ÿWPC R==µ:%UXøM£¼wžúkaKÄ?QfDÝþÁ’6¿:+í–á¡#n0´BÅéHì94Ñ8t¾ài6-ViØ’ø}&÷Ä9¨xæo4E T¶5…LK*TùÐëßÛäÙ˜³ÊÀªB¨±Ó îú¨iTæ¯0s†~OÇÙÐu¼xŒL,,±f8”ñ¦ª·ÔÖ&K^ {3ÄÔµé]Ò%™1¦ ™ˆ<ÓT¡ØCipâô¾7Å|æ×F…—e¾úÿù¨Z¯l¼*{ÕÇrꓨî6R[Ëpí(M7¤ì³Ò¾>R?N’ТA™3]H#C`/» æ ã4˜€`>Û,‰ô\å´tIÊ Cþø¨¦ñ³O”4>ÑË(Å3¦ <×.•¨¦‡aç)y'Æîò€Ÿ”éÅÚåµ~!NyRQb#É\ %% ^ + 0ˆ7 U(N¿ w 4 z% ÒŸ q € m‚ UN™ Æç Æ­ ÆsÆ9U@ÿN?hAê©E“ 0D•••••;ÙÙÙÙÙÙÙÙÙÙÙÙÙÙÙÙÙÙb 0ë B 0¤$ D3È D-û 0K(( ASsÆÆ 0¤Œ 0D0 A«t˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL6ÒV,,,,ÒV0»©D1Ï (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regularh_B0ê:i¢×+00 ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(ÈhH  Z‹(Times New Roman  HuntlandCondraPryorMarneyBlountW]hat T]hescoot[edHunstvillefourchette N]oBridgetthad hadconsentualKrispyKremePappasBolinAdkissonHerronS]eparateAshby CmtsnonsupportArnett D]oenahncementApprendiProsserHickersonBlakely àÝ ƒR0‘$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô®,ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAccording€to€the€presentence€report,€all€of€the€defendantððs€children€were€residents€of€Alabama.(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó 1Ý ƒR0‘$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô®,ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€was€the€Alabama€kidnapping€conviction€based€on€the€May€4,€2000,€events€involving€the€same€victim,Ð ° Ðto€which€the€defendant€pled€guilty€on€November€27,€2001.- ù-(|G20‘$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€–q»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô®,ò»»Ô d(|3¿$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€–q»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3¿$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€–q»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€–q»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼–q»»»ÔÑ8€ÆgXXdé»»d8Ñà@hhìàÔ‡îxf–qÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@gg$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼–q»îîxf #ԈРÓ# ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àJune€8,€2004€SessionÐ öF ÐÔ‡XÆgX»¼–qÔÌò òÔ#†¼–q»XXÆg#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€RANDY€DAVID€MILESÔ‡XÆgX»¼–qÔó óÐ ï? ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Franklin€CountyÐ é 9 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€13679€€€€€€J.€Curtis€Smith,€JudgeÐ Ó # ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` AßÐ ‘á  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2003„01492„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€September€30,€Ô_Ô2004Ô_ÔÐ ŠÚ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<]` AßÐ ^®  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant,€Randy€David€Miles,€was€convicted€by€a€Franklin€County€Circuit€Court€jury€of€twoÐ V¦  Ðcounts€of€aggravated€rape,€a€Class€A€felony,€and€aggravated€Ô_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô,€a€Class€B€felony,€for€hisÐ ? Ðparticipation€with€a€Ô_ÔcodefendantÔ_Ô,€Gary€Allen€Phillips,€Jr.,€in€grabbing€a€woman€from€the€street€inÐ (x ÐNorthern€Alabama€and€transporting€her€by€car€to€the€defendantððs€grandmotherððs€abandonedÐ a Ðfarmhouse€in€Huntland,€Tennessee,€where€the€defendant€raped€her€while€his€Ô_ÔcodefendantÔ_Ô€watched.€Ð úJ ÐThe€defendant€was€sentenced€by€the€trial€court€as€a€Range€I,€standard€offender€to€concurrent€termsÐ ã3 Ðof€eleven€years,€nine€months€for€the€aggravated€Ô_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô€conviction€and€twenty„four€years,€sixÐ Ì Ðmonths€for€each€of€the€aggravated€rape€convictions,€for€an€effective€sentence€of€twenty„four€years,Ð µ Ðsix€months.€€His€Tennessee€sentences€were€ordered€to€be€served€concurrently€to€his€AlabamaÐ žî Ðsentence€for€Ô_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô.€€On€appeal,€he€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€the€Stateððs€failureÐ ‡× Ðto€make€a€proper€election€of€offenses,€and€the€sentences€imposed€by€the€trial€court.€€Following€ourÐ pÀ Ðreview,€we€conclude€that€one€of€the€aggravated€rape€convictions€is€invalid€because€the€facts€uponÐ Y© Ðwhich€the€State€relied€to€support€the€separate€convictions€constitute€only€one€offense.€€Ô#†¼–q»XXÆg…#ÔÔ‡XÆgX»¼–qÔAccordingly,Ð B’ Ðwe€reverse€one€of€the€defendantððs€convictions€for€aggravated€rape.€€We€affirm€the€judgments€as€toÐ +{ Ðthe€other€aggravated€rape€conviction€and€the€aggravated€Ô_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô€conviction€but€modify€theÐ d Ðsentences€to€twenty„two€years€and€nine€years,€respectively.Ô#†¼–q»XXÆgZ #ÔÔ‡XÆgX»¼–qÔÐ ýM ÐÓ¬ÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmed€in€Part,Ð Ï!! ÐReversed€in€Part,€Sentences€Modifiedó óÐ ¹" " ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼–q»àXÆg #ÔÔ‡XÆgX.¼–qÔAlan€E.€Glenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJerry€L.€Smithóó€and€òòJoe€G.€Riley,Ð Œ$Ü$ ÐJJ.óó,€joined.Ð u%Å % ÐÌPhilip€A.€Condra,€District€Public€Defender,€and€Francis€W.€Pryor,€Jr.,€Assistant€Public€Defender,Ð G'—"' Ðfor€the€appellant,€Randy€David€Miles.Ð 0(€#( ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Elizabeth€B.€Marney,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð *R%* ÐJames€Michael€Taylor,€District€Attorney€General;€and€SteÔ_ÔvenÔ_Ô€M.€Blount,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ ë*;&+ ÐGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ô#†¼–q»XXÆg%#ÔÔ‡XÆgX»¼–qԀРÔ+$', ÐÓö ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼–q»XXÆgø#ÔÔ‡XÆgX»¼–qÔÐ ¦-ö(.ý ÐÔ_ÔòòóóÔ#†¼–q»XXÆg€#ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XÆgX»¼–qÔÌòòóóà@¥¥(ìàò òòòFACTSˆÐ ™é ÐÌà@(ìàTrialˆÐ m½ ÐÌà  àóóó óThe€victim€testified€that€she€and€her€boyfriend,€Tommy€Hickerson,€were€returning€from€hisÐ A ‘ Ðsoftball€game€to€his€sisterððs€house€in€Hazel€Green,€Alabama,€shortly€after€midnight€on€May€4,€2000,Ð * z Ðwhen€their€car€became€stuck€in€the€mud€a€short€distance€from€the€sisterððs€house.€€AfterÐ  c Ðunsuccessfully€attempting€to€extricate€the€car€by€hand,€Hickerson€left€for€the€house€on€foot€toÐ ü L Ðretrieve€a€ð ðcome„a„longðð€from€his€sisterððs€garage.€€The€victim€waited€in€the€car€for€about€ten€minutesÐ å 5  Ðand€then€began€walking€to€the€house€to€help€Hickerson€search€for€the€tool.€€Before€she€reached€herÐ Î   Ðdestination,€however,€a€car€pulled€up€beside€her€and€a€ð ðhugeðð€man€she€had€never€seen€before,€butÐ ·  Ðwhom€she€later€identified€as€Gary€Allen€Phillips,€Jr.,€got€out€of€the€car,€grabbed€her,€and€placed€herÐ  ð  Ðon€his€lap€in€the€passenger€seat€of€the€vehicle.€€The€victim€identified€the€defendant€as€the€driver€ofÐ ‰Ù  Ðthe€vehicle,€but€testified€she€had€never€seen€him€before€that€night€either.€€€Ð r  ÐÌà  àThe€victim,€who€was€very€frightened,€attempted€to€get€the€men€to€let€her€go€by€pointing€toÐ D” Ða€house€they€were€passing€and€telling€them€it€was€her€home€and€they€could€drop€her€off€there.€Ð -} ÐHowever,€the€defendant€kept€going,€speeding€down€the€street,€turning€onto€various€roads€that€theÐ f Ðvictim€did€not€know,€and€flying€through€stop€signs€and€traffic€lights.€€The€victim€kept€looking€at€theÐ ÿO Ðdoor€handle,€considering€whether€she€could€jump€out€of€the€car€despite€the€speed€at€which€they€wereÐ è8 Ðtraveling,€until€Phillips€noticed,€opened€the€car€door,€and€said,€ð ð[W]hat€you€want€out,€you€want€out,ððÐ Ñ! Ðwhich€scared€her.€€Phillips€shut€the€car€door,€and€the€defendant€told€the€victim,€ð ðI€want€to€fuck€youÐ º  Ðtonight,ðð€to€which€she€angrily€responded,€ð ð[T]he€hell€you€are.ðð€€The€defendant€then€told€Phillips€thatÐ £ó Ðhe€was€driving€to€his€grandmotherððs€abandoned€house.€€€Ð ŒÜ ÐÌà  àAfter€approximately€forty„five€minutes€to€an€hour,€the€defendant€pulled€up€to€hisÐ ^® Ðgrandmotherððs€abandoned€farmhouse€in€Huntland,€Tennessee,€and€abruptly€got€out€of€the€car.€€AtÐ G— Ðthe€time,€however,€the€victim€did€not€know€where€the€house€was€located,€as€she€was€unfamiliar€withÐ 0€ Ðthe€area€and€the€defendant€said€only€that€they€were€at€his€grandmotherððs€house.€€Phillips€got€out€ofÐ i Ðthe€car€at€the€same€time,€pulled€her€out,€and€forced€her€to€walk€with€him€and€the€defendant€into€theÐ  R Ðhouse.€€Once€inside,€the€victimððs€clothes€were€rapidly€removed€and€one€of€the€men€said,€ð ð[D]o€youÐ ë ; Ðwant€her?€€Iððll€get€her,€Iððll€take€her.ðð€€The€victim€next€found€herself€pushed€down€onto€a€mattressÐ Ô!$  Ðin€a€dark€room€with€the€defendant€on€top€of€her€attempting€to€penetrate€her€and€Phillips€sittingÐ ½" ! Ðbeside€her€on€the€bed.€€During€this€time,€she€repeatedly€told€the€defendant€she€had€to€use€theÐ ¦#ö" Ðbathroom,€but€he€ignored€her€until€she€announced€she€was€going€to€have€to€go€to€the€bathroom€inÐ $ß# Ðthe€bed.€€At€that€point,€he€jerked€her€up€and€took€her€into€a€bathroom€where€the€toilet€collapsed€whenÐ x%È $ Ðshe€sat€on€it,€so€that€she€ultimately€had€to€urinate€down€her€legs€onto€the€floor€while€the€defendantÐ a&±!% Ðstood€beside€her€holding€her€arm.€€She€was€then€ð ðslammed€back€on€the€bedðð€and€raped€by€theÐ J'š"& Ðdefendant€for€what€seemed€to€her€like€hours.€€The€victim€described€the€ordeal€as€follows:€€ð ð€I€keptÐ 3(ƒ#' Ðfighting€ððem,€and€fighting€ððem€and€he€raped€me€over€and€over€and€over€and€for€so€long.ðð€€The€victimÐ )l$( Ðwas€positive€it€was€the€defendant€who€raped€her.Ð *U%) Ðâ âÐ î*>&* Ðà  àThe€victim€testified€she€fought€the€defendant€throughout€and€managed€to€scratch€his€face.€Ð ° Ðâ âShe€said€she€was€able€to€push€him€off€at€one€point,€causing€him€to€withdraw€from€her.€€TheÐ ™é Ðdefendant€told€her€she€was€making€him€mad€and€penetrated€her€again.€€The€victim€testified€that€theÐ ‚Ò Ðdefendant€penetrated€her€vagina€with€his€penis.€€Phillips€was€ð ðmumbling€back€and€forthðð€during€thisÐ k» Ðtime,€and€the€defendant€told€her€she€was€making€him€mad€as€well,€and€that€she€did€not€want€to€doÐ T¤ Ðthat.€€Phillips,€whom€the€victim€described€as€ð ðhugeðð€and€ð ðreal€creepy€looking,ðð€then€took€off€hisÐ =  Ðshirt,€ð ðscoot[ed]€in€beside€[her]ðð€and€began€pinching€her€arms,€legs,€and€stomach€while€watchingÐ & v Ðthe€defendant€rape€her.€€Phillips€also€took€out€a€pager,€turned€on€its€light,€and€moved€it€over€herÐ  _ Ðbody,€saying€that€he€wanted€to€see€what€she€looked€like.€€At€some€point€while€the€defendant€wasÐ ø H Ðraping€her,€the€victim€deliberately€dropped€her€hair€clip€onto€the€floor€beside€the€bed€in€the€hopesÐ á 1  Ðthat€it€would€later€help€the€police€locate€and€identify€the€perpetrators.€Ð Ê   ÐÌ€à  àThe€victim€testified€that€when€the€defendant€had€finished€raping€her,€he€held€her€in€his€armsÐ œì  Ðin€the€bed€and€told€her€they€were€going€to€lie€there€until€the€sun€came€up,€and€he€would€leave€whenÐ …Õ  Ðshe€fell€asleep.€€Phillips€was€ð ðright€besideðð€her€during€most€of€this€time.€€At€daylight,€the€defendantÐ n¾  Ðgot€up€and€quickly€dressed€and€the€victim€dressed€as€well.€€The€defendant€then€pulled€her€outsideÐ W§  Ðto€the€car€and€forced€her€to€sit€on€his€lap€in€the€passenger€seat.€€Before€getting€into€the€car,€the€victimÐ @ Ðdropped€her€cigarette€pack€onto€the€ground€without€the€defendant€noticing,€hoping€that€it€wouldÐ )y Ðprovide€additional€evidence€for€the€police.€€Phillips€got€in€the€driverððs€side€of€the€vehicle€and€theyÐ b Ðbegan€ð ðflying€outðð€of€the€area,€once€again€driving€down€roads€that€were€unfamiliar€to€the€victim.€Ð ûK ÐShe€was€frightened€and€crying,€and€the€defendant€kept€calling€her€ð ða€whiny€little€bitch.ðð€€At€oneÐ ä4 Ðpoint,€Phillips€stopped€the€car€on€a€gravel€road€and€the€defendant€took€her€out€of€the€car€and€heldÐ Í Ðher€by€the€arm€while€Phillips€went€to€get€gas.€€When€Phillips€returned,€she€and€the€defendant€gotÐ ¶ Ðback€in€the€car€and€Phillips€continued€driving.€€Phillips€and€the€defendant€discussed€trying€to€locateÐ Ÿï ÐCounty€Lake,€and€she€began€crying€again€because€she€feared€they€planned€to€drown€her.€€At€anotherÐ ˆØ Ðpoint,€a€state€trooper€passed€them€as€they€were€traveling€on€Highway€72,€and€the€defendant,€seeingÐ qÁ Ðthe€trooperððs€approach,€€ð ðslung€[her]€.€.€.€in€the€floorboard.ðð€€Phillips,€who€seemed€frightened€by€theÐ Zª Ðappearance€of€the€trooper,€then€turned€onto€a€side€road.€€Ð C“ ÐÌà  àThe€victim€begged€the€men€to€let€her€go,€and€Phillips€said€something€to€the€defendant€aboutÐ e Ðhaving€a€six„mile€walk€ahead€of€him.€€He€drove€another€fifteen€or€twenty€minutes,€eventually€endingÐ þN Ðup€on€a€road€the€victim€recognized€in€the€Hunstville,€Alabama,€area,€where€he€stopped€the€car,Ð ç 7 Ðjumped€out,€and€began€walking€down€the€road.€€The€defendant€ran€around€the€vehicle€to€the€driverððsÐ Ð!   Ðside,€got€in,€and€began€backing€up.€€The€victim€pleaded€with€the€defendant€to€let€her€get€out€of€theÐ ¹" ! Ðcar,€and€he€started€telling€her€again,€as€he€had€throughout€the€entire€ordeal,€that€she€was€ð ðjust€oneÐ ¢#ò" Ðof€those€little€whiny€old€bitches.ðð€€She€lied,€telling€him€her€family€was€involved€in€law€enforcement,Ð ‹$Û# Ðand€he€asked€where€she€lived€and€told€her€he€would€just€drop€her€off€at€home,€as€if,€in€the€victimððsÐ t%Ä $ Ðwords,€ð ðit€was€no€big€old€deal€whatever.ððÐ ]&­!% ÐÌà  àThe€victim€testified€that€the€defendant€approached€a€trailer€park€and€she€lied€again,€tellingÐ /(#' Ðhim€that€it€was€where€she€lived.€€She€said€he€pulled€into€the€drive,€stopped€the€car,€and€let€her€out,Ð )h$( Ðordering€her€not€to€say€anything€about€what€had€occurred.€€After€getting€out€of€the€car,€she€cursedÐ *Q%) Ðhim€and€told€him€he€would€not€get€away€with€his€crime,€slammed€the€car€door,€and€threw€a€rock€intoÐ ê*:&* Ðhis€car.€€At€that€point,€he€spun€his€car€around€and€quickly€drove€off.€€She€then€walked€from€theÐ Ó+#'+ Ðtrailer€park€to€Hickersonððs€sisterððs€house,€where€she€immediately€reported€the€kidnapping€and€rapeÐ ° Ðto€the€police.€€That€same€day,€she€identified€the€defendant€as€the€man€who€raped€her€by€picking€hisÐ ™é Ðphotograph€out€of€a€photographic€lineup.€€She€identified€Phillips€the€next€afternoon€by€picking€hisÐ ‚Ò Ðphotograph€out€of€a€separate€photographic€lineup.Ð k» ÐÌà  àSexual€Assault€Nurse€Examiner€Beth€Taylor,€who€conducted€a€forensic€medical€examinationÐ =  Ðof€the€victim€at€the€Huntsville€Hospital€on€May€4,€2000,€testified€she€found€ð ða€lot€of€red€mudðð€andÐ & v Ðmultiple€bruises€and€abrasions€on€the€victimððs€body€consistent€with€a€sexual€assault,€includingÐ  _ Ðbruises€and€abrasions€to€the€victimððs€knees€and€inner€thighs€and€a€redness€to€the€ð ðposteriorÐ ø H Ðfourchetteðð€region€of€the€vagina,€or€the€area€immediately€below€the€victimððs€vaginal€opening.€€SheÐ á 1  Ðfound€no€tears€or€lacerations€to€the€victimððs€rectum.€€Taylor€testified€on€cross„examination,€however,Ð Ê   Ðthat€the€victim€described€having€been€rectally€penetrated€twice.Ð ³  ÐÌà  àThe€codefendant,€Gary€Allen€Phillips,€Jr.,€testified€he€pled€guilty€to€facilitation€of€aggravatedÐ …Õ  Ðrape€and€facilitation€of€aggravated€kidnapping€in€exchange€for€a€twelve„year€sentence€in€theÐ n¾  ÐDepartment€of€Correction.€€Although€he€attempted€to€minimize€his€involvement,€PhillipsÐ W§  Ðcorroborated€the€essential€details€of€the€victimððs€account€of€the€crime,€testifying€as€follows:€he€andÐ @ Ðthe€defendant€encountered€the€victim€alone€on€the€road€in€the€Hazel€Green/New€Market€area€ofÐ )y ÐAlabama€sometime€after€midnight€on€May€4,€2000,€and€took€her€into€their€car;€the€defendant€toldÐ b Ðthe€victim€he€was€going€to€have€sex€with€her€and€she€replied,€ð ð[N]o,€youððre€notðð;€the€victim€triedÐ ûK Ðto€exit€the€vehicle€on€the€passenger€side;€the€defendant€drove€to€his€grandmotherððs€house€inÐ ä4 ÐHuntland,€Tennessee,€where€he€raped€the€victim€while€Phillips€watched;€Phillips€drove€when€theyÐ Í Ðreturned€the€victim€to€the€Hazel€Green/New€Market€area€the€following€morning;€the€defendantÐ ¶ Ðshoved€the€victim€to€the€floorboard€when€they€passed€an€Alabama€state€trooper€en€route;€and€PhillipsÐ Ÿï Ðgot€out€of€the€vehicle€two€and€a€half€to€three€miles€from€his€home,€leaving€the€defendant€alone€inÐ ˆØ Ðthe€car€with€the€victim.€€Ð qÁ ÐÌà  àPhillipsðð€account€differed€markedly€from€the€victimððs€only€with€respect€to€the€role€he€playedÐ C“ Ðin€the€crime.€€He€testified,€for€example,€that€he€and€the€defendant€initially€stopped€with€the€intentionÐ ,| Ðof€offering€the€victim€a€ride;€that€the€victim€was€on€the€ground€and€told€him€she€had€fallen€and€hurtÐ e Ðher€ankle;€that€he€ð ðhelped€her€into€the€carðð;€and€that€it€was€the€defendant€who€pulled€the€victim€fromÐ þN Ðthe€car€into€the€farmhouse€when€they€arrived€in€Huntland.€€Although€Phillips€acknowledgedÐ ç 7 Ðwatching€the€defendant€rape€the€victim,€he€denied€helping€the€defendant€in€any€way.€€He€said€he€leftÐ Ð!   Ðthe€room€at€one€point€and€when€he€returned,€the€defendant€was€still€raping€the€victim.€€PhillipsÐ ¹" ! Ðtestified€that€the€defendant€ð ðhad€flipped€out€that€nightðð€and€speculated€it€could€have€been€caused€byÐ ¢#ò" Ðthe€large€amounts€of€marijuana€and€alcohol€he€had€consumed.€€He€denied€he€spent€the€night€in€theÐ ‹$Û# Ðbed€with€the€victim€and€the€defendant,€testifying€that€he€thought€he€had€slept€in€the€living€room.€€HeÐ t%Ä $ Ðsaid€he€used€the€light€from€his€pager€the€next€morning€to€find€the€victimððs€clothes.€€Ð ]&­!% ÐÌà  àPhillips€testified€he€got€out€of€the€car€two€and€a€half€to€three€miles€from€his€home€in€AlabamaÐ /(#' Ðbecause€he€was€ð ðdisgustedðð€at€what€had€transpired.€€He€said€he€told€a€friend€that€evening€what€hadÐ )h$( Ðoccurred€and€then€telephoned€the€Madison€County,€Alabama,€Sheriffððs€Department€and€gave€aÐ *Q%) Ðstatement€to€officers.€€He€stated€that,€as€part€of€his€plea€agreement€in€Tennessee,€the€AlabamaÐ ê*:&* Ðauthorities€agreed€to€drop€the€Alabama€kidnapping€charges€against€him€and€he€agreed€to€testifyÐ Ó+#'+ Ðagainst€the€defendant€in€an€Alabama€court.€€However,€since€the€defendant€had€pled€guilty€to€hisÐ ° ÐAlabama€kidnapping€charge,€he€had€not€been€required€to€testify€against€him,€and€was€therefore€underÐ ™é Ðno€obligation€to€testify€at€the€defendantððs€Tennessee€trial.€€Phillips€testified€that€his€trial€testimonyÐ ‚Ò Ðwas€accurate€to€the€best€of€his€recollection€but€that€he€was€very€drunk€at€the€time€of€the€crime.€€HeÐ k» Ðsaid€the€statement€he€gave€police€on€May€5,€2000,€was€consistent€with€his€current€trial€testimony.€Ð T¤ ЀÌà  àThe€friend€and€next„door€neighbor€to€whom€Phillips€confided,€Bridgett€Danielle€Edwards,Ð & v Ðtestified€that€the€defendant,€whom€she€knew€through€Phillips,€came€to€her€home€on€May€4,€2000,Ð  _ Ðand€told€her€he€had€done€something€that€would€get€him€twenty€to€twenty„five€years€and€that€PhillipsÐ ø H Ðhad€been€with€him.€€The€defendant€would€not€tell€her€what€he€had€done€and€was€laughing€when€heÐ á 1  Ðleft€her€house.€€Later€that€evening,€a€very€nervous€and€scared€Phillips€came€to€her€house,€and€sheÐ Ê   Ðasked€him€what€the€defendant€had€done.€€When€he€told€her,€she€suggested€that€he€turn€himself€in.€Ð ³  ÐEdwards€acknowledged€on€cross„examination€that€the€defendant€told€her€that€Phillips€ð ðdidnððt€haveÐ œì  Ðanything€to€do€with€it,€that€heððd€done€it€all.ððÐ …Õ  ÐÌÒe°Òà  àBrent€Patterson,€a€criminal€investigator€with€the€violent€crimes€unit€of€the€Madison€CountyÐ W§  ÐSheriffððs€Department€in€Huntsville,€Alabama,€testified€the€victim€picked€both€the€defendantððs€andÐ @ ÐPhillipsðð€photographs€without€hesitation€from€separate€photographic€lineups,€positively€identifyingÐ )y Ðthe€defendant€as€the€man€who€raped€her.€€Patterson€identified€a€statement€he€took€from€Phillips,Ð b Ðwhich€was€admitted€as€an€exhibit€at€trial,€and€testified€that€he€also€spoke€with€the€defendant.€Ð ûK ÐHowever,€although€the€defendant€agreed€to€talk€to€him€and€Investigator€Mike€Bell€of€the€FranklinÐ ä4 ÐCounty,€Tennessee,€Sheriffððs€Department,€he€did€not€want€to€be€videotaped€or€recorded€and€refusedÐ Í Ðto€sign€any€written€statement,€telling€the€officers€that€if€he€did€so,€he€would€€be€unable€to€later€changeÐ ¶ Ðhis€story€in€court.€€Patterson€testified€that€the€defendant€told€them€that€the€victim€had€been€kidnapped,Ð Ÿï Ðplaced€in€his€vehicle,€and€driven€to€his€grandmotherððs€abandoned€farmhouse€in€Huntland€where€heÐ ˆØ Ðhad€sexual€intercourse€with€her.€€According€to€Patterson,€the€defendant€told€the€officers€that€PhillipsÐ qÁ Ðhad€ð ðstood€by€and€watched.€€That€he€rubbed€on€the€victimððs€female€private€areas€and€that€he€neverÐ Zª Ðactually€raped€the€female.ðð€€The€defendant€said€that€the€rape€took€place€over€a€two€and€a€half€hourÐ C“ Ðtime€period,€at€different€times,€and€that€it€involved€more€than€one€penetration.€€He€told€the€officersÐ ,| Ðthat€he€and€Phillips€returned€to€Alabama€with€the€victim€the€following€morning€and€that€he€shovedÐ e Ðthe€victim,€who€was€struggling€at€the€time,€onto€the€carððs€floorboard€when€they€passed€an€AlabamaÐ þN Ðstate€trooper€during€the€drive.€€Finally,€the€defendant€told€the€officers€that€he€would€be€willing€to€payÐ ç 7 Ðthe€victim€$5000€if€she€would€forget€the€incident€and€drop€the€charges€against€him.€€PattersonÐ Ð!   Ðtestified€that€the€defendant€pled€guilty€to€aggravated€kidnapping€in€Alabama€on€November€27,€2001.€Ð ¹" ! ÐOn€cross„examination,€he€acknowledged€that€the€defendant€had€described€his€sexual€intercourse€withÐ ¢#ò" Ðthe€victim€as€consensual.Ð ‹$Û# ÐÌà  àInvestigator€Mike€Bell€of€the€Franklin€County,€Tennessee,€Sheriffððs€Department€corroboratedÐ ]&­!% Ðthe€details€of€the€defendantððs€statement€provided€by€Investigator€Patterson.€€Bell€additionally€testifiedÐ F'–"& Ðthat€the€defendant€told€them€he€felt€bad€about€what€happened€to€the€victim,€that€he€was€unable€at€firstÐ /(#' Ðto€get€an€erection€but€then€had€sex€with€the€victim€for€about€two€and€a€half€hours,€and€that€the€victimÐ )h$( Ðwas€waving€her€arms€when€he€shoved€her€onto€the€floorboard€as€the€state€trooper€passed,€but€that€herÐ *Q%) Ðheart€was€not€pounding€ð ðso€she€wasnððt€scared€and€it€was€all€consentual€[sic].ðð€€Bell€testified€that€whenÐ ê*:&* Ðhe€eventually€located€the€farmhouse€where€the€rape€occurred,€he€found€the€hair€clip€and€cigaretteÐ Ó+#'+ Ðpack€in€the€exact€places€described€by€the€victim.€€He€acknowledged€on€cross„examination€that€noÐ ° ÐDNA€testing€had€been€performed€on€the€evidence€collected€from€the€victimððs€rape€kit,€but€explainedÐ ™é Ðthat€with€the€overwhelming€evidence€of€ð ðwho€did€whatðð€supplied€by€the€victimððs€statement€and€theÐ ‚Ò Ðconfessions€by€Phillips€and€the€defendant,€identity€was€not€an€issue€in€the€case.Ð k» ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€elected€not€to€testify€but€presented€proof€by€stipulation€that€Phillips€had€toldÐ =  Ða€Huntsville€police€officer€during€his€initial€interview€that€he€was€scared€because€he€had€a€rape€caseÐ & v Ðpending€against€him€in€Huntsville.€€The€State€responded€with€stipulated€proof€that€the€rape€chargeÐ  _ Ðto€which€Phillips€referred€was€for€statutory€rape,€included€a€domestic€violence€kidnapping€allegation,Ð ø H Ðand€was€never€prosecuted€because€the€alleged€victim€refused€to€cooperate€with€police.€€AfterÐ á 1  Ðdeliberating,€the€jury€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€aggravated€kidnapping€and€two€counts€ofÐ Ê   Ðaggravated€rape,€assessing€a€$25,000€fine€for€the€aggravated€kidnapping€conviction€and€a€$50,000Ð ³  Ðfine€for€each€of€the€aggravated€rape€convictions.€€Ð œì  ÐÌà@ÇÇ!àòòò òSentencing€Hearingó óóóˆÐ n¾  Ðà  àÌà  àThe€defendantððs€mother€and€four€of€his€siblings€appeared€in€his€support€at€his€February€11,Ð A‘ Ð2003,€sentencing€hearing,€with€the€defendantððs€older€brother,€Clayton€Miles,€who€said€he€was€aÐ *z Ðdivisional€director€for€Krispy€Kreme€Doughnuts,€offering€testimony€on€his€behalf.€€Miles€testifiedÐ c Ðthat€the€defendant€had€been€a€Krispy€Kreme€employee€for€a€number€of€years€and€had€managed€aÐ üL ÐMobile,€Alabama,€store€for€approximately€two€and€a€half€years.€€He€said€the€defendant€had€beenÐ å5 Ðemployed€since€high€school,€sometimes€working€as€many€as€three€jobs€at€one€time.€€Miles€describedÐ Î Ðsome€of€the€various€jobs€the€defendant€had€held,€which€included€operating€a€lawn€service€andÐ · Ðworking€at€an€electronics€store,€and€said€he€was€unaware€of€any€extended€period€of€time€in€which€theÐ  ð Ðdefendant€had€been€unemployed.Ð ‰Ù Ѐ€Ð r Ðà  àOn€March€11,€2003,€the€trial€court€filed€a€memorandum€opinion€on€sentencing,€finding€theÐ [« Ðfollowing€enhancement€factors€to€be€applicable:€€factors€(2)€and€(3),€the€defendant€has€a€previousÐ D” Ðhistory€of€criminal€convictions€or€criminal€behavior€in€addition€to€those€necessary€to€establish€theÐ -} Ðappropriate€range€and€the€defendant€was€the€leader€in€the€commission€of€the€offense€involving€twoÐ f Ðor€more€criminal€actors,€applicable€to€both€the€aggravated€rape€and€the€aggravated€kidnappingÐ ÿO Ðconvictions;€factor€(8),€the€offense€involved€a€victim€and€was€committed€to€gratify€the€defendantððsÐ è 8 Ðdesire€for€pleasure€or€excitement,€applicable€to€the€aggravated€rape€convictions;€and€factor€(11),€theÐ Ñ!!  Ðdefendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high,Ð º" ! Ðapplicable€to€the€aggravated€kidnapping€conviction.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(2),€(3),€(8),Ð £#ó" Ð(11)€(2003).€€The€trial€court€applied€two€mitigating€factors:€€the€defendantððs€history€of€steadyÐ Œ$Ü# Ðemployment,€and€the€fact€that€he€voluntarily€released€the€victim€alive.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€ðððð€40„35„113(13);€39„Ð u%Å $ Ð13„304(b)(2)€(2003).€€Placing€ð ðconsiderableðð€weight€on€the€defendantððs€previous€history€of€criminalÐ ^&®!% Ðbehavior€and€his€leadership€in€the€commission€of€his€offenses,€less€weight€on€the€other€twoÐ G'—"& Ðenhancement€factors,€and€ð ðvery€little€weightðð€on€the€mitigating€factors,€the€trial€court€sentenced€theÐ 0(€#' Ðdefendant€as€a€Range€I,€standard€offender€to€concurrent€terms€of€eleven€years,€nine€months€for€theÐ )i$( Ðaggravated€kidnapping€conviction€and€twenty„four€years,€six€months€for€each€of€the€aggravated€rapeÐ *R%) Ðconvictions,€to€be€served€concurrently€to€his€Alabama€kidnapping€sentence.€Ð ë*;&* ÐÐ Ô+$'+ Ðà@&àòòò òANALYSISó óóóˆÐ ° ÐÌà@àò òI.€€Sufficiency€of€the€EvidenceˆÐ ƒÓ ÐÌà  àó óAs€his€first€issue,€the€defendant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€in€support€of€hisÐ W§ Ðconvictions.€€When€the€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence€is€challenged€on€appeal,€we€mustÐ @  Ðconsider€ð ðwhether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€òòanyóóÐ ) y Ðrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€Ð  b ÐòòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789,€61€L.€Ed.€2d€560,€573€(1979);€òòsee€alsoóóÐ û K ÐòòState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€190„92€(Tenn.€1992);€òòState€v.€Andersonóó,€835€S.W.2d€600,€604Ð ä 4  Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992)òòóó;€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e)€(ð ðFindings€of€guilt€in€criminal€actions€whether€byÐ Í   Ðthe€trial€court€or€jury€shall€be€set€aside€if€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€findings€by€theÐ ¶  Ðtrier€of€fact€of€guilt€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð).€€All€questions€involving€the€credibility€ofÐ Ÿï  Ðwitnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€the€evidence,€and€all€factual€issues€are€resolved€by€theÐ ˆØ  Ðtrier€of€fact.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Pappasóó,€754€S.W.2d€620,€623€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987)òòóó.€€ð ðA€guilty€verdictÐ qÁ  Ðby€the€jury,€approved€by€the€trial€judge,€accredits€the€testimony€of€the€witnesses€for€the€State€andÐ Zª  Ðresolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€theory€of€the€State.ðð€€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.Ð C“ Ð1973).€€Our€supreme€court€stated€the€rationale€for€this€rule:Ð ,| ÐÌà8  àà8` !!àà ¸ àThis€well„settled€rule€rests€on€a€sound€foundation.€€The€trialÐ þN Ðjudge€and€the€jury€see€the€witnesses€face€to€face,€hear€their€testimonyÐ ç7 Ðand€observe€their€demeanor€on€the€stand.€€Thus€the€trial€judge€and€juryÐ Ð  Ðare€the€primary€instrumentality€of€justice€to€determine€the€weight€andÐ ¹  Ðcredibility€to€be€given€to€the€testimony€of€witnesses.€€In€the€trial€forumÐ ¢ò Ðalone€is€there€human€atmosphere€and€the€totality€of€the€evidenceÐ ‹Û Ðcannot€be€reproduced€with€a€written€record€in€this€Court.ÐtÄ` Ã` à ÐòòÌBolin€v.€Stateóó,€219€Tenn.€4,€11,€405€S.W.2d€768,€771€(1966)€(citing€òòCarroll€v.€Stateóó,€212€Tenn.€464,Ð F– Ð370€S.W.2d€523€(1963)).€€A€jury€conviction€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€with€which€aÐ / Ðdefendant€is€initially€cloaked€and€replaces€it€with€one€of€guilt,€so€that€on€appeal,€a€convictedÐ h Ðdefendant€has€the€burden€of€demonstrating€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639Ð  Q ÐS.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).Ô‡ X®Ý XXXÆgÔÐ ê : ÐÌà  àThe€indictment€charged€the€defendant€with€the€sexual€penetration€of€the€victim€by€the€use€ofÐ ¼" ! Ðforce€or€coercion€and€while€aided€and€abetted€by€Phillips.€€The€aggravated€rape€statute€provides,€inÐ ¥#õ" Ðpertinent€part:Ð Ž$Þ# ÐÌà8  àà8` !!àà ¸ àAggravated€rape€is€unlawful€sexual€penetration€of€a€victim€byÐ `&°!% Ðthe€defendant€or€the€defendant€by€a€victim€accompanied€by€any€of€theÐ I'™"& Ðfollowing€circumstances:Ð2(‚#'` Ã` à ÐÌà8  àà8` !!àà ¸ à.€.€.€.€à  àÐ*T%)` Ã` à Ðâ âÐ í*=&* Ðà8  àà8` !!àà ¸ à(3)€The€defendant€is€aided€or€abetted€by€one€(1)€or€more€otherÐ ° Ðâ âpersons;€and€Ð™é` Ã` à ÐÌà8  àà8` !!àà ¸ à€€€(A)€Force€or€coercion€is€used€to€accomplish€the€act[.]Ðk»` Ã` à ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„502(a)(3)(A)€(2003).€Ð =  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€State€failed€to€prove€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€PhillipsÐ  _ Ðaided€and€abetted€him€in€the€commission€of€the€rape,€asserting€that€the€evidence€at€most€showed€thatÐ ø H ÐPhillips€was€present€and€failed€to€stop€any€unlawful€conduct€on€the€part€of€the€defendant.€€However,Ð á 1  Ðwhen€viewed€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€the€proof€overwhelmingly€established€thatÐ Ê   ÐPhillips€acted€as€more€than€a€mere€observer.€€The€victim€described€Phillips€as€ð ðhugeðð€and€ð ðcreepyÐ ³  Ðlookingðð€and€testified€that€she€felt€more€afraid€and€intimidated€by€him€than€by€the€smaller€defendant.€Ð œì  ÐAccording€to€the€victimððs€testimony,€it€was€Phillips€who€grabbed€her€off€the€street€in€Alabama,€heldÐ …Õ  Ðher€on€his€lap€during€the€drive€from€Alabama€to€Tennessee,€and€dragged€her€into€the€house€where€theÐ n¾  Ðrape€occurred.€€The€victimððs€testimony€further€established€that€Phillips€provided€a€coercive,Ð W§  Ðintimidating€presence€during€the€rape€itself.€€She€testified€that€when€she€pushed€the€defendant€off€her,Ð @ Ðhe€told€her€that€in€addition€to€making€him€mad,€she€was€making€Phillips€mad€as€well,€which€she€didÐ )y Ðnot€want€to€do.€€Phillips€then€removed€his€shirt€and€crawled€onto€the€bed€beside€her,€pinching€herÐ b Ðarms,€legs,€and€stomach€and€inspecting€her€body€by€the€light€of€his€pager€while€watching€theÐ ûK Ðdefendant€rape€her.€€Finally,€in€spite€of€the€defendantððs€statements€to€Bridgett€Edwards€andÐ ä4 ÐInvestigators€Bell€and€Patterson€absolving€Phillips€of€complicity€in€the€rape,€he€admitted€to€theÐ Í Ðinvestigators€that€Phillips€rubbed€the€victimððs€genitals€while€watching€him€have€intercourse€with€theÐ ¶ Ðvictim.€€Based€on€this€evidence,€a€rational€trier€of€fact€could€conclude€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€thatÐ Ÿï ÐPhillips€aided€and€abetted€the€defendant€in€his€commission€of€the€rape.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€additionally€argues€that€the€State€failed€to€present€sufficient€evidence€of€twoÐ Zª Ðseparate€and€distinct€rapes,€rather€than€one€continuous€act.€€We€will€address€this€argument€during€ourÐ C“ Ðconsideration€of€the€defendantððs€election€of€offenses€issue.€€€€€Ð ,| ÐÌà  àThe€defendantððs€aggravated€kidnapping€conviction€was€based€on€his€unlawful€confinementÐ þN Ðof€the€victim€committed€to€facilitate€the€felony€of€rape.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„304(a)(1)Ð ç 7 Ð(2003).€Ô#†XÆgX X X®ÝÝx#ÔÔ‡ X®Ý XXXÆgÔ€With€respect€to€this€crime,€theòòóó€defendant€concedes€he€made€statements€to€the€victim€aboutÐ Ð!   Ðhis€desire€for€sexual€intercourse€with€her€and€that€he€took€her€to€his€grandmotherððs€house€where€theÐ ¹" ! Ðrape€occurred.€€He€asserts,€however,€that€ð ðthere€was€little€or€no€proof€of€force€or€coercion€untilÐ ¢#ò" Ðreaching€the€abandoned€houseðð€and€that€his€ð ðactual€intent€to€force€himselfðð€on€the€victim€did€not€ariseÐ ‹$Û# Ðuntil€that€time.€€He€argues,€therefore,€that€the€State€proved€him€guilty€only€of€kidnapping€rather€thanÐ t%Ä $ Ðaggravated€kidnapping€because€it€failed€to€show€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€kidnapping€wasÐ ]&­!% Ðcommitted€to€facilitate€the€later€rape.€€Ð F'–"& ÐÌà  àThe€State€notes€that€force€or€coercion€is€not€an€element€of€aggravated€kidnapping,€and€arguesÐ )h$( Ðthat€the€evidence€was€more€than€sufficient€to€show€that€the€kidnapping€was€committed€to€facilitateÐ *Q%) Ðthe€rape.€€We€agree.€€The€defendant€himself€announced€his€intention€at€the€outset€by€telling€theÐ ê*:&* Ðvictim,€ð ðI€want€to€fuck€you€tonight,ðð€as€he€sped€from€the€area€of€the€abduction.€€At€the€same€time,Ð Ó+#'+ ÐPhillips€was€holding€the€victim€on€his€lap€and€preventing€her€escape€from€the€vehicle.€€Upon€theirÐ ° Ðarrival€at€the€farmhouse,€the€victimððs€clothes€were€immediately€removed€and€she€found€herselfÐ ™é Ðthrown€onto€a€bed€with€the€defendant€lying€on€top€of€her€attempting€to€penetrate€her.€€This€evidenceÐ ‚Ò Ðoverwhelmingly€supports€the€juryððs€finding€that€the€kidnapping€was€committed€to€facilitate€the€rape.€Ð k» ÐWe€conclude,€therefore,€that€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€the€defendantððs€convictions€forÐ T¤ Ðaggravated€rape€and€aggravated€kidnapping.€€€Ð =  ÐÌà@%%àò òII.€€Election€of€Offensesó óˆÐ  _ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€next€contends€that€the€State€failed€to€make€a€proper€election€of€offenses,Ð â 2  Ðthereby€depriving€him€of€a€fair€trial.€€The€doctrine€of€election€requires€the€State€to€elect€the€facts€uponÐ Ë   Ðwhich€it€is€relying€to€establish€a€charged€offense€when€there€is€evidence€at€trial€that€the€defendant€hasÐ ´  Ðcommitted€multiple€offenses€against€the€victim.€€òòState€v.€Johnsonóó,€53€S.W.3d€628,€630€(Tenn.€2001)Ð í  Ðcitations€omitted).€€ð ðThe€election€requirement€safeguards€the€defendantððs€state€constitutional€rightÐ †Ö  Ðto€a€unanimous€jury€verdict€by€ensuring€that€jurors€deliberate€and€render€a€verdict€based€on€the€sameÐ o¿  Ðevidence.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€631€(citing€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€992€S.W.2d€389,€391€(Tenn.€1999)).€€The€defendantÐ X¨  Ðacknowledges€he€failed€to€raise€this€issue€in€his€motion€for€a€new€trial,€but€argues€that€we€shouldÐ A‘ Ðnonetheless€notice€it€as€plain€error€under€Tennessee€Rule€of€Criminal€Procedure€52(b),€whichÐ *z Ðprovides€that€an€error€affecting€the€substantial€rights€of€a€defendant€may€be€noticed€at€any€time€in€theÐ c Ðdiscretion€of€the€appellate€court€where€necessary€to€do€substantial€justice.€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€52(b);€Ð üL ÐòòState€v.€Tayloróó,€992€S.W.2d€941,€944€(Tenn.€1999);€òòState€v.€Adkissonóó,€899€S.W.2d€626,€639€(Tenn.Ð å5 ÐCrim.€App.€1994).€€Dual€convictions€resulting€in€a€violation€of€a€defendantððs€protection€againstÐ Î Ðdouble€jeopardy€constitute€plain€error.€€òòState€v.€Robert€Wayne€Herronóó,€No.Ð · ÐM2002-00951-CCA-R3-CD,€2003€WL€151201,€at€*5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Jan.€22,€2003),€òòperm.€toÐ  ð Ðappeal€deniedóó€(Tenn.€2003).Ð ‰Ù ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€State€failed€to€adequately€inform€the€jury€of€which€two€acts€ofÐ [« Ðpenetration€it€was€electing€in€support€of€the€two€separate€counts€of€aggravated€rape.€€We€disagree.€Ð D” ÐDuring€closing€argument,€the€prosecutor€referred€the€jury€to€the€specific€portion€of€the€victimððsÐ -} Ðtestimony€upon€which€it€was€relying€to€support€the€two€aggravated€rape€convictions:€Ô#†XÆgX X X®Ýˆ#ÔÔ‡ X®Ý XXXÆgԀРf ÐÌà8  àà8` !!àà ¸ àWe€charge€two€counts€of€aggravated€rape.€€Rape€is€the€sexualÐ è 8 Ðpenetration€and€if€youððll€recall€[the€victimððs]€testimony€she€said€sheÐ Ñ!!  Ðwas€able€to€push€him€away€several€times€and€I€had€to€get€personal€andÐ º" ! ÐI€had€to€ask€her,€does€that€mean€that€he€withdrew€from€you€and€thenÐ £#ó" Ðpenetrated€again?€€And€she€said,€yes.€€So€he€was€indicted€and€chargedÐ Œ$Ü# Ðwith€two€counts€and€there€are€at€least€two€sexual€penetrations€here,Ð u%Å $ Ðand€the€State€elects€and€chooses€to€proceed€with€her€very€testimonyÐ ^&®!% Ðwhere€she€said€she€pushed€him€away,€he€withdrew,€only€to€do€it€to€herÐ G'—"& Ðagain.€€That€is€at€least€two€counts€of€aggravated€rape.Ð0(€#'` Ã` à ÐÌà  àHowever,€we€agree€with€the€defendant€that€the€above€set€of€facts€does€not€establish€twoÐ *R%) Ðseparate€and€distinct€rapes.€€ð ð[S]eparate€acts€of€intercourse€may€be€so€related€as€to€constitute€oneÐ ë*;&* Ðcriminal€offense.ðð€€òòState€v.€Phillipsóó,€924€S.W.2d€662,€664„65€(Tenn.€1996).€€The€òòPhillipsóó€courtÐ Ô+$'+ Ðprovided€the€following€list€of€factors€to€be€considered€when€determining€whether€a€defendantððsÐ ° Ðbehavior€constitutes€one€continuous€act€or€separate€and€distinct€offenses:€€Ð ™é ÐÌà8  àà8` !!àà ¸ à1.€€The€nature€of€the€act;Ðk»` Ã` à Ðà8  àà8` !!àÐ ` Ã` à Ðà8  àà8` !!àà ¸ à2.€€The€area€of€the€victimððs€body€invaded€by€the€sexuallyÐ =  Ðassaultive€behavior;Ð& v` Ã` à Ðà8  àà8` !!àÐ ` Ã` à Ðà8  àà8` !!àà ¸ à3.€€The€time€elapsed€between€the€discrete€conduct;Ðø H` Ã` à Ðà8  àà8` !!àÐ ` Ã` à Ðà8  àà8` !!àà ¸ à4.€€The€accusedððs€intent,€in€the€sense€that€the€lapse€of€time€mayÐ Ê   Ðindicate€a€newly€formed€intent€to€again€seek€sexual€gratification€orÐ ³  Ðinflict€abuse;€€andМì ` Ã` à Ðà8  àà8` !!àÐ ` Ã` à Ðà8  àà8` !!àà ¸ à5.€€The€cumulative€punishment.Ðn¾ ` Ã` à ÐòòÌId.óó€at€665.€€ð ð[T]he€presence€and€absence€of€any€one€factor€or€a€combination€of€them€other€than€theÐ @ Ðnature€of€the€act€is€not€determinative€of€the€issue.ðð€€òòId.óóÐ )y ÐÌà  àIn€the€portion€of€the€victimððs€testimony€relied€on€by€the€State€in€its€election€of€offenses,€theÐ ûK Ðvictim€described€the€episode€as€follows:€Ð ä4 ÐÌÓ*°,XƒX× –X°œX*Óà8  àà8` !!àQà0× ` Ã` ÃàOkay.€€Tell€us€the€best€you€can€what€transpired€at€that€point.€Ð¶× Ã× Ã ÐÌà8  àà8` !!àAà × àHe€.€.€.€.€I€kept€fighting€ððem,€and€fighting€ððem€and€fighting€ððemÐ ˆØ Ðand€he€raped€me€over€and€over€and€over€and€for€so€long.ÐqÁ` Ã` à ÐÌà8  àà8` !!àQà × àYouððre€talking€about€who€did€this€to€you?ÐC“` Ã` à ÐÌà8  àà8` !!àAà × àYes,€[the€defendant]€did.Ðe` Ã` à ÐÌà8  àà8` !!àQà × àWas€this€one€continuous€penetration,€.€.€.Ðç 7` Ã` à ÐÌà8  àà8` !!àAà × à(Interposing)€No.й" !` Ã` à ÐÌà8  àà8` !!àQà × àOr€was€there€some€stopping€points€along€the€way?Ћ$Û#` Ã` à ÐÌà8  àà8` !!àAà × àThe€only€time€we€stopped€was€when€I€tried€to€push€him€off€of€me.Ð]&­!%` Ã` à ÐÌà8  àà8` !!àQà × àAnd€were€you€successful€in€getting€him€off€of€you?Ð/(#'` Ã` à ÐÌà8  àà8` !!àAà0× ` Ã` ÃàMaybe€like€just€barely,€not€even€.€.€.€.€Ð*Q%)× Ã× Ã ÐÌà8  àà8` !!àQà × àEnough€to€where€he€actually€withdrew€from€you?ÐÓ+#'+` Ã` à Їà8  àà8` !!àAà0× ` Ã` ÃàYes,€sir.Ð°× Ã× Ã ÐÌà8  àà8` !!àQà × àAnd€once€you€would€push€him€away€and€he€would€„€„€„€Ð‚Ò` Ã` à ÐÌà8  àà8` !!àAà × à(Interposing)€And€he€„€„€he€kept€saying€„€„€Iððm€sorry.ÐT¤` Ã` à ÐÌà8  àà8` !!àQà × àI€was€just€going€to€ask€once€you€pushed€him€away€and€heÐ & v Ðwithdrew€from€you,€what€did€he€do€again?Ð _` Ã` à ÐÌà8  àà8` !!àAà × àHe€kept€saying€youððre€making€me€mad,€youððre€„€„€why€are€[you]Ð á 1  Ðbeing€like€this,€youððre€making€me€mad,€youððre€pissing€me€off.€€He€keptÐ Ê   Ðtrying€to€flip€me€over,€well,€thereððs€a€wall€right€here€and€I€take€my€footÐ ³  Ðand€push€my€foot€off€the€wall€and€by€this€time€I€was€scared€I€was€moreÐ œì  Ðmad€than€anything,€and€I€„€„€it€went€on€like€that€forever€and€ever,€justÐ …Õ  Ðfight€him€off,€fight€him€off,€and€I€scratched€his€face.Ðn¾ ` Ã` à ÐÌà  àAlthough€the€victim€described€her€ordeal€as€seeming€to€last€ð ðforever€and€ever,ðð€the€secondÐ @ Ðpenetration€referenced€by€the€prosecutor€appears€from€her€testimony€to€have€occurred€within€aÐ )y Ðrelatively€short€period€of€time€of€the€first.€€Furthermore,€both€were€acts€of€penile€penetration,Ð b Ðinvolved€the€same€orifice,€took€place€in€the€same€bed,€and€appeared€to€have€occurred€in€the€sameÐ ûK Ðbody€positions.€€Nothing€in€the€victimððs€description€indicates€that€enough€time€elapsed€for€theÐ ä4 Ðdefendant€to€have€developed€a€newly€formed€intent€to€rape€prior€to€the€second€penetration.€Ð Í ÐTherefore,€we€conclude€that€the€evidence€elected€by€the€State€was€sufficient€to€support€only€one€ofÐ ¶ Ðthe€aggravated€rape€convictions.€€Ô#†XÆgX X X®Ýd™#ÔÔ‡ X®Ý XXXÆgÔAccordingly,€we€reverse€one€of€the€defendantððs€two€convictions€forÐ Ÿï Ðaggravated€rape€on€double€jeopardy€grounds.Ð ˆØ ÐÔ#†XÆgX X X®Ý²#ÔÔ‡ X®Ý XXXÆgÔÌà@~~"àò òIII.€€SentencingˆÐ Zª ÐÌà  àó óAs€his€final€issue,€the€defendant€challenges€the€sentences€imposed€by€the€trial€court,€asserting€Ð .~ Ðthat€they€are€excessive€and€unsupported€by€the€evidence.€€We€will€consider€these€claims.Ð g ÐÌà  àÔ#†XÆgX X X®Ýk³#ÔÔ‡X®Ý XXXÆgÔWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length€and€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€it€is€the€duty€ofÐ é 9 Ðthis€court€to€conduct€a€òòóóòòde€novoóó€review€on€the€record€with€a€presumption€that€ð ðthe€determinationsÐ Ò!"  Ðmade€by€the€court€from€which€the€appeal€is€taken€are€correct.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€Ð »" ! ÐThis€presumption€is€ð ðconditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€courtÐ ¤#ô" Ðconsidered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823Ð $Ý# ÐS.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€The€presumption€does€not€apply€to€the€legal€conclusions€reached€byÐ v%Æ $ Ðthe€trial€court€in€sentencing€the€accused€or€to€the€determinations€made€by€the€trial€court€which€areÐ _&¯!% Ðpredicated€upon€uncontroverted€facts.€€òòState€v.€Butleróó,€900€S.W.2d€305,€311€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994);Ð H'˜"& ÐòòState€v.€Smithóó,€891€S.W.2d€922,€929€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994)òòóó;€òòState€v.€Bonestelóó,€871€S.W.2d€163,Ð 1(#' Ð166€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993),€òòoverruled€on€other€grounds€byóó€òòState€v.€Hooperóó,€29€S.W.3d€1,€9€(Tenn.Ð )j$( Ð2000).€€However,€this€court€is€required€to€give€great€weight€to€the€trial€courtððs€determination€ofÐ *S%) Ðcontroverted€facts€as€the€trial€courtððs€determination€of€these€facts€is€predicated€upon€the€witnessesððÐ ì*<&* Ðdemeanor€and€appearance€when€testifying.Ð Õ+%'+ Їà  àIn€conducting€a€òòóóòòde€novoóó€review€of€a€sentence,€this€court€must€consider€(a)€any€evidenceÐ ° Ðreceived€at€the€trial€and/or€sentencing€hearing,€(b)€the€presentence€report,€(c)€the€principles€ofÐ ™é Ðsentencing,€(d)€the€arguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencing€alternatives,€(e)€the€nature€andÐ ‚Ò Ðcharacteristics€of€the€offense,€(f)€any€mitigating€or€enhancement€factors,€(g)€any€statements€made€byÐ k» Ðthe€accused€in€his€own€behalf,€and€(h)€the€accused's€potential€or€lack€of€potential€for€rehabilitationÐ T¤ Ðor€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„103,€„210;€òòState€v.€Tayloróó,€63€S.W.3d€400,€411€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð =  ÐApp.€2001)òòóó.€€The€burden€rests€with€the€defendant,€as€the€party€challenging€the€sentences,€to€establishÐ & v Ðthat€the€sentences€imposed€by€the€trial€court€are€erroneous.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401,Ð  _ ÐSentencing€Commission€Cmts.;€€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169òòóó.Ð ø H ÐÌà  àAs€a€Range€I€offender,€the€defendantððs€Class€A€felony€of€aggravated€rape€subjected€him€toÐ Ê   Ða€sentence€ranging€from€fifteen€to€twenty„five€years,€while€his€Class€B€felony€of€aggravatedÐ ³  Ðkidnapping€subjected€him€to€a€sentence€ranging€from€eight€to€twelve€years.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð œì  Ððð€40„35„112(a)(1)(2)€(2003).€€Procedurally,€the€trial€court€starts€with€a€presumptive€sentence€at€theÐ …Õ  Ðmidpoint€in€the€range€for€a€Class€A€felony€and€at€the€minimum€in€the€range€for€a€Class€B€felony,Ð n¾  Ðincreases€the€sentence€within€the€range€based€upon€the€existence€of€any€applicable€enhancementÐ W§  Ðfactors,€and€then€reduces€the€sentence€as€appropriate€based€on€applicable€mitigating€factors.€€Ô#†XÆgX XX®Ýé´#ÔÔ‡X®Ý XXXÆgÔòòId.óó€ððÐ @ Ð40-35-210(c),€(d),€(e)€(2003)Ô#†XÆgX XX®Ý¥Â#ÔÔ‡X®Ý XXXÆgÔ€€The€weight€to€be€afforded€an€existing€factor€is€left€to€the€trial€courtððsÐ )y Ðdiscretion€so€long€as€it€complies€with€the€purposes€and€principles€of€1989€Sentencing€Act€and€itsÐ b Ðfindings€are€adequately€supported€by€the€record.€€òòId.óó€ðð€40-35-210,€Sentencing€Commission€Cmts.;€Ð ûK ÐòòState€v.€Mossóó,€727€S.W.2d€229,€237€(Tenn.€1986).òòóóÐ ä4 ÐÌÔ#†XÆgX XX®Ý'Ã#ÔÔ‡ X®Ý XXXÆgÔà  àIn€reviewing€the€defendant's€sentences,€we€first€must€consider€the€opinion€of€the€United€StatesÐ ¶ ÐSupreme€Court€in€òòBlakely€v.€Washingtonóó,€__€U.S.€__,€124€S.€Ct.€2531€(2004),€which€was€releasedÐ Ÿï Ðafter€the€oral€arguments€in€this€matter.€€In€òòBlakelyóó,€€the€court€determined€that,€under€the€ruleÐ ˆØ Ðexplained€in€òòApprendi€v.€New€Jerseyóó,€530€U.S.€466,€490,€120€S.€Ct.€2348€(2000),€a€provision€of€theÐ qÁ ÐWashington€sentencing€guidelines€that€permitted€a€trial€judge€to€impose€an€"exceptional€sentence,"Ð Zª Ðupon€the€finding€of€certain€statutorily€enumerated€enhancement€factors,€could€not€be€enforcedÐ C“ Ðbecause€"every€defendant€has€the€òòrightóó€to€insist€that€the€prosecutor€prove€to€a€jury€all€facts€legallyÐ ,| Ðessential€to€the€punishment."€€__€U.S.€at€__,€124€S.€Ct.€at€2543€(emphasis€in€original).€€The€opinionÐ e Ðhas€resulted€in€a€blizzard€of€varying,€and€often€inconsistent,€interpretations€as€to€its€effect€on€federalÐ þN Ðand€state€sentencing€procedures.€€Because€of€the€likelihood€of€further€appellate€review€in€this€matter,Ð ç 7 Ðand€the€fact€that€òòBlakelyóóððs€effect€on€the€Tennessee€sentencing€acts€has€not€been€finally€determined,Ð Ð!   Ðwe€will€consider,€in€light€of€the€òòBlakelyóó€holding,€each€of€the€sentencing€factors€applied€by€the€trialÐ ¹" ! Ðcourt€in€the€present€appeal.Ô#†XÆgX X X®ÝÅ#ÔÔ‡X®Ý XXXÆgÔÐ ¢#ò" ÐÌà  àAccording€to€the€presentence€report,€the€defendant€had€prior€convictions€in€2001€inÐ t%Ä $ ÐHuntsville,€Alabama,€for€ð ðkidnap€adult„sexual€assault,ðð׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€for€which€he€received€a€fifteen„yearÐ ]&­!% Ðsentence,€with€three€years€of€incarceration,€four€years€of€probation,€and€the€remainder€of€theÐ F'–"& Ðâ âprobation€to€be€unsupervised;€and€in€1995€in€Madison€County,€Alabama,€for€assault,€for€which€heÐ /(#' Ðreceived€a€sentence€of€confinement€for€180€days,€followed€by€one€year€of€probation,€as€well€as€a€fineÐ ° Ðin€an€undisclosed€amount.€Ð ™é Ðâ âÌà  àThe€trial€court€based€the€application,€to€both€the€aggravated€rape€and€aggravated€kidnappingÐ k» Ðconvictions,€of€enhancement€factor€(2),€the€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictionsÐ T¤ Ðor€criminal€behavior€in€addition€to€those€necessary€to€establish€the€range,€on€the€defendantððsÐ =  Ðmisdemeanor€assault€conviction€in€Alabama;€his€admission€of€marijuana€usage€since€the€age€ofÐ & v Ðtwenty„three€and€admission€of€having€been€under€the€influence€of€marijuana€and€alcohol€when€heÐ  _ Ðdrove€the€victim€to€Tennessee;€and€his€willful€failure€to€pay€child€support,€which€the€trial€court€notedÐ ø H Ðconstituted€the€crime€of€nonsupport€in€Alabama.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€òòSeeóó€Ala.€Code€ðð€13A„13„4.€€Even€if€òòBlakelyóó€doesÐ á 1  Ðnot€allow€enhancement€based€upon€the€defendantððs€use€of€marijuana€and€alcohol€and€failure€toÐ Ê   Ðsupport€his€children,€the€record€fully€supports€the€trial€courtððs€application€of€this€factor€based€uponÐ ³  Ðhis€prior€criminal€record,€as€well€as€the€weight€ascribed€to€it.€€The€decision€in€òòBlakelyóó€does€not€affectÐ œì  Ðthis€determination.Ð …Õ  ÐÌà  àEnhancement€factor€(3),€the€defendant€was€a€leader€in€the€commission€of€an€offense€involvingÐ W§  Ðtwo€or€more€criminal€factors,€cannot€be€applied,€as€we€will€explain.€€At€the€time€of€the€crimes,€theÐ @ Ðdefendant€was€thirty„six€years€old€while€his€codefendant€was€only€nineteen.€€In€finding€the€defendantÐ )y Ðð ðwithout€doubtðð€the€leader€in€the€commission€of€the€offenses,€the€trial€court€noted€this€vast€ageÐ b Ðdifference€as€well€as€other€factors,€including€the€fact€that€the€defendant€had€control€of€the€vehicle,Ð ûK Ðverbalized€his€intention€to€rape€the€victim,€drove€the€victim€to€his€grandmotherððs€house,€committedÐ ä4 Ðthe€actual€rape,€and€took€the€victim€back€to€the€area€in€which€he€had€kidnapped€her€in€Alabama€afterÐ Í ÐPhillips€had€already€exited€the€vehicle.€€Based€on€these€factors,€the€trial€court€concluded€that€ð ðtheÐ ¶ Ðdefendant€was€the€dominant€personality€and€dominant€forceðð€in€the€crimes.€€However,€we€concludeÐ Ÿï Ðthat€the€application€of€enhancement€factor€(3)€to€the€aggravated€rape€and€aggravated€kidnappingÐ ˆØ Ðconvictions€is€not€permitted€by€òòBlakelyóó,€for€it€relies€upon€a€finding€made€solely€by€the€court.Ð qÁ ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€found€enhancement€factor€(8),€the€offense€involved€a€victim€and€wasÐ C“ Ðcommitted€to€gratify€the€defendantððs€desire€for€pleasure€or€excitement,Ô#†XÆgX XX®ÝCË#ÔÔ‡X®Ý XXXÆgÔ€applicable€to€the€aggravatedÐ ,| Ðrapes€but€entitled€to€less€weight€than€the€previous€two€enhancement€factors.€€Likewise,€the€holdingÐ e Ðin€òòBlakelyóó€does€not€permit€application€of€this€factor,€for€it€relies€on€a€determination€made€solely€byÐ þN Ðthe€court.Ð ç 7 ÐÔ#†XÆgX XX®Ý¾Ù#ÔÔ‡X®Ý XXXÆgÔÌà  àThe€trial€court€found€enhancement€factor€(11),€the€defendant€committed€the€crime€when€theÐ ¹" ! Ðrisk€to€human€life€was€high,€applicable€to€the€aggravated€kidnapping€conviction€based€on€theÐ ¢#ò" Ðevidence€that€the€defendant€drove€at€a€rapid€rate€of€speed€for€approximately€one€hour€over€the€publicÐ ‹$Û# Ðroads€of€Alabama€and€Tennessee€at€a€time€when€he€was€under€the€influence€of€alcohol€and€marijuana,Ð t%Ä $ Ðthereby€endangering€the€life€of€the€victim€as€well€as€the€lives€of€other€motorists€in€the€area.€€SinceÐ ]&­!% Ðapplication€of€this€factor€depends€on€findings€made€solely€by€the€court,€òòBlakelyóó€does€not€permit€itsÐ F'–"& Ðuse.Ð /(#' ÐÐ )h$( Ðà  àFinally,€the€trial€court€found€the€defendantððs€employment€history€and€the€fact€that€he€releasedÐ ° Ðthe€victim€alive€to€be€€applicable€as€mitigating€factors,€but€entitled€to€only€minimal€weight.€€We€canÐ ™é Ðfind€no€error€in€these€determinations.€€Ð ‚Ò ÐÌà  àThus,€as€the€result€of€the€United€States€Supreme€Courtððs€ruling€in€òòBlakelyóó,€we€conclude€thatÐ T¤ Ðthe€only€enhancement€factor€which€can€be€applied€is€enhancement€factor€(2),€to€which€the€courtÐ =  Ðascribed€great€weight.€€Considering€this€factor,€and€the€two€mitigating€factors€which€were€given€scantÐ & v Ðweight,€we€conclude€that€the€defendantððs€sentence€for€the€aggravated€rape€conviction€should€beÐ  _ Ðreduced€from€twenty„four€and€one„half€years€to€twenty„two€years€and€his€sentence€for€the€aggravatedÐ ø H Ðkidnapping€conviction€from€eleven€years€and€nine€months€to€nine€years.Ð á 1  ÐÌà@ll%àò òòòCONCLUSIONˆÐ ³  ÐÌóóó óà  àWe€conclude€that€the€evidence€supports€the€defendantððs€conviction€for€aggravated€kidnappingÐ ‡×  Ðbut€that€the€facts€elected€by€the€State€support€only€one€rather€than€two,€separate€convictions€forÐ pÀ  Ðaggravated€rape.€€Accordingly,€we€affirm€the€aggravated€kidnapping€conviction€and€one€of€theÐ Y©  Ðconvictions€for€aggravated€rape€and€modify€the€sentences,€respectively,€to€nine€years€and€twenty„twoÐ B’ Ðyears.€€We€reverse€the€second€aggravated€rape€conviction.Ð +{ ÐÔ#†XÆgX XX®ÝJÛ#ÔÌÌà  àà ` àà × àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð æ6 Ðà  àà ` àà × àà  àà h àà À àà  àALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGE