ÿWPC ušu¤5é9Ä3<¤Áxj ¬bè%HbKM,vš›¼"®‚&èâX—!¥Å‚™Á°‘%ý0Û¶õ¯Ò=½·ø§8›~h Z›.ÉéÀ—X²ÈuyX’(N'ëÔÛĪsÆÇɲ¥kïmŸÞlÒ¦.m›GÛ%«2[;J„᫬}&álÃÛô7;+ƤmÔÔ„\ úäË}JëyO½d÷-SÖƒ<›«±;c÷i€Ü5ÞÁeõ@çÎRQÓ€>ÿèš«Iúp.è”æô‘9Bd—~<24á´.ô¨ÞTÊ€õ׬ÝÓꉆwˆk8®Ö~ ¹þ]‹Äã”>÷ÔÛâ…ñ¼€9ã ÷üæ ¶ã›Œ¡‰CV ×¢múPqÿ¥V·S8î0ÝplG½ø+ûûžº­&Gý)Ô w¼»Ÿ:H˜K Ú_ Íž"@q±M¶O㜒‘¡bÍvnHdŒo9 Ž}gô4Àæè¨i!1ªB#¦4AÀc(è4$hñ–ú“´#ŒÃ+…¼'M»C]ÐMUd˺øçB³óV²É Ý ò‰ÄÐ,,JÚ!¾é ³iµ-½Ö>]žùžÁ;ÉŽv[×ìàlfº ”Šu[éD‰BÐ_$é^9Ä0«ö]¾ ¤JÈŸ0"£b#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ UN· w 4 z Ò— i x mz ‘ Æ™ Æ_ Æ% Æë U@±NñññEóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóbõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõ 0ëýýýý Bèè 0¤ D5© D-Þ 0K   ASVÆ© 0¤o 0D A«W˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0»«z) (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularÖJ~'ntt Ÿ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(ÖÃ9 Z(Times New Roman - ù-(|G2°;$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ZP»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€X)<X»»Ô d(|3–€$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ZP»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3–€$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ZP»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ZP»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€¼ZP»»»ÔÑ8€)<XXdæ»»d8Ñà@HHìàIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@§§$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ‡X)<X»¼ZPԈР¾ ÐÓ  ÓÔ#†¼ZP»XX)!% Ðdiscontinued€his€threatening€conduct.€€Nevertheless,€Officer€Guldeman€issued€a€parking€citationÐ Ô&$"& Ðto€the€appellant€and€charged€him€with€disorderly€conduct.€€The€officer€asserted€at€trial€that€at€noÐ º' #' Ðtime€during€his€encounter€with€the€appellant€did€he€curse€at€the€appellant€or€otherwise€provokeÐ  (ð#( Ðthe€appellant.Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€appellant€in€turn€presented€the€testimony€of€two€friends€who€witnessed€hisÐ R+¢&+ Ðencounter€with€Officer€Guldeman.€€In€contrast€to€Officer€Guldeman,€Jeff€Dixon€testified€that€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðappellant€never€cursed€at€the€officer€or€otherwise€threatened€the€officer.€€Moreover,€Mr.€DixonÐ ° Ðdenied€that€the€appellant€threw€his€driverððs€license€at€the€officer,€asserting€that€the€driverððsÐ –æ Ðlicense€simply€fell€from€the€appellantððs€hand.€€Mr.€Dixon€admitted€to€the€jury€that€he€possesses€aÐ |Ì Ðjuvenile€record€of€adjudications€relating€to€his€commission€of€offenses€that€would€be€felonies€ifÐ b² Ðcommitted€by€an€adult.€€Jeremy€Clark€testified€that€he€was€too€far€away€from€the€appellant€andÐ H˜ Ðthe€officer€to€see€or€hear€the€details€of€their€encounter.€€However,€he€also€asserted€his€belief€thatÐ . ~ Ðthe€appellantððs€driverððs€license€merely€fell€from€the€appellantððs€hand.€€He€added€that€theÐ  d Ðappellantððs€ð ðlarge€size€can€make€him€appear€threatening€to€those€persons€not€familiar€with€him.ððÐ ú J ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€appellant€testified€on€his€own€behalf.€€He€similarly€asserted€that€he€neverÐ Æ   Ðcursed€at€Officer€Guldeman€nor€threatened€the€officer,€and€he€denied€throwing€his€driverððsÐ ¬ ü  Ðlicense€at€the€officer.€€Moreover,€he€suggested€that€Officer€Guldeman€arrested€him,€because€theÐ ’â  ÐHendersonville€Police€Department€was€pursuing€an€ð ðunfounded€vendettaðð€against€him.€€InÐ xÈ  Ðsupport€of€this€theory,€the€appellant€testified€that€he€had€previously€been€charged€inÐ ^®  ÐHendersonville€with€misdemeanor€theft,€possession€of€an€illegal€weapon,€and€possession€ofÐ D”  Ðstereo€equipment€from€which€the€serial€number€had€been€removed.€€However,€he€conceded€thatÐ *z  Ðhe€pled€guilty€to€the€charge€of€misdemeanor€theft€and€that,€although€the€remaining€two€chargesÐ ` Ðwere€ultimately€dismissed,€he€was€indeed€discovered€by€police€in€possession€of€a€ð ðbutterflyÐ öF Ðknifeðð€and€the€defaced€stereo€equipment.Ð Ü, ÐÌà  àà ` àFollowing€the€presentation€of€the€partiesðð€proof,€the€jury€convicted€the€appellantÐ ¨ø Ðof€disorderly€conduct.€€Subsequently,€on€August€16,€1999,€the€trial€court€conducted€a€sentencingÐ ŽÞ Ðhearing€and€sentenced€the€appellant€to€thirty€days€incarceration€in€the€Sumner€County€Jail.€€TheÐ tÄ Ðcourt€suspended€all€but€five€days€of€the€appellantððs€sentence,€placing€the€appellant€onÐ Zª Ðunsupervised€probation€for€the€remainder.Ð @ ÐÌà@éé$ìàò òòòII.€€Analysisó óóóˆÐ  \ Ðò òa.à0  àSufficiency€of€the€Indictmentó óÐòB(#(# Ðà  àà ` àOn€appeal,€the€appellant€contends€that€the€indictment€in€this€case€failed€to€provideÐ Ø( Ðhim€with€adequate€notice€of€the€charged€offense.€€Under€the€Sixth€and€Fourteenth€AmendmentsÐ ¾ Ðto€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€Section€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€anÐ ¤ô Ðaccused€is€entitled€to€notice€of€the€nature€and€cause€of€the€accusation.€€òòState€v.€Hillóó,€954€S.W.2dÐ Š Ú Ð725,€727€(Tenn.€1997).€€In€order€to€satisfy€this€constitutional€mandate,€an€indictment€mustÐ p!À  Ðprovide€a€defendant€with€notice€of€the€offense€charged,€provide€the€court€with€an€adequateÐ V"¦! Ðground€upon€which€a€proper€judgment€may€be€entered,€and€provide€the€defendant€with€protectionÐ <#Œ" Ðagainst€double€jeopardy.€€òòState€v.€Lemacksóó,€996€S.W.2d€166,€172€(Tenn.€1999);€òòHillóó,€954€S.W.2dÐ "$r# Ðat€727;€òòState€v.€Byrdóó,€820€S.W.2d€739,€740„741€(Tenn.€1991).€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„13„202Ð %X $ Ð(1997)€similarly€requires€thatÐ î%>!% Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[t]he€indictment€.€.€.€state€the€facts€constituting€the€offense€inÐ Ô&$"& Ðordinary€and€concise€language,€without€prolixity€or€repetition,€inÐ º' #' Ðsuch€a€manner€as€to€enable€a€person€of€common€understanding€toÐ  (ð#( Ðknow€what€is€intended,€and€with€that€degree€of€certainty€which€willÐ †)Ö$) Ðenable€the€court€on€conviction,€to€pronounce€the€proper€judgment€.Ð l*¼%* Ð.€.€.ÐR+¢&+` x` x ÐÐ 8,ˆ', Ðà  àà ` àCiting€both€constitutional€and€statutory€mandates,€our€supreme€court€has€noted€theÐ ° Ðprinciple,€ð ðððas€old€as€the€common€law,ðð€.€.€.€that€the€indictment€must€state€ððsuch€facts€andÐ –æ Ðcircumstances€as€will€constitute€the€crime,€and€not€merely€a€legal€resultðð€or€conclusion.ðð€€òòWardenÐ |Ì Ðv.€Stateóó,€381€S.W.2d€244,€245€(Tenn.€1964)(citations€omitted).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Clarkóó,€2€S.W.3dÐ b² Ð233,€236€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1998).òòóó€€However,€Ð H˜ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àððit€is€not€necessary€to€amplify€and€encumber€the€charge€byÐ . ~ Ðcircumstantial€detail€and€minute€description.ðð€€As€a€general€rule,€itÐ  d Ðis€sufficient€to€state€the€offense€charged€in€the€words€of€the€statute,Ð ú J Ðor€words€which€are€the€equivalent€to€the€words€contained€in€theÐ à 0 Ðstatute.ÐÆ  ` x` x ÐòòState€v.€Griffisóó,€964€S.W.2d€577,€591€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997)(footnotes€omitted).€€òòSee€alsoóóÐ ¬ ü  ÐòòState€v.€Mitchellóó,€No.€01C01„9612„CR„00502,€1999€WL€559930,€at€*7€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€atÐ ’â  ÐNashville,€July€30,€1999).€€òòBut€cf.óó€òòState€v.€Cutshawóó,€967€S.W.2d€332,€338„339€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð xÈ  ÐApp.€1997)(applying€òòbothóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„13„202€and€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„13„213Ð ^®  Ð(1997),€this€court€held€that€an€indictment€tracking€the€language€of€the€perjury€statute€wasÐ D”  Ðinsufficient,€as€the€indictment€did€not€state€which€of€the€defendantððs€actions€brought€him€withinÐ *z  Ðthe€purview€of€the€statute).Ð ` ÐÌà  àà ` àTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„305€(1997),€the€statute€proscribing€disorderly€conduct,Ð Ü, Ðprovides:Ð Â Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(a)€A€person€commits€an€offense€who,€in€a€public€place€and€withÐ ¨ø Ðintent€to€cause€public€annoyance€or€alarm:ÐŽÞ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xà(1)€Engages€in€.€.€.€threatening€behavior€.€.€.€.Ðtĸ ¸  ÐIn€this€case,€in€addition€to€naming€the€appellant€and€the€victim€and€setting€forth€the€date€of€theÐ Zª Ðappellantððs€offense,€the€language€of€the€indictment€largely€tracks€the€language€of€the€aboveÐ @ Ðstatute.€€The€sole€exception€is€the€omission€from€the€indictment€of€any€statement€that€the€offenseÐ &v Ðoccurred€in€a€public€place.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àà ` àGenerally,€an€indictment€must€allege€the€essential€elements€of€an€offense.€€òòHillóó,Ð Ø( Ð954€S.W.2d€at€725.€€Thus,€ð ð[w]hile€the€general€rule€is€that€an€indictment€is€not€required€to€allegeÐ ¾ Ðwhere€the€offense€was€committed,€an€exception€is€made€when€place€constitutes€a€materialÐ ¤ô Ðelement€of€the€crime.ðð€€òòState€v.€Furloughóó,€797€S.W.2d€631,€641€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€€Thus,Ð Š Ú Ðthe€court€in€òòFurloughóó€dismissed€an€indictment€for€unlawful€abandonment€of€a€body€when€theÐ p!À  Ðindictment€failed€to€state€the€place€of€abandonment.€€òòId.óó€(citing€òòState€v.€Vestalóó,€611€S.W.2d€819Ð V"¦! Ð(Tenn.€1981)).€€Nevertheless,€we€have€previously€noted€that€ð ðthe€degree€of€strictness€[ofÐ <#Œ" Ðaverment]€required€in€a€felony€indictment€is€not€required€in€the€case€of€a€misdemeanor.ðð€€òòState€v.Ð "$r# ÐMorganóó,€598€S.W.2d€796,€797€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1979)òòóó.€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòPope€v.€Stateóó,€528€S.W.2d€54,Ð %X $ Ð57€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1975).€€Thus,€in€òòState€v.€Jordanóó,€No.€985,€1987€WL€8415,€at€*1€(Tenn.Ð î%>!% ÐCrim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€March€26,€1987),€this€court€held€that,€although€an€indictment€chargingÐ Ô&$"& Ða€defendant€with€public€drunkenness€failed€to€allege€the€essential€element€that€the€defendant€wasÐ º' #' Ðin€a€public€place,€the€indictment€was€nevertheless€sufficient.€€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌà  àà ` àMoreover,€in€òòHillóó,€954€S.W.2d€at€727„728,€our€supreme€court€signaled€itsÐ l*¼%* Ðdeparture€from€the€ð ðtraditionally€strict€pleading€requirementsðð€of€the€common€law.€€The€courtÐ R+¢&+ Ðnoted€that€the€purpose€of€the€strict€pleading€requirements€was€ð ðthe€existence€of€common€lawÐ 8,ˆ', Ðoffenses€whose€elements€were€not€easily€ascertained€by€reference€to€a€statuteðð€and€further€notedÐ ° Ðthat€such€common€law€offenses€no€longer€exist.€€òòId.óó€at€728.€€Indeed,€with€respect€to€the€mentalÐ –æ Ðelement€of€an€offense,€the€court€noted€that€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„301(c)€(1997)€provides€thatÐ |Ì Ðð ðwhen€a€statute€omits€reference€to€a€specific€mens€rea,€but€does€not€plainly€dispense€with€a€mensÐ b² Ðrea€requirement,€then€proof€of€ððintent,ðð€ððknowledge,ðð€or€ððrecklessnessðð€will€suffice€.€.€.€.ðð€€òòId.óó€atÐ H˜ Ð726.€€Thus,€€the€court€held€thatÐ . ~ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àfor€offenses€which€neither€expressly€require€nor€plainly€dispenseÐ  d Ðwith€the€requirement€for€a€culpable€mental€state,€an€indictmentÐ ú J Ðwhich€fails€to€allege€such€mental€state€will€be€sufficient€to€supportÐ à 0 Ðprosecution€and€conviction€for€that€offense€so€long€asÐÆ  ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xà(1)€€the€language€of€the€indictment€is€sufficient€toÐ ¬ ü  Ðmeet€the€constitutional€requirements€of€notice€to€theÐ ’â  Ðaccused€of€the€charge€against€which€the€accusedÐ xÈ  Ðmust€defend,€adequate€basis€for€entry€of€a€properÐ ^®  Ðjudgment,€and€protection€from€double€jeopardy;ÐD” ¸ ¸  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xà(2)€the€form€of€the€indictment€meets€theÐ *z  Ðrequirements€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„13„202;€andÐ`¸ ¸  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xà(3)€the€mental€state€can€be€logically€inferred€fromÐ öF Ðthe€conduct€alleged.ÐÜ,¸ ¸  ÐòòId.óó€at€726„727.€€In€€òòState€v.€Carteróó,€988€S.W.2d€145,€148„149€(Tenn.€1999),€the€supreme€courtÐ Â Ðexpanded€its€holding€in€òòHillóó.€€Specifically,€the€court€held€in€òòCarteróó€that,€even€when€an€offenseÐ ¨ø Ðexpressly€requires€a€mental€state€and€assuming€the€satisfaction€of€the€constitutional€and€statutoryÐ ŽÞ Ðrequirements€outlined€in€òòHillóó,€a€reference€to€the€pertinent€statute€will,€by€itself,€cure€anÐ tÄ Ðindictmentððs€omission€of€the€mental€state.€€òòId.óó€at€148„149;òòóó€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€996€S.W.2d€845,€847„Ð Zª Ð848€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1999).€€In€other€words,€assumingÐ @ Ðsatisfaction€of€the€constitutional€and€statutory€requirements€outlined€in€òòHillóó,€an€indictmentððsÐ &v Ðreference€to€the€pertinent€statute€will€cure€the€indictmentððs€omission€of€an€essential€element€ofÐ  \ Ðthe€offense.€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Engletóó,€No.€W1999„00283„CCA„R3„CD,€2000€WL€556479,€atÐ òB Ð**2„3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,€May€8,€2000)(this€court€held€that,€notwithstanding€theÐ Ø( Ðomission€of€the€amount€of€marijuana,€an€indictment€that€charged€possession€of€marijuana€withÐ ¾ Ðintent€to€sell€was€sufficient,€because€it€included€a€reference€to€the€pertinent€statute).€Ð ¤ô ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€sum,€we€conclude€that€the€indictment€in€the€instant€case€providedÐ p!À  Ðconstitutionally€and€statutorily€adequate€notice€to€the€appellant€of€the€charged€offense€andÐ V"¦! Ðprovided€an€adequate€basis€for€the€entry€of€a€judgment€of€conviction€and€protection€againstÐ <#Œ" Ðdouble€jeopardy.€€Moreover,€the€indictment€included€a€reference€to€the€statute€proscribingÐ "$r# Ðdisorderly€conduct.€€Thus,€particularly€in€light€of€the€lesser€standard€of€averment€applied€inÐ %X $ Ðmisdemeanor€cases,€the€indictment€was€sufficient.Ð î%>!% ÐÌò òb.à0  àSufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óк' #'(#(# Ðà  àà ` àThe€appellant€next€contends€that€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial€was€insufficient€toÐ  (ð#( Ðsupport€his€conviction€of€disorderly€conduct.€€Ô‡X)<XXX)<ÔIn€Tennessee,€appellate€courts€accord€considerableÐ †)Ö$) Ðweight€to€the€verdict€of€a€jury€in€a€criminal€trial.€€In€essence,€a€jury€conviction€removes€theÐ l*¼%* Ðpresumption€of€the€appellantððs€innocence€and€replaces€it€with€one€of€guilt,€so€that€the€appellantÐ R+¢&+ Ðcarries€the€burden€of€demonstrating€to€this€court€why€the€evidence€will€not€support€the€juryððsÐ 8,ˆ', Ðfindings.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€€The€appellant€must€establish€thatÐ ° Ðð ðno€reasonable€trier€of€factðð€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€offense€beyond€aÐ –æ Ðreasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979);€Tenn€R.Ð |Ì ÐApp.€P.€13(e).Ð b² ÐÌà  àà ` àAccordingly,€on€appeal,€the€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€theÐ . ~ Ðevidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657Ð  d ÐS.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983).€€In€other€words,€questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€witnessesÐ ú J Ðand€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€the€evidence,€as€well€as€factual€issues€raised€by€theÐ à 0 Ðevidence,€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€and€not€the€appellate€courts.€€òòState€v.€Pruettóó,€788Ð Æ   ÐS.W.2d€559,€561€(Tenn.€1990).Ô#†X)<XXX)<T#ÔÐ ¬ ü  ÐÌà  àà ` àAs€noted€previously,€in€order€to€convict€the€appellant,€the€State€was€required€toÐ xÈ  Ðprove€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€(1)€the€appellant€engaged€in€threatening€behavior;€(2)€theÐ ^®  Ðappellant€intended€to€cause€public€annoyance€or€harm;€and€(3)€the€offense€occurred€in€a€publicÐ D”  Ðplace.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„305(a)(1).€€Relying€upon€this€courtððs€decisions€in€òòGarvey€v.Ð *z  ÐStateóó,€537€S.W.2d€710€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1975),€and€òòState€v.€Creasyóó,€885€S.W.2d€829€(Tenn.Ð ` ÐCrim.€App.€1994),€the€appellant€contends€that€his€conduct€in€this€case€did€not€rise€to€the€level€ofÐ öF Ðð ðthreatening€behavior.ððÐ Ü, ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€òòGarveyóó,€537€S.W.2d€at€710„711,€this€court€interpreted€one€of€severalÐ ¨ø Ðpredecessor€statutes€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„305.€€òòSee€alsoóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„305,Ð ŽÞ ÐSentencing€Commission€Comments.€€The€predecessor€statute€proscribed€ð ð[d]isturbance€of€theÐ tÄ Ðpeace,ðð€including€ð ðððconduct€calculated€to€provoke€violence€or€a€violation€of€the€law.ðððð€òòId.óó€at€710Ð Zª Ð(citing€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„1213€(1970)).€€The€court€held€that,€under€this€statute,€the€termÐ @ Ðð ðconductðð€encompassed€within€its€definition€language€or€words.€€òòId.óó€€However,€consistent€withÐ &v Ðthe€United€States€Supreme€Courtððs€First€Amendment€jurisprudence€and€Article€I,€Section€19€ofÐ  \ Ðthe€Tennessee€Constitution,€the€court€further€held€that€ð ð[t]he€language€prohibited€by€this€statuteÐ òB Ðis€ððfightingðð€words,€ððthose€which€by€their€very€utterance€inflict€injury€or€tend€to€incite€anÐ Ø( Ðimmediate€breach€of€the€peace.ðððð€òòId.óó€(citing€òòChaplinsky€v.€New€Hampshireóó,€315€U.S.€568,€572,Ð ¾ Ð62€S.Ct.€766,€769€(1942)).€€The€court€then€concluded€that€the€defendantððs€conduct€in€€callingÐ ¤ô Ðð ðsooeyðð€to€a€passing€police€officer€did€not€rise€to€the€level€of€ð ðfighting€words.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€711.€€TheÐ Š Ú Ðcourt€explained€that€the€ð ðwordðð€was€ð ðaddressed€to€a€police€officer€trained€to€exercise€a€higherÐ p!À  Ðdegree€of€restraint€than€the€average€citizen€.€.€.€.ðð€€òòId.óóÐ V"¦! ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€òòCreasyóó,€885€S.W.2d€at€831€(citing€òòChaplinskyóó,€315€U.S.€at€572,€62€S.Ct.€at€769,Ð "$r# Ðand€òòGarveyóó,€537€S.W.2d€at€710),€this€court€interpreted€the€current€statute€proscribing€disorderlyÐ %X $ Ðconduct€and€implicitly€held€that,€consistent€with€the€United€States€Supreme€Courtððs€FirstÐ î%>!% ÐAmendment€jurisprudence€and€Article€I,€Section€19€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€ð ðfighting€or€.Ð Ô&$"& Ð.€.€violent€or€threatening€behaviorðð€encompasses€ð ðfighting€words.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„Ð º' #' Ð305(a)(1).€€The€court€then€examined€the€defendantððs€conduct,€which€included€calling€a€policeÐ  (ð#( Ðofficer€a€ð ðððs€„€„€t€„€b€„€„€lðð,€ððm€„€„€„€„€„€f€„€„€„€„€„ðð,€and€ððs€„€„€of€a€b€„€„€„€„.ðððð€€òòId.óó€at€831.€òòóó€Holding€theÐ †)Ö$) Ðpolice€officer€to€the€heightened€standard€articulated€in€òòGarveyóó,€the€court€preliminarily€observedÐ l*¼%* Ðthat,€ð ð[t]hough€the€òòwordsóó€to€the€officer€were€profane€and€insulting,€the€defendant€neither€inflictedÐ R+¢&+ Ðinjury€nor€tended€to€incite€an€immediate€breach€of€the€peace.ðð€€òòId.óó€(emphasis€added).€€However,Ð 8,ˆ', Ðthe€court€noted€that€the€defendant,€in€addition€to€directing€profanity€at€the€officer,€also€clenchedÐ ° Ðhis€fist€as€he€held€his€hand€to€his€side€and€pointed€his€finger€at€the€police€officer.€€òòId.óó€at€832.€Ð –æ ÐMoreover,€the€police€officer€testified€at€the€defendantððs€trial€that,€when€the€defendant€pointed€hisÐ |Ì Ðfinger€at€him,€he€felt€personally€threatened.€€òòId.óó€€The€court€concluded€that€the€defendantððs€wordsÐ b² Ðcoupled€with€his€conduct€in€clenching€his€fist€and€pointing€his€finger€at€the€officer€constitutedÐ H˜ Ðð ðthreatening€behaviorðð€and€supported€his€conviction€of€disorderly€conduct.€€òòId.óó€at€832.Ð . ~ ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€upholding€the€defendantððs€conviction,€the€court€in€òòCreasyóó,€òòóó885€S.W.2d€at€832,Ð ú J Ðspecifically€distinguished€the€case€of€òòState€v.€Scottóó,€No.€17,€1989€WL€22736€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð à 0 Ðat€Knoxville,€March€16,€1989).€€òòóóIn€òòScottóó,€the€defendant€ð ðððslung€a€cup€of€ice€across€.€.€.€[a€parking]Ð Æ   Ðlotðð€and€called€.€.€.€[a]€sheriff€ðða€fat€son€of€a€bitch.ðððð€òòId.óó€at€*1.€€The€court€in€òòScottóó€concluded€thatÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€conduct€did€not€constitute€violence€or€conduct€calculated€to€provoke€violence€or€a€violationÐ ’â  Ðof€the€law.€€òòId.óó€€at€*3€(interpreting€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„6„301(a)(1982),€a€predecessor€statute€toÐ xÈ  ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„305).€€In€distinguishing€òòScottóó,€the€court€in€òòCreasyóó€noted€that€there€wasÐ ^®  Ðno€evidence€in€òòScottóó€that€the€defendant€threatened€physical€assault€on€the€sheriff.€€885€S.W.2d€atÐ D”  Ð832.€Ð *z  ЀÌà  àà ` àIn€sum,€under€the€current€statute,€ð ðfighting€or€.€.€.€violent€or€threatening€behaviorððÐ öF Ðunder€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„305(a)(1)€includes€ð ðfighting€words.ðð€€Furthermore,€even€if€aÐ Ü, Ðdefendantððs€obscenity€does€not€rise€to€the€level€of€ð ðfighting€words,ðð€the€obscenity€in€conjunctionÐ Â Ðwith€other€behavior€may€rise€to€the€level€of€violent€or€threatening€behavior.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.Ð ¨ø ÐBradfordóó,€No.€02C01„9701„CR„00042,€1998€WL€30721,€at€*2€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,Ð ŽÞ ÐJanuary€29,€1998).€€Finally,€in€òòState€v.€Millsapsóó,€No.€03C01„9409„CR„00313,€1996€WL€397445,Ð tÄ Ðat€*2€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€July€17,€1996),€this€court€attempted€to€clarify€theÐ Zª Ðdistinction€between€violent€or€threatening€behavior€and€merely€belligerent€behavior.€€The€courtÐ @ Ðexplained:Ð &v Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àBelligerent€actions€do€not€rise€to€the€level€of€violent€or€threatening.€Ð  \ ÐThe€American€Heritage€Dictionary€of€the€English€Language€.€.€.Ð òB Ðdefines€ð ðBelligerentðð€as,€ð ðgiven€to€or€marked€by€hostile€orÐ Ø( Ðaggressive€behaviorðð.€€This€definition€does€not€rise€to€the€level€ofÐ ¾ Ðviolent€or€threatening€behavior,€which€would€require€an€overt€actÐ ¤ô Ðor€direct€threat€of€harm.Њ Ú` x` x ÐòòId.óó€€òòóóÐ p!À  ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€òòMillsapsóó,€two€police€officers€were€dispatched€to€a€restaurant€pursuant€to€aÐ <#Œ" Ðreport€of€a€disturbance.€€òòId.óó€at€*1.€€Upon€arrival,€the€officers€discovered€that€the€disturbance€hadÐ "$r# Ðconcluded€and€also€learned€that€the€defendant€had€been€a€participant.€€òòId.óó€€The€officers€asked€theÐ %X $ Ðdefendant€to€accompany€them€outside€for€questioning,€whereupon€the€defendant€becameÐ î%>!% Ðð ðbelligerentðð€and€refused€to€accompany€the€officers,€throwing€his€car€keys€toward€one€of€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðofficers.€€òòId.óó€at€**1„2.€€The€officers€and€the€defendant€then€proceeded€outside,€where€theÐ º' #' Ðdefendant€began€ð ðððcussingðððð€and€ð ðððholleringðððð€and€became€ð ðððòòveryóó€belligerent.ðððð€òòId.óó€at€*1Ð  (ð#( Ð(emphasis€added).€€One€officer€testified€at€trial€that€the€defendantððs€conduct€was€violent€orÐ †)Ö$) Ðthreatening€ð ððð[a]t€sometimes.ðððð€€òòId.óó€€The€other€officer€also€characterized€the€appellantððs€conductÐ l*¼%* Ðas€violent€or€threatening.€€òòId.óó€€Nevertheless,€this€court€concluded€that€the€appellantððs€conduct€didÐ R+¢&+ Ðnot€rise€above€the€level€of€mere€belligerence.€€òòId.óó€at€*2.€€Specifically,€the€court€noted€that€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðonly€possible€threatening€act€was€the€throwing€of€the€car€keys€by€the€defendant€at€one€of€theÐ ° Ðofficers.€€òòId.óó€€Yet,€one€of€the€officers€described€this€act€as€ð ðtossing,ðð€and€ð ð[n]either€officerÐ –æ Ðtestified€that€he€regarded€the€action€as€menacing.ðð€€òòId.óóÐ |Ì ÐÌà  àà ` àWe€conclude€that€the€facts€in€the€instant€case€are€more€analogous€to€the€facts€inÐ H˜ ÐòòCreasyóó€than€the€facts€in€either€òòScottóó€or€òòMillsapsóó.€€In€other€words,€€we€conclude€that,€although€theÐ . ~ Ðappellantððs€obscenity€did€not€alone€constitute€threatening€behavior€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„Ð  d Ð17„305(a)(1),€the€appellantððs€obscenity€in€conjunction€with€his€behavior€in€throwing€his€driverððsÐ ú J Ðlicense€at€Officer€Guldeman€warranted€the€juryððs€finding€of€guilt.€€Ð à 0 ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€this€regard,€we€note€that,€unlike€the€defendant€in€òòScottóó,€the€appellant€did€notÐ ¬ ü  Ðthrow€his€driverððs€license€across€the€parking€lot.€€Rather,€like€the€defendant€in€òòCreasyóó,€he€directedÐ ’â  Ðhis€action€at€the€police€officer.€€Moreover,€unlike€the€defendant€in€òòMillsapsóó,€the€appellant€did€notÐ xÈ  Ðð ðtossðð€his€driverððs€license€in€the€direction€of€the€officer.€€Rather,€he€threw€the€license€withÐ ^®  Ðsufficient€force€to€strike€the€officer€in€the€chest.€€Also,€unlike€the€defendant€in€òòMillsapsóó,€theÐ D”  Ðdefendant€in€this€case€began€cursing€at€Officer€Guldeman€long€before€throwing€his€driverððsÐ *z  Ðlicense€at€the€officer.€€In€other€words,€unlike€the€encounter€in€òòMillsapsóó,€the€encounter€in€this€caseÐ ` Ðhad€escalated€to€a€critical€point€at€the€time€the€appellant€threw€his€driverððs€license.€€Finally,Ð öF Ðunlike€the€officers€in€òòMillsapsóó,€Officer€Guldeman€testified€that€the€appellantððs€behavior€inÐ Ü, Ðthrowing€the€driverððs€license€appeared€menacing.€€Thus,€Ô‡X)<XXX)<Ôa€ð ðreasonable€trier€of€factðð€could€haveÐ Â Ðfound€that€the€appellant€engaged€in€ð ðthreatening€behaviorðð€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„Ð ¨ø Ð305(a)(1).€€òòJacksonóó,€443€U.S.€at€319,€99€S.€Ct.€at€2789;€Tenn€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€This€issue€isÐ ŽÞ Ðwithout€merit.Ô#†X)<XXX)<ºƒ#ÔÐ tÄ ÐÌà@››#ìàò òòòI.€€Conclusionó óóóˆÐ @ Ðà  àà ` àFor€the€foregoing€reasons,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ð &v ÐÌÌÌòòÓ  Ó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÐ ¾ ÐNorma€McGee€Ogle,€Judge