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opinion.wptœ-⠁Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5yG*³”3|x ’U‹’ĄĄĄ(ĘśI Z‹(Times New Roman - ł-(|G2¾;$¤¤Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€PÕ»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Żą  ąņņŚ  Ś0Ś  ŚóóŌ€ōļŻņ»»Ō d(|3ĒŽ$££Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€PÕ»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻVVVV)’’!dxdx)!ČČČČdxdx( ±ž$’’ņ ņFigure€Ś  Ś1Ś  Śó ó^_X`YEž’<<C’’ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3ĒŽ$¢¢Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€PÕ»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Ż($$””ņ ņŚ  Ś1Ś  Śó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8’’’’’’’’’’C’’ HKKKKŻ ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€PÕ»»ddČ8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŃ  ŃŃ  ŃŌ€¼PÕ»»»ŌŃ8€YXXdģ»»d8ŃŌ€¼PÕ»»¼PÕŌą@ttģąŌ‡īĖPÕŌIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆŠ ° Šą@WW$ģąAT€KNOXVILLEŌ#†¼PÕ»īīĖ+#ԈŠ Ö& ŠÓ  Óą @ ąą @` ąApril€23,€2002€SessionŠ üL ŠŌ‡XYX»¼PÕŌĢņ ņŌ#†¼PÕ»XXY3#ŌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€TERRY€STEWART€MOOREŌ‡XYX»¼PÕŌó óŠ śJ ŠĢą@@½½ģąņ ņAppeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Blount€CountyŠ ś J Šą@@ųųģąNo.€C„12303€€€€€€D.€Kelly€Thomas,€Jr.,€Judge€Š ę 6 ŠĢą@@ģģ*ģąßA€V) °°` d€÷E<½ ` Aߊ ¾   ŠĢą@@TTģąNo.€E2001„00153„CCA„R3„CDŠ ¹  ŠAugust€2,€Ō_Ō2002Ō_ŌŠ „õ  ŠßA€V) °°` dE<` Aߊ ‘į  Šó óĢÓ  ÓThe€defendant,€Terry€Stewart€Moore,€was€convicted€of€voluntary€manslaughter.€€ņņSeeóóTenn.€CodeŠ ŒÜ  ŠAnn.€šš€39„13„211.€€The€trial€court€imposed€a€Range€II€sentence€of€10€years.€€In€this€appeal€of€right,Š xČ  Šthe€defendant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€and€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€theŠ d“ Šadmission€of€certain€evidence.€€The€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€Š P  ŠÓĪÓĢņ ņTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€Affirmedó óŠ (x ŠĢņņÓ  ÓŌ#†¼PÕ»ąXY¢#ŌŌ‡XYX.¼PÕŌGary€R.€Wade,€P.J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€ņņJerry€L.€Smithóó€and€ņņThomas€T.Š P ŠWoodall,€JJ.óó,€joined.Š ģ< ŠĢMichael€H.€Meares€(on€appeal€and€at€trial)€and€Charles€Dungan€(at€trial),€Maryville,€Tennessee,€forŠ Ä Šthe€appellant,€Terry€Stewart€Moore.Š ° ŠĢPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Angele€M.€Gregory,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Š ˆŲ Šand€Tammy€Harrington€and€William€B.€Reed,€Assistant€District€Attorneys€General,€for€the€appellee,Š tÄ ŠState€of€Tennessee.Š `° ŠÓÓĢą@@OO&ģąņ ņOPINIONó óŌ#†¼PÕ»XXYA#ŌŌ‡XYX»¼PÕŌŠ 8!ˆ  ŠĢņņóóŌ#†¼PÕ»XXY #ŌŌ‡XYX»¼PÕŌÓ  Óą  ąKeith€Morrison€lived€next€door€to€the€defendant,€Terry€Stewart€Moore,€who€shared€aŠ #`" Šresidence€owned€by€the€victim,€Debbie€Vanderpool.€€Shortly€after€supper€on€August€2,€1999,Š ü#L# ŠMorrison€was€working€on€his€wife's€vehicle€when€his€attention€was€drawn€to€an€argument€betweenŠ č$8 $ Šthe€victim€and€the€defendant.€€Because€he€was€š šjust€used€tošš€the€couple€arguing,€he€did€notŠ Ō%$!% Šinvestigate€further.€€When€Morrison€heard€a€windshield€break,€however,€he€looked€out€and€saw€theŠ Ą&"& Švictim€š škind€of€stagger[ing]šš€towards€her€residence.€€He€then€saw€the€defendant€walk€over€and€placeŠ ¬'ü"' Šhis€arms€around€the€victim.€€Later,€at€approximately€10:00€P.M.,€Morrison€heard€the€defendant€yell,Š ˜(č#( Š"Help!€Help€me,€Keith!"€€When€Morrison€arrived€at€the€defendant's€residence,€the€victim,€whoseŠ „)Ō$) Šhead€and€feet€were€a€pale€blue,€was€lying€on€the€living€room€floor€wearing€only€a€towel€around€herŠ p*Ą%* Šwaist.€€Morrison€recalled€saying€that€the€victim€appeared€to€be€dead€and€the€defendant€responded,Š \+¬&+ Š"Oh,€God!€€No!€€She€can't€be."€€Morrison€performed€CPR€on€the€victim,€instructed€the€defendant€howŠ H,˜', Što€perform€CPR,€and€then€returned€to€his€residence€to€call€911.€€He€noticed€that€the€victim€had€a€cutŠ 4-„(-żĀ Šon€her€lip€which€was€not€bleeding€and€that€her€body€was€covered€in€some€kind€of€oil.€€AfterŠ ° Šparamedics€arrived,€the€defendant,€who€was€sitting€near€the€victim,€picked€up€a€condom€pack€andŠ œģ Šexplained€that€he€and€the€victim€"practice[d]€safe€sex."€€Morrison€accompanied€the€defendant€to€theŠ ˆŲ Šhospital.€€During€the€trip,€the€defendant€informed€Morrison€that€he€had€been€fighting€with€the€victim,Š tÄ Šwho€had€broken€his€car's€windshield€with€a€rock€or€a€brick.€€Š `° ŠĢą  ąJames€Brian€Tipton,€a€paramedic€with€the€Rural€Metro€Ambulance€Service,€responded€to€aŠ 8 ˆ Šdispatch€shortly€after€11:00€P.M.€€When€Ō#†¼PÕ»XXY} #ŌŌ€XYX»¼PÕŌTipton€arrived€at€the€defendant's€residence,€the€victim€hadŠ $ t Šno€pulse€and€was€not€breathing.€€After€countershocking€the€victim,€Tipton€began€CPR,€placed€aŠ  ` Šbreathing€tube€down€the€trachea,€and€administered€medications€until€an€IV€could€be€established.€Š ü L  ŠTipton€and€the€other€paramedics€were€able€to€establish€a€pulse€but€the€victim€never€regainedŠ č 8  Šconsciousness.€€Tipton€recalled€that€the€defendant€had€encouraged€the€victim€to€breathe€during€theŠ Ō$  Šcourse€of€the€paramedics'€treatment.€€When€asked€what€happened,€the€defendant€explained€that€heŠ Ą  Šhad€sex€with€the€victim,€went€to€the€restroom,€and,€upon€return,€found€that€the€victim€was€notŠ ¬ü  Šbreathing.€€The€defendant€claimed€that€the€laceration,€which€went€all€the€way€through€the€victim'sŠ ˜č  Šlip,€had€been€sustained€in€a€car€wreck€earlier€that€day.€€Tipton€noticed€that€there€was€no€blood€residueŠ „Ō  Šfrom€the€laceration€in€or€around€the€victim's€mouth€and€that€the€victimššs€body€had€been€covered€withŠ pĄ Ša€"slick,€oily„type€substance."€€Tipton€remembered€that€he€had€been€in€the€defendant's€residence€onŠ \¬ Ša€prior€occasion€after€the€victim€had€taken€a€drug€overdose.Š H˜ ŠĢą  ąWhen€Deputy€Jim€Patty€of€the€Blount€County€Sheriff's€Department€arrived€at€the€scene,€theŠ  p Švictim€was€lying€face€up€on€the€floor€and€the€defendant€was€saying,€"Wake€up!€€Wake€up!"€€DeputyŠ  \ ŠPatty€recalled€that€the€victim€was€nude,€her€color€was€pale,€and€her€body€was€cool.€€He€stated€thatŠ ųH Šshe€had€a€small,€deep€cut€on€her€lip.€€After€the€victim€was€transported€from€the€residence€forŠ ä4 Štreatment,€the€defendant€informed€Officer€Patty€that€he€had€gotten€off€work€at€approximately€2:00Š Š  ŠP.M.,€that€he€and€the€victim€had€gone€swimming€and€drinking,€and€that€the€victim€had€wrecked€herŠ ¼  Švehicle€on€the€trip€home.€€The€deputy€remembered€that€the€defendant€said€that€he€and€the€victim€hadŠ Øų Šargued,€but€that€after€returning€to€their€residence,€they€had€resolved€the€argument€and€hadŠ ”ä Šintercourse.€€He€recalled€that€the€defendant€claimed€that€he€had€gone€to€the€restroom€and€upon€hisŠ €Š Šreturn€found€the€victim€"jerking."€€Officer€Patty€did€not€recall€smelling€any€alcohol€on€the€defendantŠ l¼ Šand€saw€no€indication€of€blood€where€the€victim€lay.€€He€saw€no€signs€of€battering€or€bruising€otherŠ X Ø Šthan€older,€black€bruises€on€the€inside€of€her€left€arm.Š D!” ŠĢą  ąDanny€Holbert€testified€that€he€had€employed€the€defendant€for€approximately€10€days€priorŠ #l! Što€the€victim's€death€and€that€on€August€2,€1999,€after€work,€he,€the€defendant,€and€the€victimŠ $X" Šdecided€to€go€to€the€river€for€a€swim.€€Holbert€recalled€that€the€defendant€became€angry€when€theŠ ō$D # Švictim,€who€could€not€swim,€was€getting€too€close€to€deep€water.€€After€traveling€to€Walland€to€aŠ ą%0!$ Šdifferent€swimming€hole,€the€defendant€fell,€hurt€his€back,€and€returned€to€the€car.€€Holbert€testifiedŠ Ģ&"% Šthat€later,€when€the€defendant€joined€them€at€the€swimming€hole,€he€was€angry€and€called€the€victimŠ ø'#& Ša€"whore"€and€a€"bitch."€€Holbert€testified€that€he€then€asked€the€victim,€who€was€driving€her€car,Š ¤(ō#' Što€drive€him€to€his€residence.€€Along€the€way,€the€defendant€tore€the€mirror€off€the€passenger's€sideŠ )ą$( Šof€the€car.€€Holbert€stated€that€the€victim€responded€angrily€and€struck€the€defendant.€€While€theŠ |*Ģ%) Šargument€continued,€she€drove€the€car€off€the€roadway,€striking€a€ditch€and€a€culvert€or€fence€beforeŠ h+ø&* Šcoming€to€a€stop.€€Holbert€testified€that€no€one€was€injured€in€the€wreck€but€that€the€car€was€stuckŠ ° Šand€that€the€defendant€caught€his€fingers€between€the€grill€and€bumper€when€the€three€tried€to€pushŠ œģ Šthe€car€from€the€ditch.€€Mark€Stillwell,€who€had€arrived€at€the€accident€scene€in€his€vehicle,€pried€theŠ ˆŲ Šdefendant's€fingers€loose€with€a€crow€bar.€€Holbert€testified€that€the€defendant€and€victim€continuedŠ tÄ Što€argue€after€the€accident€and€that€Mark€Stillwell€eventually€drove€them€to€their€respectiveŠ `° Šresidences.€€Š L œ ŠĢą  ąMelissa€Kreager€was€on€the€telephone€with€her€husband,€€Kenneth€Kreager,€when€the€wreckŠ $ t Šoccurred€at€approximately€5:30€in€the€afternoon.€€Ms.€Kreager,€who€lived€near€the€scene€of€theŠ  ` Šaccident,€noticed€that€a€female€had€been€driving€the€vehicle€and€that€no€one€appeared€to€be€injured.€Š ü L  ŠShe€testified€that€the€two€men€at€the€accident€scene€were€intoxicated.€€Š č 8  ŠĢą  ąKenneth€Kreager€testified€that€when€he€returned€to€his€residence€from€work,€the€car€involvedŠ Ą  Šin€the€accident€was€lodged€on€a€fence€post€and€that€he€saw€a€woman€standing€by€the€road€while€theŠ ¬ü  Štwo€men€were€working€on€the€engine.€€He€stated€that€the€woman,€who€was€wearing€a€bathing€suitŠ ˜č  Šand€smoking€a€cigarette,€did€not€appear€to€be€injured,€disoriented,€or€intoxicated.€€Š „Ō  ŠĢą  ąMark€Stillwell,€who€lived€near€the€scene€of€the€accident,€recognized€the€victim's€car€andŠ \¬ Šknew€the€defendant.€€Stillwell€recalled€using€a€crow€bar€to€free€the€defendant's€hands,€which€wereŠ H˜ Šstuck€in€the€bumper.€€He€testified€that€he€drove€the€defendant,€the€victim,€and€Danny€Holbert€to€theirŠ 4„ Šresidences.€€According€to€Stillwell,€the€defendant€and€the€victim€were€arguing,€"cussing€at€eachŠ  p Šother,"€while€they€were€in€the€back€of€his€pickup€truck.€€He€stated€that€the€victim€appeared€to€beŠ  \ Šuninjured€and€was€"pretty€well€straight."€€When€they€arrived€at€the€victim€and€defendant's€residence,Š ųH Šthe€victim€grabbed€the€mirror€of€the€defendant's€Oldsmobile,€which€was€parked€in€the€driveway,€€asŠ ä4 Šif€she€were€going€to€twist€it€off€the€car.€€The€defendant€responded€by€running€towards€her€and€theŠ Š  Švictim€released€the€mirror.€€According€to€Stillwell,€the€defendant€picked€up€a€cinder€block€and€threwŠ ¼  Šit€at€the€victim€but€did€not€strike€her.€€Š Øų ŠĢą  ąAbout€30€minutes€later,€the€defendant€drove€the€Oldsmobile€to€Mark€Stillwell's€residence.€Š €Š ŠThe€windshield€was€broken€and€the€defendant€remarked€to€Stillwell,€"Debbie€busted€[my]€windshieldŠ l¼ Šout."€€According€to€Stillwell,€the€defendant€asked€for€assistance€in€removing€the€victim's€car€fromŠ X Ø Šthe€ditch€but€then€discovered€that€he€had€failed€to€bring€the€keys.€€When€the€defendant€returned€later,Š D!” ŠStillwell€saw€the€victim€in€the€car€and€she€appeared€to€be€fine.€€Stillwell€testified€that€the€defendantŠ 0"€  Šand€the€victim€pushed€the€victim's€car€out€of€the€ditch€with€the€defendant's€car.€€The€defendant€andŠ #l! Šthe€victim€left€at€about€7:00€or€7:15€P.M.€Š $X" ŠĢą  ąEarlier€in€the€afternoon,€Joshua€McCulloch,€age€19,€was€with€his€friend,€Bobby€Stillwell,€whoŠ ą%0!$ Šwas€telephoned€by€his€uncle,€Mark€Stillwell,€asking€for€assistance€in€removing€the€victimššs€wreckedŠ Ģ&"% Šcar€from€a€ditch.€€Although€the€vehicle€had€already€been€removed€when€they€arrived,€McCulloch€andŠ ø'#& ŠStillwell€later€went€to€the€victim€and€defendant's€residence€and€noticed€that€the€defendant's€car€hadŠ ¤(ō#' Ša€broken€windshield.€€The€defendant€informed€him€that€the€victim€had€broken€the€window€duringŠ )ą$( Šan€argument€earlier€that€evening;€he€explained€that€he€had€fought€with€the€victim€because€he€believedŠ |*Ģ%) Šshe€was€having€an€affair€with€Danny€Holbert.€€When€McCulloch€went€inside€the€residence,€he€sawŠ h+ø&* Šthe€victim€on€the€floor€completely€covered€by€a€sheet.€€The€defendant€remarked€that€the€victim€wasŠ ° Š"doped€up€on€pills€and€[had]€passed€out."€€At€trial,€McCulloch€testified€that€he€believed€the€victimŠ œģ Šwas€breathing€at€that€time.€€He€recalled€that€the€defendant€asked€the€two€men€to€drive€to€the€sceneŠ ˆŲ Šof€the€wreck€to€search€for€the€victim's€wallet,€which€he€had€thrown€from€her€car€window.€€AlthoughŠ tÄ Šthe€two€men€drove€to€the€scene,€they€were€unable€to€find€the€wallet€and€returned€to€the€defendant'sŠ `° Šresidence.€€Upon€their€arrival,€the€defendant€was€"getting€up€off€the€top"€of€the€victim,€holding€ontoŠ L œ Šhis€pants,€and€wiping€Vaseline€from€his€hands.€€McCulloch€recalled€that€the€defendant€said€that€heŠ 8 ˆ Š"and€his€old€lady€[were]€just€fooling€around€a€little€bit."€€The€two€men€then€drove€the€defendant€toŠ $ t Ša€store€where€the€defendant€purchased€cigarettes€and€a€12„pack€of€beer;€upon€their€return,€the€victim,Š  ` Šaccording€to€McCulloch,€was€lying€in€the€same€position€as€when€they€left€but€appeared€to€beŠ ü L  Šbreathing.€€McCulloch€recalled€that€the€defendant,€who€complained€of€being€angry€about€his€car€andŠ č 8  Šangry€with€the€victim,€threatened€to€kill€both€the€victim€and€Holbert.€€According€to€McCulloch,€theŠ Ō$  Šdefendant€at€that€point€stood€over€the€victim€saying,€"I€ought€to€just€pee€in€her€mouth."€€He€recalledŠ Ą  Šthat€the€defendant€did,€in€fact,€pour€beer€into€her€mouth€until€she€began€to€choke€and€foam€at€theŠ ¬ü  Šmouth.€€At€that€point,€McCulloch€asked€the€defendant€to€roll€the€victim€over€so€she€could€cough€upŠ ˜č  Šthe€beer.€€McCulloch€testified€that€the€defendant€complied€with€his€request€but€afterward€kicked€theŠ „Ō  Švictim€several€times€in€the€side€and€sat€on€the€couch€with€his€feet€on€her,€remarking€that€she€madeŠ pĄ Š"a€good€foot€prop."€€At€another€point€during€the€evening,€McCulloch€observed€the€defendant€jumpŠ \¬ Šoff€the€couch€to€within€inches€of€the€victim's€head,€threatening€to€"stomp€her€head€in€while€she€wasŠ H˜ Šlying€there."€€According€to€McCulloch,€the€defendant€claimed€that€he€had€struck€the€victim€in€theŠ 4„ Šjaw€until€he€knocked€her€out,€but€then€stated€that€he€was€joking.€€He€testified€that€he€and€BobbyŠ  p ŠStillwell€left€the€defendant's€residence€just€before€ten€o'clock€and€as€they€did€so,€the€defendant€pickedŠ  \ Šup€a€hatchet€and€walked€toward€them€in€a€threatening€manner.€€McCulloch€responded€by€grabbingŠ ųH Ša€stick€and€demanding€that€the€defendant€to€return€to€his€residence.€€On€cross„examination€by€theŠ ä4 Šdefense,€McCulloch€acknowledged€that€he€had€a€delinquency€adjudication€in€juvenile€court€forŠ Š  Šjoyriding.€Š ¼  ŠĢą  ąBobby€Stillwell€corroborated€much€of€the€testimony€provided€by€McCulloch.€€He€recalledŠ ”ä Šthat€when€he€and€McCulloch€returned€from€the€scene€of€the€wreck€after€looking€for€the€wallet,€theŠ €Š Šdefendant€appeared€to€be€having€sex€with€the€victim.€€Bobby€Stillwell€confirmed€that€the€defendantŠ l¼ Špoured€beer€into€the€victim's€mouth€and€kicked€her€in€the€side.€€He€remembered€that€the€victim€layŠ X Ø Šon€the€floor€for€the€entire€period€he€was€at€the€residence€and€that€the€defendant€claimed€to€haveŠ D!” Š"upper€cut"€the€victim,€whom€he€believed€was€having€an€affair€with€Holbert.€€Stillwell€testified€thatŠ 0"€  Šas€he€and€McCulloch€left,€the€defendant€displayed€a€hatchet€and€threatened€to€kill€the€victim.€€BobbyŠ #l! ŠStillwell,€who€had€frequently€visited€the€residence€and€knew€that€the€defendant€and€the€victim€oftenŠ $X" Šargued€and€fought,€stated€that€the€victim€rarely€drank€but€took€a€lot€of€pills.€Š ō$D # ŠĢą  ąAfter€learning€of€the€condition€of€the€victim,€Detective€Scott€Carpenter€of€the€Blount€CountyŠ Ģ&"% ŠSheriff's€Department€drove€to€the€defendant's€residence€and€found€the€victim's€car€parked€in€theŠ ø'#& Šdriveway€with€a€flat€tire€and€a€broken€passenger's€side€rearview€mirror.€€He€testified€that€theŠ ¤(ō#' Šwindshield€of€the€defendant's€car€was€broken.€€Detective€Carpenter€found€a€bathing€suit€in€the€livingŠ )ą$( Šroom,€a€container€of€Vaseline,€and€some€baby€oil.€€The€detective€returned€to€the€hospital€to€speakŠ |*Ģ%) Šwith€the€defendant,€then€later€learned€that€the€victim€had€suffered€massive€blunt€trauma€to€the€headŠ h+ø&* Šand€was€not€expected€to€live.€€The€detective€talked€with€Bobby€Stillwell€and€Josh€McCulloch€beforeŠ ° Štaking€the€defendant€into€custody€and€conducting€a€second€interview.€€During€questioning,€theŠ œģ Šdefendant€denied€that€the€victim€was€unconscious€when€McCulloch€and€Bobby€Stillwell€were€at€hisŠ ˆŲ Šresidence.€€He€also€denied€kicking€the€victim€and€insisted€that€he€was€not€responsible€for€the€victim'sŠ tÄ Šinjuries€or€death.€€When€Detective€Carpenter,€who€noticed€that€the€defendant€appeared€to€have€beenŠ `° Šbeaten,€asked€about€his€injuries,€the€defendant€informed€him€that€the€victim's€brothers,€whom€he€didŠ L œ Šnot€want€to€prosecute,€had€caused€his€injuries.€Š 8 ˆ ŠĢą  ąGary€Hamilton,€a€crime€scene€technician,€obtained€blood€swabs€from€inside€the€victim'sŠ  ` Švehicle€and€found€three€blood€splatters,€one€on€the€front€passengerššs€side€door€panel€just€above€theŠ ü L  Šarmrest,€a€second€on€the€armrest€itself,€and€a€third€on€the€š šroof€linešš€of€the€rear€passenger's€side€door.€Š č 8  ŠAccording€to€Hamilton,€both€the€driver's€side€mirror€and€the€passenger's€side€mirror€to€the€vehicleŠ Ō$  Šwere€broken.€€TBI€Agent€Kevin€Helson,€who€performed€a€DNA€analysis€on€the€swabs€from€theŠ Ą  Švehicle,€testified€that€the€blood€sample€taken€from€the€armrest€matched€that€of€the€defendant.€€TheŠ ¬ü  Šblood€sample€from€above€the€armrest€matched€the€blood€sample€of€the€defendant€at€eight€loci.Š ˜č  ŠĢą  ąDr.€Carol€Long,€who€was€on€call€at€the€emergency€room€when€the€victim€arrived€byŠ pĄ Šambulance,€evaluated€the€victim.€€Dr.€Long€spoke€with€the€defendant,€whose€statement€was€includedŠ \¬ Šin€the€medical€report:Š H˜ ŠĢą8  ąą ` ąHe€told€me€that€they€had€gone€to€the€lake,€and€the€car€ran€off€the€road€and€hadŠ  p Ša€flat€tire;€and€she€ended€up€hitting€her€head€on€the€front€of€the€car;€that€she€had€aŠ  \ Šlittle€bit€of€a€cut€on€the€lip€but,€otherwise,€seemed€to€be€doing€fairly€well,€and€wasn'tŠ ųH Šhaving€any€problems,€and€didn't€want€to€seek€medical€attention;€that€afterwards,€theyŠ ä4 Šwent€home€and€were€sexually€intimate;€he€came€back€from€the€rest€room€and€foundŠ Š  Šher€in€a€seizure,€and€was€unresponsive€and€turning€blue;€and€she€didn't€stop€seizing;Š ¼  Šand€he€ran€to€a€neighbor's€house€and€called€911;€and€then€they€came€over€andŠ Øų Šattempted€to€resuscitate€her.€€Š”äŠ Š  ŠĢą  ąDr.€Long€testified€that€the€victim€had€suffered€severe€diffuse€swelling€of€the€brain€tissue€andŠ l¼ Ša€possible€fracture€of€the€maxillary€sinus.€€Dr.€Long€determined€from€a€drug€screen€that€the€victimŠ X Ø Šwas€negative€for€alcohol€but€positive€for€benzodiazepine,€a€medication€sold€under€the€brand€nameŠ D!” ŠValium.€€Because€the€victim€had€acidosis,€Dr.€Long€believed€that€the€body€had€experienced€a€lackŠ 0"€  Šof€blood€flow€for€a€significant€period€of€time.€€Dr.€Long€described€the€victim's€neurologic€damageŠ #l! Šas€severe€and€determined€that€she€would€not€likely€survive.€€Dr.€Long€expressed€concern€that€theŠ $X" Šhistory€provided€by€the€defendant€was€not€accurate€because€seizures€rarely€last€beyond€30€secondsŠ ō$D # Šand€believed€that€the€victimššs€symptoms€were€more€likely€caused€by€either€a€severe€trauma€or€aŠ ą%0!$ Šsevere€toxin.€€Dr.€Long€ruled€out€the€car€accident€as€the€cause€of€death€because€only€subduralŠ Ģ&"% Šbleeding€could€result€in€normal€behavior€for€several€hours€after€the€injury;€Dr.€Long€stated€thatŠ ø'#& Šsubdural€bleeding€would€ordinarily€appear€on€a€CT€Scan€and€was€not€present€in€the€victim's€scan.€Š ¤(ō#' ŠShe€also€stated€that€a€sinus€fracture€would€have€caused€pain€which€would€have€affected€the€victimššsŠ )ą$( Šā ābehavior€after€the€injury.€€According€to€Dr.€Long,€the€CT€Scan€did€not€indicate€a€sinus€fracture€andŠ |*Ģ%) Šshe€did€not€find€a€knot€on€the€victim's€head.€€Dr.€Long€acknowledged€that€a€combination€of€alcoholŠ ° Šand€benzodiazepine€could€result€in€a€deprivation€of€oxygen€to€the€brain.€€Š œģ Šā āĢą  ąDr.€Michael€Teague,€who€performed€the€autopsy,€testified€that€the€victim€had€experiencedŠ tÄ Š"a€bit€of€bruising"€on€both€arms€and€had€a€small€laceration€around€the€upper€lip.€€He€stated€that€thereŠ `° Šwas€swelling€and€hemorrhaging€around€the€victim's€brain,€especially€the€area€around€the€brain€stem.€Š L œ ŠDr.€Teague€discovered€blood€and€areas€of€pneumonia€in€the€victim's€lungs€and€injuries€to€her€spleen.€Š 8 ˆ ŠHe€stated€that€there€were€fractures€to€the€base€of€the€victim's€skull€which€would€have€been€causedŠ $ t Šby€severe€trauma,€a€blunt€but€not€a€penetrating€force.€€It€was€his€opinion€that€if€the€injuries€causingŠ  ` Šdeath€had€been€suffered€in€an€automobile€accident,€the€accident€would€necessarily€have€beenŠ ü L  Š"relatively€severe."€€It€was€his€conclusion€that€the€car€accident€involving€the€victim€was€minor€andŠ č 8  Šthat€the€injuries€were€unrelated€to€the€wreck.€€Dr.€Teague€testified€that€the€injury€to€the€spleen€couldŠ Ō$  Šhave€been€caused€by€a€kick€to€the€side.€€He€described€the€cause€of€death€as€"trauma€to€the€headŠ Ą  Šresulting€in€.€.€.€brain€swelling"€with€death€due€to€homicide.€€It€was€Dr.€Teague's€opinion€thatŠ ¬ü  Šbenzodiazepine€could€not€have€caused€the€type€of€injuries€suffered€by€the€victim.€€Dr.€Teague€statedŠ ˜č  Šthat€the€victim€would€have€been€rendered€unconscious€as€a€result€of€the€injuries€she€sustained.€€€€€€Š „Ō  Š€Ģą  ąCalled€as€a€witness€for€the€defense,€Sergeant€Tim€Wilson,€an€accident€reconstructionist€withŠ \¬ Šthe€Blount€County€Sheriff's€Department,€testified€that€he€found€approximately€170€feet€of€skid€marksŠ H˜ Šat€the€scene€of€the€accident.€€From€his€findings€at€the€scene,€he€determined€that€the€vehicle€wasŠ 4„ Štraveling€approximately€47€miles€per€hour€when€it€rounded€a€corner€and€the€brakes€were€locked.€€HisŠ  p Šexamination€of€the€driver's€side€of€the€vehicle,€where€the€victim€was€positioned,€revealed€no€bloodŠ  \ Šand€did€not€indicate€a€"human€collision."€€Sergeant€Wilson€found€no€evidence€that€the€seat€belts€wereŠ ųH Šin€use€at€the€time€of€the€accident.€Š ä4 ŠĢą  ąDr.€Charles€Harlan,€who€had€for€six€years€served€as€chief€medical€examiner€for€the€state,€wasŠ ¼  Šcalled€as€a€witness€for€the€defense.€€Dr.€Harlan€testified€that€he€had€reviewed€the€autopsy€performedŠ Øų Šby€Dr.€Teague€and€had€also€concluded€that€the€victim€died€as€a€result€of€a€blunt„force€trauma€to€theŠ ”ä Šhead.€€He€testified€that€in€his€opinion,€the€injuries€were€not€the€result€of€a€knife€or€hatchet€wound,Š €Š Šwhich€would€qualify€as€a€sharp„force€trauma.€€He€described€the€injuries€to€the€victim€as€"the€leastŠ l¼ Šamount€of€injury€that€you€can€sustain€and€still€produce€death."€€It€was€his€opinion€that€the€victim'sŠ X Ø Šinjuries€were€consistent€with€a€fall,€which€might€result€in€basal€skull€fracturing.€€Dr.€Harlan€believedŠ D!” Šthat€the€injuries€could€have€resulted€from€the€accident€and€disagreed€with€Dr.€Teague's€conclusionŠ 0"€  Šthat€the€victim's€death€was€the€result€of€a€homicide.€€It€was€Dr.€Harlan's€opinion€that€the€death€wasŠ #l! Šaccidental.€€Š $X" ŠĢą  ąIn€rebuttal,€Dr.€Bruce€Levy,€the€chief€medical€examiner€for€the€state€and€the€county€medicalŠ ą%0!$ Šexaminer€for€Davidson€County,€testified€that€he€agreed€that€the€victim€had€died€as€a€result€of€blunt„Š Ģ&"% Šforce€injuries€to€her€head.€€It€was€his€opinion€that€Dr.€Teague€was€correct€in€determining€that€deathŠ ø'#& Šwas€the€result€of€a€homicide,€unrelated€to€an€automobile€accident.€€It€was€Dr.€Levy's€opinion€fromŠ ¤(ō#' Šhis€review€of€the€circumstances€that€the€victim€was€uninjured€in€the€accident€and€conscious€forŠ )ą$( Šseveral€hours€afterward.€€Because€there€was€so€little€damage€to€the€vehicle€and€the€victim,€by€allŠ |*Ģ%) Šreports,€was€healthy€for€some€time€afterward,€he€ruled€out€the€car€accident€as€a€possible€cause€ofŠ h+ø&* Šdeath.€€It€was€also€his€opinion€that€a€person€who€had€received€such€an€injury€would€not€haveŠ ° Šwillingly€engaged€in€sexual€intercourse€afterwards.€€Š œģ ŠĢą@ĶĶ*ģąIˆŠ tÄ Šą  ąThe€defendant€first€argues€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient.€€He€complains€that€there€wasŠ `° Šno€evidence€that€he€had€committed€a€knowing€killing€of€the€victim,€a€requirement€for€voluntaryŠ L œ Šmanslaughter,€and€that€there€was€no€provocation,€also€a€requirement,€associated€with€the€death€ofŠ 8 ˆ Šthe€victim.€€Because€there€was€no€evidence€of€a€weapon,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€strongest€viewŠ $ t Šof€the€state's€proof€is€that€he€caused€the€death€of€the€victim€by€striking€her€with€a€fist,€an€act€which,Š  ` Šthe€defendant€argues,€would€not€qualify€as€knowing.€€He€argues€that€the€death€of€the€victim€couldŠ ü L  Šhave€been€the€result€of€an€accidental€blow€to€her€head€based€upon€the€medical€expert's€agreementŠ č 8  Šthat€"[a]lmost€any€diffuse€impact€to€the€vertex€of€the€skull€will€produce€basilar€fractures."€€It€is€theŠ Ō$  Šdefendant's€further€position€that€the€circumstances€did€not€rule€out€the€possibility€that€the€traumaŠ Ą  Šcausing€death€was€suffered€in€the€car€accident.€€Finally,€the€defendant€argues€that€there€was€noŠ ¬ü  Ševidence€that€he€acted€in€a€state€of€passion€after€sufficient€provocation.€€Š ˜č  Š€€Š „Ō  Šą  ąOn€appeal,€of€course,€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€andŠ pĄ Šall€reasonable€inferences€which€might€be€drawn€therefrom.€€ņņState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835Š \¬ Š(Tenn.€1978).€€The€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€to€be€given€their€testimony,€and€theŠ H˜ Šreconciliation€of€conflicts€in€the€proof€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€jury€as€the€trier€of€fact.€€€ņņByrge€v.Š 4„ ŠStateóó,€575€S.W.2d€292,€295€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€When€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€isŠ  p Šchallenged,€the€relevant€question€is€whether,€after€reviewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorableŠ  \ Što€the€state,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€aŠ ųH Šreasonable€doubt.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€ņņState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983).€Š ä4 ŠQuestions€concerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€as€wellŠ Š  Šas€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€ņņLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€199€Tenn.Š ¼  Š298,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(1956).€€Because€a€verdict€of€guilt€against€a€defendant€removes€theŠ Øų Špresumption€of€innocence€and€raises€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€convicted€criminal€defendant€bearsŠ ”ä Šthe€burden€of€showing€that€the€evidence€was€legally€insufficient€to€sustain€a€guilty€verdict.€€ņņState€v.Š €Š ŠEvansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992).Š l¼ ŠĢą  ąThe€standard€for€appellate€review€is€the€same€whether€the€conviction€is€based€on€direct€orŠ D!” Šcircumstantial€evidence.€€ņņState€v.€Johnsonóó,€634€S.W.2d€670,€672€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982).€€AŠ 0"€  Šcriminal€offense€may€be€established€exclusively€by€circumstantial€evidence.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņMarable€v.€Stateóó,Š #l! Š203€Tenn.€440,€313€S.W.2d€€451€(1958).€€The€facts€and€circumstances,€however,€"must€be€so€strongŠ $X" Šand€cogent€as€to€exclude€every€other€reasonable€hypothesis€save€the€guilt€of€the€defendant."€€ņņStateŠ ō$D # Šv.€Crawfordóó,€225€Tenn.€478,€470€S.W.2d€610,€612€(1971).€€Like€other€factual€questions,€theŠ ą%0!$ Šdetermination€of€whether€all€other€reasonable€theories€or€hypotheses€are€excluded€by€the€evidenceŠ Ģ&"% Šis€primarily€a€question€of€fact€for€the€jury.€€ņņMarableóó,€313€S.W.2d€at€457.Š ø'#& ŠĢą  ąThe€applicable€statute€provides€as€follows:€€Š )ą$( Šā āŠ |*Ģ%) Šą8  ąą ` ąVoluntary€manslaughter€is€the€intentional€or€knowing€killing€of€another€in€aŠ ° Šā āstate€of€€passion€produced€by€adequate€provocation€sufficient€to€lead€a€reasonableŠ œģ Šperson€to€act€in€an€irrational€manner.€€ŠˆŲŠ Š  ŠĢTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„211(a).Š `° ŠĢą  ąA€person€acts€"knowingly"€with€respect€to€a€result€of€his€conduct€when€he€is€aware€that€theŠ 8 ˆ Šconduct€is€reasonably€certain€to€cause€the€result.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„11„106(a)(20).€€A€personŠ $ t Šacts€"intentionally"€with€respect€to€a€result€of€his€conduct€when€it€is€his€conscious€objective€or€desireŠ  ` Što€engage€in€the€conduct€or€cause€the€result.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„11„106(a)(18).€€Thus,€to€convictŠ ü L  Šthe€defendant€of€voluntary€manslaughter,€the€jury€must€have€concluded€that€the€defendant,€as€theŠ č 8  Šresult€of€adequate€provocation,€either€knowingly€or€intentionally€killed€the€victim.Š Ō$  ŠĢą  ąThe€evidence€established€that€by€the€late€afternoon€of€August€2,€1999,€the€defendant€hadŠ ¬ü  Šaccused€the€victim€of€having€an€affair,€had€argued€with€her,€and€had€referred€to€her€in€abusive€terms.€Š ˜č  ŠEven€after€their€car€wreck,€the€defendant€continued€to€argue€with€the€victim,€accusing€her€ofŠ „Ō  Šinfidelity.€€Shortly€after€they€arrived€at€their€residence,€the€defendant€threw€a€cinder€block€at€theŠ pĄ Švictim.€€The€defendant's€car€windshield€was€smashed,€perhaps€by€the€victim€in€response€to€theŠ \¬ Šdefendant's€behavior.€€Later,€Joshua€McCulloch€and€Bobby€Stillwell€arrived€at€the€defendant'sŠ H˜ Šresidence€to€find€the€victim€lying€unconscious€on€the€floor.€€€McCulloch€and€Stillwell€left€theŠ 4„ Šresidence€twice€and€each€time€they€returned,€the€victim€was€lying€in€the€same€position,€stillŠ  p Šunconscious.€€The€defendant€spoke€to€the€victim€in€a€threatening€manner,€poured€beer€into€her€mouthŠ  \ Šuntil€she€choked,€and€kicked€her€in€the€side.€€The€defendant€confessed€to€the€two€men€that€he€hadŠ ųH Šš šupper€cutšš€the€victim€and€caused€her€unconsciousness.€€Only€a€short€while€after€the€departure€ofŠ ä4 ŠMcCulloch€and€Stillwell,€Keith€Morrison€arrived€at€the€residence€to€find€that€the€victim€showed€few,Š Š  Šif€any,€signs€of€life.€€Expert€testimony€established€that€the€victim€had€suffered€fractures€at€the€baseŠ ¼  Šof€her€skull€and€that€the€resultant€brain€swelling€had€caused€her€death.€€Two€experts€in€pathologyŠ Øų Šdetermined€that€the€skull€fractures€could€not€have€resulted€from€the€traffic€accident€and€observed€thatŠ ”ä Šthe€statements€the€defendant€had€given€to€police€were€inconsistent€with€the€physical€condition€of€theŠ €Š Švictim.€€There€was€little€damage€to€the€vehicle€involved€in€the€wreck€and,€according€to€an€accidentŠ l¼ Šreconstructionist,€there€were€no€signs€of€a€"human€collision"€in€the€interior€of€the€car.€€Š X Ø ŠĢą  ąAlthough€it€was€Dr.€Charles€Harlan's€testimony€that€the€victim€died€as€a€result€of€anŠ 0"€  Šaccidental€fall,€it€was€the€prerogative€of€the€jury€to€accredit€the€testimony€of€the€state's€witnesses.€Š #l! ŠFrom€all€of€this,€a€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€concluded€that€the€defendant€had€inflicted€a€heavyŠ $X" Šblow€to€the€head€of€the€victim,€thereby€causing€her€death.€€From€this€evidence,€the€jury€could€haveŠ ō$D # Šinferred€that€the€defendant€acted€either€knowingly,€that€he€was€aware€that€his€conduct€was€reasonablyŠ ą%0!$ Šcertain€to€cause€the€victimššs€death,€or€intentionally,€that€he€consciously€desired€to€cause€the€victimššsŠ Ģ&"% Šdeath€or€engage€in€the€conduct€that€resulted€in€her€death.€€There€was€proof€that€the€defendant€wasŠ ø'#& Šmotivated€to€cause€harm€to€the€victim€given€his€accusations€that€she€was€having€an€affair€withŠ ¤(ō#' ŠHolbert.€€There€was€proof€that€the€defendant,€and€the€defendant€alone,€was€with€the€victim€duringŠ )ą$( Šthe€entire€time€from€her€arrival€at€the€residence€until€her€death€and€that€a€blow€to€the€head,€unrelatedŠ |*Ģ%) Što€the€car€wreck,€was€the€cause.€€Š h+ø&* Їą  ąThe€defendant€also€argues€that€there€was€no€evidence€of€provocation,€an€element€of€the€crimeŠ ° Šof€voluntary€manslaughter.€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„211(a)€defines€that€offenseŠ œģ Šas€the€intentional€or€knowing€killing€of€another€in€a€state€of€passion€produced€by€adequateŠ ˆŲ Šprovocation€sufficient€to€lead€a€reasonable€person€to€act€in€an€irrational€manner.€Š tÄ ŠĢą  ąAlthough€the€jury€received€instructions€on€first€and€second€degree€murder,€it€chose€to€convictŠ L œ Šthe€defendant€on€the€lesser€offense€of€voluntary€manslaughter.€€Under€Article€I,€section€9€of€theŠ 8 ˆ ŠTennessee€Constitution,€the€jury€has€the€right€to€accredit€or€reject€the€testimony€of€witnesses€andŠ $ t Šultimately€determine€the€facts€of€the€case.€€The€trial€judge€has€the€duty€to€give€a€complete€charge€ofŠ  ` Šthe€applicable€law.€€ņņState€v.€Harbisonóó,€704€S.W.2d€314,€319€(Tenn.€1986).€€There€is€an€obligationŠ ü L  Šš što€charge€the€jury€as€to€all€of€the€law€of€each€offense€included€in€the€indictment,€without€any€requestŠ č 8  Šon€the€part€of€the€defendant€to€do€so.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„18„110(a).€€Pursuant€to€our€statute€andŠ Ō$  Šcase€law€interpretations,€defendants€are€entitled€to€jury€instructions€on€all€lesser€offenses€for€whichŠ Ą  Šthe€evidence€would€support€convictions.€€Complete€instructions€allow€the€jury€to€determine€amongŠ ¬ü  Šeach€alternative€the€appropriate€offense,€if€any,€for€conviction€and€to€more€evenly€balance€the€rightsŠ ˜č  Šof€the€defendant€and€the€state.€€Š „Ō  ŠĢą  ąIn€ņņHoward€v.€Stateóó,€506€S.W.2d€951,€954€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1974),€this€court€concluded€thatŠ \¬ Šwhere€the€jury€was€warranted€in€convicting€the€defendant€of€second€degree€murder,€it€could€alsoŠ H˜ Šelect€to€convict€of€voluntary€manslaughter,€even€though€the€facts€did€not€comport€with€the€technicalŠ 4„ Šdefinition€of€the€crime.€€In€ņņState€v.€Smithóó,€695€S.W.2d€527,€529€(Tenn.€1985),€our€supreme€courtŠ  p Šruled€that€a€defendant€could€not€complain€of€being€convicted€of€"a€lesser€included€offense€when€heŠ  \ Šcould€have€been€convicted€of€a€higher€degree€of€homicide."€€It€is€our€view€that€the€jury,€under€theseŠ ųH Šcircumstances,€might€have€properly€chosen€to€convict€the€defendant€of€a€higher€degree€of€homicide.€Š ä4 ŠMoreover,€there€was€evidence€of€provocation.€€A€state€witness€testified€that€the€victim€attempted€toŠ Š  Šdamage€a€sideview€mirror€on€the€defendant's€vehicle.€€Circumstances€suggested€that€she€may€haveŠ ¼  Šbroken€the€windshield.€€The€defendant€argued€angrily€with€the€victim€in€the€presence€of€otherŠ Øų Šwitnesses,€expressed€disdain€for€her€well„being,€and€spoke€of€her€with€contempt€as€she€layŠ ”ä Šunconscious€on€the€floor.€€He€kicked€her.€€Although€the€defendant€claimed€to€be€kidding,€he€admittedŠ €Š Što€witnesses€that€he€struck€the€victim€with€š šupper€cutšš€blows,€an€apparent€response€to€their€angryŠ l¼ Šconfrontation.€€Š X Ø ŠĢą@®®)ģąIIˆŠ 0"€  Šą  ąNext,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€evidence€of€other€crimes,Š #l! Šwrongs,€or€acts€unrelated€to€this€offense.€€Prior€to€trial,€the€defendant€filed€a€motion€in€limine€askingŠ $X" Šfor€an€order€limiting€the€testimony€of€Joshua€McCulloch€and€Bobby€Stillwell.€€In€particular,€theŠ ō$D # Šdefendant€sought€to€prevent€evidence€€of€the€physical€abuse€administered€by€him€to€the€victim,€i.e.,Š ą%0!$ Šhis€pouring€beer€into€her€mouth,€kicking€her€in€the€side,€and€having€sexual€intercourse€with€her€whileŠ Ģ&"% Šshe€was€unconscious.€€The€trial€court€denied€relief.€€In€support€of€his€position,€the€defendant€pointsŠ ø'#& Što€the€following€testimony€from€Dr.€Teague:Š ¤(ō#' ŠĢą8  ąQ.ą0` Š Š ąThat€she€was€unconscious€at€the€time€that€whatever€mechanism€caused€theseŠ |*Ģ%) Šinside„her„skull€fractures,€that€she€was€unconscious€from€that€time€on?Šh+ø&*` Š ` Š  Šą  ąA.ą0 ` ąRight.а` (#` (# Šą8  ąQ.ą0` Š Š ąSo,€if€witnesses€come€into€this€court€and€say€she€was€passed€out€andŠ œģ Šsomebody€was€slapping€her,€pouring€beer€on€her,€or€doing€something€š!š€Š ˆŲ Šhaving€sex€with€her,€or€kicking€her,€that's€not€what€caused€her€death€becauseŠ tÄ Šwhatever€caused€her€death€has€already€been€set€in€motion?Š`°` Š ` Š  Šą  ąA.ą0 ` ąOkay.€€Yes.ŠL œ` (#` (# ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€should€have€excluded€the€testimony€of€JoshuaŠ $ t ŠMcCulloch€and€Bobby€Stillwell,€who€testified€to€the€assaults€made€by€the€defendant€against€theŠ  ` Švictim€after€she€had€been€rendered€unconscious.€€The€defendant€asserts€that€the€trial€court€erred€byŠ ü L  Šruling€that€the€evidence€was€admissible€to€show€intent€and€premeditation€on€the€part€of€theŠ č 8  Šdefendant,€who€was€charged€with€first€degree€murder.€€The€defendant€submits€that€the€evidenceŠ Ō$  Šshould€have€been€excluded€under€Rule€404(b)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence.€€Š Ą  ŠĢą  ąThe€state€argues€that€the€evidence€was€admissible€under€Rule€404(b)€of€the€Tennessee€RulesŠ ˜č  Šof€Evidence€for€two€reasons:€(1)€because€the€testimony€related€to€offenses€which€were€all€part€of€theŠ „Ō  Šsame€criminal€transaction€resulting€in€the€victim's€death;€and€(2)€because€evidence€of€the€defendant'sŠ pĄ Šabuse€of€the€unconscious€victim€was€relevant€to€the€issue€of€intent.€€Š \¬ ŠĢą  ąRule€404(b)€prohibits€the€admission€of€other€crimes,€wrongs,€or€acts€of€the€defendant€whenŠ 4„ Šadmitted€to€show€a€propensity€on€the€part€of€the€defendant€to€commit€the€crime€charged.€€It€does€notŠ  p Šbar€the€evidence,€however,€when€those€acts€are€relevant€to€issues€other€than€character,€such€as€intent,Š  \ Šabsence€of€mistake,€or€common€scheme€or€plan.€€In€our€view,€the€acts€committed€by€the€defendantŠ ųH Šin€the€presence€of€Joshua€McCulloch€and€Bobby€Stillwell€were€part€and€parcel€of€the€crime€ofŠ ä4 Švoluntary€manslaughter.€The€conduct€was€a€part€of€the€same€criminal€transaction,€not€a€prior€bad€actŠ Š  Šbut€a€concurrent€bad€act€inseparable€from€the€commission€of€the€crime.€€Š ¼  ŠĢą  ąIn€our€view,€the€testimony€was€also€admissible€to€establish€intent€on€the€part€of€the€defendant.€Š ”ä ŠThe€acts€of€physical€abuse€by€the€defendant€towards€the€victim€in€the€presence€of€other€witnessesŠ €Š Šmilitates€against€his€claim€that€death€occurred€as€a€result€of€the€automobile€accident.€€In€ņņState€v.Š l¼ ŠSmithóó,€868€S.W.2d€561,€574€(Tenn.€1993),€our€supreme€court€ruled€that€"violent€acts€indicating€theŠ X Ø Šrelationship€between€the€victim€of€a€violent€crime€and€the€defendant€prior€to€the€commission€of€theŠ D!” Šoffense"€were€relevant€to€establish€criminal€intent€"and€a€settled€purpose€to€harm€the€victim."€€Š 0"€  ŠĢą  ąAccordingly,€the€judgment€is€affirmed.Š $X" ŠĢĢĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ą___________________________________€Š ø'#& Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąGARY€R.€WADE,€PRESIDING€JUDGE