.ðð€€The€defendant€was€found€to€haveÐ H˜ Ðan€I.Q.€of€78,€well€below€average,€and€the€neuropsychological€assessment€showed€he€had€mild€toÐ 4„ Ðmoderate€deficits€in€tasks€requiring€ð ðexecutive€abilities,€the€ability€to€plan,€to€present€a€response€toÐ  p Ða€problem€that€is€organized€and€reasoned.ðð€Dr.€Schacht€estimated€that€the€defendant€had€an€82%Ð  \ Ðchance€of€committing€another€violent€felony€within€ten€years€if€given€the€opportunity€to€reoffend.€Ð øH ÐThe€defendant€had€admitted€to€being€armed€ð ðabout€seventy„five€percent€of€the€time,ðð€if€a€weaponÐ ä4 Ðwas€available,€to€being€in€fights€on€a€regular€basis,€and€to€committing€€ð ðhundredsðð€of€car€thefts€andÐ Ð  Ðmany€residential€burglaries.€€However,€the€defendant€knew€right€from€wrong.€Ð ¼  Ðà  àÌà  àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€proof,€the€jury€sentenced€the€defendant€to€death.€€His€motion€for€newÐ ”ä Ðtrial€was€denied€on€May€6,€1999,€and€counsel€filed€a€timely€appeal€in€his€behalf.Ð €Ð ЀÌÓ  Óò òPetition€for€Writ€of€Error€Coram€Nobisó óÐ X ¨ ÐÓl7ÓÌà  àOn€November€23,€1999,€while€his€direct€appeal€was€pending,€the€defendant€filed€a€petitionÐ 0"€  Ðfor€writ€of€error€coram€nobis,€asserting€that€he€was€entitled€to€a€new€sentencing€hearing€based€on€theÐ #l! Ðinitial€suppression€but€subsequent€discovery€of€ð ðhighly€mitigatingðð€evidence€unknown€to€the€defenseÐ $X" Ðprior€to€his€guilty€pleas€or€sentencing€hearing.€€This€evidence€consisted€of€a€single„page€handwrittenÐ ô$D # Ðdocument,€the€author€of€which€was€unknown,€apparently€memorializing€that€a€witness€named€PaulÐ à%0!$ ÐJames€Brogan€had€said€that€he€had€seen€a€knife€in€or€on€the€victimððs€hand.€€The€state€of€the€recordÐ Ì&"% Ðis€such€that€it€cannot€be€determined€whether€it€is€a€ð ðstatementðð€or€even€exactly€what€Brogan€mayÐ ¸'#& Ðhave€said.€€The€trial€court€denied€the€petition,€following€a€hearing,€and€the€defendant€filed€a€noticeÐ ¤(ô#' Ðof€appeal,€docketed€under€Case€No.€E2000„00957„CCA„R3„CO,€on€February€4,€2000.€€Pursuant€toÐ )à$( Ðthe€supreme€courtððs€holding€in€òòState€v.€Mixonóó,€983€S.W.2d€661,€672„73€(Tenn.€1999),€the€appealÐ |*Ì%) Ðfrom€the€denial€of€the€writ€of€error€coram€nobis€was€consolidated€with€the€defendantððs€appeal€as€ofÐ h+¸&* Ðright,€so€that€the€issue€raised€in€the€coram€nobis€proceeding€would€be€considered€following€theÐ ° Ðdisposition€of€the€issues€raised€in€the€defendantððs€appeal€as€of€right.€€The€issue€of€an€alleged€òòBradyóóÐ œì Ðviolation,€based€upon€the€nonproduction€of€the€Brogan€ð ðstatement,ðð€was€presented€in€the€defendantððsÐ ˆØ Ðamended€motion€for€new€trial€filed€on€May€5,€1999.Ð tÄ ÐÌÓ  Óò òWithdrawal€of€Counseló óÐ L œ ÐÓÃ>ÓÌà  àPrior€to€the€completion€of€briefing€in€this€matter,€the€defendant€and€his€attorneys,€at€hisÐ $ t Ðinsistence,€filed€motions€to€withdraw€from€further€representation€of€the€defendant€on€appeal.€€ThisÐ  ` Ðcourt€denied€the€motions€in€March€2000.€€The€defendant€then€filed€a€òòpro€seóó€application€forÐ ü L  Ðextraordinary€appeal€pursuant€to€Tennessee€Rule€of€Appellate€Procedure€10€to€the€supreme€courtÐ è 8  Ðfrom€the€order€denying€his€motion€to€withdraw€counsel.€€The€supreme€court€granted€the€applicationÐ Ô$  Ðon€July€10,€2000,€and€remanded€the€case€to€this€court€for€the€appointment€of€new€counsel.€€Both€ofÐ À  Ðthe€defendantððs€former€counsel€of€record,€who€also€represented€the€defendant€at€trial,€were€relievedÐ ¬ü  Ðof€further€representation.€€In€September€2000,€this€court€appointed€attorneys€Gerald€L.€Gulley€andÐ ˜è  ÐTim€S.€Moore€to€represent€the€defendant€on€appeal.€€They€filed€a€statement€adopting€the€appellateÐ „Ô  Ðbrief€previously€filed€by€former€appellate€counsel€and€later€filed€a€supplemental€brief€of€their€own.€Ð pÀ Ѐ€Ìò òÓ  ÓòòANALYSISóóà @ à€€€€à @` à€€€ó óÐ H˜ ÐÓ  ÓÌà  àWe€will€now€consider€the€issues€presented€on€appeal€by€the€defendant.Ð  p ÐÌÓ  Óò òÓ9°,X‚XÊŒ –X°,XƒXŒ –X9Óà8  àI.à0ÊÐ Ð àThe€evidence€presented€in€its€entirety€and€as€contained€in€the€recordÐ øH Ðwas€insufficient€as€a€matter€of€law€to€support€a€sentence€of€death.Ðä4ÊÐ ÊÐ  ÐÌó óÓ  Óà  àAlthough€the€defendant€characterizes€this€issue€as€a€challenge€to€the€sufficiency€of€theÐ ¼  Ðevidence,€the€basis€for€his€argument€is€that€the€death€sentence€in€his€case€is€disproportionateÐ ¨ø Ðcompared€to€the€sentences€received€by€defendants€in€similar€cases.€€Accordingly,€we€will€considerÐ ”ä Ðthis€claim€when€we€make€our€proportionality€review.Ð €Ð ÐÌò òà8  àà0ÊÐ Ð àà  àII.à0ÊÊÐ ÊÐ àThe€jury€failed€to€properly€consider€and€weigh€the€mitigating€evidenceÐ X ¨ Ðagainst€the€aggravating€factor€found.ÐD!”ÊÐ ÊÐ  ÐÌó óà  àThe€State€sought€to€establish€two€aggravating€factors:€€that€the€defendant€had€previously€beenÐ #l! Ðconvicted€of€a€felony€involving€violence€to€the€person€and€that€the€murder€was€committed€for€theÐ $X" Ðpurpose€of€avoiding€arrest€or€prosecution€of€the€defendant€or€another.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„Ð ô$D # Ð204(i)(2),€(6).€€The€prior€felony€conviction€relied€upon€was€that€for€the€aggravated€robbery€ofÐ à%0!$ ÐMatthew€Miller,€which€occurred€about€one€hour€prior€to€the€Loveday€murder.€€The€jury€found€thatÐ Ì&"% Ðonly€the€(i)(2)€factor,€of€a€previous€violent€felony€conviction,€was€proven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àAs€to€mitigation,€the€jury€was€instructed€to€consider€that€the€defendant€was€an€accompliceÐ )à$( Ðwhose€participation€in€the€murder€was€relatively€minor,€the€youth€of€the€defendant€at€the€time€of€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðoffense,€and€that€his€capacity€to€appreciate€the€wrongfulness€of€his€conduct€or€to€conform€his€conductÐ h+¸&* Ðto€the€law€was€substantially€impaired€by€a€mental€disease€or€defect€or€by€intoxication.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.Ð ° ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(j)(5),€(7),€(8).€€Ð œì ÐÌà  àAlthough€conceding€that€the€(i)(2)€aggravating€factor€was€proven,€the€defendant€argues€thatÐ tÄ Ðthe€jury€ð ðshould€not€have€foundðð€that€this€single€factor€outweighed€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€theÐ `° Ðmany€mitigating€circumstances€presented.€€He€concludes€that€the€juryððs€decision€reflects€its€failureÐ L œ Ðto€give€proper€weight€to€these€mitigating€circumstances,€many€of€which€were€ð ðnot€of€[his]€making.ðð€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àThe€State€responds€that€the€weight€to€be€given€to€the€mitigating€and€aggravatingÐ  ` Ðcircumstances€in€the€sentencing€phase€of€a€capital€case€is€entirely€within€the€discretion€of€the€jury.€Ð ü L  ÐòòState€v.€Pikeóó,€978€S.W.2d€904,€918€(Tenn.€1998),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€526€U.S.€1147,€119€S.€Ct.€2025,€143Ð è 8  ÐL.€Ed.€2d€1036€(1999).€€The€State€asserts€that,€considering€the€entire€record,€there€is€sufficientÐ Ô$  Ðevidence€to€support€the€juryððs€determination€that€the€(i)(2)€aggravating€factor€outweighed€theÐ À  Ðmitigating€circumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€As€noted€by€the€State,€ð ð[t]he€weight€givenÐ ¬ü  Ðaggravating€and€mitigating€circumstances€is€entirely€within€the€province€of€the€jury.€€The€juryÐ ˜è  Ðdetermines€whether€mitigation€exists€and€whether€the€aggravating€circumstances€outweigh€mitigationÐ „Ô  Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€661€(Tenn.€1997)€(citing€òòState€v.Ð pÀ ÐBarberóó,€753€S.W.2d€659,€669€(Tenn.€1988)).€€Further,€referring€to€the€(i)(2)€factor€in€particular,€ourÐ \¬ Ðsupreme€court€has€stated€that€ð ð[b]y€their€very€nature,€and€under€the€proof€in€certain€cases,€.€.€.€someÐ H˜ Ðaggravating€circumstances€may€be€more€qualitatively€persuasive€and€objectively€reliable€thanÐ 4„ Ðothers.ðð€€òòState€v.€Howellóó,€868€S.W.2d€238,€261€(Tenn.€1993).€€Ð  p Ѐ€Ð  \ Ðà  àAt€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€defendant€testified€as€to€his€life€history.€€He€came€from€aÐ øH Ðbroken€home,€had€little€parental€supervision,€and€grew€up€in€a€dangerous€neighborhood.€€ThisÐ ä4 Ðbackground€contributed€to€his€long€history€of€substance€abuse,€which€began€at€age€9€with€marijuana.€Ð Ð  ÐBy€age€12,€the€defendant€regularly€used€marijuana,€cocaine,€Valium,€alcohol,€and€embalming€fluid.€Ð ¼  ÐEventually€his€drug€use€escalated€to€include€crack€cocaine,€LSD,€crystal€methamphetamine,€andÐ ¨ø Ðother€substances.€€The€defendant€had€a€low€I.Q.€and€learning€and€behavioral€problems,€and€droppedÐ ”ä Ðout€of€high€school€in€the€ninth€grade.€€He€offered€further€proof€to€show€that€he€was€relatively€youngÐ €Ð Ðwhen€the€offense€was€committed,€had€no€prior€history€of€violent€criminal€activity,€was€impulsive€andÐ l¼ Ðeasily€influenced,€and€suffered€from€a€severe€personality€disorder.€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€State€established€through€the€defendantððs€witnesses€that€his€Ð 0"€  Ðmother€was€unable€to€control€or€discipline€him€and€that€his€sister,€who€grew€up€in€the€sameÐ #l! Ðenvironment€as€the€defendant,€did€not€have€a€criminal€history€and€had€never€killed€anyone.€OnÐ $X" Ðrebuttal,€the€State€presented€testimony€that€the€defendant€bragged€to€a€friend€that€he,€personally,€hadÐ ô$D # Ðkilled€the€victim€and€that€he€seemed€excited€about€it.€€In€addition,€witnesses€testified€that€theÐ à%0!$ Ðdefendant€was€on€probation€at€the€time€of€the€murder,€that€the€defendant€stated€that€the€victim€wasÐ Ì&"% Ðkilled€because€he€had€no€money,€and€that€the€defendant€had€an€extensive€criminal€record.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àThe€record€reflects€that€the€jury€was€properly€instructed€on€the€applicable€statutoryÐ )à$( Ðaggravating€and€mitigating€circumstances.€€The€defendant€does€not€contend€that€the€trial€courtÐ |*Ì%) Ðrefused€to€instruct€the€jury€on€any€other€requested€mitigating€circumstances.€€ð ðIt€is€an€elementaryÐ h+¸&* Ðprinciple€of€law€that€jurors€are€presumed€to€follow€the€instructions€of€the€trial€court.ðð€€òòState€v.Ð ° ÐWilliamsóó,€977€S.W.2d€101,€106€(Tenn.€1998)€(citing€òòState€v.€Cribbsóó,€967€S.W.2d€773,€784€(Tenn.Ð œì Ð1998);€òòState€v.€Laneyóó,€654€S.W.2d€383,€389€(Tenn.€1983)).€€As€the€State€observes,€the€jury€rejectedÐ ˆØ Ðthe€Stateððs€attempt€to€establish€the€(i)(6)€aggravator,€that€the€murder€was€carried€out€to€avoid€arrestÐ tÄ Ðor€prosecution.€€The€fact€of€the€defendantððs€prior€violent€felony€conviction€was€clearly€proven€byÐ `° Ðevidence€of€the€judgment€convicting€the€defendant€of€the€earlier€Miller€robbery.€€Against€this€factor,Ð L œ Ðthe€jury€weighed€the€statutory€factors€and€other€proof€offered€by€the€defendant€in€mitigation.€€Ð 8 ˆ Ѐ€Ð $ t Ðà  àFollowing€our€review€of€the€record€on€appeal€and€applicable€authorities,€we€conclude€thatÐ  ` Ðthe€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€the€juryððs€finding€that€the€aggravating€circumstance€outweighedÐ ü L  Ðthe€mitigating€circumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Ð è 8  ÐÌòòò òóóà8  àIII.à0ÊÐ Ð àThe€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€to€grant€defendantððs€motion€to€strikeÐ À  Ðfrom€the€Stateððs€notice€of€aggravating€circumstances€that€the€defendantÐ ¬ü  Ðhad€a€previous€felony€conviction€involving€the€use€of€violence€to€theÐ ˜è  Ðperson.ó óÐ„Ô ÊÐ ÊÐ  ÐÌà  àThe€application€of€the€section€39„13„204(i)(2)€factor€required€the€jury€to€find€beyond€aÐ \¬ Ðreasonable€doubt€that€ð ð[t]he€defendant€was€previously€convicted€of€one€(1)€or€more€felonies,€otherÐ H˜ Ðthan€the€present€charge,€whose€statutory€elements€involve€the€use€of€violence€to€the€person.ððÐ 4„ ÐÌà  àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€sentencing€hearing€and€in€his€motion€for€new€trial,€the€defendantÐ  \ Ðargued€that€the€(i)(2)€aggravator€should€be€stricken,€theorizing€that€the€Miller€robbery€and€theÐ øH ÐLoveday€robbery/murder€were€part€of€a€crime€spree,€and,€as€such,€the€Miller€robbery€convictionÐ ä4 Ðcould€not€be€separately€considered€as€an€aggravating€circumstance€in€the€crimes€against€LovedayÐ Ð  Ðwhich€occurred€only€one€hour€later.€€On€appeal,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€relevant€inquiry€turnsÐ ¼  Ðon€the€meaning€of€the€words€ð ðpreviously€convictedðð€in€section€39„13„204(i)(2).€€AlthoughÐ ¨ø Ðacknowledging€case€law€pointing€to€a€contrary€result,€he€argues€that€the€phrase€should€be€construedÐ ”ä Ðconsistent€with€the€definition€of€ð ðprior€convictionðð€as€set€forth€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€sectionÐ €Ð Ð40„35„106(b),€citing€the€holding€of€our€supreme€court€in€òòState€v.€Blouvettóó,€904€S.W.2d€111€(Tenn.Ð l¼ Ð1995),€in€support.€€Section€40„35„106(b)€contains€part€of€the€general€sentencing€provisionsÐ X ¨ Ðapplicable€to€multiple€offenders€and€provides€as€follows:€€ð ðððPrior€convictionðð€means€a€conviction€forÐ D!” Ðan€offense€occurring€prior€to€the€commission€of€the€offense€for€which€the€defendant€is€beingÐ 0"€  Ðsentenced.ðð€€Interpreting€this€language,€the€òòBlouvettóó€court€concluded€that€the€phrase€ð ðððpriorÐ #l! Ðconvictionðð€means€a€conviction€that€has€been€adjudicated€prior€to€the€commission€of€the€more€recentÐ $X" Ðoffense€for€which€sentence€is€to€be€imposed.ðð€€òòóó904€S.W.2d€at€113.€€Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€because€both€the€(i)(2)€statutory€aggravating€circumstance€in€aÐ Ì&"% Ðcapital€case€and€the€aggravating€factor€of€a€prior€conviction€in€a€noncapital€case€are€used€to€enhanceÐ ¸'#& Ða€defendantððs€possible€penalty,€the€terms€should€be€given€similar€meaning.€€Thus,€by€this€argument,Ð ¤(ô#' Ðbecause€the€Miller€robbery€conviction€was€not€adjudicated€prior€to€the€òòcommissionóó€of€the€LovedayÐ )à$( Ðâ ârobbery/murder,€the€former€conviction€should€not€be€considered€as€a€previous€conviction€inÐ |*Ì%) Ðsentencing€the€defendant€under€section€39„13„204(i)(2).€€Without€this€sole€aggravating€circumstance,Ð ° Ðthe€defendantððs€death€sentence€could€not€stand.€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àThe€State€responds€that€as€long€as€the€fact€of€a€prior€violent€felony€conviction€has€beenÐ tÄ Ðòòadjudicatedóó€prior€to€the€sentencing€hearing€in€the€capital€case€in€which€it€is€offered,€such€convictionÐ `° Ðmay€be€used€to€establish€the€(i)(2)€aggravator.€€òòóóIn€fact,€our€supreme€court€again€recognized€thisÐ L œ Ðprinciple€in€òòState€v.€Stoutóó,€46€S.W.3d€689,€719€(Tenn.€2001)€(appendix):Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌÓ9°,XƒXŒ –X°,X‚XÊŒ –X9Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àOur€Supreme€Court€has€recently€reiterated€its€oft„repeated€holdingÐ  ` Ðthat,€ð ðso€long€as€a€defendant€is€òòconvictedóó€Ô% ‡g ÔÔ%†g£rÔof€a€violent€felony€òòprioróó€toÐ ü L  Ðthe€sentencing€hearing€at€which€the€previous€conviction€is€introduced,Ð è 8  Ðthis€aggravating€circumstance€is€applicable.ðð€€òòState€v.€Hodgesóó,€944Ð Ô$  ÐS.W.2d€346,€357€(Tenn.€1997)€(emphasis€in€original).€€In€òòState€v.Ð À  ÐNicholsóó,€877€S.W.2d€[722,]€736€[Tenn.€1994],€the€Court€specificallyÐ ¬ü  Ðrejected€the€defendantððs€contention€of€a€due€process€violation,€evenÐ ˜è  Ðwhere€the€prosecutor€admitted€that€the€defendantððs€multiple€trials€hadÐ „Ô  Ðbeen€ordered€in€such€a€way€as€to€create€an€additional€aggravatingÐ pÀ Ðcircumstance.€€And€in€òòState€v.€Caldwellóó,€671€S.W.2d€459,€465€(Tenn.Ð \¬ Ð1984)Ô‡dXQXXXQÔ,€the€Court€specifically€rejected€the€argument€that€a€priorÐ H˜ Ðconviction€based€on€a€subsequent€crime€permitted€an€òòex€post€factoóóÐ 4„ Ðlaw.€€This€issue€is€therefore€without€merit.Ô#†XQXXdXQÛu#ÔÔ‡ôû•òXXQÔÔ‡dôû•òòôû•ÔÐ p` x` x ÐÔ#†ôû•òòdôû•w#ÔÔ#†XQXòôû•õv#ÔÌMoreover,€òòBlouvettóó,€cited€by€the€defendant€in€support€of€this€argument,€is€distinguishable€on€severalÐ øH Ðpoints.€€Most€significantly,€òòBlouvettóó€was€not€a€capital€case.€€Because€differing€sentencing€schemesÐ ä4 Ðhave€been€set€forth€by€the€legislature€for€capital€and€noncapital€cases,€and€there€is€no€indication€ofÐ Ð  Ða€legislative€intent€to€apply€definitions€found€in€one€section€of€the€code€to€provisions€in€anotherÐ ¼  Ðsection€of€a€different€code€volume,€the€holding€in€òòBlouvettóó€does€not€support€the€defendantððsÐ ¨ø Ðargument€in€this€regard.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àFurther,€it€appears€that€the€defendantððs€suggested€interpretation€of€a€ð ðprevious€convictionððÐ l¼ Ðunder€section€39„13„204(i)(2)€would€unduly€restrict€the€stated€language€of€that€code€section.€€As€ourÐ X ¨ Ðsupreme€court€recently€reiterated€in€òòState€v.€Owensóó,€certain€considerations€must€be€applied€inÐ D!” Ðstatutory€construction:òòóóÐ 0"€  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIn€deriving€legislative€intent€and€purpose,€we€must€not€ð ðundulyÐ $X" Ðrestrict€[€]€or€expand€[€]€a€statuteððs€coverage€beyond€its€intendedÐ ô$D # Ðscope.ðð€€Rather,€we€are€to€ascertain€a€statuteððs€purpose€from€the€plainÐ à%0!$ Ðand€ordinary€meaning€of€its€language€ð ðwithout€forced€or€subtleÐ Ì&"% Ðconstruction€that€would€limit€or€extend€the€meaning€of€the€language.ðð€Ð ¸'#& ÐMoreover,€the€General€Assembly€has€specifically€directed€thatÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcriminal€statutes€.€.€.€be€construed€ð ðaccording€to€the€fair€import€ofÐ )à$( Ðâ âtheir€terms,€including€reference€to€judicial€decisions€and€common€lawÐ |*Ì%) Ðinterpretations,€to€promote€justice,€and€effect€the€objectives€of€theÐ ° Ðcriminal€code.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39-11-104€(1997).Мì` x` x Ðâ âÌ20€S.W.3d€634,€640€(Tenn.€2000)€(citations€and€footnote€omitted).€€€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àA€plain€reading€of€section€39„13„204(i)(2)€shows€that€the€term€ð ðpreviously€convictedðð€isÐ L œ Ðunambiguous€and€therefore€need€not€be€read€in€òòpari€materiaóó€with€any€other€sentencing€statute.€€AsÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€supreme€court€stated€in€òòState€v.€Caldwellóó:Ð $ t ÐÌà  àà8 ` àThe€language€in€the€statute,€ð ðpreviously€convictedðð€clearly€indicatesÐ ü L  Ðthat€the€date€of€the€conviction,€not€of€the€commission€of€the€crime,€isÐ è 8  Ðthe€important€factor.€€The€order€in€which€the€crimes€were€actuallyÐ Ô$  Ðcommitted€is€irrelevant,€as€long€as€the€convictions€have€been€enteredÐ À  Ðbefore€the€sentencing€hearing€at€which€they€are€introduced€intoÐ ¬ü  Ðevidence.Иè ` x` x ÐÌ671€S.W.2d€459,€465€(Tenn.€1984);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Nicholsóó,€877€S.W.2d€722,€736€(Tenn.€1994).€Ð pÀ ÐÌ€€€Ó9°,X‚XÊö –X°,XƒXŒ –X9Óà  àThus,€we€conclude€that€the€defendantððs€argument€in€this€regard€is€without€merit.€Ð H˜ ÐÌà0  àà0Ê(#(#àà  à€ò òIV.€The€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€to€allow€the€defendant€to€withdraw€his€guiltyÐ  p Ðpleas.Ð`Ê(#Ê(# ÐÌà8  àA.à0ÊÐ Ð àThe€trial€court€did€not€allow€the€defendant€to€withdraw€his€guilty€pleas,Ð è8 Ðalthough€they€were,€in€effect,€uncounseled€pleas€and€there€were€fair€andÐ Ô$ Ðjust€reasons€why€the€pleas€should€have€been€withdrawn.ó ó€ò òó óÐÀÊÐ ÊÐ  Ðò òó óòòóóÌà  àThe€gravamen€of€this€claim€is€that€his€pleas€of€guilty€were,€in€essence,€ð ðuncounseledðð€and,Ð œì Ðtherefore,€involuntary,€and,€further,€that€he€presented€ð ðfair€and€justðð€reasons€for€withdrawing€them.€Ð ˆØ ÐWe€will€examine€these€contentions.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àOn€January€19,€1999,€prior€to€sentencing,€the€defendant€moved€to€withdraw€his€guilty€pleasÐ L!œ Ðin€the€Loveday€robbery/murder.€€Later€that€same€day,€a€hearing€was€held,€and€the€motion€was€denied.€Ð 8"ˆ  ÐOn€appeal,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€should€have€permitted€the€withdrawal€of€his€pleasÐ $#t! Ðon€the€following€grounds:€(1)€he€was€pressured€into€taking€the€plea€agreement;€(2)€he€did€notÐ $`" Ðunderstand€that€the€agreement€required€him€to€testify€against€all€of€his€codefendants;€(3)€he€did€notÐ ü$L # Ðhave€an€opportunity€to€discuss€the€plea€agreement€with€his€mother€before€accepting€it;€(4)€he€wasÐ è%8!$ Ðdenied€the€right€to€counsel€at€the€time€the€pleas€were€entered;€and€(4)€he€felt€his€life€would€be€at€riskÐ Ô&$"% Ðin€prison€if€he€testified€against€his€codefendants.€€Although€the€defendantððs€brief€focuses€on€theÐ À'#& Ðstandard€for€withdrawal€of€a€guilty€plea€pursuant€to€Tennessee€Rule€of€Criminal€Procedure€32(f),Ð ¬(ü#' Ðimplicit€in€his€argument€is€the€claim€that€his€guilty€pleas€were€not€voluntary,€understanding,€andÐ ˜)è$( Ðknowing.€€We€now€will€consider€these€claims.Ð „*Ô%) ÐÐ p+À&* ЇòòÓ  Óò òóóVoluntariness€of€Pleasó óÐ ° ÐÌÓ¼ŒÓà  àIn€òòBoykin€v.€Alabamaóó,€395€U.S.€238,€89€S.€Ct.€1709,€23€L.€Ed.€2d€274€(1969),€the€UnitedÐ ˆØ ÐStates€Supreme€Court€held€that€the€record€must€show€that€a€guilty€plea€was€made€voluntarily,Ð tÄ Ðunderstandingly,€and€knowingly.€€òòId.óó,€395€U.S.€at€242,€89€S.€Ct.€at€1711.€€As€our€supreme€courtÐ `° Ðstated€in€òòState€ex€rel.€Barnes€v.€Hendersonóó,€ð ð[i]t€is€recognized€in€this€State,€as€in€all€jurisdictions,€thatÐ L œ Ða€plea€of€guilty€must€be€made€voluntarily€and€with€full€understanding€of€its€consequences.ðð€€220Ð 8 ˆ ÐTenn.€719,€727,€423€S.W.2d€497,€501€(1968).€€The€record€must€establish€that€the€defendant€wasÐ $ t Ðaware€of€and€waived€his€Fifth€Amendment€privilege€against€compulsory€self-incrimination,€€his€rightÐ  ` Ðto€trial€by€jury,€and€his€right€to€confront€his€accusers.€€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  à€In€Tennessee,€the€acceptance€of€a€guilty€plea€is€further€governed€by€Rule€11€of€the€TennesseeÐ Ô$  ÐRules€of€Criminal€Procedure€and€our€supreme€courtððs€decisions€in€òòState€v.€Mackeyóó,€553€S.W.2d€337Ð À  Ð(Tenn.€1977),€and€òòState€v.€McClintockóó,€732€S.W.2d€268€(Tenn.€1987).€€òòóóRule€11€and€òòMackeyóó€requireÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€trial€judge€to€address€the€defendant€personally€in€open€court€and€explain€the€followingÐ ˜è  Ðinformation€and€rights:Ð „Ô  ÐÌÓ9°,XƒXŒ –X°,X‚XÊö –X9Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àa.)à0Œ ` x` xàthe€nature€of€the€offense€to€which€the€plea€is€offered;Ð\¬Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àb.)à Œ àthe€mandatory€minimum€penalty€and€the€maximum€penaltyÐ 4„ Ðprescribed€by€law;Ð p` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àc.)à Œ àwhen€the€defendant€appears€without€counsel,€the€right€to€beÐ øH Ðrepresented€by€an€attorney,€and,€if€indigent,€counsel€will€be€appointedÐ ä4 Ðto€represent€him;€ÐÐ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àd.)à Œ àthe€right€to€plead€not€guilty€or€persist€in€that€plea€if€such€a€pleaÐ ¨ø Ðhas€been€previously€entered;Дä` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àe.)à0Œ ` x` xàthe€right€to€trial€by€jury;Ðl¼Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àf.)à Œ àthe€right€to€the€assistance€of€counsel€if€the€defendant€elected€to€goÐ D!” Ðto€trial;Ð0"€ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àg.)à Œ àthe€right€to€confront€and€cross-examine€the€stateððs€witnesses€if€heÐ $X" Ðelected€to€go€to€trial;€Ðô$D #` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àh.)à Œ àthe€privilege€against€compulsory€self-incrimination,€which€couldÐ Ì&"% Ðbe€invoked€if€he€went€to€trial;€Ð¸'#&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð ài.)à Œ àa€plea€of€guilty€waives€the€right€to€a€trial,€and€only€a€sentencingÐ )à$( Ðhearing€will€be€conducted;Ð|*Ì%)` x` x ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àj.)à Œ àthe€trial€judge€may€ask€him€questions€about€the€offenses€to€whichÐ ° Ðhe€is€pleading€guilty,€he€must€answer€the€questions€under€oath,€andÐ œì Ðhis€answers€may€later€be€used€against€him€in€a€prosecution€for€perjuryÐ ˆØ Ðor€false€statement€if€he€doesnððt€answer€the€questions€truthfully;ÐtÄ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àk.)à Œ àa€different€or€additional€punishment€may€result€by€reason€of€hisÐ L œ Ðprior€convictions€or€other€factors€which€may€be€established€after€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðentry€of€his€plea;€andÐ$ t` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àl.)à Œ àevidence€of€any€prior€convictions€may€be€presented€forÐ ü L  Ðconsideration€in€determining€the€appropriate€punishment.Ðè 8 ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àÐ ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIn€addition,€the€trial€judge€must€ascertain€whether€there€is€a€factualÐ À  Ðbasis€for€the€plea,€the€plea€is€being€voluntarily€entered,€theÐ ¬ü  Ðdefendantððs€understanding€of€his€entry€of€the€plea,€and€whether€theÐ ˜è  Ðdefendantððs€willingness€to€plead€guilty€is€a€result€of€discussionsÐ „Ô  Ðbetween€the€district€attorney€general€and€the€defendant€or€his€attorneyÐ pÀ Ðbefore€accepting€the€defendantððs€plea.Ð\¬` x` x ÐÌòòChamberlain€v.€Stateóó,€815€S.W.2d€534,€538„39€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990)€(footnotes€omitted).€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àThe€additional€advice€requirement€was€explained€in€òòMcClintockóó,€732€S.W.2d€at€273,€that€itÐ  \ Ðmust€be€made€clear€to€the€defendant€pleading€guilty€that€the€resulting€judgment€of€conviction€mayÐ øH Ðbe€used€to€enhance€the€punishment€for€any€subsequent€offenses€in€a€later€proceeding.€€In€order€toÐ ä4 Ðensure€that€the€plea€is€entered€ð ðintelligentlyðð€and€ð ðknowingly,ðð€ð ðòòBoykinóó€requires€that€the€trial€courtÐ Ð  Ðððcanvass[€]€the€matter€with€the€accused€to€make€sure€he€has€a€full€understanding€of€òòwhat€the€pleaÐ ¼  Ðconnotes€and€of€its€consequencesóó.ðððð€€òòBlankenship€v.€Stateóó,€858€S.W.2d€897,€904€(Tenn.€1993)Ð ¨ø Ð(quoting€òòBoykinóó,€395€U.S.€at€244,€89€S.€Ct.€at€1712).Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àAn€accused€is€not€entitled€to€withdraw€a€plea€of€guilty€as€a€matter€of€right.€€òòState€v.€Turneróó,Ð l¼ Ð919€S.W.2d€346,€355€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€The€question€of€whether€he€should€be€permitted€toÐ X ¨ Ðdo€so€is€addressed€to€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€court€regardless€of€when€the€motion€is€filed.€Ð D!” ÐòòId.óó€€An€appellate€court€will€not€interfere€with€the€exercise€of€this€discretion€unless€clear€abuseÐ 0"€  Ðappears€on€the€face€of€the€record,€meaning€that€there€is€no€substantial€evidence€to€support€theÐ #l! Ðconclusion€of€the€trial€court.Ð $X" Ѐ€€€€Ð ô$D # Ðà  àThe€defendant€does€not€complain€that€he€was€not€aware€of€his€federal€constitutional€ð ðòòBoykinóóÐ à%0!$ Ðrights,ðð€òòóóand€the€submission€hearing€transcript€reflects€a€valid€waiver€of€these€rights.€€Rather,€inÐ Ì&"% Ðseeking€the€withdrawal€of€his€pleas€in€the€trial€court,€the€defendant€first€argued€that€he€did€notÐ ¸'#& Ðunderstand€that€the€recommended€sentence€of€life€with€the€possibility€of€parole€was€conditionedÐ ¤(ô#' Ðupon€his€testifying€against€all€of€his€codefendants.€€Ð )à$( ÐÌà  àThe€plea€agreement€form€executed€by€the€defendant€expressly€provides€that€the:Ð h+¸&* Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant€agrees€that€he€will,€if€called€upon,€testify€truthfully€in€anyÐ ° Ðother€proceeding€in€connection€with€this€incident.€€Said€testimonyÐ œì Ðwill€be€consistent€with€the€statements€defendant€made€to€KnoxÐ ˆØ ÐCounty€Sheriff's€Department€officers.€€ÐtÄ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àSentencing€in€this€case€is€reserved.ÐL œ` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€transcript€of€the€submission€hearing€reflects€that€the€trial€court€questioned€the€defendantÐ $ t Ðas€to€this€provision€of€the€agreement:Ð  ` ÐÌÓ6°,XƒXö –X°,XƒXŒ –X6Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€And€do€you€understand,€sir,€that€until€.€.€.€weððve€gotÐ è 8  Ðto€the€point€of€testimony,€or€conclusion€of€the€cases€of€the€co„Ð Ô$  Ðdefendants€sentencing€will€be€reserved,€and€you€will€wait€forÐ À  Ðsentence,€and€it€is€agreed€further€that€you€will€testify€truthfully€andÐ ¬ü  Ðconsistently€with€the€statements€that€you€previously€made?Иè ` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` àà ö àDo€you€understand€all€that,€sir?Ð pÀ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€MELLON:€€Yes,€Your€Honor.€ÐH˜` x` x ÐÌà  àWe€note€that€the€defendantððs€statements€are€that€at€the€time€of€the€two€incidents,€hisÐ  p Ðcompanions€were€David€Jones,€Anthony€Jones,€and€Ernest€Rogers.€€At€the€hearing,€after€theÐ  \ Ðdefendant€had€testified€as€to€his€understanding€of€the€plea€agreement,€he€was€then€asked€about€hisÐ øH Ðintentions€as€to€testifying€in€the€trials€of€his€codefendants:Ð ä4 ÐÓ6°,XƒXŒ –X°,XƒXö –X6ÓÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€MELLON:€€I€would€like€to€say€something.м ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àI€under,€I€did€not€understand€that€I€was€to€testify€against€all€co„Ð ”ä Ðdefendants.ЀÐ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àI€thought€it€would€be€Anthony,€Anthony€Jones,€only.ÐX ¨` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àSo,€I€did€not,€I€misunderstood€the€agreement€at€that€point.Ð0"€ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€Assuming€that€it€is€as€to€each€co„defendant,€do€youÐ $X" Ðstill€understand€that,€do€you€still€state€that€you€would€testify€or€notÐ ô$D # Ðtestify?Ðà%0!$` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€MELLON:€€Yes,€maððam.€Ð¸'#&` x` x ÐÌà  àLater,€in€the€hearing,€the€defendant€agreed,€during€cross„examination,€he€had€understood€thatÐ )à$( Ðhis€guilty€plea€agreement€required€his€testimony€at€subsequent€trials:Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* ÐÓ9°,XƒXŒ ¸ h•X°,XƒXŒ –X9Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà Œ àMr.€Mellon,€you€understood€that€you€were€pleading€guilty€to€theÐ ° Ðoffense,€and€that€the€only€thing€that€was€being€reserved€was€the€rightÐ œì Ðof€sentence?€€Whether€you€would€be€sentenced€to€life€with€parole,€lifeÐ ˆØ Ðwithout€parole,€or€death?ÐtÄ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àAnd€on€the€especially€aggravated€robbery€that€you€would€beÐ L œ Ðsentenced€to€fifteen€to€twenty„five€years?Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àYou€understood€that€those€two€things€were€specifically€reserved,Ð  ` Ðdidnððt€you?Ðü L ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà Œ àNo,€I€understood€that€the€plea€agreement€was€life€with€paroleÐ Ô$  Ðwhich€was€fifty„one€years,€with€the€especially€aggravated€robbery€ranÐ À  Ðconcurrent€and€twelve€years€run€consecutive.Ьü ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà Œ àAnd€that€that€sentence€recommendation€was€conditioned€uponÐ „Ô  Ðyour€testifying?ÐpÀ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà0Œ ` x` xàCorrect.ÐH˜Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà Œ àThat€the€sentencing€recommendation€had€nothing€to€do€with€yourÐ  p Ðentering€the€plea€of€guilty?Ð \` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà Œ àI€donððt€understand€that.€€Could€you€clarify€it?Ðä4` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà Œ àThat€your€sentencing€recommendation€had€nothing€to€do€withÐ ¼  Ðyour€entering€the€plea€of€guilty€to€first€degree€murder€or€to€especiallyÐ ¨ø Ðaggravated€robbery.€€It€was€strictly€based€on€whether€or€not€youÐ ”ä Ðwould€testify?ЀÐ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà Œ àYes.ÐX ¨` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€concluded€that€the€defendantððs€pleas€of€guilty€were€voluntary€and€he€hadÐ 0"€  Ðunderstood€that€the€agreement€required€his€subsequent€testimony:Ð #l! ÐÓ9°,XƒXŒ –X°,XƒXŒ ¸ h•X9ÓÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àMr.€Mellon€gave€a€free,€voluntary,€and€knowing€plea€agreement,Ð ô$D # Ðknowing€that€he€would€testify€against€at€least€Mr.€Jones€who€now€heÐ à%0!$ Ðis€fearful€of,€and€that€he€took€this€plea€under€the€stress€of€things.€€ThatÐ Ì&"% Ðhe€understood€what€the€agreement€was.€€Ð¸'#&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àHe€has€told€us€today€that€he€clearly€understood€the€agreement,€andÐ )à$( Ðthat€it€was€conditioned€upon€his€testifying.à p àà È àÐ|*Ì%)` x` x ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à.€.€.€.а` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àBased€upon€the€letter€that€Mr.€Mellon€has€sent,€based€upon€whatÐ ˆØ Ðhe€said€here€today,€at€the€time€of€the€plea€agreement€Mr.€Mellon€madeÐ tÄ Ða€free,€voluntary,€and€knowing€plea,€knowing€the€contingencies€andÐ `° Ðknowing€that€he€had€to€testify€against€at€least€one€of€the€co„Ð L œ Ðdefendants,€if€not€all€of€them.Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àI€think€he€knew€he€had€to€testify€against€all€of€them.€€But€the€oneÐ  ` Ðthatððs€a€big€concern€here€was€Anthony€Jones.Ðü L ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àHe€knew€that€then.ÐÔ$ ` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€record€supports€the€trial€courtððs€finding€that€the€defendant€understood€the€plea€agreementÐ ¬ü  Ðand€his€obligation€was€to€testify€against€all€of€his€codefendants€in€exchange€for€the€Stateððs€sentencingÐ ˜è  Ðrecommendation.€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€also€asserts€that€he€was€pressured€or€coerced€into€pleading€guilty.€€At€theÐ \¬ Ðhearing€on€the€motion,€the€defendant€informed€the€trial€court€of€his€reasons€for€wanting€to€withdrawÐ H˜ Ðthe€pleas.€€He€testified€that€from€the€beginning€of€the€proceedings,€he€informed€his€attorneys€that€heÐ 4„ Ðdid€not€want€to€accept€a€plea€agreement€but€wanted€to€go€to€trial.€€He€continued€to€decline€the€offeredÐ  p Ðplea€agreement€until€October€9,€1998,€three€days€prior€to€when€the€trial€was€to€begin.€€On€thatÐ  \ Ðmorning,€the€defendantððs€counsel€came€to€court€prepared€to€argue€for€a€continuance€of€the€trial.€Ð øH ÐThey€first€met€with€the€defendant,€informing€him€that€the€prosecutor€would€withdraw€the€plea€offerÐ ä4 Ðif€it€was€not€accepted€that€day.€€He€again€informed€his€attorneys€that€he€would€not€plead€guilty.€€AfterÐ Ð  Ðthe€attorneys€left,€Mike€Cohan,€an€investigator€employed€by€defense€counsel,€visited€the€defendant.€Ð ¼  ÐThe€defendant€later€testified€that€Cohan€continued€to€pressure€him,€telling€him€he€would€receive€theÐ ¨ø Ðdeath€penalty€if€he€went€to€trial,€and€that€he€became€aggravated€and€finally€said€ð ðyesðð€to€the€pleaÐ ”ä Ðagreement.€€Defense€counsel€Jeffress€stated€he€was€ð ðastoundedðð€and€ð ðamazedðð€when€Cohan€cameÐ €Ð Ðfrom€the€jail€and€informed€counsel€that€the€defendant€had€decided€to€plead.€€Cohan€did€not€testifyÐ l¼ Ðat€the€hearing.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àDefense€counsel€stated€that,€after€hearing€from€Cohan€that€the€defendant€had€decided€to€pleadÐ 0"€  Ðguilty,€they€returned€to€the€jail€to€confirm€the€defendantððs€intention€and€explain€the€plea€process€toÐ #l! Ðhim.€€Although€the€record€does€not€reflect€when€the€plea€proposal€was€first€offered€to€the€defendant,Ð $X" Ðit€is€apparent€from€the€defendantððs€testimony€that€he€discussed€the€matter€with€counsel€on€severalÐ ô$D # Ðoccasions.€€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àPrior€to€addressing€the€defendantððs€motion€to€withdraw€his€guilty€pleas,€the€court€heard€hisÐ ¸'#& Ðòòpro€seóó€motion€for€withdrawal€of€his€counsel,€and€the€following€exchange€took€place:Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€€Can€you€give€me€an€example€of€a€way€in€which€theyÐ |*Ì%) Ðhave€not€[zealously€represented€you]€at€this€point?Ðh+¸&*` x` x Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€MELLON:€€I€feel€like€that,€I€feel€like€I€should€have€had€moreÐ ° Ðtime,€or€more€access€to€the€lawyers€considering€my€case,€as€severe€asÐ œì Ðit€is,€and€also,€that,€I€never,€I,€I€wanted€to€go€to€trial€from€the€veryÐ ˆØ Ðbeginning.€€So,€I€feel€like€that,€well,€this€is€it.€€I€feel€like€I€needed€toÐ tÄ Ðgo€to€trial,€and€I€feel€like€I€was€coerced€into€taking€a€plea€agreement.Ð`°` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTHE€COURT:€€In€what€way?Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMR.€MELLON:€€Not,€I€wonððt€say€by€the€lawyers.€€But€I€feel€like,€youÐ  ` Ðknow,€they€knew€I€didnððt€want€to€take€the€plea€agreement€from€theÐ ü L  Ðvery€beginning.Ðè 8 ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àAnd€then€I€feel€like,€I€feel€like€the€question€should€have€died€rightÐ À  Ðthen,€and€let€me€proceed€on€going€to€trial.Ьü ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àInstead,€the€question€kept€coming€up,€to€take€the€plea€or€not.€€Ð„Ô ` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€defendantððs€claim€that€he€was€pressured€into€pleading€guilty€is€contradicted€by€hisÐ \¬ Ðtestimony€at€the€submission€hearing.€€At€that€hearing,€he€testified€that€he€had€gone€over€the€entireÐ H˜ Ðrequest€for€waiver€of€jury€trial€and€acceptance€of€guilty€plea€form,€paragraph€by€paragraph,€with€hisÐ 4„ Ðcounsel.€€Asked€whether€he€was€entering€into€the€agreement€ð ðfreely,€voluntarily,€and€knowingly,€thatÐ  p Ðis,€knowing€what€you€are€doing€of€your€own€free€will,€and€without€pressure€from€anyone,ðð€theÐ  \ Ðdefendant€answered,€ð ðYes,€Your€Honor.ðð€The€defendant€further€testified€under€oath€at€theÐ øH Ðsubmission€hearing€that€he€had€thoroughly€discussed€the€matter€with€both€of€his€attorneys€and€thatÐ ä4 Ðhe€was€satisfied€with€their€efforts€and€services€on€his€behalf.€€Although€the€defendant€implies€thatÐ Ð  Ðhe€was€pressured€into€pleading€guilty€by€repeated€discussion€of€the€issue€by€counsel€and€then€by€theÐ ¼  Ðdefense€team€investigator,€the€investigator,€as€we€have€stated,€did€not€testify€during€the€hearing€onÐ ¨ø Ðthe€motion€to€withdraw€the€guilty€pleas.€€Counsel€conceded€to€the€court€that€he€was€aware€that€theÐ ”ä Ðinvestigator€met€with€the€defendant€but€did€not€know€that€co„counsel€was€not€present.€€The€recordÐ €Ð Ðreflects€that€the€defendant€had€entered€guilty€pleas€on€three€other€occasions,€including€the€MillerÐ l¼ Ðrobbery,€was€familiar€with€the€plea€agreement€process,€and€was€aware€that€one€of€his€options€wasÐ X ¨ Ðto€go€to€trial.€€ð ðThe€standard€was€and€remains€whether€the€plea€represents€a€voluntary€and€intelligentÐ D!” Ðchoice€among€the€alternative€courses€of€action€open€to€the€defendant.ðð€€òòNorth€Carolina€v.€Alfordóó,€400Ð 0"€  ÐU.S.€25,€31,€91€S.€Ct.€160,€164,€27€L.€Ed.€2d€162,€168€(1970).€€In€addition,€by€his€own€testimony,Ð #l! Ðthe€defendant€did€not€claim€that€the€attorneys€coerced€him€into€ultimately€pleading€guilty,€only€thatÐ $X" Ðthey€and€their€investigator€repeatedly€advised€him€to€accept€the€plea€agreement.€€ð ðCounsel€may€useÐ ô$D # Ðreasonable€persuasion€when€making€the€recommendation.ðð€€òòParham€v.€Stateóó,€885€S.W.2d€375,€384Ð à%0!$ Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994)€(footnote€omitted).€€The€defendant€has€presented€no€other€evidence€toÐ Ì&"% Ðsupport€this€claim,€and€we€conclude€that€the€record€supports€the€trial€courtððs€determination€that€theÐ ¸'#& Ðdefendantððs€pleas€of€guilty€were€free€and€voluntary.Ð ¤(ô#' Ðâ âÐ )à$( Ðà  àThe€defendant€next€argues€that€he€should€be€permitted€to€withdraw€his€guilty€pleas€becauseÐ ° Ðof€his€fear€that€he€would€be€killed€or€harmed€by€other€inmates€if€he€carried€out€his€agreement€toÐ œì Ðtestify€against€his€codefendants.€€Ð ˆØ Ðâ âÌà  àAfter€accepting€the€plea€agreement€on€October€9,€1998,€and€returning€to€prison€on€OctoberÐ `° Ð14,€the€defendant€stated€he€was€immediately€placed€in€an€ð ðadministrative€lock€downðð€becauseÐ L œ Ðrumors€had€circulated€that€he€would€be€killed.€€He€remained€in€lockdown€for€thirty„three€days€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðwas€then€transferred€to€Northeast€Correctional€Complex.€€The€defendant€stated€he€then€decided€notÐ $ t Ðto€testify€because€in€prison,€he€would€be€labeled€a€ð ðsnitchðð€and€ð ðin€prison€people€like€that€get€killed.ðð€Ð  ` ÐHe€recalled€that€in€December€1997,€after€their€arrest,€he€and€codefendant€Anthony€Jones€were€onceÐ ü L  Ðplaced€in€a€holding€cell€together.€€Jones€hit€him€for€no€apparent€reason,€and€the€two€fought.€€TheÐ è 8  Ðdefendant€testified€that€he€was€also€aware€that€Anthony€Jones€had€had€a€fight€with€anotherÐ Ô$  Ðcodefendant,€David€Jones,€in€which€David€Jones€was€nearly€killed.€€Almost€a€year€after€their€firstÐ À  Ðencounter,€following€his€pleas€of€guilty,€the€defendant€again€encountered€Anthony€Jones€in€a€jail€cell.€Ð ¬ü  ÐThe€defendant€informed€Anthony€Jones€that€he€would€not€be€testifying€against€him,€to€which€JonesÐ ˜è  Ðresponded,€ð ðThatððs€cool.ðð€€The€defendant€explained€why€he€had€not€wanted€to€plead€guilty€butÐ „Ô  Ðadmitted€that€he€had€not€been€physically€harmed€or€threatened€by€anyone€in€prison€since€entering€theÐ pÀ Ðguilty€pleas.€Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€found€that€the€defendantððs€fears€could€not€have€affected€the€voluntariness€ofÐ 4„ Ðhis€pleas€because€they€did€not€arise€until€after€he€pled€guilty€and€returned€to€the€prison.€€The€courtÐ  p Ðobserved€that€the€ð ðduress€that€Mr.€Mellon€is€feeling€now€is€duress€that€occurred€after€this€pleaÐ  \ Ðagreement.ðð€€The€record€supports€the€courtððs€finding.€€The€defendant€testified€at€the€submissionÐ øH Ðhearing€that€he€understood€that€the€Stateððs€sentencing€recommendation€was€based€on€his€truthfulÐ ä4 Ðtestimony€in€any€other€proceedings€involving€the€Loveday€robbery€and€murder.€€Moreover,€theÐ Ð  Ðdefendant€conceded€at€the€hearing€on€the€motion€to€withdraw€the€pleas€that€he€understood€that€theÐ ¼  Ðsentencing€recommendation€was€based€only€on€his€truthful€testimony€and€that€he€knew€when€heÐ ¨ø Ðentered€the€pleas€that€he€would€be€required€to€testify€against€Anthony€Jones€in€particular.€€At€the€timeÐ ”ä Ðhe€entered€his€pleas,€the€defendant€expressed€no€concern€for€his€safety,€despite€an€earlier€altercationÐ €Ð Ðwith€Jones,€and,€in€fact,€waited€until€several€months€later€to€request€that€his€pleas€be€withdrawn.€Ð l¼ ÐThus,€we€conclude,€as€did€the€trial€court,€that€the€defendantððs€claims€of€fear€for€his€safety€do€notÐ X ¨ Ðprovide€a€basis€for€withdrawal€of€his€pleas€of€guilty.Ð D!” ÐÌà  àOn€appeal,€the€defendant€also€argues€that€he€was€denied€the€right€to€counsel€in€entering€hisÐ #l! Ðpleas.€€He€says€that€because€his€decision€to€plead€came€after€he€was€visited€by€an€investigator,€andÐ $X" Ðhe€had€persistently€declined€the€same€advice€from€his€attorneys,€he€was€essentially€ð ðuncounseledððÐ ô$D # Ðin€entering€the€pleas.€€As€further€evidence€of€this€claim,€he€argues€that€because€he€had€filed€òòpro€seóóÐ à%0!$ Ðmotions€to€withdraw€counsel,€the€trial€court€was€aware€that€he€had€a€problematic€relationship€withÐ Ì&"% Ðhis€attorneys.€€However,€the€record€does€not€support€the€defendantððs€claim€that€his€decision€to€enterÐ ¸'#& Ða€plea€was€without€the€advice€of€counsel€on€either€of€these€grounds.€€This€argument€ignores€trialÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcounselððs€testimony€that€after€the€defendant€had€spoken€with€the€investigator€and€decided€to€pleadÐ )à$( Ðguilty,€both€his€attorneys€met€with€him€to€confirm€his€decision,€and,€apparently€satisfied,€thenÐ |*Ì%) Ðinformed€the€prosecution€of€his€decision€and€proceeded€to€the€submission€hearing.€€Further,€at€thatÐ h+¸&* Ðhearing,€the€defendant€testified€that€he€had€gone€over€each€paragraph€of€the€agreement€with€hisÐ ° Ðattorneys€and€understood€its€provisions.€€Although€he€filed€several€òòpro€seóó€motions€to€ð ðwithdrawððÐ œì Ðcounsel€after€entering€his€pleas,€he€told€the€court€at€the€submission€hearing€that€he€was€satisfied€withÐ ˆØ Ðtheir€efforts€on€his€behalf€and€that€he€had€discussed€the€agreement€with€them.€€Ð tÄ Ðà  àÌà  àFinally,€the€defendant€argues€that€he€did€not€have€the€chance€to€discuss€the€plea€agreementÐ L œ Ðwith€his€mother€before€accepting€it,€and€he€felt€that€his€decision€was€ð ðjust€a€rushed€thing.ðð€€Again,Ð 8 ˆ Ðthe€record€does€not€support€that€he€had€any€reservations€about€entering€into€the€plea€agreement€orÐ $ t Ðwas€ð ðrushedðð€into€doing€so.€€He€does€not€reveal€how€further€discussions€with€his€family€or€additionalÐ  ` Ðtime€would€have€altered€his€decision.€Ð ü L  ÐÌ€à  àIn€this€matter,€the€record€belies€the€defendantððs€contention€that€he€did€not€understand€thatÐ Ô$  Ðsentencing€pursuant€to€his€plea€agreement€meant€that€he€would€testify€against€his€codefendants.€€NorÐ À  Ðis€there€evidence€to€show€that€the€defendant€was€coerced€by€his€counsel€or€the€investigator€to€pleadÐ ¬ü  Ðguilty.€€While€he€may€later€have€decided€he€would€not€carry€out€the€agreement€to€testify€based€onÐ ˜è  Ðperceived€danger€or€threats€from€other€inmates,€the€record€supports€the€trial€courtððs€finding€that€theÐ „Ô  Ðdefendant€voluntarily,€knowingly,€and€understandingly€entered€guilty€pleas€in€this€case.€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð pÀ Ðà  à€Ð \¬ ÐòòÓ  Óò òóóFair€and€Just€ReasonÐ H˜ ÐÌó óÓ7÷Óà  àThe€defendant€further€argues€that€even€if€his€pleas€were€not€constitutionally€invalid,€there€areÐ  p Ðð ðfair€and€justðð€reasons€which€satisfy€the€standard€for€withdrawing€a€plea€under€Rule€32(f)€of€theÐ  \ ÐTennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure.€€In€brief,€these€reasons€consist€of€the€defendantððsÐ øH Ðunwillingness€for€the€months€prior€to€his€pleas€of€guilty€to€enter€such€pleas,€of€the€alleged€pressureÐ ä4 Ðupon€him€to€do€so,€and€of€his€fear€as€to€what€might€happen€to€him€if€he€testified€subsequently€as€aÐ Ð  ÐStateððs€witness.Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àRule€32(f)€governs€the€situations€in€which€a€guilty€plea€may€be€withdrawn€prior€to€a€finalÐ ”ä Ðjudgment:€Ð €Ð ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àWithdrawal€of€Plea€of€Guilty.€€A€motion€to€withdraw€a€plea€of€guiltyÐ X ¨ Ðmay€be€made€upon€a€showing€by€the€defendant€of€any€fair€and€justÐ D!” Ðreason€only€before€sentence€is€imposed;€€but€to€correct€manifestÐ 0"€  Ðinjustice,€the€court€after€sentence,€but€before€the€judgment€becomesÐ #l! Ðfinal,€may€set€aside€the€judgment€of€conviction€and€permit€theÐ $X" Ðdefendant€to€withdraw€the€plea.Ðô$D #` x` x ÐÌTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€32(f).Ð Ì&"% Ðà  àÌòòóóà  àIn€this€matter,€since€the€defendant€moved€the€court€to€withdraw€his€pleas€prior€to€sentencing,Ð ¤(ô#' Ðthe€more€lenient€ð ðfair€and€just€reasonðð€standard€applies.€€However,€the€burden€of€establishing€thatÐ )à$( Ðthe€plea€should€be€withdrawn€is€on€the€defendant.€€òòState€v.€Turneróó,€919€S.W.2d€346,€355€(Tenn.Ð |*Ì%) ÐCrim.€App.€1995).Ð h+¸&* Їà  àIn€determining€what€constitutes€a€ð ðfair€and€just€reason,ðð€this€court€has€looked€to€the€factorsÐ ° Ðrelied€upon€by€the€Court€of€Appeals€for€the€Sixth€Circuit.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Patrick€Maxwellóó,€No.€E1999„Ð œì Ð00124„CCA„R3„CD,€2000€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€LEXIS€848,€at€**25„26€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Oct.€27,Ð ˆØ Ð2000);€òòState€v.€Antonio€Demonte€Lyonsóó,€No.€01C01„9508„CR„00263,€1997€Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð tÄ ÐLEXIS€773,€at€*38€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Aug.€15,€1997)€(citing€òòUnited€States€v.€Alexanderóó,€948€F.2dÐ `° Ð1002,€1003€(6th€Cir.€1991)).€€As€discussed€in€òòUnited€States€v.€Spenceróó,€836€F.2d€236,€239„40€(6thÐ L œ ÐCir.€1987),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€486€U.S.€1009,€108€S.€Ct.€1736,€100€L.€Ed.€2d€200€(1988),€those€factors€are:Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à1.€€The€length€of€time€between€the€entry€of€the€guilty€plea€and€theÐ  ` Ðfiling€of€the€motion€to€withdraw€it;Ðü L ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à2.€€Why€the€grounds€for€withdrawal€were€not€presented€to€the€courtÐ Ô$  Ðat€an€earlier€point€in€the€proceedings;ÐÀ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à3.€€Whether€the€defendant€has€asserted€and€maintained€his€innocence;Иè ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à4.€€The€circumstances€underlying€the€entry€of€the€plea€of€guilty,€theÐ pÀ Ðnature€and€background€of€the€defendant,€and€whether€the€defendantÐ \¬ Ðhas€admitted€guilt;€andÐH˜` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à5.€€Once€the€defendant€has€established€a€fair€and€just€reason,€whetherÐ  p Ðthe€prosecution€will€be€prejudiced€should€the€plea€be€withdrawn.Ð \` x` x ÐÌà  àWe€now€will€apply€these€considerations€to€this€matter.€€Because€of€the€relationship€betweenÐ ä4 Ðthe€first€two€considerations,€we€will€review€them€together.€€Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àIn€counselððs€affidavit,€which€was€attached€to€the€motion€to€allow€the€defendant€to€withdrawÐ ¨ø Ðhis€guilty€pleas,€the€defendantððs€concerns€were€traced€as€to€possible€retaliation€by€codefendants€ifÐ ”ä Ðhe€testified€at€their€trials.€€According€to€the€affidavit,€he€had€been€concerned,€prior€to€the€entry€of€hisÐ €Ð Ðpleas,€ð ðof€what€might€happen€to€him€in€prison€if€he€were€labeled€a€ððsnitchðð€as€the€result€of€suchÐ l¼ Ðtestimony.ðð€€The€defendant€advised€counsel€on€October€23,€1998,€that€he€had€been€placed€intoÐ X ¨ Ðprotective€custody€because€of€the€knowledge€of€other€inmates€as€to€his€agreement€to€testify€againstÐ D!” Ðhis€codefendants.€€He€told€counsel€on€that€date€ð ðthat€he€was€seriously€considering€not€to€testifyÐ 0"€  Ðagainst€anyone€as€he€had€agreed€to€do€in€his€plea€agreement.ðð€€His€decision€as€to€this€matter€becameÐ #l! Ðfinal,€and€the€State€was€so€advised,€the€day€that€the€defendant€was€to€testify€against€his€codefendant,Ð $X" ÐErnest€ð ðEðð€Rogers.€€The€motion,€supplemented€by€counselððs€affidavit,€to€withdraw€the€guilty€pleasÐ ô$D # Ðwas€filed€on€January€19,€1999.€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àOur€review€of€the€first€two€considerations,€the€length€of€time€between€the€guilty€pleas€andÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€motion€for€their€withdrawal,€as€well€as€why€the€grounds€for€withdrawal€were€not€earlier€presentedÐ ¤(ô#' Ðto€the€court,€does€not€benefit€the€defendant.€€At€the€time€of€his€pleas€of€guilty,€he€was€aware€ofÐ )à$( Ðpossible€reprisals€as€a€result€of€his€testifying€against€his€codefendants.€€Yet,€he€waited€approximatelyÐ |*Ì%) Ðtwo€and€one„half€months€to€seek€to€withdraw€his€pleas,€not€doing€so€until€he€was€to€testify€againstÐ h+¸&* ÐÑ OY'Ñâ  âѰ°Ñâ  âÑ  Ña€codefendant.€€Thus,€the€defendant€reweighed€his€options,€using€essentially€the€same€informationÐ ° Ðhe€had€at€the€time€of€his€pleas€but,€this€time,€reached€a€different€conclusion.€€Accordingly,€weÐ œì Ðconclude€that€his€motion€was€not€timely€and€was€based€solely€upon€a€change€of€mind.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àBoth€at€the€submission€hearing€and€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€defendant€admitted€his€roleÐ `° Ðin€the€robbery€and€murder.€€At€sentencing,€he€testified€he€knew€what€he€had€done€was€wrong€but€feltÐ L œ Ðhe€did€not€deserve€the€death€sentence€for€his€participation.€€Only€in€arguing€to€withdraw€his€pleasÐ 8 ˆ Ðdid€the€defendant€assert€that€he€was€not€guilty€of€these€offenses.€€Thus,€our€consideration€of€thisÐ $ t Ðð ðimportant€factorðð€favors€the€State.€€òòSeeóó€òòSpenceróó,€836€F.2d€at€239.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àAt€the€submission€hearing,€the€defendant€testified€that€he€was€22€years€old,€that€he€completedÐ è 8  Ðthe€eighth€grade€in€school,€that€he€could€ð ðread€and€write€without€any€trouble,ðð€and€that€he€was€guiltyÐ Ô$  Ðas€charged.€€Although€given€the€opportunity,€the€defendant€asked€no€questions€evincing€aÐ À  Ðmisunderstanding€of€or€seeking€clarification€as€to€the€guilty€plea€process€or€agreement.€€TheÐ ¬ü  Ðdefendant€had€previous€felony€convictions€for€theft€and€fraudulent€use€of€a€credit€card€andÐ ˜è  Ðmisdemeanor€convictions€for€reckless€driving,€driving€with€a€revoked€license,€evading€arrest,Ð „Ô  Ðreckless€endangerment,€shoplifting,€and€vandalism,€as€well€as€for€theft,€trespass,€and€possession€ofÐ pÀ Ða€weapon€on€school€property,€these€latter€charges€incurred€from€the€same€incident.€€Further,€he€hadÐ \¬ Ðjuvenile€convictions€for€auto€theft€and€larceny.€€Thus,€the€defendant€had€previous€experience€withÐ H˜ Ðthe€criminal€justice€system.Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àAs€the€trial€court€correctly€recited,€the€standard€for€withdrawing€a€guilty€plea,€underÐ  \ ÐTennessee€Rule€of€Criminal€Procedure€32(f),€requires€that€the€defendant€show€a€ð ðfair€and€justððÐ øH Ðreason€in€support.€€Considering€each€of€the€defendantððs€proffered€reasons€for€withdrawal€of€the€pleas,Ð ä4 Ðthe€trial€court€concluded,€€ð ðI€donððt€think€heððs€given€me€a€fair€and€just€reason€to€withdraw€his€plea,Ð Ð  Ðand€I€am€going€to€require€his€plea€to€stand€.€.€.€.ðð€Ð ¼  ÐÌ€€à  àOn€appeal,€the€defendant€presents€three€reasons€why€he€was€pressured€into€his€pleas€of€guilty,Ð ”ä Ðmaking€them€involuntary:€ð ðfear€of€the€possible€consequences€of€testifying€against€co„defendantsðð;Ð €Ð Ðpressure€because€of€ð ðthe€Stateððs€and€the€trial€courtððs€insistence€that€he€decide€immediately€whetherÐ l¼ Ðhe€would€try€the€case€or€pleadðð;€and€not€having€the€ð ðbenefit€of€family€input€to€his€decision.ðð€Thus,Ð X ¨ Ðaccording€to€the€defendant,€he€has€presented€a€ð ðfair€and€justðð€reason€why€he€should€be€permitted€toÐ D!” Ðwithdraw€his€pleas€of€guilty.€€We€respectfully€disagree€that€any€of€these€constitute€a€ð ðfair€and€justððÐ 0"€  Ðreason€for€withdrawing€his€pleas€of€guilty.€Ð #l! ÐÌà  àThe€record€shows€that€the€defendant€was€fully€advised€of€his€rights,€which€he€waived,€beforeÐ ô$D # Ðentering€knowing€and€voluntary€pleas€of€guilty.€€He€showed€no€hesitation€or€lack€of€understandingÐ à%0!$ Ðby€his€responses€during€the€submission€hearing.€€The€benefit€to€the€defendant€of€the€pleas€wasÐ Ì&"% Ðevident,€for,€by€doing€so,€he€would€avoid€the€risk€of€being€sentenced€to€death,€and€the€sentencesÐ ¸'#& Ðimposed€would€be€served€concurrently.€€The€possible€risk€of€testifying€against€his€codefendantsÐ ¤(ô#' Ðshould€have€been€just€as€apparent€to€the€defendant€prior€to€the€pleas€as€it€was€afterwards.€€A€finalÐ )à$( Ðobservation€from€òòSpenceróó€is€relevant€to€our€determination€that€the€defendant€did€not€provide€a€basisÐ |*Ì%) Ðfor€withdrawing€his€pleas€of€guilty:€€Ð h+¸&* Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àÔ‡dXQXXXQÔð ðA€swift€change€of€heart€is€itself€strong€indication€that€the€pleaÐ ° Ðwas€entered€in€haste€and€confusion€.€.€.€.€€By€contrast,€if€the€defendantÐ œì Ðhas€long€delayed€his€withdrawal€motion,€and€has€had€the€full€benefitÐ ˆØ Ðof€competent€counsel€at€all€times,€the€reasons€given€to€supportÐ tÄ Ðwithdrawal€must€have€considerably€more€force.Ô#†XQXXdXQ…#ÔÔ‡jXQXXXQÔððÐ`°` x` x ÐÌòòóó836€F.2d€at€238€(quoting€òòUnited€States€v.€Barkeróó,€514€F.2d€208,€222€(D.C.€Cir.€1975)).Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌÔ#†XQXXjXQY!#Ôà  àWe€cannot€conclude€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€in€determining€that€the€defendantÐ  ` Ðhad€failed€to€present€a€ð ðfair€and€justðð€reason€for€withdrawal€of€the€pleas.€€€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àAdditionally,€the€defendant€argues€that€his€statements€to€law€enforcement€officers€were€ð ðsoÐ Ô$  Ðcontradictory€that€[his]€affirmance€of€them€would€be€largely€useless€at€trial,€especially€in€light€of€theÐ À  Ðtestimony€of€Edward€Allen€Beeler.ðð€€However,€the€agreement,€which€was€that€the€defendant€wouldÐ ¬ü  Ðtestify€in€accord€with€these€statements,€did€not€include€a€provision€that€he€could€decline€to€do€so€ifÐ ˜è  Ðthe€statements€were,€themselves,€contradictory€or€duplicative€of€the€testimony€of€Beeler.€€Just€as€theÐ „Ô  ÐState€could€not€repudiate€this€agreement€if€it€concluded€that€the€defendantððs€testimony€wasÐ pÀ Ðduplicative€of€other€proof€and,€thus,€unneeded,€neither€could€the€defendant.Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àThus,€the€record€fully€supports€the€trial€courtððs€conclusion€that€the€defendant€did€not€establishÐ 4„ Ða€ð ðfair€and€justðð€reason€for€withdrawal€of€his€pleas€of€guilty.€€Accordingly,€we€conclude€that€thisÐ  p Ðassignment€is€without€merit.€Ð  \ ÐÌà8  àà ` àò òB.ó óà0Œ Ð Ð àò òThe€trial€court€erred€when€it€did€not€allow€the€defendant€toÐ ä4 Ðwithdraw€his€guilty€pleas€and€proceed€to€trial,€on€the€basis€of€theÐ Ð  ÐStateððs€failure€to€disclose€òòBradyóó€material.м Œ Ð Œ Ð  ÐÌó óà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€he€should€have€been€permitted€to€withdraw€his€pleas€based€on€anÐ ”ä Ðalleged€òòBrady€v.€Marylandóó׃<×Ý ƒ=#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€violation,€explaining€ð ð[w]hen€the€State€has€offered€discovery€to€aÐ €Ð Ðdefendant€that€is€directly€opposed€to€the€later€discovered€evidence,€there€is€a€greater€call€for€a€trialÐ l¼ Ðon€the€merits.ðð€€As€discussed€in€Issue€V,€below,€because€it€does€not€appear€that€the€defendant€hasÐ X ¨ Ðestablished€a€òòBradyóó€violation,€this€issue€is€without€merit.€€€Ð D!” ÐÌÓ9°,X‚XŒ –X°,XƒXŒ –X9Óò òÐ  #l! Ðà8  àV.à0Ð Ð àThe€State€òòóófailed€to€make€full€disclosure€pretrial€of€exculpatory€evidence.ó óаРР ÐÌÔ‡jXQXXXQÔà  àThis€issue€was€precipitated€by€a€handwritten€document,€the€origin€of€which€is€not€clear€fromÐ ˆØ Ðthe€record,€bearing€the€name€Paul€James€Brogan,€11016€Hoghlan€Drive,€671„3842,€and€whatÐ tÄ Ðapparently€is€his€statement:Ð `° ÐÌà8  àà8Ð Ð àPulled€up€across€street€saw€boy€on€ground€called€police€seen€him€trying€toÐ 8 ˆ Ðbreeth€[sic].€€Nife€[sic]€was€in€[or€ð ðonðð]€hand€&€robbers€on€the€ground€nextÐ $ t Ðto€him[.]€€Did€not€touch€anything€bot€[sic]€phone.׃k×Ý ƒ=#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð `YY ÐÌà  àIn€his€brief,€the€defendant€represents€this€statement€as€being€that€Brogan€ð ðhad€seen€an€openÐ è 8  Ðpocketknife€in€the€hand€of€the€deceased.ðð€€However,€the€written€statement€does€not€say€whether€theÐ Ô$  Ðknife€was€open€or€closed.€€Whether€the€writing€says€that€the€knife€was€ð ðinðð€or€ð ðonðð€the€victimððs€handÐ À  Ðcannot€be€determined,€by€our€view,€for€that€word€can€be€read€as€either.€€Thus,€although€this€claimÐ ¬ü  Ðis€premised€upon€the€victimððs€having€an€open€knife€in€his€hand,€the€statement€recites€only€that€he€hadÐ ˜è  Ða€knife,€not€specifying€whether€it€was€open€or€closed,€on€or€in€his€hand.Ô#†XQXXjXQJ,#ÔÔ‡jXQXXXQÔ׃BÜ×Ý ƒ=#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àAt€the€hearing€on€the€motion€for€new€trial,€defense€counsel€asked€that€the€hearing€beÐ \¬ Ðcontinued,€advising€the€trial€court€that€ð ðsometime€ago€.€.€.€within€the€last€two€weeksðð€defense€counselÐ H˜ Ðfor€Anthony€Jones€had€been€provided€with€the€document€bearing€the€name€of€Paul€Brogan.€€CounselÐ 4„ Ðsaid€they€were€provided€with€a€copy€of€the€statement,€as€well,€but€had€not€yet€interviewed€Mr.Ð  p ÐBrogan.€€They€knew€Mr.€Brogan€was€ð ðin€town,ðð€but€the€telephone€number€and€address€given€for€himÐ  \ Ðwere€ð ðevidently€not€current.ðð€Counsel€argued€that,€had€they€known€before€the€trial,€an€open€or€closedÐ øH Ðknife€was€in€the€victimððs€hand,€that€ð ðwould€have€had€a€lot€of€bearing€on€how€we€approached€theÐ ä4 Ðmitigation€phase[].ðð€Ô#†XQXXjXQó1#ÔÓ9°,XƒXŒ –X°,X‚XŒ –X9ÓAdditionally,€the€information,€according€to€the€defendantððs€argument,€ð ðmightÐ Ð  Ðhave€affected€[his]€decision€to€plead€guiltyðð€and,€at€the€sentencing€hearing,€ð ðcould€have€affected€theÐ ¼  Ðjuryððs€regard€for€[the€defendant]€and€[caused€them€to€decide]€that€he€need€not€suffer€the€deathÐ ¨ø Ðpenalty.ððÐ ”ä ÐÔ‡jXQXXXQÔÌà  àIn€assessing€the€value€of€this€statement,€we€first€note€other€evidence€in€the€record€as€to€a€knifeÐ l¼ Ðat€the€crime€scene.€€Two€photographs,€in€the€record€on€appeal,€of€the€Loveday€crime€scene€show€aÐ X ¨ Ðfolding€knife,€with€the€blade€closed,€on€the€ground€by€the€driverððs€side€door.€€In€his€August€25,€1997,Ð D!” Ðstatement,€Anthony€ð ðT„Boneðð€Jones€spoke€of€the€victimððs€having€ð ðeither€a€gun€or€a€knife,€I€donððtÐ 0"€  Ðknow€what€it€was.€€It€was€just€something€gleaming[.]ðð€€Jones€told€officers€that€ð ðbefore€I€kn[e]w€it,Ð ° ÐI€seen€a€gleam€and€I€was€like[]€damn,€this€fool€about€to€kill€me€over€something,€.€.€.€and€before€IÐ œì Ðknew€it,€I€done€grabbed€the€gun€and€shot€him.ðð€€Jonesðð€statement€of€August€26,€1997,€also€told€ofÐ ˆØ Ðthe€ð ðgleamðð:Ð tÄ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àð ðEðð.€€ð ðEðð€had€a€gun€to€the€back€of€dude€head.€€I€was€going€to€take€myÐ L œ Ðpistol€away€from€him.€€I€seen€some€thing€gleaming€in€his€right€hand,Ð 8 ˆ ÐI€was€like,€and€before€I€looked€at€[the€defendant],€I€looked€at€the€dudeÐ $ t Ðagain,€it€seemed€like€somethinðð€was€just€sittinðð€there€just€gleaming,Ð  ` Ðseemed€like€it€was€silver€or€somethinðð,€a€knife€or€gun€or€something,Ð ü L  Ðso€I€just€reacted.€€Ðè 8 ` x` x ÐÌÔ#†XQXXjXQÁ7#ÔÔ‡jXQXXXQÔà  àCounsel€for€the€defendant€had€filed€an€extensive€motion€for€exculpatory€evidence,€includingÐ À  Ðwitness€statements.€€The€fact€that€the€ð ðstatementðð€of€Paul€James€Brogan€was€not€produced€to€theÐ ¬ü  Ðdefense,€pursuant€to€this€discovery€request,€is€the€basis€for€this€claim.€€The€defense€did,€however,Ð ˜è  Ðhave€earlier€notice€that€a€ð ðPaul€James€Broganðð€was€a€witness€in€the€matter.€€The€indictment€chargingÐ „Ô  Ðthe€defendant€with€the€first€degree€murder€and€especially€aggravated€robbery€of€Robert€ScottÐ pÀ ÐLoveday€was€returned€by€the€Knox€County€Grand€Jury€on€October€1,€1997,€and€listed€as€witnessesÐ \¬ Ðten€officers€of€the€Knox€County€Sheriffððs€Department.€€However,€on€June€4,€1998,€an€order€wasÐ H˜ Ðentered€naming€six€additional€witnesses,€four€of€whom€were€not€identified€as€governmentÐ 4„ Ðemployees,€one€of€these€being€Paul€James€Brogan.€€The€certificate€of€service€with€this€order€certifiesÐ  p Ðthat€copies€were€sent€by€United€States€Mail€to€counsel€for€the€defendant.Ð  \ ÐÌÔ#†XQXXjXQÆ=#Ôà  àAt€the€hearing€on€the€motion€for€new€trial,€the€prosecutor€advised€the€trial€court€that€on€AprilÐ ä4 Ð14,€1999,€while€preparing€for€the€trial€of€Anthony€Jones,€he€had€interviewed€Paul€James€Brogan€forÐ Ð  Ðthe€first€time€and€was€told,€regarding€the€statement€and€its€contents:Ð ¼  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àHe€told€me€at€that€time€that€he€did€not€have€a€clear€recollection€ofÐ ”ä Ðwhat€had€happened.ЀÐ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThat€he€had€a€knife€in€his€hand,€he€thought.€That€he€had€made€aÐ X ¨ Ðstatement,€he€thought,€to€the€sheriffððs€department,€and€told€me€at€thatÐ D!” Ðtime€he€wasnððt€sure€whether€the€knife€was€open€or€closed.Ð0"€ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThat€if€it€was€open€that€he€closed€ð!ð€but€whatever€was€said€in€hisÐ $X" Ðstatement€was€what€happened.Ðô$D #` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€prosecutor€argued€that€the€statement€was€contrary€to€the€defendantððs€statement€that€heÐ Ì&"% Ðhad€not€seen€the€victim€with€a€knife,€that€the€statement€was€not€exculpatory,€and€that€defense€counselÐ ¸'#& Ðearlier€had€been€provided€with€a€copy€of€Anthony€Jonesðð€statement€that€he€had€seen€a€ð ðgleam€ofÐ ¤(ô#' Ðsomethingðð€in€the€victimððs€hand.Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àSubsequently,€the€trial€court€denied€the€request€of€defense€counsel€for€a€continuance€of€theÐ ° Ðâ âhearing€on€the€motion€for€new€trial,€noting€that€defense€counsel€had€been€advised€of€the€existenceÐ œì Ðof€Paul€James€Brogan€when€he€was€added€to€the€list€of€witnesses€on€June€4,€1998.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àIn€òòBrady€v.€Marylandóó,€373€U.S.€83,€87,€83€S.€Ct.€1194,€1196„97,€10€L.€Ed.€2d€215,€218Ð `° Ð(1963),€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€held€that€the€prosecution€has€a€duty€to€furnish€to€theÐ L œ Ðdefendant€exculpatory€evidence€pertaining€either€to€the€accusedððs€guilt€or€innocence€or€to€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðpotential€punishment€that€may€be€imposed.€€The€Court€held€that€ð ðsuppression€by€the€prosecution€ofÐ $ t Ðevidence€favorable€to€an€accused€violates€due€process€where€the€evidence€is€material€either€to€guiltÐ  ` Ðor€to€punishment,€irrespective€of€the€good€faith€or€bad€faith€of€the€prosecution.ðð€€òòId.óó€€The€duty€toÐ ü L  Ðdisclose€extends€to€all€information€favorable€to€the€accused€whether€the€evidence€is€admissible€orÐ è 8  Ðinadmissible,€òòState€v.€Spurlockóó,€874€S.W.2d€602,€609€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993),€and€to€informationÐ Ô$  Ðð ðwhich€might€be€useful€to€the€defense[.]ðð€€òòBranch€v.€Stateóó,€469€S.W.2d€533,€536òòóó€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð À  Ð1969).€€òòóóHowever,€the€Stateððs€duty€to€turn€over€evidence€under€òòBradyóó€does€not€extend€to€informationÐ ¬ü  Ðthat€the€defense€either€already€possesses€or€is€able€to€obtain€or€to€information€not€in€the€possessionÐ ˜è  Ðor€control€of€the€prosecution.€€òòWooden€v.€Stateóó,€898€S.W.2d€752,€755€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994)Ð „Ô  Ð(citing€òòBanks€v.€Stateóó,€556€S.W.2d€88,€90€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1977)).€€Further,€òòBradyóó€does€not€requireÐ pÀ Ðthe€State€to€investigate€on€behalf€of€the€defendant.€€òòState€v.€Reynoldsóó,€671€S.W.2d€854,€856€(Tenn.Ð \¬ ÐCrim.€App.€1984).€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àIn€order€to€establish€a€due€process€violation€under€òòBradyóó,€a€defendant€must€show€theÐ  p Ðfollowing:Ð  \ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à1.€€The€defendant€must€have€requested€the€information€(unless€theÐ ä4 Ðevidence€is€obviously€exculpatory,€in€which€case€the€State€is€boundÐ Ð  Ðto€release€the€information€whether€requested€or€not);м ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à2.€€The€State€must€have€suppressed€the€information;Дä` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à3.€€The€information€must€have€been€favorable€to€the€accused;€€andÐl¼` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à4.€€The€information€must€have€been€material.ÐD!”` x` x ÐÌòòState€v.€Edginóó,€902€S.W.2d€387,€389€(Tenn.€1995)€(citations€omitted).€Ð #l! ÐÌà  àWe€now€will€apply€these€considerations€to€this€matter.Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àBy€filing€his€motion€for€exculpatory€statements,€the€defendant€requested€that€he€receiveÐ Ì&"% Ðinformation€such€as€the€ð ðstatementðð€of€Paul€James€Brogan.€€Thus,€this€material€was€sought€by€theÐ ¸'#& Ðdefense.€€However,€the€remainder€of€our€review€is€less€helpful€for€the€defense.€€Although€the€StateÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdid€not€produce€the€ð ðstatementðð€itself,€the€defendant€was€informed€months€before€the€trial€settingÐ )à$( Ðthat€Brogan€was€a€witness.€€Additionally,€photographs,€timely€produced€to€the€defendant,€of€theÐ |*Ì%) ÐLoveday€crime€scene€showed€a€knife€with€the€blade€closed€by€the€driverððs€side€door€of€the€victimððsÐ h+¸&* Ðcar.€€Thus,€while€the€statement€was€not€provided€to€the€defendant,€he€was€advised€of€the€informationÐ ° Ðit€contained,€as€well€as€the€identity€of€its€apparent€author.€€Finally,€evidence€that€the€victim€may€haveÐ œì Ðhad€a€knife€in€his€hand€was€presented€to€the€jury€through€the€tape„recorded€statement€of€AnthonyÐ ˆØ ÐJones.€€Thus,€although€the€ð ðstatementðð€itself€may€have€been€suppressed,€the€fact€that€a€knife€was€atÐ tÄ Ðthe€scene€was€not.€€Ð `° ÐÌà  àAlthough€the€defendant€argues€that€Broganððs€statement€was€significant€because€it€indicatesÐ 8 ˆ Ðthat€the€victim€had€an€open€knife€in€his€hand,€the€statement€itself€makes€no€reference€to€the€knifeÐ $ t Ðbeing€open€or€closed,€and€there€is€no€evidence€in€the€record€of€the€knife€being€open.€€However,€theÐ  ` Ðdefendant€argues€that€eyewitness€information€that€the€victim€had€a€knife,€whether€open€or€closed,Ð ü L  Ðwas€favorable€exculpatory€evidence€which€would€have€provided€the€jury€with€a€ð ðreason€why€theÐ è 8  Ðkilling€took€place.ðð€€In€so€arguing,€the€defendant€attempts€to€reduce€his€culpability€for€the€murderÐ Ô$  Ðby€showing€that€the€actions€of€Anthony€Jones,€for€which€the€defendant€is€held€criminally€responsible,Ð À  Ðwere€never€intended€by€Jones€or€the€defendant.€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àAlthough€conceding€that€the€evidence€of€a€knife€in€the€victimððs€hand€would€not€haveÐ „Ô  Ðprovided€a€self„defense€theory€to€the€offense€of€felony€murder,€the€defendant€argues€that€this€mayÐ pÀ Ðhave€been€relevant€to€the€jury€as€a€factor€militating€against€a€sentence€of€death.€€Indeed,€BroganððsÐ \¬ Ðstatement€would€have€supported€that€of€codefendant€Anthony€Jones€that€he€shot€Loveday€becauseÐ H˜ Ðhe€saw€a€knife€in€Lovedayððs€hand€and€not,€as€the€State€argued,€because€Loveday€had€no€money€orÐ 4„ Ðto€eliminate€him€as€a€witness€to€the€robbery.€€In€the€context€of€a€capital€sentencing€hearing,€whereÐ  p Ðthe€rules€of€evidence€are€relaxed€and€any€evidence€in€mitigation€is€permitted,€the€defendant€contendsÐ  \ Ðthat€Broganððs€statement€was€a€ð ðpowerful€mitigating€factor€which€might€have€tipped€the€scales€inÐ øH Ðfavor€of€lifeðð€for€the€defendant.€€On€the€other€hand,€on€the€basis€of€the€evidence€presented,€the€juryÐ ä4 Ðcould€have€concluded€that€the€defendant€himself€killed€Loveday€were€it€not€for€the€fact€that€the€StateÐ Ð  Ðstipulated€otherwise€at€the€submission€hearing.€€Thus,€we€conclude€that€the€benefit€to€the€defendantÐ ¼  Ðhad€this€statement€been€timely€produced€would€have€been€minimal€at€best.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àWith€respect€to€the€fourth€prerequisite,€our€supreme€courtòòóó€òòóóhas€adopted€the€standard€ofÐ €Ð Ðmateriality€announced€in€òòKyles€v.€Whitleyóó,€514€U.S.€419,€433,€115€S.€Ct.€1555,€1565,€131€L.€Ed.€2dÐ l¼ Ð490,€505€(1995):€€there€is€constitutional€error€if€there€is€a€ð ðreasonable€probability€that,€had€theÐ X ¨ Ðevidence€been€disclosed€to€the€[defendant€earlier],€the€result€of€the€proceeding€would€have€beenÐ D!” Ðdifferent.ðððð€€òòEdginóó,€902€S.W.2d€at€391.€€The€òòEdginóó€court€further€stated:€€Ð 0"€  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[The]€ð ðtouchstone€of€materiality€is€a€ððreasonable€probabilityðð€of€aÐ $X" Ðdifferent€result,€and€the€adjective€is€important.€€The€question€is€notÐ ô$D # Ðwhether€the€defendant€would€more€likely€than€not€have€received€aÐ à%0!$ Ðdifferent€verdict€with€the€evidence,€but€whether€in€its€absence€heÐ Ì&"% Ðreceived€a€fair€trial,€understood€as€a€trial€resulting€in€a€verdict€worthyÐ ¸'#& Ðof€confidence.€€A€ððreasonable€probabilityðð€of€a€different€result€isÐ ¤(ô#' Ðaccordingly€shown€when€the€Governmentððs€evidentiary€suppressionÐ )à$( Ðððundermines€confidence€in€the€outcome€of€the€trial.ððððÐ|*Ì%)` x` x ÐòòÐ h+¸&* ÐId.óó€at€390€(quoting€òòKylesóó,€514€U.S.€at€434,€115€S.€Ct.€at€1566,€131€L.€Ed.€2d€at€506€(additionalÐ ° Ðcitation€omitted)).€€In€other€words,€in€order€to€prove€a€òòBradyóó€violation,€a€defendant€must€show€thatÐ œì Ðð ðthe€favorable€evidence€could€reasonably€be€taken€to€put€the€whole€case€in€such€a€different€light€asÐ ˆØ Ðto€undermine€confidence€in€the€verdict.ðð€€òòKylesóó,€514€U.S.€at€435,€115€S.€Ct.€at€1566,€131€L.€Ed.€2dÐ tÄ Ðat€506.€Ð `° ÐÌà  àIn€this€matter,€the€State€sought€the€death€penalty€based€on€two€aggravating€circumstances.€Ð 8 ˆ ЀThe€jury€rejected€the€Stateððs€attempt€to€establish€that€the€victim€was€killed€in€an€effort€to€avoid€arrestÐ $ t Ðor€prosecution€of€the€defendant€or€the€other€participants€to€the€crime€and€relied€only€upon€theÐ  ` Ðdefendantððs€previous€conviction€for€a€violent€felony€in€sentencing€him€to€death.€€In€reaching€thisÐ ü L  Ðdecision,€the€jury€had€heard€Anthony€Jonesðð€statement€that€he€shot€Loveday€after€seeing€something,Ð è 8  Ðpossibly€a€knife,€gleaming€in€Lovedayððs€hand.€€In€addition,€the€defendant€testified€that€he€did€notÐ Ô$  Ðhave€time€to€react€before€Jones€took€his€gun€and€shot€the€victim€and€that€he€could€not€have€preventedÐ À  Ðthe€murder€because€he€did€not€know€it€was€going€to€happen.€€All€of€this€testimony,€as€well€as€crimeÐ ¬ü  Ðscene€photographs€showing€a€knife€near€the€victimððs€car,€tended€to€support€the€defendantððs€effortsÐ ˜è  Ðto€establish€that€neither€the€shooter,€Anthony€Jones,€nor€anyone€else€in€the€group,€including€theÐ „Ô  Ðdefendant,€intended€to€harm€anyone.€€Rather,€the€victim€was€shot€as€the€result€of€a€robbery€gone€awryÐ pÀ Ðwhen€Jones€reacted€to€something€in€the€victimððs€hand.€€The€juryððs€verdict,€however,€in€which€it€didÐ \¬ Ðnot€find€that€the€victim€was€killed€as€an€effort€to€avoid€leaving€a€witness€to€the€crime,€apparentlyÐ H˜ Ðtook€the€defenseððs€evidence€into€consideration.€€We€cannot€conclude€that€there€is€a€reasonableÐ 4„ Ðprobability€that€the€sentence€would€have€been€different€if€additional€evidence€that€the€victim€had€aÐ  p Ðpocketknife€in€his€hand€had€been€presented.€€In€fact,€because€of€the€crime€scene€photographs,€the€juryÐ  \ Ðhad€evidence€as€to€a€knife€near€the€victim€before€it€and€determined€that€the€death€sentence€wasÐ øH Ðsupported€only€by€the€fact€of€the€defendantððs€prior€violent€felony€conviction.€€As€previously€noted,Ð ä4 Ðthis€aggravating€circumstance€may€be€more€persuasive€and€reliable€than€others.€€òòState€v.€Howellóó,€868Ð Ð  ÐS.W.2d€238,€261€(Tenn.€1993).Ð ¼  Ðà  àÌà  àThus,€we€conclude€that€the€defendant€has€failed€to€establish€that€the€requested€informationÐ ”ä Ðwas€suppressed€or€that€it€was€material€to€his€case.€€No€due€process€right€to€a€fair€trial€was€violated.Ð €Ð ÐÌò òà8  àVI.à0` Ð Ð àThe€trial€court€erred€in€denying€the€defendantððs€motion€to€continue€theÐ X ¨ Ðsentencing€hearing€in€order€that€defendantððs€expert€could€evaluate€Ð D!” Ðmedical€test€data€not€made€available€until€the€first€day€of€the€hearing.Ð0"€ ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌó óà  àOn€the€morning€of€the€first€day€of€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€defense€received€the€results€ofÐ $X" Ðmedical€tests€administered€to€the€defendant.€€The€trial€court€denied€the€defense€request€for€aÐ ô$D # Ðcontinuance€of€one€or€two€days€in€order€to€allow€Dr.€Schacht€to€review€the€data;€and,€the€defendantÐ à%0!$ Ðasserts€he€was€handicapped€in€effectively€presenting€Dr.€Schachtððs€expert€testimony.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àThe€State€responds€that€this€assignment€is€without€merit€because€both€the€results€of€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðproceeding€would€not€have€been€different€if€the€continuance€had€been€granted€and€the€defendant€hadÐ )à$( Ðan€opportunity€to€provide€the€test€data€to€Dr.€Schacht€before€he€testified€but€failed€to€do€so.€€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àWe€note€first€that€it€is€in€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€court€to€decide€whether€to€grant€aÐ ° Ðcontinuance,€and€the€trial€courtððs€decision€will€not€be€disturbed€absent€a€clear€showing€of€abuse€ofÐ œì Ðdiscretion.€€òòState€v.€Hurleyóó,€876€S.W.2d€57,€65€(Tenn.€1993);€òòState€v.€Gregoryóó,€946€S.W.2d€829,€831Ð ˆØ Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997)òòóó.€€This€court€has€further€elaborated:Ð tÄ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[The€trial€courtððs]€exercise€of€that€discretion€will€not€be€disturbedÐ L œ Ðabsent€a€clear€showing€of€prejudice€to€the€defendant.€€The€burdenÐ 8 ˆ Ðrests€upon€the€party€seeking€the€continuance€to€show€how€the€courtððsÐ $ t Ðaction€was€prejudicial.€€The€only€test€is€whether€the€defendant€hasÐ  ` Ðbeen€deprived€of€his€rights€and€an€injustice€done.€€A€reversal€will€beÐ ü L  Ðordered€only€if€the€reviewing€court€is€convinced€that€the€complainingÐ è 8  Ðparty€did€not€have€a€fair€trial€òòandóó€a€different€result€would€or€mightÐ Ô$  Ðreasonably€have€been€reached€had€there€been€a€different€dispositionÐ À  Ðof€the€motion.€€Ð¬ü ` x` x ÐÌòòState€v.€Goodmanóó,€643€S.W.2d€375,€378€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982)€(citing€òòBaxter€v.€Stateóó,€503Ð „Ô  ÐS.W.2d€226,€228€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1973)).Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àThe€record€reflects€that€Dr.€Schacht€testified€extensively€based€on€his€personal€observationsÐ H˜ Ðof€the€defendant,€information€and€reports€he€was€provided€by€others,€and€testing€administered€to€theÐ 4„ Ðdefendant€in€preparation€for€the€sentencing€hearing.€€His€testimony€as€to€certain€neurological€tests,Ð  p Ðupon€which€the€defendant€bases€his€claim€that€a€continuance€should€have€been€granted,€was€asÐ  \ Ðfollows:Ð øH ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà0Œ ` x` xàWhat€were€the€results€of€those€tests?ÐÐ Œ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà0Œ ` x` xà[T]he€results€as€far€as€I€understand€them€were€normal.ШøŒ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà0Œ ` x` xàWhat€tests€were€given?ЀЌ xŒ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà Œ àI€have€not€seen€the€report.€€There€were€neuroimaging€studies.€€IÐ X ¨ Ðthink€there€was€an€MRI.€€I€have€not€seen€the€written€reports€so€I€canððtÐ D!” Ðgo€beyond€that.Ð0"€ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àI€think€weððve€been€given€a€verbal€report.€€Ð$X"` x` x ÐÌà  àAlthough€the€defendant€argues€that€his€examination€of€Dr.€Schacht€was€ð ðhandicapped,ðð€theÐ à%0!$ Ðrecord€does€not€establish€that€the€result€of€the€proceeding€would€have€been€different€or€that€theÐ Ì&"% Ðdefendant€would€have€benefitted€had€Dr.€Schacht€had€been€permitted€more€time€to€review€theÐ ¸'#& Ðmedical€data.€€The€transcript€of€the€hearing€on€the€motion€reflects€that€the€stated€reason€forÐ ¤(ô#' Ðrequesting€the€continuance€was€that€Dr.€Schacht€was€testifying€in€another€trial€at€the€beginning€ofÐ )à$( Ðthe€week€of€the€defendantððs€trial€as€to€punishment.€€As€it€happened,€Dr.€Schacht€testified€at€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðdefendantððs€trial,€as€the€defenseððs€eighth€witness.€€The€Stateððs€suggestion€that€the€defense€could€haveÐ h+¸&* Ðprovided€the€test€data€to€Dr.€Schacht€when€it€was€received€on€Monday€morning€so€that€he€could€haveÐ ° Ðspent€time€reviewing€it€prior€to€testifying€is€supported€by€the€record.€Ð œì ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€has€not€demonstrated€that€any€prejudice€resulted€from€the€denial€of€theÐ tÄ Ðrequested€continuance.€€Accordingly,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€proceeding€withÐ `° Ðthe€matter€as€scheduled.Ð L œ ÐÌà8  àò òVII.à0` Ð Ð àThe€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€grant€the€defendantððs€challenge€to€theÐ $ t Ðconstitutionality€of€capital€punishment.Ð `` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌÓ9°,X‚X4Œ –X°,XƒXŒ –X9Óà8  àA.ó óà04Ð Ð àò òDeath€imposed€by€electrocution,€or€by€any€means,€is€cruel€and€unusualÐ è 8  Ðpunishment€in€violation€of€the€Eighth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€theÐ Ô$  ÐUnited€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€Section€16€of€the€TennesseeÐ À  ÐConstitutionó ó.Ьü 4Ð 4Ð  ÐÌÓ9°,XƒXŒ –X°,X‚X4Œ –X9Óà  àThe€defendantððs€argument€that€the€death€penalty€by€any€means,€but€in€particular€byÐ ˆØ  Ðelectrocution,€constitutes€cruel€and€unusual€punishment€in€violation€of€the€state€and€federalÐ tÄ Ðconstitutions€has€been€repeatedly€rejected€by€our€appellate€courts.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Keenóó,€31€S.W.3d€196,Ð `° Ð233€(Tenn.€2000),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€532€U.S.€907,€121€S.€Ct.€1233,€149€L.€Ed.€2d€142€(2001);€òòState€v.Ð Lœ ÐPikeóó,€978€S.W.2d€904,€925€(Tenn.€1998),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€526€U.S.€1147,€119€S.€Ct.€2025,€143€L.€Ed.Ð 8ˆ Ð2d€1036€(1999);€òòState€v.€Nesbitóó,€978€S.W.2d€872,€902„03€(Tenn.€1998),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€526€U.S.€1052,Ð $t Ð119€S.€Ct.€1359,€143€L.€Ed.€2d€520€(1999);€òòState€v.€Vannóó,€976€S.W.2d€93,€118€(Tenn.€1998),€òòcert.Ð ` Ðdeniedóó,€526€U.S.€1071,€119€S.€Ct.€1467,€143€L.€Ed.€2d€551€(1999);€òòState€v.€Blantonóó,€975€S.W.2d€269,Ð üL Ð286€(Tenn.€1998),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€525€U.S.€1180,€119€S.€Ct.€1118,€143€L.€Ed.€2d€113€(1999);€òòState€v.Ð è8 ÐCribbsóó,€967€S.W.2d€773,€796€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€525€U.S.€932,€119€S.€Ct.€343,€142€L.€Ed.€2d€283Ð Ô$ Ð(1998);€òòState€v.€Cauthernóó,€967€S.W.2d€726,€751€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€525€U.S.€967,€119€S.€Ct.€414,Ð À Ð142€L.€Ed.€2d€336€(1998).Ð ¬ü ÐÌà  àThe€defendantððs€argument€focuses€on€the€ð ðtorturousðð€nature€of€electrocution.€€Under€the€lawÐ „Ô Ðas€amended,€however,€the€defendant€is€subject€to€death€by€lethal€injection,€unless€he€elects€insteadÐ pÀ Ðto€be€electrocuted.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„23„114(a),€(c)€(Supp.€2000).€€Accordingly,€the€ð ðissue€ofÐ \ ¬ Ðwhether€electrocution€is€cruel€and€unusual€punishment€is€no€longer€properly€before€the€Court.ðð€€òòStateÐ H!˜ Ðv.€Morrisóó,€24€S.W.3d€788,€797€(Tenn.€2000),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€531€U.S.€1082,€121€S.€Ct.€786,€148€L.€Ed.Ð 4"„  Ð2d€682€(2001).€€With€respect€to€death€by€lethal€injection,€the€defendant€adds€that€it€is€only€anÐ  #p! Ðassumption€that€death€by€lethal€injection€is€nontorturous.Ð  $\" ÐÌà  àThis€assignment€is€without€merit.Ð ä%4!$ ÐÌÓ9°,X‚X4Œ –X°,XƒXŒ –X9Óò òà8  àB.à84Ð Ð àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204€does€not€sufficientlyÐ ¼' #& Ðnarrow€the€population€of€defendants€convicted€of€first€degree€murderÐ ¨(ø#' Ðwho€are€eligible€for€a€sentence€of€death€in€violation€of€the€Eighth€andÐ ”)ä$( ÐFourteenth€Amendments€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€ArticleÐ €*Ð%) ÐI,€Sections€8€and€16€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.ó óÐl+¼&*4¤4¤ ЇÌÓ9°,XƒXŒ –X°,X‚X4Œ –X9Óà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€sentencing€scheme€in€this€state€fails€to€ð ðprovide€a€meaningfulÐ œì Ðbasis€for€distinguishing€the€few€cases€in€which€the€death€penalty€is€imposed€from€the€many€cases€inÐ ˆØ Ðwhich€it€is€not.ðð€€òòState€v.€Pritchettóó,€621€S.W.2d€127,€138€(Tenn.€1981).€€In€particular,€the€defendantÐ tÄ Ðasserts€that€the€statutory€aggravating€circumstances€set€forth€in€section€39„13„204(i)€fail€toÐ `° Ðsufficiently€limit€the€juryððs€discretion€or€provide€a€ð ðmeaningful€basisðð€for€narrowing€the€class€ofÐ L œ Ðdefendants€eligible€to€receive€the€death€penalty.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àThe€State€responds,€and€we€agree,€that€only€the€section€39„13„204(i)(2)€aggravator€(priorÐ  ` Ðfelony€conviction€involving€the€use€of€violence)€was€applied€in€the€defendantððs€case€and€that€the€useÐ ü L  Ðof€this€aggravator€has€been€repeatedly€upheld.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Caldwellóó,€671€S.W.2d€459,€465€(Tenn.),Ð è 8  Ðòòcert.€deniedóó,€469€U.S.€873,€105€S.€Ct.€231,€83€L.€Ed.€2d€160€(1984).Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àThis€assignment€is€without€merit.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌò òÓ<°,X‚X4ö  h•X°,XƒXŒ –X<Óà8  àC.à84Ð Ð àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204€does€not€sufficiently€limitÐ „Ô  Ðthe€exercise€of€the€juryððs€discretion€because€once€the€jury€findsÐ pÀ Ðaggravation,€it€can€impose€a€death€sentence€no€matter€what€mitigationÐ \¬ Ðis€shown,€in€violation€of€the€Eighth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€theÐ H˜ ÐUnited€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€Sections€8€and€16€of€theÐ 4„ ÐTennessee€Constitution.ó óÐ p4¤4¤ ÐÌÓ<°,XƒXŒ h•X°,X‚X4ö  h•X<Óà  àThe€State€responds€that€this€argument€has€previously€been€rejected.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€857Ð øH ÐS.W.2d€1,€21„22€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€510€U.S.€996,€114€S.€Ct.€561,€126€L.€Ed.€2d€461€(1993);€òòStateÐ ä4 Ðv.€Hurleyóó,€876€S.W.2d€57,€68„69€(Tenn.€1993),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€513€U.S.€933,€115€S.€Ct.€328,€130€L.Ð Ð  ÐEd.€2d€287€(1994).€€Moreover,€a€reading€of€section€39„13„204(f)(2)€reveals€that€the€jury€is€by€lawÐ ¼  Ðrequired€to€impose€a€sentence€other€than€death€if€it€finds€that€the€proven€statutory€aggravatingÐ ¨ø Ðcircumstances€do€not€outweigh€any€mitigating€circumstance(s)€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àThis€assignment€is€without€merit.Ð l¼ ÐÌÓ9°,X‚X4‚,h•X°,XƒXŒ h•X9Óò òà8  àD.à84Ð Ð àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204€mandatorily€requires€theÐ D!” Ðjury€to€impose€the€death€penalty€if€it€finds€the€aggravating€circumstancesÐ 0"€  Ðoutweigh€the€mitigating€circumstances,€in€violation€of€the€Eighth€andÐ #l! ÐFourteenth€Amendments€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€ArticleÐ $X" ÐI,€Sections€8€and€16€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.ó óÐô$D #4¤4¤ ÐÌÓ9°,XƒXŒ h•X°,X‚X4‚,h•X9Óà  àThe€defendant€asserts€that€the€capital€sentencing€scheme€and€section€39„13„204(g),€inÐ Ì&"% Ðparticular,€preclude€the€jury€from€ultimately€determining€whether€death€is€the€appropriateÐ ¸'#& Ðpunishment€in€a€particular€case€because€it€mandates€that€the€death€sentence€be€imposed€if€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðaggravating€circumstances€outweigh€any€mitigating€circumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àThe€State€counters€that€this€argument€has€been€repeatedly€rejected€and€is€without€merit.€Ð ° Ðâ âSpecifically,€our€supreme€court€has€repeatedly€held€that€ð ðððthe€statute,€taken€in€its€entirety,€does€notÐ œì Ðin€any€way€unconstitutionally€deprive€the€sentencer€of€the€discretion€mandated€by€the€individualizedÐ ˆØ Ðsentence€requirements€of€the€Constitution.ðððð€€òòState€v.€Baneóó,€853€S.W.2d€483,€488€(Tenn.€1993)Ð tÄ Ð(quoting€òòState€v.€Boydóó,€797€S.W.2d€589,€596€(Tenn.€1990),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€498€U.S.€1074,€111€S.€Ct.Ð `° Ð800,€112€L.€Ed.€2d€861€(1991)).€€Ð L œ ÐÌÓ9°,X‚X4Œ h•X°,XƒXŒ h•X9Óà  àThis€assignment€is€without€merit.à0 À à€€€€Ð$ tÀ(#À(# ÐÌà8  àò òE.à04Ð Ð àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204€does€not€inform€the€jury€inÐ ü L  Ðspecific€terms€of€its€ability€to€impose€a€life€sentence€out€of€mercy,€in€violationÐ è 8  Ðof€the€Eighth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€the€United€States€ConstitutionÐ Ô$  Ðand€Article€I,€Sections€8€and€16€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.ÐÀ 4Ð 4Ð  ÐÌó óÓ9°,XƒXŒ h•X°,X‚X4Œ h•X9Óà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€failure€to€specifically€instruct€the€jury€that€they€could€haveÐ ˜è  Ðchosen€to€sentence€him€to€life€out€of€pure€mercy€presents€a€ð ðserious€constitutional€infirmityðð€in€ourÐ „Ô  Ðstatute.€€Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àOur€appellate€courts€have€consistently€rejected€the€argument€that€the€ð ðmercy€instructionðð€isÐ H˜ Ðrequired€at€a€capital€sentencing€hearing.€€òòSeeóó€òòCauthernóó,€967€S.W.2d€at€749;€òòState€v.€Bigbeeóó,€885Ð 4„ ÐS.W.2d€797,€813„14€(Tenn.€1994);€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€269€n.6€(Tenn.€1994),€òòcert.Ð  p Ðdeniedóó,€513€U.S.€1086,€115€S.€Ct.€743,€130€L.€Ed.€2d€644€(1995).€€à È àÐ  \ ÐÌÓ9°,X‚X4Œ h•X°,XƒXŒ h•X9Óà  àThis€assignment€is€without€merit.Ð ä4 ÐÌò òà8  àF.ó óà04Ð Ð àò òTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204€prohibits€the€jury€from€beingÐ ¼  Ðinformed€of€the€consequences€of€its€failure€to€reach€a€unanimous€verdict€inÐ ¨ø Ðthe€penalty€phase,€in€violation€of€the€Fifth,€Sixth,€Eighth,€and€FourteenthÐ ”ä ÐAmendments€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€1,€Sections€8,€9,Ð €Ð Ð10,€and€16€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.ó óÐl¼4Ð 4Ð  ÐÌÓ9°,XƒXŒ h•X°,X‚X4Œ h•X9Óà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€statute€allows€a€jury€to€labor€under€the€mistaken€impressionÐ D!” Ðthat€their€failure€to€reach€a€unanimous€decision€in€the€penalty€phase€will€result€in€a€retrial€of€theÐ 0"€  Ðentire€case.€€€He€cites€two€Louisiana€cases€in€support€of€his€argument€that€it€is€reversible€error€notÐ #l! Ðto€inform€a€capital€jury€that€their€inability€to€reach€a€unanimous€verdict€of€death€results€in€theÐ $X" Ðmandatory€imposition€of€a€life€sentence.€€òòState€v.€Loydóó,€459€So.€2d€498,€500„02€(La.€1984);€òòState€v.Ð ô$D # ÐWilliamsóó,€392€So.€2d€619,€634„35€(La.€1980).òòóóÐ à%0!$ ÐÌà  àSection€39„13„204(h)€provides,€in€pertinent€part,€that€ð ð[t]he€judge€shall€not€instruct€the€jury,Ð ¸'#& Ðnor€shall€the€attorneys€be€permitted€to€comment€at€any€time€to€the€jury,€on€the€effect€of€the€juryððsÐ ¤(ô#' Ðfailure€to€agree€on€a€punishment.ðð€€While€acknowledging€this€statute,€the€defendant€contends€thatÐ )à$( Ðnot€explaining€the€effect€of€a€hung€jury€to€a€jury€is€an€illogical€and€unconstitutional€practice.€€TheÐ |*Ì%) ÐState€correctly€observes€that€our€supreme€court€has€repeatedly€rejected€this€argument.€€òòSeeóó€òòCribbsóó,Ð h+¸&* Ð967€S.W.2d€at€796€(appendix);€òòState€v.€Hallóó,€958€S.W.2d€679,€718€(Tenn.€1997),€òòcert.€óódenied,€524Ð ° ÐU.S.€941,€118€S.€Ct.€2348,€141€L.€Ed.€2d€718€(1998);€òòState€v.€Brimmeróó,€876€S.W.2d€75,€87€(Tenn.),€Ð œì Ðòòcert.€deniedóó,€513€U.S.€1020,€115€S.€Ct.€585,€130€L.€Ed.€2d€499€(1994).€€€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àThis€assignment€is€without€merit.€€Ð `° ÐÌòòÓ  Óò òPROPORTIONALITY€REVIEWó óóóÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌÓ¬·ÓÓ9°,X‚X4Œ h•X°,XƒXŒ h•X9Óò òà8  àI.à04Ð Ð àThe€evidence€presented€in€its€entirety€and€as€contained€in€the€record€wasÐ  ` Ðinsufficient€as€a€matter€of€law€to€support€a€sentence€of€death.Ðü L 4Ð 4Ð  ÐÌó óÓ9°,XƒXŒ h•X°,X‚X4Œ h•X9Óà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€death€sentence€in€his€case€is€disproportionate€when€aÐ Ô$  Ðcomparison€of€the€penalties€received€by€other€defendants€in€similar€cases€is€undertaken€as€mandatedÐ À  Ðby€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„206.€€That€section€provides€that€this€court€shall€considerÐ ¬ü  Ðwhether€the€ð ðsentence€of€death€is€excessive€or€disproportionate€to€the€penalty€imposed€in€similarÐ ˜è  Ðcases,€considering€both€the€nature€of€the€crime€and€the€defendant.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„Ð „Ô  Ð206(c)(1)(D).ò òó óÐ pÀ ÐÌà  àIn€conducting€a€comparative€proportionality€review,€we€begin€with€the€presumption€that€theÐ H˜ Ðsentence€of€death€is€proportional€with€the€crime€of€first€degree€murder.€€òòState€v.€Hallóó,€958€S.W.2dÐ 4„ Ð679,€699€(Tenn.€1997),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€524€U.S.€941,€118€S.€Ct.€2348,€141€L.€Ed.€2d€718€(1998).€€€InÐ  p Ðchoosing€and€comparing€cases,€many€variables€are€considered.€€òòState€v.€Hallóó,€976€S.W.2d€121,€135Ð  \ Ð(Tenn.€1998)€(citing€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€667€(Tenn.€1997)),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€526€U.S.€1089,Ð øH Ð119€S.€Ct.€1501,€143€L.€Ed.€2d€654€(1999).€€Among€these€variables€are:€€(1)€the€means€of€death;€€(2)Ð ä4 Ðthe€manner€of€death€(e.g.,€violent,€torturous,€etc.);€(3)€the€motivation€for€the€killing;€(4)€the€place€ofÐ Ð  Ðdeath;€(5)€the€similarity€of€the€victimsðð€circumstances€including€age,€physical€and€mental€conditions,Ð ¼  Ðand€the€victimsðð€treatment€during€the€killing;€(6)€the€absence€or€presence€of€premeditation;€(7)€theÐ ¨ø Ðabsence€or€presence€of€provocation;€(8)€the€absence€or€presence€of€justification;€and€(9)€the€injuryÐ ”ä Ðto€and€effects€on€non„decedent€victims.€€òòId.óó€(citing€òòBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€667;€òòHallóó,€958€S.W.2d€atÐ €Ð Ð699).Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àCharacteristics€relevant€to€a€comparison€of€defendants€include:€€(1)€the€defendantððs€priorÐ D!” Ðcriminal€record€or€prior€criminal€activity;€(2)€the€defendantððs€age,€race,€and€gender;€(3)€theÐ 0"€  Ðdefendantððs€mental,€emotional€or€physical€condition;€(4)€the€defendantððs€involvement€or€role€in€theÐ #l! Ðmurder;€(5)€the€defendantððs€cooperation€with€authorities;€(6)€the€defendantððs€remorse;€(7)€theÐ $X" Ðdefendantððs€knowledge€of€helplessness€of€victim(s);€and€(8)€the€defendantððs€capacity€forÐ ô$D # Ðrehabilitation.€€òòBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€667.€€€€€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àFocusing€on€the€fact€that€he€was€not€the€shooter,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€evidence€inÐ ¸'#& Ðthis€case€does€not€support€the€imposition€of€death€under€the€rationales€announced€by€the€UnitedÐ ¤(ô#' ÐStates€Supreme€Court€in€òòTison€v.€Arizonaóó,€481€U.S.€137,€157„58,€107€S.€Ct.€1676,€1688,€95€L.€Ed.Ð )à$( Ð2d€127€(1987),€andòò€Enmund€v.€Floridaóó,€458€U.S.€782,€797,€102€S.€Ct.€3368,€3377,€73€L.€Ed.€2d€1140Ð |*Ì%) Ð(1982)òòóó.€€In€òòEnmundóó,€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€felony€murder€for€his€role€as€the€driver€of€theÐ h+¸&* Ðgetaway€car€in€a€robbery/murder€of€two€persons€in€their€home.€€In€reversing€the€judgment€sentencingÐ ° Ðthe€defendant€to€death,€the€Supreme€Court€stated:Ð œì ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àFor€purposes€of€imposing€the€death€penalty,€Enmundððs€criminalÐ tÄ Ðculpability€must€be€limited€to€his€participation€in€the€robbery,€and€hisÐ `° Ðpunishment€must€be€tailored€to€his€personal€responsibility€and€moralÐ L œ Ðguilt.€€Putting€Enmund€to€death€to€avenge€two€killings€that€he€did€notÐ 8 ˆ Ðcommit€and€had€no€intention€of€committing€or€causing€does€notÐ $ t Ðmeasurably€contribute€to€the€retributive€end€of€ensuring€that€theÐ  ` Ðcriminal€gets€his€just€deserts.€.€.€.€.Ðü L ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àBecause€the€Florida€Supreme€Court€affirmed€the€death€penalty€inÐ Ô$  Ðthis€case€in€the€absence€of€proof€that€Enmund€killed€or€attempted€toÐ À  Ðkill,€and€regardless€of€whether€Enmund€intended€or€contemplated€thatÐ ¬ü  Ðlife€would€be€taken,€we€reverse€the€judgment€upholding€the€deathÐ ˜è  Ðpenalty€and€remand€for€further€proceedings€not€inconsistent€with€thisÐ „Ô  Ðopinion.ÐpÀ` x` x ÐÌòòEnmundóó,€458€U.S.€at€801,€102€S.€Ct.€at€3378„79,€73€L.€Ed.€2d€at€1154.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àFive€years€after€òòEnmundóó,€the€Supreme€Court€further€analyzed€and€refined€the€standard€forÐ  p Ðimposing€the€death€penalty€upon€a€non„killing€accomplice€in€òòTison€v.€Arizonaóó.€€In€that€case,€theÐ  \ Ðpetitioners€assisted€their€brother€in€breaking€their€father€and€another€convict€out€of€a€stateÐ øH Ðpenitentiary.€€The€petitioners€received€death€sentences€for€felony€murder€after€the€occupants€of€aÐ ä4 Ðpassing€vehicle€were€kidnapped€and€eventually€killed€by€the€petitionersðð€father€and€his€fellowÐ Ð  Ðescapee.€€The€òòTisonóó€Court€observed:Ð ¼  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThe€petitionersðð€own€personal€involvement€in€the€crimes€was€notÐ ”ä Ðminor,€but€rather,€as€specifically€found€by€the€trial€court,Ð €Ð Ðð ðsubstantial.ðð€€Far€from€merely€sitting€in€a€car€away€from€the€actualÐ l¼ Ðscene€of€the€murders€acting€as€the€getaway€driver€to€a€robbery,€eachÐ X ¨ Ðpetitioner€was€actively€involved€in€every€element€of€theÐ D!” Ðkidnapping-robbery€and€was€physically€present€during€the€entireÐ 0"€  Ðsequence€of€criminal€activity€culminating€in€the€murder€of€the€LyonsÐ #l! Ðfamily€and€the€subsequent€flight.Ð$X"` x` x ÐÌòòóó481€U.S.€at€158,€107€S.€Ct.€at€1688,€95€L.€Ed.€2d€at€144.€€The€Court€held€that€ð ðmajor€participationÐ à%0!$ Ðin€the€felony€committed,€combined€with€reckless€indifference€to€human€life,€is€sufficient€to€satisfyÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€òòEnmundóó€culpability€requirement.ðð€€òòId.óó€(footnote€omitted).€€Our€supreme€court€looked€to€theÐ ¸'#& Ðdecisions€in€both€òòTisonóó€and€òòEnmundóó€in€rejecting€the€claim€of€the€non„shooter/defendant€that€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdeath€penalty€in€his€case€was€disproportionate€in€òòState€v.€Tayloróó,€774€S.W.2d€163,€167€(Tenn.),€òòcert.Ð )à$( Ðdeniedóó,€493€U.S.€945,€110€S.€Ct.€355,€107€L.€Ed.€2d€342€(1989).€€The€court€observed:€€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àContrary€to€defendantððs€contention,€the€Eighth€Amendment€to€theÐ ° ÐUnited€States€Constitution€does€not€bar€the€death€penalty€for€an€aiderÐ œì Ðand€abettor€where€the€proof€shows€that€that€person€intended€that€aÐ ˆØ Ðkilling€take€place€or€was€a€major€participant€in€the€underlying€felonyÐ tÄ Ðand€had€a€mental€state€of€reckless€indifference€to€human€life.€€òòSeeóóòòÐ `° ÐòòóóTison€v.€Arizonaóó,€481€U.S.€137,€107€S.€Ct.€1676,€95€L.€Ed.€2d€127Ð L œ Ð(1987);€òòEnmund€v.€Floridaóó,€458€U.S.€782,€102€S.€Ct.€3368,€73€L.€Ed.Ð 8 ˆ Ð2d€1140€(1982).€€Defendantððs€actions€before,€during€and€immediatelyÐ $ t Ðafter€the€murder€cast€him€in€the€role€of€a€major€participant€with€anÐ  ` Ðaffirmative€intention€to€terminate€a€human€life.Ðü L ` x` x ÐÌòòId.óó€at€166„67.Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àThe€State€submits€that€the€facts€of€this€case€show€that€this€defendant€was€also€a€majorÐ ¬ü  Ðparticipant€in€the€felony€murder€and€exhibited€a€reckless€disregard€for€the€victimððs€life.€€The€StateÐ ˜è  Ðnotes€that€it€was€the€defendant€who€first€pointed€out€Loveday€as€a€potential€victim€and€instructed€theÐ „Ô  Ðdriver€of€the€car€to€turn€around€and€approach€him;€that€the€defendant€and€another€person€exited€theÐ pÀ Ðvehicle,€armed€with€weapons;€that€the€defendant€pointed€his€gun€at€the€victim€and€demanded€thatÐ \¬ Ðthe€victim€turn€over€his€money;€that€it€was€the€gun€taken€from€the€defendantððs€hand€that€was€usedÐ H˜ Ðby€another€to€shoot€the€victim;€that€the€defendant€did€not€attempt€to€assist€the€victim€after€he€wasÐ 4„ Ðshot€although€the€shooting€took€place€next€to€a€pay€phone;€and€that€the€defendant€assisted€two€of€hisÐ  p Ðaccomplices,€including€the€shooter,€in€fleeing€police€as€their€car€was€pursued€on€the€night€of€theÐ  \ Ðmurder.Ð øH ÐÌà  àAs€similar€cases€supporting€a€conclusion€that€the€death€sentence€is€not€disproportionate,€theÐ Ð  ÐState€cites€the€following:€€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€919€S.W.2d€323,€331„32€(Tenn.€1996)€(defendant€was€withÐ ¼  Ðother€men€who€shot€and€killed€victim)€(On€direct€appeal,€this€court€modified€judgment€to€lifeÐ ¨ø Ðimprisonment;€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€reversed€and€remanded€for€ð ða€resentencing€hearing€inÐ ”ä Ðwhich€the€State€will€be€free€to€again€seek€the€death€penalty.ðð)òòóó;€òòTayloróó,€774€S.W.2d€at€165òòóó€(DefendantÐ €Ð Ðwas€non„shooter,€but€provided€murder€weapon€to€shooter€shortly€before€the€killing.);€òòState€v.€Dicksóó,Ð l¼ Ð615€S.W.2d€126€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€454€U.S.€933,€102€S.€Ct.€431,€70€L.€Ed.€2d€240€(1981)€(Co„Ð X ¨ Ðconspirator€apparently€killed€victim€in€robbery„turned„murder€case;€both€he€and€defendant€receivedÐ D!” Ðdeath€sentences€in€separate€trials.);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€McKayóó,€680€S.W.2d€447€(Tenn.€1984)Ð 0"€  Ð(Twenty-five-year-old€defendants,€in€separate€trials,€were€convicted€of€felony€murder€and€sentencedÐ #l! Ðto€death€for€shooting€two€store€clerks€to€death€during€course€of€a€robbery;€evidence€did€notÐ $X" Ðabsolutely€establish€identity€of€the€shooter;€jury€imposed€death€sentence€in€each€case.).€€Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àBased€upon€our€review€of€similar€cases,€we€respectfully€disagree€with€the€defendantððsÐ Ì&"% Ðargument€that€the€evidence€in€this€matter€does€not€support€imposition€of€capital€punishment.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌò òòòÓ  ÓÌÌÐ h+¸&* ÐCONCLUSIONÐ ° ÐÌÓWãÓà  àó óóóBased€upon€the€foregoing€authorities€and€reasoning,€we€affirm€the€judgments€of€convictionÐ ˆØ Ðand€the€imposition€of€capital€punishment.Ð tÄ ÐÌÌÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà0Œ ` (#` (#àà0hŒ (#Œ (#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#à______________________________Ð$ tp(#p(# Ðà  àà ` àà Œ àà h àà À àà  àà p àALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGE