ÿWPCv Aü(h©Oõ2þs0 “làµõ^ua4dlh× Ÿ#f¶h`5¨qdOS1?‰ÌO&7ÄÕOudû¥Je!âFÂoVƒüN…ˆ¦ @8PHV!ڞݮöéÀîa+Øm¦F˜&ÓÆÞŸéØ p}\ÁFæ½dûêW¯©þcz[Gh‰J&ûÕ5盌Xi‡ù$o•©n˜¸!³Û%pî¡äNé”uw p†!¼»?‰ðö{äMõ$W¹ì­ȦeÌYñýÚ9ÚiX]+2ÛTR‡*÷#dCÄ‹}\‰7Þ n$ÁYÒÕ}®äŸ@4CÓ#9ÔŸ˜UoÊ[¬¥’ä²èï1 ð ¡í•?/»Y&±óWGRÛXøãæ9kÐfóÝ"=’ºï•»Çd+Ý< n´7Qóì*™þøO}HË÷ÐDxÚij¢ËÙ°W•‘}£;bW¯)†Ð—B›.Ý:šB§6d³«ì–Ç+nBüa½¹2™Èf¸àÔ4ž?Ò{.…Lú©È¾TxÏ ›"|5™Añ§‹ƒZr…P¶³ ÖìMÜ:³MT¯K¦‘qS6ÊÌ€|¿J„~Ôª—£ÚhÐýÏåó8øÖY±¼gUx“äÀð…# F U NQ %Ÿ 0(¥ U :Í w@ 4G [ U:j -¤ Ñ U :Ù 0ˆ 0D› U>ß   UN*)xU:¡U>ÛêU: B==== D3ZZZ 0D AOÑÆ   0Dæ D/* BY˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡, øð AZ‹"Arial Regular HEIJEKPLDMPNUO QtRÓ€uM%Ô $Ôô3|x[, øð AZ"Arial Regular #Ñ#€XØXÿÿd#у{è”AZ‹"Arial Regular(8(2¨$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÒ4°ÒÒX°Òà Œ àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó<@ˆÐ9Z &Courier Regular Ý ƒ üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ‡òØ™òXXÔÔ‡òiÆòòòØ™ÔThe€first€four€criteria€are€found€in€òòGrayóó.€€A€fifth€category€in€òòGrayóó,€based€on€a€specific€number€ofÐ `  Ðprior€felony€convictions,€may€enhance€the€sentence€range€but€is€no€longer€a€listed€criterion.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.Ð  ¾ ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.Ô#†òØ™òò òiÆb#ÔÔ‡òà€òòòØ™Ô(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular Ý ƒ ¨$ÝÒ4°ÒÒX°Òà Œ àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ‡òØ™òXXÔÔ‡ òiÆòòòØ™ÔThe€first€four€criteria€are€found€in€òòGrayóó.€€A€fifth€category€in€òòGrayóó,€based€on€a€specific€numberÐ `  Ðof€prior€felony€convictions,€may€enhance€the€sentence€range€but€is€no€longer€a€listed€criterion.€€òòSeeóóÐ  ¾ ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.Ô#†òØ™òò òiÆ~#ÔÔ‡òà€òòòØ™Ô, øð AZ"Arial Regular<@ˆÐ9Z &Courier Regular àÔ€XX«XXXÔÔ€¾RXXX«ÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€XX«X¾RÔÐ  ÐÌSeptember€11,€1998ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAMÔó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular d&&&&'ÿÿdxd(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý›Ñ` °ÑÑܰÑÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÔ‡XX«XXXÔÓÓÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ€ û£ÑñRñœßr€*<,(j 8` `€€@E f ` 8ttxPX` ð  rß›ñRñà@g g ÚàòòIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEóóˆÐ `  Ðà@*ÚàòòAT€NASHVILLEóóˆÐ , Ì Ðà@ää&ÚàFEBRUARY€1998€SESSIONˆÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à ” àà ì àœ*›à D àC.C.A.€#€01C01„9703„CC„00087€Ð \ü  Ðà Œ àà ä àAppellee,à ” àà ì àœ*›à D àGILES€COUNTYÐ (È  ÐVS.à Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì à*à D àHonorable€Jim€T.€Hamilton,€JudgeÐ ô”  ÐÓÓRICHARD€DARRELL€MILLER€€à ì à*à D à(Voluntary€Manslaughter€and€Ð À` Мand›€JOHNNY€WAYNE€œGARNER,ñHññGñ&ñGññHññJññIñ*ñIññJñ›à D àAggravated€Arson)Ð ¦F МñKñà Œ àñKññOñ›ñOññKñà ä àñKññOñ›ñOññKñà < àñKññOñ›ñOññKñà ” àñKññOñ›ñOññKñà ì àñKññOñ›ñOññKñ*ñKñ›Ìà Œ àà ä àAppellants.Ô#†XÌøXXXX«T#ÔÔ‡XX«XXXÌøÔà ” àà ì àœñLñ*Ð r ÐñLñ›Ð r МñMñà Œ àñMññOñ›ñOññMñà ä àñMññOñ›ñOññMñà < àñMññOñ›ñOññMñà ” àñMññOñ›ñOññMñà ì àñMññOñ›ñOññMñ*ñMñ›Ìà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àœñNñÌñNñ›ÌÌòòFor€Appellant€Milleróó:à ” àà ì àà D àòòFor€Appelleeóó:Ð ð ÐÌRobert€D.€Masseyà < àà ” àà ì àà D àJohn€Knox€WalkupÐ ¼ \ ÐP.O.€Box€409à < àà ” àà ì àà D àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÐ ¢!B ÐPulaski,€TN€€38478Ìà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àEllen€H.€PollackÌòòFor€Appellant€Garneróó:à ” àà ì àà D àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÐ T$ô Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D à425€Fifth€Avenue€NorthÔ#†XÌøXXXX«c#ÔÔ‡XX«XXXÌøÔÐ :%Ú ÐHershell€D.€Kogerà < àà ” àà ì àà D àCordell€Hull€Building,€2nd€FloorÔ#†XÌøXXXX«c #ÔÔ‡XX«XXXÌøÔÐ  &À  Ð135€N.€First€Streetà < àà ” àà ì àà D àNashville,€TN€€37243„0493Ô#†XÌøXXXX« #ÔÔ‡XX«XXXÌøÔÐ '¦! ÐP.O.€Box€1148à < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àà ô àÐ ì'Œ" ÐPulaski,€TN€€38478à < àà ” àà ì àà D àMike€Bottoms€Ô#†XÌøXXXX«Î #ÔÔ‡XX«XXXÌøÔÐ Ò(r# Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÔ#†XÌøXXXX«Þ #ÔÔ‡XX«XXXÌøÔà ¤ àà ü! àà T$ àÐ ¸)X $ Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D à252€N.€Military€AvenueÔ#†XÌøXXXX«– #ÔÔ‡XX«XXXÌøÔà ¤ àÐ ž*>!% Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àLawrenceburg,€TN€€38464Ìà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àÌÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àÌOPINION€FILED:€€_____________________òòÐ /¼%* ÐóóÌÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌÌÌGARY€R.€WADE,€JUDGEÌÐ  þ8ž/5 ÐÑ û£ÑÑ7€ÌøXXdðXXdð7ÑÑ  ÑÓÓÔ#†XÌøXXXX«o#ÔÔ€ X°XXXÌøÔÓ  Óòòò òOPINIONó óóóÐ `  ÐÓÂÓà Œ àà ä àThe€defendants,€Richard€Darrell€Miller€and€Johnny€Wayne€Garner,Ïindicted€for€first€degree€murder€and€aggravated€arson,€were€jointly€tried€andÏconvicted€of€voluntary€manslaughter€and€aggravated€arson.€€The€trial€courtÏsentenced€each€defendant€to€five€years€for€manslaughter€and€fifteen€years€forÏaggravated€arson.€€The€sentences€are€to€be€served€consecutively.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€this€appeal€of€right,€both€defendants€present€the€following€issues:ÌÒXÒÒä 4ÒÓÓ(I)€€whether€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€each€ofÏthe€convictions;€andÌÌ(II)€€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€refusing€to€instructÏarson€as€a€lesser€grade€offense€of€aggravated€arson.ÌÌÒ4ä ôÒÒXæÒÓÓÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€Miller€presents€two€additional€issues:ÌÒXÒÒä 4ÒÓÓ(III)€€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€granting€the€state'sÏmotion€to€consolidate€and€by€failing€to€give€adequateÏinstructions€on€co„defendant€Garner's€confession;€and€ÌÌ(IV)€€whether€erroneous€jury€instructions€require€reversal.¹Ò4ä mÒÒX_ÒÌÒXÒÒä 4Ò(V)€€Finally,€each€defendant€claims€that€the€trial€courtÏerred€by€ordering€consecutive€sentences.ÌÌÒ4ä §ÒÒX™ÒÓ{ÓÌà Œ àà ä àWe€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€the€early€morning€hours€of€October€27,€1995,€Pulaski€Fire€ChiefÏJimmy€Thompson€responded€to€a€fire€at€number€37€Town€and€County€Trailer€Park.€ÏOther€firemen€were€already€at€the€scene€when€Chief€Thompson€arrived.€€The€victim,Ï"Bud"€Wright,€was€discovered€at€the€west€end€of€the€mobile€home;€pieces€of€a€tableÏand€chrome€dinette€chairs€were€found€near€the€body.€€Chief€Thompson,€a€certifiedÐ P7ð-1 Ðfire€investigator,€suspected€arson€because€of€the€trauma€to€the€victim€and€theÏunusual€position€of€the€furniture.€€Because€he€was€unable€to€locate€any€accelerants,Ð  9ª/5 Ðhe€concluded€that€he€"couldn't€definitely€say€it€was€arson."Ì€€€€€€Ìà Œ àà ä àSeveral€days€later,€Officer€John€Dickey€of€the€Pulaski€PoliceÏDepartment€interviewed€Garner€and€Miller€about€the€incident.€€Miller€told€OfficerÏDickey€that€at€lunchtime€on€October€26,€1995,€he€met€Garner€and€the€victim€at€theÏvictim's€trailer.€€He€recalled€that€about€2:30€P.M.,€he€left€the€residence€with€hisÏbrother,€Kirk€Miller,€and€they€went€to€their€mother's€house.€€Miller€stated€that€heÏreturned€to€the€victim's€residence€sometime€later.€€Garner€and€"three€[other]€guys,"Ïwho€were€driving€an€older€model€county€police€car,€were€present.€€MillerÏremembered€that€he€and€Garner€then€went€to€a€liquor€store€and€to€a€convenientÏmart€with€the€three€men€before€returning€to€the€victim's€residence.€€Miller€claimedÏthat€when€these€men€left,€he€cooked€dinner€for€the€victim€and€that€he€and€GarnerÏthen€drove€away.€€When€Officer€Dickey€asked€about€an€injury€to€his€hand,€MillerÏexplained€that€he€hurt€himself€while€working€on€a€roof.€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àGarner,€who€had€spent€the€night€of€October€25€with€the€victim,Ïprovided€a€different€account.€€He€recalled€Miller€arriving€at€the€residence€atÏlunchtime€on€the€day€of€the€fire€and€remembered€traveling€to€a€liquor€store€with€aÏneighbor,€Donnie€Brown,€and€then€to€a€convenient€store€with€three€men€in€the€whiteÏvehicle.€€Garner€also€recalled€traveling€to€a€second€liquor€store.€€He€contended€thatÏwhen€he€and€Miller€left€the€victim's€residence€around€6:00€P.M.,€the€three€other€men,Ïwho€he€could€not€identify,€were€still€there.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àDr.€Charles€Harlan,€a€forensic€pathologist€who€had€performed€theÏautopsy,€found€three€concurrent€causes€of€death:€"blunt€trauma€to€the€chest,Ïinhalation€of€carbon€monoxide,€and€acute€ethanolism."€€There€were€fractures€to€theÏsternum€and€multiple€rib€fractures€caused€by€repeated€blows€to€the€chest€area.Ð 8¸.4 ÐThere€had€been€an€overexposure€to€carbon€monoxide,€which€is€a€component€ofÏnatural€gas;€the€victim,€who€had€a€carbon€monoxide€level€of€20€percent,€would€haveÏto€have€had€a€40€percent€level€for€that€to€be€classified€as€a€sole€cause€of€death.€ÏAccording€to€Dr.€Harlan,€the€blood€alcohol€level€of€the€victim,€which€was€.36€percent,Ïcould€have€caused€the€death€without€the€other€two€contributing€causes.€€HeÏexplained€that€at€.30€percent€one€in€one€thousand€persons€might€die€and€at€.40Ïpercent€level,€fifty€percent€die.€€Dr.€Harlan€also€observed€that€there€were€fourthÏdegree€burns€over€ninety„eight€percent€of€the€body€and€heat€fractures€to€the€teeth.€€ÏAn€examination€of€the€trachea,€however,€showed€there€was€no€soot€present,€"whichÏmeans€that€he€was€not€alive€at€the€time€that€the€body€was€burned€...."€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àOn€October€27,€1995,€the€day€after€the€fire,€Officer€Chris€BarberÏreceived€a€call€about€a€fight€at€the€Town€and€County€Trailer€Park.€€When€he€arrivedÏat€the€scene,€he€learned€that€defendant€Garner€had€been€involved.€€Garner€wasÏthen€arrested€for€public€intoxication€and€transported€to€the€police€station.€€On€theÏway€to€the€station,€Garner€told€the€officer€that€he€could€not€believe€he€was€beingÏarrested€for€"what€happened€last€night."€€Garner€informed€Officer€Barber€that€theÏvictim€had€been€killed€the€night€before€and€that€it€was€"no€accident."€€When€OfficerÏBarber€asked€him€what€he€meant,€Garner€responded,€"He€was€killed."€€OfficerÏBarber€advised€Garner€to€discuss€that€matter€with€an€investigator.€€Garner€statedÏthat€he€did€not€want€to€because€"you€know€what€happens€to€people€that€tell€on€otherÏpeople."€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àRicky€Coleman,€who€is€incarcerated€in€the€Department€of€CorrectionÏon€a€theft€conviction€and€who€also€had€other€charges€pending€at€the€time€of€trial,Ïtestified€that€he€was€in€jail€with€Garner€shortly€after€the€fire.€€He€claimed€that€GarnerÏinformed€him€that€he€had€been€drinking€with€the€victim€on€the€day€of€the€fire€and€hadÐ 8¸.4 Ðadmitted€that€when€everyone€else€had€left,€he€and€the€victim€began€"scuffling€andÏfighting."€€Coleman€recalled€that€Garner€acknowledged€stabbing€the€victim€severalÏtimes,€turning€on€the€gas€in€the€kitchen,€and€then€leaving.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àGuy€Miller,€who€lived€near€the€trailer€park€and€knew€both€defendantsÏby€"name€and€face,"€testified€that€he€saw€both€men€leave€the€trailer€park€aboutÏ10:30€P.M.,€some€ten€minutes€before€the€fire.€€He€remembered€that€they€wereÏ"laughing€and€carrying€on,€and€kept€looking€back€toward€[the€victim's]€trailer."€€HeÏrecalled€that€Garner€was€not€wearing€a€shirt.€€Later,€Guy€Miller€heard€a€loud€pop€andÏsaw€a€"big€glow€in€the€sky."€€He€stated€that€the€victim's€body€was€located€in€theÏstorage€area€of€the€trailer,€an€area€in€which€he€was€rarely€seen.€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àDonnie€Brown,€next„door€neighbor€to€the€victim,€testified€that€he€droveÏGarner€and€Miller€to€the€store€on€the€morning€of€the€fire€and€then€returned€them€toÏthe€victim's€residence.€€He€recalled€that€sometime€later,€Garner€asked€whether€heÏhad€left€a€knife€in€his€car.€€When€they€searched€the€vehicle,€a€knife€was€found€on€theÏpassenger€side€of€the€seat.€€He€remembered€Garner€saying€that€the€victim€had€"saidÏsomething€[offensive]€to"€him€and€that€he€did€not€"appreciate€being€talked€to€likeÏthat."€€Brown€stated€that€Garner€cursed€the€victim€and€threatened€to€"whup"€him.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àNancy€Walls,€who€lived€in€a€nearby€trailer,€testified€that€she€sawÏGarner€at€the€victim's€trailer€a€couple€of€days€before€the€fire;€he€was€banging€on€theÏdoor€with€a€two„by„four.€€She€recalled€that€at€approximately€8:00€P.M.€on€theÏevening€of€the€fire,€she€heard€an€argument€at€the€victim's€trailer€during€which€GarnerÏhad€cursed€the€victim.€€€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àRoger€Dale€Clark,€who€lived€two€trailers€away€from€the€victim,€testifiedÐ 8¸.4 Ðthat€between€five€and€six€o'clock€P.M.,€only€hours€before€the€fire,€he€and€his€nephewÏwent€to€the€liquor€store€with€Miller€and€Garner.€€About€forty„five€minutes€after€theirÏreturn,€Clark€and€his€brother,€Tim,€returned€to€their€own€trailer,€which€they€sharedÏwith€their€mother;€only€Garner,€Miller,€and€the€victim€were€left.€€Clark€rememberedÏthat€his€brother€went€back€to€the€victim's€residence€sometime€later€and€he€wasÏasleep€by€the€time€his€brother€returned.€€Clark€acknowledged€that€he€had€priorÏconvictions€for€aggravated€theft,€two€counts€of€forgery,€unauthorized€use€of€a€motorÏvehicle,€and€illegal€possession€of€a€controlled€substance.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àTim€Clark€testified€that€he€stayed€with€the€victim€while€the€others€rodeÏto€the€liquor€store.€€He€also€remembered€that€when€he€left€with€his€brother,€the€victimÏand€the€defendants€were€the€only€ones€there.€€He€recalled€that€at€one€point,€whenÏthe€victim€left€the€main€area€to€go€to€the€bathroom,€Miller€followed€after€him.€€ClarkÏrecalled€that€he€could€hear€noises€that€sounded€like€someone€was€being€beaten€andÏthat€when€Miller€returned€to€the€room,€he€was€wiping€his€hands.€€Clark€stated€that€heÏdid€not€see€the€victim€after€that€incident.€€He€provided€the€police€with€this€informationÏabout€a€week€after€the€fire.€€Tim€Clark€acknowledged€prior€convictions€for€passingÏworthless€checks€and€theft.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àOfficer€Mike€McCallister,€who€also€interviewed€both€defendants€aboutÏthe€fire,€testified€that€Miller,€who€admitted€being€at€the€victim's€trailer€on€the€eveningÏof€the€fire,€had€been€drinking€with€Linda€Hughes,€Garner,€and€the€other€individuals.€ÏHe€recalled€the€defendant€Miller€claiming€that€he€cooked€dinner€for€the€victim€beforeÏleaving€the€trailer€with€Garner€between€6:00€and€6:30€P.M.;€Miller€claimed€that€theÏvictim€was€alone,€intoxicated,€and€lying€on€his€bed,€but€not€asleep.€€OfficerÏMcCallister€stated€that€Miller€claimed€that€he€had€injured€his€swollen€left€hand€whileÏdoing€roofing€work.€€Officer€McCallister€recalled€that€Garner€provided€a€similarÐ 8¸.4 Ðstatement.€€He€remembered€Garner€saying€that€everyone€was€drinking€and€that€Ms.ÏHughes€and€the€"three€guys"€left€the€trailer€about€five€minutes€before€he€and€MillerÏdid.€€The€officer€recalled€Garner€claiming€that€when€the€two€men€left,€the€victim€wasÏ"fine€and€...€cutting€up."€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àAngela€Norwood,€a€defense€witness,€testified€that€thirty€minutes€beforeÏthe€fire,€Garner€and€Miller€arrived€at€her€trailer€in€a€four„door€white€car€driven€byÏCharles€Moore.€€She€stated€that€the€men€knocked€on€her€door,€but€that€she€did€notÏanswer,€and€the€men€soon€left.€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àBlanch€Miller,€the€defendant€Miller's€mother,€testified€that€Miller€was€atÏher€house€until€about€11:00€A.M.€that€morning,€at€which€time€she€drove€him€to€theÏvictim's€trailer.€€She€stated€that€the€next€time€she€saw€her€son€was€at€6:00€P.M.,Ïwhen€he€stopped€briefly€at€her€house€before€returning€to€the€victim's€trailer.€€SheÏrecalled€that€Miller€and€Garner€returned€to€her€house€around€7:00€P.M.€and€thatÏdefendant€Miller€was€still€there€at€8:30€P.M.€when€her€sister,€Frances€Miller,€called.€ÏMs.€Miller€testified€that€Gwen€Warren,€a€neighbor,€called€at€7:00€P.M.€and€again€atÏ10:30.€€She€expressed€with€certainty€that€neither€the€defendant€Miller€nor€theÏdefendant€Garner€had€left€her€trailer€after€7€P.M.€on€the€evening€of€the€fire.€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àKirk€Miller€testified€that€he€drove€his€brother,€the€defendant€Miller,€fromÏthe€victim's€trailer€to€their€mother's€house€at€about€5:00€P.M.€€Frances€Miller,€anÏaunt,€testified€that€the€defendant€Miller€answered€the€telephone€when€she€called€hisÏmother€at€8:30€P.M.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àGwen€Warren€also€testified€for€the€defense.€€She€recalled€hearingÏabout€a€fire€at€the€trailer€park.€€When€she€called€Ms.€Miller€at€approximately€10:30Ð 8¸.4 ÐP.M.€she€heard€the€defendant€talking€in€the€background.€€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àLinda€Hughes,€who€lived€a€few€trailers€away€from€the€victim€when€theÏfire€occurred,€testified€that€she€was€at€the€victim's€trailer€before€the€fire.€€She€left€andÏupon€her€return€a€few€hours€later,€did€not€see€either€defendant€present€at€the€trailer.€ÏOn€her€second€visit,€she€smoked€crack€cocaine€with€Timothy€Clark,€Roger€Clark,Ïand€Charles€Moore;€she€remembered€that€all€three€of€the€men€were€there€when€sheÏleft.€€Ms.€Hughes€acknowledged€giving€a€prior€statement€to€police€in€which€sheÏmade€no€reference€to€her€second€visit€to€the€victim's€residence.€€She€explained€thatÏshe€decided€to€"change€[her]€story"€when€she€quit€using€illegal€drugs.ÌÌÓ  ÓIÌÓiAÓà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€Miller€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€for€hisÏaggravated€arson€conviction.€€The€defendant€Garner€argues€there€is€insufficientÏevidence€for€both€of€his€convictions.€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àÔ‡ X¨·XX X¨·ÔOn€appeal,€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€theÐ  &À  Ðtrial€testimony€and€all€reasonable€inferences€which€might€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòStateÐ ì'Œ" Ðv.€Cabbageóó,€571€¢S.W.2d£€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€The€credibility€of€the€witnesses,Ð ¸)X $ Ðthe€weight€to€be€given€their€testimony,€and€the€reconciliation€of€conflicts€in€the€proofÏare€matters€entrusted€to€the€jury€as€¢trier£€of€fact.€€òò¢Byrge£€v.€Stateóó,€575€¢S.W.2d£€292,Ð P-ð#( Ð295€(¢Tenn.€Crim.€App£.€1978).€€The€relevant€question€is€whether,€after€reviewing€theÏevidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€haveÏfound€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòState€v.Ð ´2T). ÐWilliamsóó,€657€¢S.W.2d£€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983);€¢Tenn.€R.€App.€P.£€13(e).€Ð €4 +0 ÐÌÔ#† X¨·XX X¨·wB#ÔÔ‡ X¨·XX X¨·Ôà Œ àà ä àA€person€commits€the€crime€of€arson€when€he€"knowingly€damagesÐ 8¸.4 Ðany€structure€by€means€of€a€fire€or€explosion"€without€the€owner's€consent.€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€39„14„301(a)(1).€€Arson€becomes€aggravated€where€"one€(1)€or€moreÏpersons€are€present€therein."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„14„302.€€€€ÌÔ#† X¨·XX X¨·0F#ԀРÄd Ðà Œ àà ä àViewed€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€the€evidenceÏestablishes€that€Miller€and€Garner€were€the€last€people€to€see€the€victim€alive.€€TimÏClark€€testified€that€before€he€left,€Miller€had€severely€beaten€the€victim.€€Miller,€whoÏhad€a€swollen€left€hand€the€day€after€the€fire,€was€seen€leaving€the€area€a€fewÏminutes€before€the€trailer€exploded;€he€was€"laughing€and€carrying€on,€...€lookingÏback€toward"€the€victim's€residence.€€The€body€was€discovered€in€the€storage€roomÏin€the€trailer,€an€area€he€rarely€occupied.€€Furniture€from€the€kitchen€and€living€roomÏhad€been€piled€on€top€of€the€victim.€€One€of€the€contributing€causes€of€death€was€anÏextraordinarily€high€level€of€carbon€monoxide.€€These€circumstantial€facts€areÏsufficient€to€support€the€verdict€of€guilty€of€aggravated€arson.€€They€support€theÏstate's€theory€that€the€defendants€disabled€the€victim,€placed€him€in€the€storageÏroom,€piled€furniture€on€him,€started€the€fire,€and€then€left.Ì€Ìà Œ àà ä àMiller€argues€that€the€state's€own€expert€could€not€determine€that€theÏcause€of€the€fire€was€arson.€€He€cites€òòRicketts€v.€Stateóó,€241€S.W.2d€604,€605€(Tenn.Ð ¸)X $ Ð1951),€where€our€supreme€court€held€that€"if€nothing€appears€but€the€mere€fact€[of€aÏfire,]€the€presumption€is€that€the€fire€was€a€result€of€accident€or€some€providentialÏcause."ÌÌà Œ àà ä àProof€of€an€arson€requires€two€"fundamental€facts":€€"a€burning"€andÏ"some€criminal€agency€which€caused€the€burning."€€òòCollins€v.€Stateóó,€445€S.W.2dÐ €4 +0 Ð931,€933€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1969).€€The€state,€however,€is€not€necessarily€requiredÏto€use€expert€testimony€in€an€arson€case.€€In€òòState€v.€Henleyóó,€774€S.W.2d€908Ð 8¸.4 Ð(Tenn.€1989),€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€two€counts€of€first€degree€murder€andÏone€count€of€aggravated€arson.€€In€that€case,€the€fire€marshall€suspected€arson€butÏthere€was€"no€physical€evidence€of€that€fact."€€òòId.óó€at€914.€€The€defendant€argued€thatÐ ø ˜ Ðin€the€absence€of€"any€proof€of€a€criminal€agency€which€caused€the€burning,"€heÏcould€not€be€convicted€of€arson.€€òòId.óó€at€913.€€€Our€supreme€court€nonetheless€foundÐ 0 Ðthe€evidence€sufficient.€€One€victim€at€the€scene€of€the€fire€had€died€from€a€gunshotÏwound;€the€other€died€of€burns€and€gas€inhalation.€€A€witness€had€seen€theÏdefendant€drive€toward€the€scene€of€the€fire€minutes€before€the€fire€occurred.€ÏHenley€was€seen€leaving€the€area€soon€after€the€fire€started.€€In€our€view,€the€rulingÏin€òòHenleyóó€governs€in€this€case.€Ð Œ, ÐÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€Miller€also€argues€that€because€it€was€undisputed€thatÏthe€victim€was€dead€at€the€time€the€fire€began,€an€element€of€the€crime€ofÏaggravated€arson,€that€a€"person"€be€present,€was€not€proved.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ39„14„302.€€Miller€argues€a€corpse,€rather€than€a€"person"€was€present€and€thatÏburning€a€corpse€is€a€separate€crime.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„312.€€Ð T$ô ÐÌà Œ àà ä àWhile€Dr.€Harlan€did€testify€that€the€victim€had€already€died€when€theÏfire€began,€the€evidence€shows€that€the€defendants,€who€were€the€last€to€leave,€Ïdisabled€the€victim€before€leaving€the€trailer.€€Minutes€after€their€departure,€the€trailerÏerupted€into€flames.€€Gas,€a€contributing€cause€of€death,€also€was€a€factor€in€the€fire.€ÏUnder€these€circumstances,€there€is€sufficient€evidence€to€support€the€conclusionÏthat€the€defendants€completed€all€of€the€acts€necessary€to€cause€the€fire€prior€toÏleaving€the€trailer.€€In€short,€the€victim€qualified€as€a€"person"€when€the€arson€wasÏinitiated.€€That€he€died€while€the€defendants€were€in€the€act€of€starting€the€fire,€ratherÏthan€after€the€explosion,€does€not€afford€the€defendant€Miller€relief€from€thisÏconviction.Ð 8¸.4 Їà Œ àà ä àThere€is€also€ample€evidence€to€support€Garner's€conviction€forÏaggravated€arson.€€In€addition€to€the€proof€outlined€above,€Garner€admitted€to€aÏcellmate€that€he€turned€on€the€gas€in€the€trailer€before€his€departure.€€These€factsÏestablish€his€liability€for€aggravated€arson.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àGarner€also€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€for€his€voluntaryÏmanslaughter€conviction.€€"Voluntary€manslaughter€is€the€intentional€or€knowingÏkilling€of€another€in€a€state€of€passion€produced€by€adequate€provocation€sufficientÏto€lead€a€reasonable€person€to€act€in€an€irrational€manner."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„¼13„211(a).€€Here€the€proof€establishes€some€type€of€ongoing€feud€between€GarnerÏand€the€victim.€€The€proof€also€shows€Garner€was€involved€in€an€attack€upon€theÏvictim€before€his€departure€and€that€he€turned€on€the€gas€as€he€left,€therebyÏestablishing€"knowing"€acts.€€Trauma€to€the€chest€and€overexposure€to€carbonÏmonoxide€were€contributing€causes€of€death.€€In€our€view,€these€facts€are€sufficientÏto€support€the€jury's€verdict€of€guilty€of€voluntary€manslaughter.€€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àGarner€also€argues€that€because€the€defendant€Miller€caused€theÏtrauma€to€the€chest€of€the€victim€and€because€voluntary€intoxication€was€also€aÏcontributing€factor,€he€cannot€be€held€criminally€responsible€for€the€death.€€WeÏdisagree.€€Garner's€argument€ignores€proof€that€he€admitted€to€a€cellmate€that€heÏ"stabbed"€the€victim€several€times.€€By€turning€the€gas€on€in€the€trailer,€Garner€wasÏthe€source€of€a€third€contributing€factor,€the€carbon€monoxide€poisoning.€€To€convictÏthe€defendant€of€homicide,€it€"is€not€necessary€that€his€act€...€be€the€sole€cause,€norÏthe€most€immediate€cause€of€death."€€òòState€v.€Robersonóó,€644€S.W.2d€696,€699Ð ´2T). Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982).€€All€that€is€required€is€that€the€defendant€unlawfullyÏ"contributed€to€the€death€of€the€deceased."€€òòId.óó€(citing€òòLetner€v.€Stateóó,€299€S.W.Ð L6ì,2 Ð1049€(Tenn.€1927)).€€If€an€act€of€the€accused€contributes€to€the€death,€he€may€beÐ 8¸.4 Ðheld€responsible€even€though€the€acts€of€a€third€party€may€have€also€contributed€toÏthe€death.€€40€C.J.S.€Homicide€ðð€5€(1991).€€ÌÌÓ  ÓIIÌÓ»_Óà Œ àà ä àThe€next€issue€is€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€refusing€to€chargeÏarson€as€a€lesser€grade€offense€of€aggravated€arson.€€Both€defendants€argue€that€Ïthere€is€insufficient€evidence€of€aggravated€arson€and€that€an€arson€instruction€wasÏrequired€based€upon€the€proof€presented€at€trial.€€€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€trial€court€has€a€duty€to€give€a€complete€charge€of€the€lawÏapplicable€to€the€facts€of€the€case.€€òòState€v.€Harbisonóó,€704€S.W.2d€314,€319€(Tenn.Ð Xø Ð1986).€€It€is€settled€law€that€"where€there€are€any€facts€that€are€susceptible€[to€anÏinference]€of€guilt€of€any€lesser€included€offense€or€offenses,€then€there€is€aÏmandatory€duty€upon€the€trial€judge€to€charge€on€such€offense€or€offenses.€€FailureÏto€do€so€denies€a€defendant€his€constitutional€right€of€trial€by€a€jury."€€òòState€v.Ð ˆ"( ÐWrightóó,€618€S.W.2d€310,€315€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981)€(citations€omitted).€€WhenÐ T$ô Ðthere€is€a€trial€on€a€single€charge€of€a€felony,€there€is€also€a€trial€on€all€lesserÏincluded€offenses,€"as€the€facts€may€be."€€òòStrader€v.€Stateóó,€362€S.W.2d€224,€227Ð ì'Œ" Ð(Tenn.€1962).€€Trial€courts€may€omit€an€instruction€on€a€lesser€included€offense€onlyÏwhen€the€record€is€devoid€of€evidence€to€support€an€inference€of€guilt€of€the€lesserÏoffense.€€òòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€550€(Tenn.€1994);€òòState€v.€Boydóó,Ð P-ð#( Ð797€S.W.2d€589,€593€(Tenn.€1990).€€There€is€an€affirmative€duty€on€the€part€of€theÏtrial€judge€to€charge€the€jury€on€lesser€included€offenses€charged€in€the€indictmentÏwhether€requested€to€do€so€or€not.€€òòSeeóó€òòHoward€v.€Stateóó,€578€S.W.2d€83,€85€(Tenn.Ð ´2T). Ð1979).€€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€òòState€v.€Boyceóó,€920€S.W.2d€224€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995),€this€courtÐ 8¸.4 Ðruled€that€an€omission€of€a€lesser€included€offense€from€the€charge€to€the€juryÏalways€requires€a€new€trial.€€The€opinion€was€largely€based€upon€the€ruling€of€ourÏsupreme€court€in€òòPoole€v.€Stateóó,€61€Tenn.€288,€294€(1872):Ð ø ˜ ÐÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àHowever€plain€it€may€be€to€the€mind€of€the€Court€that€oneÏcertain€offense€has€been€committed€and€none€other,€heÏmust€not€confine€himself€in€his€charge€to€that€offense.€ÏWhen€he€does€so€he€invades€the€province€of€the€jury,Ïwhose€peculiar€duty€it€is€to€ascertain€the€grade€of€theÏoffense.€€However€clear€it€may€be,€the€Court€shouldÏnever€decide€the€facts,€but€must€leave€themÏunembarrassed€to€the€jury.Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÓÓÌà Œ àà ä àOn€the€other€hand,€"[w]here€the€evidence€in€a€record€clearly€showsÏthat€the€defendant€was€guilty€of€the€greater€offense€and€is€devoid€of€any€evidenceÏpermitting€an€inference€of€guilt€of€the€lesser€offense,€the€trial€court's€failure€to€chargeÏon€a€lesser€offense€is€not€error."€€òòStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€at€530.€€This€court€hasÐ  ª Ðheld€that€no€instruction€is€required€where€the€evidence€shows€that€the€crime€wasÏcommitted€and€the€only€issue€is€whether€this€particular€defendant€was€the€one€whoÏcommitted€the€crime.€€òòPrice€v.€Stateóó,€589€S.W.2d€929,€932€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1979).€Ð n# Ð"Where€the€State's€evidence€establishes€that€the€crime€specified€in€the€indictmentÏwas€committed€and€the€defendant€seeks€only€to€establish€an€alibi,€leaving€theÏState's€evidence€as€to€the€degree€of€crime€uncontradicted,€no€instructions€on€lesserÏincluded€offenses€are€required."€€òòState€v.€Barkeróó,€642€S.W.2d€735,€738€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð ž*>!% ÐApp.€1982).ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€òòState€v.€Trustyóó,€our€supreme€court€observed€that€"Tennessee€lawÐ 0¢&+ Ðrecognizes€two€types€of€lesser€offenses€...€:€a€lesser€grade€or€class€of€the€chargedÏoffense€and€a€lesser€included€offense."€€919€S.W.2d€305,€310€(Tenn.€1996).€€TheÏtrial€judge€has€a€statutory€duty€to€charge€the€jury€"on€lesser€grades€or€classes€of€theÏcharged€offense€supported€by€the€evidence."€€òòId.óó;€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„18„110.Ð 27Ò-3 ÐThe€trial€judge€also€has€a€duty€grounded€in€case€law€to€instruct€the€jury€on€lesserÐ þ8ž/5 Ðincluded€offenses.€€òòTrustyóó,€919€S.W.2d€at€311.Ð `  ÐÌà Œ àà ä àA€lesser€grade€or€class€of€the€charged€offense€is€determined€byÏreference€to€the€statutory€scheme.€€òòId.óó€€For€example,€varying€grades€and€classes€ofÐ Äd Ðhomicide€are€defined€at€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„201€and€codified€at€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðððð€39„13„202€òòet.€seq.óóÐ \ü  ÐÌà Œ àà ä àThe€other€type€of€lesser€offense€is€one€"necessarily€included€in€theÏindictment."€€òòTrustyóó,€919€S.W.2d€at€311.€€In€òòWright€v.€Stateóó,€549€S.W.2d€682€(Tenn.Ð À` Ð1977),€our€supreme€court€outlined€the€test€to€determine€whether€an€offense€is€lesserÏand€included€in€the€greater€offense.€€Quoting€the€late€Justice€Weldon€White€inÏòòJohnson€v.€Stateóó,€397€S.W.2d€170,€174€(Tenn.€1965),€the€court€ruled€as€follows:Ð $Ä ÐÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àThe€true€test€of€which€is€a€lesser€and€which€is€a€greaterÏcrime€is€whether€the€elements€of€the€former€areÏcompletely€contained€within€the€latter,€so€that€to€proveÏthe€greater€the€State€must€first€prove€the€elements€of€theÏlesser.Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÓÀsÓòòWrightóó,€549€S.W.2d€at€685„86.Ð T$ô ÐÌà Œ àà ä àTwo€years€later,€our€supreme€court€again€addressed€the€subject:ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àà < àWe€believe€that€the€better€rule,€and€the€one€to€beÏfollowed€henceforth€in€this€State,€is€the€rule€adoptedÏimplicitly€by€this€court€in€òòWright€v.€Stateóó,€òòsupraóó,€that,€inÐ „+$"& Ðthis€context,€an€offense€is€necessarily€included€in€anotherÏif€the€elements€of€the€greater€offense,€as€those€elementsÏare€set€forth€in€the€indictment,€include,€but€are€notÏcongruent€with,€all€elements€of€the€lesser.€€If€there€isÏevidence€to€support€a€conviction€for€such€a€lesserÏoffense,€it€must€be€charged€by€the€trial€judge.€T.C.A.€ððÏ40„2519€[now€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„18„118(a)];€òòWhitwellÐ Î1n(- Ðv.€Stateóó,€520€S.W.2d€338€(Tenn.€1975).д2T).ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÓ–uÓòòHowardóó,€578€S.W.2d€at€85.Ð €4 +0 ÐÌà Œ àà ä àArson€is€a€lesser€grade€of€aggravated€arson.€€It€is€also€a€lesserÐ 8¸.4 Ðincluded€offense.€€We€must€conclude,€however,€that€an€arson€was€not€an€alternativeÏin€this€case.€€The€defendants€were€either€guilty€of€the€greater€crime,€based€upon€theÏproof€offered€at€trial,€or€nothing€at€all.€€The€defense€to€the€charges€was€that€of€alibi.€ÏSeveral€defense€witnesses€testified€that€Miller€and€Garner€were€at€Ms.€BlanchÏMiller's€residence€when€the€fire€occurred.€€The€purpose€of€Ms.€Hughes'€testimonyÏwas€to€suggest€that€someone€other€than€the€defendants€was€responsible€for€the€fire.€ÏThe€victim€was€in€the€trailer€when€the€series€of€acts,€including€the€release€of€carbonÏmonoxide€gas,€resulting€in€the€fire€were€begun.€€In€our€view,€the€jury's€only€task€wasÏto€determine€the€identity€of€the€perpetrator,€not€the€degree€of€the€arson.€€òòPriceóó,€589Ð À` ÐS.W.2d€at€932.€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àA€possible€argument€is€that€because€the€victim€died€before€the€fireÏactually€began,€there€was€a€reasonable€basis€for€the€jury€to€conclude€that€a€simpleÏarson€occurred.€€The€defendants€insist€that€there€is€proof€that€there€was€not€"aÏperson"€inside€the€structure€when€the€fire€occurred;€therefore,€the€arson€could€notÏhave€been€aggravated.€€€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThis€court€addressed€a€similar€issue€in€òòState€v.€Alcornóó,€741€S.W.2dÐ ì'Œ" Ð135€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€In€that€case,€the€defendants€were€convicted€ofÏpossession€of€"[t]hirty€grams€or€more€of€any€substance€containing€cocaine."€€òòId.óó€atÐ „+$"& Ð138€(citing€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„6„417(c)(1)(E)€(Supp.€1986)).€€Tests€establishedÏthat€they€possessed€26.39€grams€of€"pure€cocaine"€and€that€the€remainingÏingredient€was€a€"cutting€agent."€€òòId.óó€at€137.€€The€defendants€argued€that€becauseÐ è0ˆ', Ðthe€amount€of€cocaine€was€less€than€thirty€grams,€they€were€entitled€to€anÏinstruction€on€lesser€offenses.€€òòId.óó€at€139.€€The€trial€court,€however,€found€that€as€aÐ €4 +0 Ðmatter€of€statutory€interpretation,€the€amount€they€possessed€satisfied€the€thirty„¼gram€amount.€€òòIdóó.€€This€court€ruled€the€matter€to€be€a€"question€of€law,€not€of€fact."€Ð 8¸.4 ÐThus,€the€defendants€were€not€entitled€to€a€jury€charge€on€lesser€offenses.€€òòId.óó€€Ð `  ÐÌà Œ àà ä àHere,€no€set€of€circumstances,€whether€offered€by€the€state€or€theÏdefense,€established€that€the€victim€was€a€corpse€at€the€time€steps€were€initiated€toÏcommit€the€arson.€€Because€it€is€undisputed€that€carbon€monoxide€gas€was€presentÏin€the€body,€thereby€contributing€to€both€the€fire€and€the€death€of€the€victim,€theÏdefendants€cannot€prevail€on€this€issue,€whether€the€question€is€one€of€law€or€fact.ÌÌÓ  ÓIIIÔ‡ X¨·XX X¨·Ôà @Œ àà @ä àÐ À` ÐÓ³ƒÓà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€Miller€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€not€granting€aÏseverance€and€by€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€co„defendant€Garner's€confession€toÏcellmate€Coleman.€€The€defendants€were€indicted€separately;€the€state,€however,Ïfiled€a€motion€to€consolidate.€€The€defendant€Miller€filed€an€objection€toÏconsolidation,€arguing€Garner's€pretrial€statements€would€inculpate€Miller,€but€MillerÏwould€not€be€able€to€cross„examine€Garner,€thus€causing€a€òòBrutonóó€problem.€€òòSeeóóÐ ˆ"( ÐòòBruton€v.€United€Statesóó,€391€U.S.€123€(1968).€€The€trial€court€granted€the€state'sÐ T$ô Ðmotion.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àDuring€the€state's€case„in„chief,€Ricky€Coleman€testified€that€he€wasÏincarcerated€with€defendant€Garner€after€the€fire€and€that€Garner€discussed€theÏevents€leading€up€to€the€victim's€death.€€When€Miller€renewed€his€objection,€arguingÏthat€the€state€either€had€"to€figure€a€way€to€keep€Mr.€Miller€out€of€it€or€Mr.€Miller€isÏentitled€to€a€separate€trial,"€the€state,€out€of€the€presence€of€the€jury,€instructed€itsÏwitness€to€not€say€"anything€in€regard€to€Mr.€Miller."€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àColeman€testified€that€Garner€told€him€that€he€was€at€the€trailerÏdrinking€when€he€and€the€victim€got€into€a€fight.€€Garner€informed€Coleman€that€heÐ 8¸.4 Ðstabbed€the€victim€several€times€and€then€turned€the€gas€on€in€the€kitchen€beforeÏleaving.€€During€cross„examination€by€Attorney€Koger,€the€defendant€Garner'sÏattorney,€the€following€exchange€occurred:ÌÒXÒÒä 4ÒÓÓAttorney€Koger:à ì àYou€said€[in€your€prior€statement]Ð Äd Ðthat€apparently€there€was€an€...€extension€cord€tiedÏaround€[the€victim's]€legs?ÌÌColeman:à ” àThat€wasn't€done€by€Mr.€Garner.Ð \ü  ÐÌAttorney€Koger:à ì àPardon?Ð (È  ÐÌColeman:à ” àThat€wasn't€done€by€Mr.€Garner.Ð ô”  ÐÌAttorney€Koger:à ì àBut€here€again,€if€we€had€testimonyÐ À` Ðin€here€that€when€the€body€was€found,€there€was€nothingÏwrapped€around€the€legs€or€anything€unusual€about€that,Ïthat€wouldn't€be€consistent,€either,€would€it?ÌÌColeman:à ” àWell,€I€don't€know.Ð >Þ ÐÌAttorney€Koger:à ì àWell,€it€wouldn't€be€the€same€thingÐ  ª Ðthat€you€are€saying€that€he€told€you?ÌÌColeman:à ” àWell,€I'm€just„„that's€what€I€said.€€What€heÐ ¼ \ Ðtold€me.ÌÌAttorney€Koger:à ì àSure.€€That€makes€it€inconsistent.€Ð n# ÐRight?ÌÌColeman:à ” àIf€you€say€so.€€€€Ð  &À  ÐÌÒ4ä 6ŠÒÒX(ŠÒÓDŠÓNo€limiting€instructions€were€given€to€the€jury.€€Defendant€Miller€argues€that€theÏabove€exchange,€wherein€Colemen€testified€that€Garner€did€not€restrain€the€victimÏwith€an€extension€cord,€implicated€Miller.Ô#† X¨·XX X¨·Âƒ#ÔÔ‡ X¨·XX X¨·Ô€€He€also€argues€that€the€only€proof€of€anÐ „+$"& Ðarson€is€Garner's€statement€that€he€turned€on€the€gas€in€the€kitchen€and€then€left.€€Ì€€€Ìà Œ àà ä àRules€8,€13,€and€14,€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.,€govern€when€codefendantsÏmay€be€tried€together.€€Rule€8(c)€states€that€"two€or€more€defendants€may€be€joinedÏin€the€same€indictment,€presentment,€or€information:€€(1)€if€each€of€the€defendants€isÏcharged€with€accountability€for€each€offense€included;€€or€(2)€if€each€of€theÏdefendants€is€charged€with€conspiracy,€and€some€of€the€defendants€are€alsoÐ 8¸.4 Ðcharged€with€one€or€more€offenses€alleged€to€be€in€furtherance€of€the€conspiracy."€ÏÔ#† X¨·XX X¨·#ÔÔ‡ X¨·XX X¨·ÔRule€13(a)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure€provides€that€the€courtÐ , Ì Ð"may€order€consolidation€of€two€or€more€indictments,€presentments,€or€informationÏfor€trial€if€the€offenses€and€all€defendants€could€have€been€joined€in€a€singleÏindictment,€presentment,€or€information€pursuant€to€Rule€8."€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àOffenses€which€are€permissively€joined€under€Rules€8€and€13€may€beÏsevered€upon€motion€of€the€defendant€as€a€matter€of€right€under€Rule€14:ÌÒXÒÒä 4ÒÓÓ(c)€Severance€of€Defendants.ÌÌ(1)€If€a€defendant€moves€for€a€severance€because€anÏout„of„court€statement€of€a€codefendant€makes€referenceÏto€the€defendant€but€is€not€admissible€against€theÏdefendant,€the€court€shall€determine€whether€the€stateÏintends€to€offer€the€statement€in€evidence€at€trial.€€If€so,Ïthe€court€shall€require€the€prosecuting€attorney€to€electÏone€of€the€following€courses:ÌÌà < à(i)€A€joint€trial€at€which€the€statement€is€notÏadmitted€into€evidence€or€at€which,€if€admitted,€theÏstatement€would€not€constitute€error;€orÌà < à(ii)€A€joint€trial€at€which€the€statement€is€admittedÏinto€evidence€only€after€all€references€to€the€movingÏdefendant€have€been€deleted,€if,€as€deleted,€theÏconfession€will€not€prejudice€the€moving€defendant;€orÌà < à(iii)€Severance€of€the€moving€defendant.€€€€€ÌÌÒ4ä ‡”ÒÒXy”ÒÓ•”ÓÌà Œ àà ä àAbsent€a€showing€of€prejudice,€a€reviewing€court€may€not€overturn€theÏtrial€court's€exercise€of€discretion€on€the€issue€of€severance.€€òòState€v.€Colemanóó,€619Ð j, #' ÐS.W.2d€112,€116€(Tenn.€1981);€òòState€v.€Hopperóó,€695€S.W.2d€530€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð 6.Ö$) Ð1985).€€ÌÌÔ#† X¨·XX X¨·p’#ÔÔ‡ X¨·XX X¨·Ôà Œ àà ä àThe€statement€of€a€non-testifying€co-defendant€implicating€anotherÐ š3:*/ Ðdefendant€violates€the€constitutional€rights€of€the€latter€in€a€joint€trial.€€òòBruton€v.Ð f5,1 ÐUnited€Statesóó,€391€U.S.€123€(1968).€€The€ruling€in€òòBrutonóó€is€based€on€theÐ 27Ò-3 Ðacknowledgment€that€"admission€of€a€co„defendant's€confession€implicating€aÐ þ8ž/5 Ðdefendant€at€a€joint€trial€constitutes€prejudicial€error€even€though€the€trial€court€mayÏgive€clear,€concise€and€understandable€instructions€that€confessions€could€only€beÏused€against€a€co„defendant€and€must€be€disregarded€with€respect€to€any€otherÏdefendant."€€òòState€v.€Baileyóó,€865€S.W.2d€7,€9€(Tenn.€1993).€€Ð Äd ÐÌà Œ àà ä àAfter€òòBrutonóó,€a€plurality€of€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€had€heldÐ \ü  Ðthat€where€both€defendants€have€given€interlocking€confessions€and€the€trial€judgeÏgives€an€appropriate€limiting€instruction,€the€defendant's€constitutional€rights€are€notÏviolated.€€òòParker€v.€Randolphóó,€442€U.S.€62€(1979).€€In€òòCruz€v.€New€Yorkóó,€481€U.S.Ð À` Ð186€(1987),€however,€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€held€that€even€if€theÏdefendant's€own€confession€is€admitted€and€the€jury€is€correctly€instructed€as€to€howÏto€analyze€the€nontestifying€co„defendant's€confession,€the€Confrontation€Clause€isÏviolated€if€the€nontestifying€co„defendant's€confession€implicates€the€defendant.€ÏUnder€òòCruzóó,€a€òòBrutonóó€error€may€be€avoided€by€"proper€redaction€of€the€confession."€Ð ¼ \ ÐòòState€v.€Personóó,€781€S.W.2d€868,€872€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1989).€€Ð ˆ"( ÐÌà Œ àà ä àIt€is€only€when€all€connecting€references€to€the€defendant€are€redactedÏfrom€the€co-defendant's€statement€that€the€evidence€may€be€admitted.€€òòSeeóó€òòDorseyÐ ì'Œ" Ðv.€Stateóó,€568€S.W.2d€639,€642€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978);€€òòTaylor€v.€Stateóó,€493Ð ¸)X $ ÐS.W.2d€477,€480€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1972).€€Any€violation€of€the€defendant's€rightsÏunder€the€Confrontation€Clause€may€be€subjected€to€a€harmless€error€analysis.€ÏòòCruzóó,€481€U.S.€at€194;€òòState€v.€Porterfieldóó,€746€S.W.2d€441,€446€(Tenn.€1988).€€Ð /¼%* ÐÌà Œ à€Ô#† X¨·XX X¨·‡™#ÔÔ‡ X¨·XX X¨·Ôà ä àÔ#† X¨·XX X¨·Æ¢#ÔÔ‡ X¨·XX X¨·ÔIn€our€view,€the€state€took€appropriate€measures€to€protect€defendantÐ ´2T). ÐMiller's€right€to€confront€adverse€witnesses.€€Coleman€was€instructed€not€to€makeÏany€reference€to€defendant€Miller's€participation;€he€complied€with€that€directive.€ÏThe€above„quoted€exchange,€wherein€Coleman€testified€that€Garner€did€not€bind€theÐ 8¸.4 Ðvictim's€legs€with€an€extension€cord,€did€not€implicate€Miller€only€because€furtherÏcross„examination€clearly€established€that€there€was€no€proof€that€anyone€hadÏbound€the€victim's€legs.€€The€point€of€the€cross„examination,€in€our€interpretation,Ïwas€that€no€one€had€bound€the€victim's€legs,€not€that€Miller€had€done€so.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àEven€if€the€testimony€did€imply€Miller€had€bound€the€victim's€legs,€anÏinference€unsupported€by€any€other€facts€in€evidence,€Tim€Clark€testified€that€justÏbefore€he€left,€he€overheard€Miller€severely€beat€the€victim.€€In€our€view,€any€òòBrutonóóÐ ô”  Ðerror€which€may€have€inadvertently€occurred€by€the€exchange€was€harmless€beyondÏa€reasonable€doubt.€€òòPorterfiedóó,€746€S.W.2d€at€446.€€Ð Œ, ÐÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€Miller€also€argues€that€Garner's€confession€that€heÏturned€on€the€gas€and€then€left€is€the€only€evidence€of€an€arson.€€Thus,€he€arguesÏthat€absent€Garner's€confession,€he€could€not€be€found€guilty€of€arson.€€We€cannotÏagree.€€There€is€ample€other€evidence€of€Miller's€participation€in€the€aggravatedÏarson.€€òòSeeóó€òòHenleyóó,€774€S.W.2d€at€914.€€Miller€was€one€of€the€last€people€seen€withÐ T$ô Ðthe€victim€at€the€trailer.€€A€short€time€before€the€fire,€he€beat€the€victim€and€was€thenÏseen€leaving€the€trailer.€€The€victim's€body,€which€had€a€high€level€of€carbonÏmonoxide€gas,€was€found€in€the€storage€area,€an€area€where€the€victim€was€rarelyÏseen.€€€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àMiller€also€complains€that€the€trial€judge€failed€to€give€a€limitingÏinstruction€when€Coleman's€testimony€was€admitted€into€evidence.€€In€òòRichardson€v.Ð è0ˆ', ÐMarshóó,€481€U.S.€200,€211€(1987),€the€Supreme€Court€addressed€admission€of€aÐ ´2T). Ðproperly€redacted€confession€accompanied€by€limiting€instruction:ÌÒXÒÒä 4ÒÓÓà < àThe€rule€that€juries€are€presumed€to€follow€theirÏinstructions€is€a€pragmatic€one,€rooted€less€in€theÏabsolute€certitude€that€the€presumption€is€true€than€in€theÏbelief€that€it€represents€a€reasonable€practicalÐ þ8ž/5 Ðaccommodation€of€the€interests€of€the€state€and€theÏdefendant€in€the€criminal€justice€process.€€On€the€preciseÏfacts€of€òòBrutonóó,€involving€a€facially€incriminatingÐ , Ì Ðconfession,€we€found€that€accommodation€inadequate.Ï...[T]he€calculus€changes€when€confessions€that€do€notÏname€the€defendant€are€at€issue.€...€€We€hold€that€theÏConfrontation€Clause€is€not€violated€by€the€admission€ofÏa€nontestifying€codefendant's€confession€with€a€properÏlimiting€instruction€when,€as€here,€the€confession€isÏredacted€to€eliminate€not€only€the€defendant's€name,€butÏany€reference€to€her€existence.€€ÌÌÒ4ä è«ÒÒXÚ«ÒÓö«ÓÌà Œ àà ä àThis€court€has€interpreted€òòRichardsonóó€as€requiring€a€limitingÐ ô”  Ðinstruction;€the€failure€to€give€one,€however,€may€be€found€to€be€harmless.€€òòPersonóó,Ð À` Ð781€S.W.2d€at€872.€€The€trial€judge€erred€by€failing€to€give€a€limiting€instruction.€€WeÏconclude,€however,€that€that€omission€clearly€had€no€impact€on€the€verdict.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.ó󀀀РXø ÐÔ#† X¨·XX X¨·£#ÔÔ‡ X¨·XX X¨·ÔÌÔ#† X¨·XX X¨·j±#ÔÔ‡ X¨·XX X¨·ÔÓ  ÓIVÐ ð ÐÓ̱Óà Œ àà ä àMiller€also€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€refusing€to€give€a€specialÏjury€instruction€that€"if€nothing€appears€but€the€fact€of€burning,€there€is€aÏpresumption€that€fire€was€a€result€of€accidental€or€providential€cause."€€Ô#† X¨·XX X¨·­±#Ô(citingÐ T$ô ÐòòRicketts€v.€Stateóó,€241€S.W.2d€604€(Tenn.€1951)).€€Ô‡X¨·XX X¨·Ôà ô àà L àÐ  &À  ÐÌà Œ àà ä àThe€trial€court,€of€course,€has€a€duty€to€give€a€complete€charge€of€theÏlaw€applicable€to€the€facts€of€the€case.€€òòHarbisonóó,€704€S.W.2d€at€319.€€While€theÐ „+$"& Ðdefendant€may€request€special€instructions,€jury€instructions€are€sufficient€whereÏthey€adequately€state€the€law.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Tysonóó,€603€S.W.2d€748€(Tenn.Ð /¼%* ÐCrim.€App.€1980).€€When€a€trial€court's€charge€to€the€jury€is€complete,€it€need€notÏgive€additional€special€instructions€requested€by€the€defendant.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Storyóó,Ð ´2T). Ð608€S.W.2d€599,€603€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1980).€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€trial€judge€instructed€on€aggravated€arson€as€follows:€€Ð 8¸.4 ÐÒä 4ÒÒXÒÓÓà < àAggravated€arson:€€Any€person€who€commits€theÏoffense€of€aggravated€arson€is€guilty€of€a€crime.ÌÒ4ä ±¶ÒÒX¿¶ÒÓͶÓÒXÒÒä 4ÒÓÓà < àFor€you€to€find€the€defendants€guilty€of€thisÏoffense,€the€State€must€have€proven,€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt,€the€existence€of€the€following€essentialÏelements:Ìà < àOne,€that€the€defendants,€by€means€of€fire€orÏexplosion,€damaged€a€structure€as€described€in€theÏindictment;Ìà < àAnd€two€(a),€that€the€defendants€did€so€without€theÏconsent€of€all€persons€who€have€a€possessory,Ïproprietary,€or€security€interest€therein;Ìà < àOr€(b),€that€the€defendants€did€so€with€intent€toÏdestroy€or€damage€the€structure€for€any€unlawfulÏpurpose.Ìà < àAnd€three€(a),€that€one€or€more€persons€wereÏpresent€therein;Ìà < àOr€(b),€that€a€person€suffered€bodily€injury€as€aÏresult€of€the€fire€or€explosions;Ìà < àAnd€four,€that€the€defendants€acted€knowingly.Ìà < àTo€constitute€a€burning€within€the€meaning€of€thisÏinstruction,€it€is€not€necessary€that€the€subject€of€the€fireÏbe€destroyed.€€There€is€sufficient€burning€if€the€nature€ofÏthe€combustible€to€which€the€fire€or€explosive€is€set€isÏchanged€or€charred.ÌÌÔ#† X¨·XXX¨·r³#ÔÓ  Ó***Ð ¼ \ ÐÓù»Óà < àProperty€means€anything€of€value,€including,€butÏnot€limited€to,€money,€real€estate,€or€tangible€or€intangibleÏpersonal€property.ÌÌÒ4ä “·ÒÒX…·ÒÓ¡·ÓÌà Œ àà ä àIn€our€view,€the€trial€court's€instructions€on€aggravated€arson€wereÏcorrect€and€complete€statements€of€the€law.€€Thus,€the€trial€court€did€not€err€byÏrefusing€to€give€the€special€instruction.ÌÌÓ  ÓVÌÓѽÓà Œ àà ä àThe€final€issue€is€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€ordering€eachÏdefendant€to€serve€consecutive€sentences.€€Each€defendant€was€sentenced€to€fiveÏyears€for€manslaughter,€which€has€a€range€of€three€to€six€years,€and€fifteen€years€forÏaggravated€arson,€which€has€a€range€of€fifteen€to€twenty„five€years.€€The€sentencesÏwere€ordered€to€be€served€consecutively€for€effective€terms€of€twenty€years.€€BothÏdefendants€argue€that€the€trial€court€did€not€make€the€appropriate€findings€on€theÐ þ8ž/5 Ðrecord€to€support€imposition€of€consecutive€sentences.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àGarner€was€twenty„seven€years€old€when€his€presentence€report€wasÏcompiled.€€He€has€seven€prior€convictions€for€public€intoxication,€one€aggravatedÏassault€conviction,€two€simple€assault€convictions,€and€one€conviction€for€stalking.€ÏThe€aggravated€assault€conviction€occurred€in€1994€and€the€defendant€received€fiveÏyears€on€probation.€€The€report€indicates€that€the€defendant€takes€medication€forÏdepression€and€uses€alcohol€excessively.€€He€has€a€sporadic€work€history€as€aÏlaborer.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àMiller€has€over€fifteen€prior€convictions€for€public€intoxication.€€He€alsoÏhas€prior€convictions€for€resisting€arrest,€driving€on€a€revoked€license,€recklessÏdriving,€DUI,€disobeying€traffic€laws,€and€failing€to€stop€at€the€scene€of€an€accident.€ÏHe€completed€the€ninth€grade€and€obtained€certification€for€tack€welding€and€innerÏshield€welding.€€He€worked€as€a€carpenter€for€his€brother,€Kirk€Miller,€from€1986€untilÏ1995.€€€€€€€ÌÌÔ‡X¨·XX X¨·Ôà Œ àà ä àBarbara€Watson,€the€victim's€brother,€testified€that€the€trauma€of€losingÐ ì'Œ" Ðher€brother€was€exacerbated€by€the€fact€that€foul€play€was€involved.€€She€and€herÏfamily€asked€that€both€defendants€receive€the€maximum€sentences€possible.€€TheÏvictim's€mother,€Geraldine€Wright,€testified€that€her€son's€death€"tore€[her€family]€toÏpieces."€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àWhen€a€challenge€is€made€to€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€serviceÏof€a€sentence,€it€is€the€duty€of€this€court€to€conduct€a€"de€novo€review€...€with€aÏpresumption€that€the€determinations€made€by€the€court€from€which€the€appeal€isÏtaken€are€correct."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€The€Sentencing€CommissionÐ 8¸.4 ÐComments€provide€that€the€burden€is€on€the€defendant€to€show€the€impropriety€ofÏthe€sentence.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àOur€review€requires€an€analysis€of€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€atÏthe€trial€and€sentencing€hearing;€(2)€the€presentence€report;€(3)€the€principles€ofÏsentencing€and€the€arguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(4)€theÏnature€and€characteristics€of€the€offense;€(5)€any€mitigating€or€enhancing€factors;€(6)Ïany€statements€made€by€the€defendant€in€his€own€behalf;€and€(7)€the€defendant'sÏpotential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„102,€„103,€and€Ï„210.ÌÌÔ#† X¨·XXX¨·Ä#Ôà Œ àà ä àPrior€to€the€enactment€of€the€Criminal€Sentencing€Reform€Act€of€1989,Ð $Ä Ðthe€limited€classifications€for€the€imposition€of€consecutive€sentences€were€set€out€inÏòòGray€v.€Stateóó,€538€S.W.2d€391,€393€(Tenn.€1976).€€In€that€case€our€supreme€courtÐ ¼ \ Ðruled€that€aggravating€circumstances€must€be€present€before€placement€in€any€oneÏof€the€classifications.€€Later,€in€òòState€v.€Tayloróó,€739€S.W.2d€227€(Tenn.€1987),€theÐ T$ô Ðcourt€established€an€additional€category€for€those€defendants€convicted€of€two€orÏmore€statutory€offenses€involving€sexual€abuse€of€minors.€€There€were,€however,Ïadditional€words€of€caution:€€"[C]onsecutive€sentences€should€not€routinely€beÏimposed€.€.€.€and€.€.€.€the€aggregate€maximum€of€consecutive€terms€must€beÏreasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses€involved."€€òòTayloróó,€739€S.W.2d€atÐ P-ð#( Ð230.€€The€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€adopted€the€cautionary€language.€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115.€€The€1989€Act€is,€in€essence,€the€codification€of€theÏholdings€in€òòGrayóó€and€òòTayloróó;€consecutive€sentences€may€be€imposed€in€theÐ ´2T). Ðâ âdiscretion€of€the€trial€court€only€upon€a€determination€that€one€or€more€of€theÐ €4 +0 Ðfollowing€criteriañOñ׃×ñOññOñ׃×ñOñÝ ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€exist:Ð `  Ðâ âÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(1)€The€defendant€is€a€professional€criminal€who€hasÏknowingly€devoted€himself€to€criminal€acts€as€a€majorÏsource€of€livelihood;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(2)€€The€defendant€is€an€offender€whose€record€ofÏcriminal€activity€is€extensive;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(3)€The€defendant€is€a€dangerous€mentally€abnormalÏperson€so€declared€by€a€competent€psychiatrist€whoÏconcludes€as€a€result€of€an€investigation€prior€toÏsentencing€that€the€defendant's€criminal€conduct€hasÏbeen€characterized€by€a€pattern€of€repetitive€orÏcompulsive€behavior€with€heedless€indifference€toÏconsequences;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(4)€The€defendant€is€a€dangerous€offender€whoseÏbehavior€indicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life,€andÏno€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€riskÏto€human€life€is€high;€€€€à D à€€€€ÐXøä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(5)€€The€defendant€is€convicted€of€two€(2)€or€moreÏstatutory€offenses€involving€sexual€abuse€of€a€minor€withÏconsideration€of€the€aggravating€circumstances€arisingÏfrom€the€relationship€between€the€defendant€and€victimÏor€victims,€the€time€span€of€defendant's€undetectedÏsexual€activity,€the€nature€and€scope€of€the€sexual€actsÏand€the€extent€of€the€residual,€physical€and€mentalÏdamage€to€the€victim€or€victims;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(6)€€The€defendant€is€sentenced€for€an€offenseÏcommitted€while€on€probation;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(7)€€The€defendant€is€sentenced€for€criminal€contempt.Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÓaÏÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b).ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€òòGrayóó,€ouñQññQñr€supreme€court€ruled€that€before€consecutive€sentencingÐ P-ð#( Ðcould€be€imposed€upon€the€dangerous€offender,€as€now€defined€by€subsectionÏ(b)(4)€in€the€statute,€other€conditions€must€be€present:€€(a)€that€the€crimes€involvedÏaggravating€circumstances;€(b)€that€consecutive€sentences€are€a€necessary€meansÏto€protect€the€public€from€the€defendant;€and€(c)€that€the€term€reasonably€relates€toÐ €4 +0 Ðthe€severity€of€the€offenses.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€938€(Tenn.€1995),€our€highÐ ø ˜ Ðcourt€reaffirmed€those€principles,€holding€that€consecutive€sentences€cannot€beÏrequired€of€the€dangerous€offender€"unless€the€terms€reasonably€relate[]€to€theÏseverity€of€the€offenses€committed€and€are€necessary€in€order€to€protect€the€publicÏ(society)€from€further€criminal€acts€by€those€persons€who€resort€to€aggravatedÏcriminal€conduct."€€The€òòWilkersonóó€decision,€which€modified€somewhat€the€strictÐ ô”  Ðfactual€guidelines€for€consecutive€sentencing€adopted€in€òòState€v.€Woodsóó,€814Ð À` ÐS.W.2d€378,€380€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991),€described€sentencing€as€a€"humanÏprocess€that€neither€can€nor€should€be€reduced€to€a€set€of€fixed€and€mechanicalÏrules."€€òòWilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€at€938.€€The€record€must€show€that€the€sentencingÐ $Ä Ðprinciples€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances€were€considered€before€theÏpresumption€of€correctness€applies.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àBecause€the€trial€judge€failed€to€make€any€findings€as€to€why€heÏordered€the€sentences€to€be€served€consecutively,€our€review€is€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€without€theÐ  &À  Ðpresumption€of€correctness.€€As€to€Garner's€sentence,€we€find€two€grounds€forÏimposing€consecutive€sentences:€ÌÒXÒÒä 4ÒÓÓ(1)€€the€defendant€is€an€offender€whose€record€of€criminalÏactivity€is€extensive;€andÌÌ(2)€€the€defendant€is€sentenced€for€an€offense€committedÏwhile€on€probation.ÌÌÒ4ä }ÝÒÒXoÝÒÓ‹ÝÓòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(2),€(6).€€We€also€find€that€the€term€isÐ è0ˆ', Ð"reasonably€related€[]€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses€committed."€€òòWilkersonóó,€905Ð ´2T). ÐS.W.2d€at€938.€€The€twenty„year€sentence€is€also€necessary€to€protect€society€fromÏ"further€criminal€acts."€€Garner€has€exhibited€an€escalating€pattern€of€violence,Ïstarting€with€simple€assault€convictions,€then€aggravated€assault,€and€nowÐ 8¸.4 Ðaggravated€arson€and€manslaughter.€€Consecutive€sentences€for€Garner€are€entirelyÏappropriate.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€our€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€of€Miller's€sentence,€we€find€that€he€is€"anÐ Äd Ðoffender€whose€record€of€criminal€activity€is€extensive."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„¼115(b)(2).€€Although€his€prior€criminal€history€does€not€show€a€pattern€of€committingÏviolent€crimes,€his€record€is€extensive.€€He€has€over€fifteen€prior€convictions€forÏpublic€intoxication.€€He€also€has€prior€convictions€for€resisting€arrest,€driving€on€aÏrevoked€license,€reckless€driving,€DUI,€disobeying€traffic€laws,€and€failing€to€stop€atÏthe€scene€of€an€accident.€€The€convictions€date€back€to€1984.€€Most€of€theÏconvictions€appear€to€have€been€alcohol€related.€€Absent€a€lengthy€period€ofÏincarceration,€further€misconduct€appears€likely.€€In€our€view,€the€twenty„yearÏsentence€is€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses.€€òòSeeóó€òòWilkersonóó,€905Ð ð ÐS.W.2d€at€938.€€We€also€approve€of€the€imposition€of€consecutive€sentences€forÏMiller.€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àAccordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.ÌÌÓÓà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D à__________________________________Ìà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àGary€R.€Wade,€JudgeÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ________________________________ÌWilliam€M.€Barker,€Special€JudgeÌÌÌÌ________________________________€ÌCurwood€Witt,€Judge€€€€€