ÿWPC¦\ fi²è2a³~ðè0U5YQyÖµÇñ¡à.Ó{¸nsFG¤ÚÏS6y{„&ÚäxXk„.ÀÃ*~¡§V£) ‰B­óH¼Ù¶tVÓ)íY¦ª‘G xãçX´æŸÛ{–ž¿Ã_ßWäÛ£‡WÏÁr„þgú–K"0*,Øf²8í KGÉUÀgy–[Õ@,*á¾_ßÖÌ€1~1Ólü:Ú!êâŠkx˘ù»šsˆYCÜNóG1²a¬BÑQUžõ_tßjæËVsÓ±vÕÇÍF“æAl_™-îˆÜ4æîàë88ûéL{ÜC|jDÓËîM?¡"Ý»¯A¦`´ßÎï¡8¶O²Ø¼”—º’¾U‘ÿ96v¾~í’“A•ݶÓ}ÿ¯{{¼•ÃòÉ9u;D±UÏ3¸2z3F~îÆ4" [ a2w©¾XàÕõë[³°4å FÖÇmm…ø5ô-K[k ÿU‚qXí e’ÇÁªCÒˆÖöªÿWt‘W Ê­<Ï/P&Æÿí©ŒÕ;b×`blå®ц?‹ù3æ«í\¼½ãF{a< %Hw@N 0ÜŽU:j4¤¸#Çê ò 0 ‚ 0D¢Qæ87U:o ©¶¶Ïl˜;"‚Ó%KU,g / AQ3 0DX3§œ3 0DC6 0D‡6ñË6¾¼9Ÿz= D/@ BH@Æe@+A.HEžvJ(Mœ.*jxx6` `€€@E@ ` ttx$xÌ 4 tß›ñÓñÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à h àà À à)Ð | t Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àNo.€02C01„9801„CC„00012Ð h` Ðà ` àAppelleeà  àà h àà À à)Ð TL  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àMADISON€COUNTYÐ @8  Мvs›.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)Ð ,$  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àHon.€FRANKLIN€MURCHISON,€JudgeÐ   ÐFARRIS€GENNER€MORRIS,€JR.à À à)Ð ü  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àœ)Ìà ` àAppellantà  àà h àà À à)à  àCAPITAL€CASEÐ ÜÔ  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)›à  à(Premeditated€First€Degree€œMurder,›Ð ÈÀ Мà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àTwo€Counts;€Aggravated›€Rape)Ð ´¬ ÐÌó óÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantóó:à  àà h àà À àà  àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:Ð XP ÐÌò òGeorge€Morton€Googeó óà h àà À àò òà  àJohn€Knox€Walkupó óÐ $ ÐDistrict€Public€Defenderà h àà À àà  àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÐ  Ð227€W.€Baltimoreà  àÐ öî ÐJackson,€TN€€38301à h àà À àà  àò òMichael€E.€Mooreó óÐ ÜÔ Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àSolicitor€GeneralÌò òDaniel€J.€TaylorÐ ® ¦ Ðó óAsst.€Public€Defenderà h àà À àà  àò òElizabeth€T.€Ryanà  àà x àà Ð àÐ š!’ Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àó óà  àAssistant€Attorney€Generalà Ð àà (# àÐ †"~ Ðò òJesse€H.€Ford,€IIIó óà  àà h àà À àà  àCriminal€Justice€DivisionÐ l#d ÐAttorney€at€Lawà  àà h àà À àà  à425€Fifth€Avenue€NorthÐ X$P  Ð618€N.€Highlandà  àà h àà À àà  à2d€Floor,€Cordell€Hull€BuildingÐ >%6! ÐJackson,€TN€€38301à h àà À àà  àNashville,€TN€37243„0493à x àà Ð àà (# àÐ $&" Ðà ` àÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àÌò òà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJames€G.€(Jerry)€Woodalló óÐ Ö(Î!% Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌò òà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àAl€Earlsó óÐ Ž+†$( Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àAsst.€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àP.€O.€Box€2825Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJackson,€TN€€38302ÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÐ Ä2¼+0 ÐÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌÌò òDavid€G.€Hayesó óÐ (8 16 ÐJudgeÐ  9 27¼ ÐÓÓà@+®àòòò òOPINIONóóó óˆÐ  ÐÌà ` àThe€appellant,€in€this€capital€case,€Farris€Genner€Morris,€Jr.,€was€convicted€byÏa€Madison€County€jury€of€two€counts€of€first€degree€murder€in€the€deaths€of€EricaÏHurd€and€Charles€Ragland€and€the€aggravated€rape€of€Angela€Ragland.€€At€theÏsentencing€hearing€for€the€premeditated€murder€convictions,€the€jury€sentenced€theÏappellant€to€death€by€electrocution€for€the€death€of€fifteen€year€old€Erica€Hurd€and€toÏlife€without€the€possibility€of€parole€for€the€death€of€Charles€Ragland.€€In€fixing€theÏappellantððs€punishment€at€death€for€the€murder€of€Erica€Hurd,€the€jury€found€twoÏaggravating€circumstances:€(1)€the€murder€was€especially€heinous,€atrocious,€orÏcruel€in€that€it€involved€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€toÏproduce€death€and€(2)€the€murder€was€committed€while€the€appellant€was€engagedÏin€committing€ð ðfirst€degree€murder,€rape,€burglary€or€kidnapping.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð€39„13„204(i)(5)€and€(7)€(1991).€€At€a€separate€sentencing€hearing,€the€trial€courtÏimposed€a€sentence€of€twenty„five€years€for€the€aggravated€rape€conviction€andÏordered€the€appellant€to€serve€this€sentence€consecutive€to€his€sentence€of€lifeÏwithout€the€possibility€of€parole.׃#×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€court€further€ordered€that€these€sentences€runÐ Ô#Ì  Ðconcurrent€with€the€appellantððs€sentence€of€death€by€electrocution.€ÌÌà ` à€In€this€appeal€as€of€right,€the€appellant€raises€the€following€issues€for€ourÏreview:ÌÓÓà8 ` àI.€€Whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€the€appellantððs€motion€toÏsuppress€his€statement€to€law€enforcement€officials;Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àII.€€Whether€the€trial€courtððs€exclusion€of€two€jurors€for€cause€violatedÏòòWitherspoonóó;Ðh0`).` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àIII.€€Whether€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€establish€that€the€appellantÏhad€the€requisite€culpable€mental€state€to€sustain€his€convictions€forÏthe€premeditated€first€degree€murders€of€Erica€Hurd€and€CharlesÏRagland€and€whether€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€hisÏsentence€of€death€by€electrocution;Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÐ ²6ª/5 Ðà8 ` àIV.€€Whether€the€trial€court€properly€admitted€testimony€regarding€theÐ ˜706 Ðappellantððs€statements€of€his€future€intent€to€kill€Eckford,€rob€a€bank,Ïand€leave€town€and€allegations€of€his€involvement€in€another€rapeÏincident;Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àV.€€Whether€the€photographs€of€victim€Erica€Hurd€introduced€at€theÏsentencing€phase€were€more€prejudicial€than€probative;Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àVI.€€Whether€the€State€committed€prejudicial€error€during€its€closingÏargument€at€the€sentencing€phase€by€arguing€about€the€pain€of€theÏfamilies€of€the€victims;Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àVII.€Whether€a€separate€jury€should€have€determined€the€appellantððsÏsentence;€andÐ ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àVIII.€€Whether€Tennesseeððs€death€penalty€statute€is€constitutional.€Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àÐ ` ü!` ü! ÐÓÓà ` àHaving€carefully€considered€the€appellantððs€claims,€we€find€no€error€of€lawÏrequiring€reversal.€€Accordingly,€we€affirm€the€appellantððs€convictions,€his€sentences,Ïand€the€imposition€of€the€death€penalty€in€this€case.ÌÌÌà@ff)®àò òBackgroundó óˆÐ JB ÐÌà@áá"®àò òA.€€Guilt/Innocence€Phaseó óˆÐ î"æ Ðà ` àIn€September€1994,€€twenty„one€year€old€Angela€Ragland€lived€with€herÏhusband€of€six€months,€Charles,€in€a€duplex€located€at€120€Ridgemont€in€Jackson,ÏTennessee.€€On€September€16,€Charles€Ragland€made€plans€to€socialize€with€a€fewÏfriends€at€the€Mary„Lane€Courts€Project€in€Jackson.€€Because€she€did€not€like€to€stayÏat€home€by€herself,€Angela€Ragland€visited€her€aunt€and€uncle,€Charlie€and€VirginiaÏHurd,€who€also€lived€in€Jackson.€€She€stayed€at€the€œHurds'›€home€watching€televisionÏwith€her€family€until€approximately€3:00€a.m.€when€she€decided€to€go€home.€€EricaÏHurd,€Angelaððs€fifteen€year€old€cousin,€œwho€wanted›€to€spend€the€night€at€theÏœRaglandsðð›€Ridgemont€œduplex,›€left€with€Angela.€€The€two€drove€back€to€theÏRidgemont€duplex€in€Angelaððs€car.€€At€home,€Angela€parked€her€car€in€front€of€theÏduplex€and€the€two€young€women€entered€the€residence.€€Angela€found€herÏhusband€in€bed,€but€œawake,›€with€the€light€turned€on.€€Shortly€thereafter,€Erica€wentÏoutside€to€get€a€cassette€tape€she€had€left€in€Angelaððs€car.Ð V:N39 Їà ` à€Angela€heard€Erica€reenter€the€duplex.€€Angela€also€thought€that€she€heardÏErica€scream.€Erica€then€appeared€at€the€bedroom€door€accompanied€by€theÏappellant,€the€coupleððs€neighbor€from€the€adjoining€duplex,€who€was€holding€aÏshotgun€to€Ericaððs€head.€€ÌÌà ` àThe€appellant€confronted€Charles€Ragland€and€demanded€to€know€ð ðwhereÏthe€dope€was.ðð€€Charles€replied€that€he€did€not€have€any€ð ðdope.ðð€€By€this€time,€theÏappellant,€who€was€aiming€the€shotgun€at€Charles,€had€shoved€Erica€onto€the€bedÏwith€Angela€and€Charles.€€Charles,€in€an€effort€to€appease€the€appellant,€asked€if€heÏwanted€money.€€However,€the€appellant€said€he€did€not€want€money€and€that€heÏwould€look€for€the€ð ðdopeðð€himself.€€Angela€observed€that€the€appellant€was€talkingÏfast,€was€sweating,€and€appeared€intoxicated.€€The€appellant€then€ordered€CharlesÏonto€the€floor,€placed€a€pillow€against€his€head,€and€fired€one€shot,€instantly€killingÏCharles€Ragland.ÌÌà ` àThe€appellant€then€placed€fifteen€year€old€Erica€into€a€closet€and€instructedÏAngela€to€lay€in€her€sonððs€bedroom€on€her€stomach€with€her€face€towards€theÏwindow.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€appellant€removed€the€mattress€from€the€bed€and€placed€it€againstÐ ”%Œ" Ðthe€window€ð ðso€nobody€could€see€if€they€walked€by.ðð€€Meanwhile,€he€had€AngelaÏwarn€Erica€that,€if€she€came€out€of€the€closet,€he€would€ð ðblow€her€head€off.ðð€€He€tiedÏAngelaððs€wrists€and€ankles€with€a€belt,€shoe€strings,€and€some€clothes,€preventingÏher€from€leaving€the€bedroom.€€The€appellant€walked€out€of€the€bedroom€and€tookÏErica€out€of€the€closet.€€Although€Angela€could€not€see€them,€she€could€hear€EricaÏpleading€with€the€appellant€not€to€kill€her€and€that€ð ðshe€would€not€tell€anybody.ðð€œÌÌñÁñÌÌÐ Œ7„06 ÐñÁñAngela›€also€heard€the€appellant€tell€Erica€ð ðto€shut€up.ðð€€Then,€the€hitting€began.€ÏAngela€heard€the€appellant€hitting€Erica€with€ð ðsomething;ðð€the€beating€lasting€forÏabout€twenty€minutes.€€Angela€could€hear€Erica€screaming,€then€gasping.€€ð ðShe€wasÏtrying€to€breathe,€then€it€went€quiet.ðð€€Erica€was€later€found€to€have€died€fromÏmultiple€stab€wounds€and€blunt€trauma€to€the€head€œinflicted€during›€this€assault.ÌÌà ` àThe€appellant,€still€armed€with€the€shotgun,€returned€to€the€bedroom€whereÏAngela€remained€bound€to€the€bed.€€He€told€Angela€that€he€had€been€working€allÏday€and€that€he€needed€a€bath.€€He€forced€Angela€to€bathe€him.€€The€appellantÏdried€himself€with€a€sheet€from€one€of€the€beds.€€He€told€Angela€that€he€wanted€herÏto€wear€something€ð ðsexy,ðð€and€proceeded€to€rummage€through€Angelaððs€œdresserÏdrawers›€looking€for€satisfactory€attire.€€The€appellant€finally€emerged€holding€aÏnegligee€and€made€Angela€change.€€The€appellant€then€stated€that€he€was€hungryÏand€asked€Angela€to€make€him€something€to€eat.€€Angela€prepared€the€appellant€ð ðaÏsandwich€and€some€Kool„Aid,ðð€which€he€ate,€all€the€while€maintaining€a€tight€hold€onÏthe€shotgun.€€ÌÌà ` àWhen€the€appellant€finished€eating,€he,€again,€led€Angela€into€the€childððsÏbedroom,€laid€the€shotgun€on€a€nearby€bed,€and€forced€Angela€to€have€sexualÏintercourse€with€him€three€to€four€times.€€He€also€forced€Angela€to€perform€oral€sexÏupon€him.€ÌÌà ` àAt€some€point€during€the€ordeal,€the€appellant€remarked€that€ð ðhe€had€beenÏ[falsely]€accused€of€raping€someone.€.€.€and€if€he€was€going€to€go€to€jail,€he€wasÏgoing€to€go€to€jail€for€doing€something.ðð€€He€also€told€Angela€that€ð ðsociety€was€theÏreason€that€he€was€doing€what€he€did.€€He€said€that€society€made€him€the€way€heÏwas.ðð€€The€appellant€continued€to€state:ÌÓÓà8 ` à.€.€.€the€woman€that€had€accused€him€of€rape€didnððt€know€his€name€andÏthat€another€guy,€Marvin€Eckford,€had€told€the€woman€his€name,€.€.€.€.Ï[h]e€said€he€was€going€to€go€home,€tell€his€kids€goodbye,€kill€Marvin,Ïrob€a€bank€and€leave.Ð>:639` ü!` ü! ÐÓÓÌà ` àAround€6:30€a.m.,€the€appellant€heard€his€wife€moving€around€in€theirÏadjoining€duplex.€€He€began€to€panic€because€he€knew€that€she€would€be€looking€forÏhim€as€he€had€not€been€home€since€getting€off€from€work€the€previous€day.€€TheÏappellant€told€Angela€that€he€was€going€to€let€her€go.€€He€advised€her€to€tell€theÏpolice€that€she€found€the€dead€bodies€of€her€husband€and€fifteen€year€old€cousin€Ïwhen€she€arrived€home€that€morning.€€The€appellant€then€ð ðtook€a€cloth€and€he€wipedÏdown€stuff€that€he€had€touched,€[e.g.,]€the€television,€the€vacuum€cleaner,€doorÏknobs,€[for€fingerprints.]ðð€€Before€leaving€out€the€back€door,€he€threatened€AngelaÏthat€he€would€kill€her€if€she€went€to€the€police.ÌÌà ` àAs€the€appellant€left€out€the€back€door,€Angela€escaped€through€the€frontÏdoor,€got€into€her€car,€and€drove€to€a€friendððs€house€around€the€corner.€€WhenÏAngela€arrived€at€the€residence€of€Shawn€Edwards,€Edwards€and€his€brother€noticedÏthat€Angela€was€wearing€ð ðsomething€skimpyðð€and€was€hysterical€and€crying.€€SheÏwas€mumbling€something€about€her€husband.€€Edwards€then€drove€Angela€to€theÏJackson€Police€Department.ÌÌà ` àAt€approximately€7:50€a.m.,€Officer€Becky€Davis€noticed€Edwards€pull€into€theÏpolice€station€parking€lot.€€After€talking€with€Edwards€and€Angela,€she€advisedÏAngela€to€go€to€the€hospital€and€sent€officers€and€an€ambulance€to€the€œRaglands'›ÏRidgemont€address.€€ÌÌà ` àOfficer€Ronnie€Wyatt,€a€hostage€negotiator€and€crime€scene€technician€withÏthe€Jackson€Police€Department,€was€among€the€officers€that€responded€to€120ÏRidgemont.€€Upon€Wyattððs€arrival,€no€attempt€had€yet€been€made€to€communicateÏwith€the€appellant,€who€had€returned€to€his€residence.€€Officer€Wyatt€contacted€theÏappellant€by€telephone.€€Pursuant€to€this€conversation,€the€appellant€agreed€to€come€ÌÐ X9P28 Ðout€of€his€duplex.€€When€the€appellant€emerged€from€his€residence,€he€appearedÏð ðnormalðð€and€ð ðrelaxed.ðð€€He€was€taken€into€custody€and€transported€to€the€City€Jail.ÌÌà ` àUpon€entering€the€œRaglands'›€residence,€officers€discovered€the€body€ofÏCharles€Ragland€in€the€master€bedroom€and€the€body€of€Erica€Hurd€in€the€livingÏroom.€€The€shorts€of€the€fifteen€year€old€Hurd€were€unzipped.€€After€a€search€of€theÏapartment,€they€located€a€blood€stained€steak€knife€behind€the€couch€and€a€bloodÏstained€butcher„type€knife€behind€a€teddy€bear€in€a€chair.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€the€appellantððsÐ œ”  Ðadjoining€duplex,€law€enforcement€officers€found€the€appellantððs€pistol€grip€12„gaugeÏpump€action€shotgun€hidden€underneath€the€bottom€of€his€dresser€drawer.ÌÌà ` àLater€that€day,€at€approximately€5:20€p.m.,€Jackson€Police€DepartmentÏOfficers€Patrick€Willis€and€James€Golden€advised€the€appellant€of€his€rights,Ïwitnessed€the€appellantððs€waiver€of€those€same€rights,€and€proceeded€to€interviewÏthe€appellant.€€Willis€and€Golden€both€observed€that€the€appellant€was€ð ðactingÏnormal,ðð€appeared€ð ðcalm,ðð€and€did€not€appear€to€be€under€the€influence€of€any€illegalÏsubstance.€€During€this€interview,€the€appellant€made€the€following€statement:ÌÓÓà8 ` àOn€September€16,€1994,€I€got€off€of€work€at€1:00€[p.m.].€€I€bought€$250Ïworth€of€cocaine€during€the€evening.€€I€made€several€purchases.€€IÏsmoked€the€whole€$250€worth€up.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àAround€1:00€a.m.€on€September€the€17th,€1994,€I€was€sitting€on€myÏporch€at€120€Ridgemont.€€My€next€door€neighbor€rode€up€withÏsomeone.€€He€got€out€and€came€to€the€duplex.€€I€asked€him€what€wasÏup.€€I€asked€dude,€ððWhy€donððt€you€sell€me€something?ðð€€He€said€heÏdidnððt€sell€dope.€€I€asked€him€why€he€would€walk€out€of€his€house€everyÏday€and€not€speak€to€me,€why€he€didnððt€show€me€any€respect?€€HeÏsaid€he€didnððt€have€to€listen€to€me€and€that€he€was€going€in€his€houseÏand€going€to€bed.€€I€told€him€he€was€going€to€regret€disrespecting€me.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àI€went€into€my€house.€€I€knew€that€his€wife€wasnððt€at€home€yet.€€I€knewÏthat€she€would€come€in€sooner€or€later.€€I€got€my€shotgun€from€myÏbedroom.€€I€loaded€two€shells€into€it.€€I€sat€in€my€living€room€waiting€toÏhear€her€pull€up.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àI€heard€his€wife€and€someone€else€pull€up,€but€I€missed€them.€€TheyÏwent€in€the€house€and€locked€the€door€behind€them,€I€assumed.Ц6ž/5` ü!` ü! Їà8 ` àI€heard€someone€go€out€to€the€car.€€I€looked€out€and€it€was€his€wife.€ÏWhen€she€opened€the€door,€I€got€behind€her€with€the€shotgun.€€IÏpointed€it€at€her€and€walked€in€behind€her.€€A€young€girl€was€on€theÏcouch.€€I€told€her€to€get€up.€€I€told€them€to€walk€on€back€to€theÏbedroom.€€They€went€into€the€bedroom€and€got€onto€the€bed.€€TheÏgirlððs€husband€was€lying€on€the€bed.€€I€told€him€to€give€me€the€dope.€ÏHe€said€he€didnððt€have€any.€€I€fired€the€shotgun€into€the€floor.€€He€rolledÏoff€the€bed.€€I€asked€him€again€for€the€dope.€€He€said€he€didnððt€haveÏany.€€He€asked€me€if€I€wanted€money.€€I€told€him,€ððNo,€I€donððt€want€yourÏmoney.ððÐ ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àI€picked€a€pillow€up€off€of€the€bed€and€put€it€over€the€barrel€of€theÏshotgun€and€I€shot€him.€€The€girls€were€on€the€bed€under€a€blanket€orÏsomething.€€I€tried€to€put€the€young€girl€in€the€closet.€€She€startedÏacting€crazy.€We€were€in€the€hallway.€€She€picked€up€a€knife€fromÏsomewhere.€€We€struggled€from€the€hallway€into€the€front€room.€€WeÏwrestled€on€the€couch.€€I€took€the€knife€from€her.€€I€laid€the€shotgun€onÏthe€couch.€€I€stabbed€her€down€low€with€the€knife.€€€I€hit€her€with€myÏhand.€€I€think€I€broke€my€finger.€€I€canððt€raise€it€back€up.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àBefore€the€struggle€with€the€young€girl,€I€had€put€her€in€the€hall€closet.€IÏtook€the€dudeððs€wife€into€the€other€bedroom.€€I€had€her€tied€down€onÏthe€big€bed€to€the€right€as€you€walk€into€the€bedroom.€€I€used€a€blackÏbelt€and€some€type€of€material€to€tie€her€hands€and€feet.€€It€was€dark€inÏthe€room.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àI€went€to€the€closet€and€got€the€young€girl€out.€€Thatððs€when€she€startedÏto€struggle€and€acting€crazy,€as€I€explained€earlier.€€My€intentions€forÏgetting€her€out€of€the€closet€was€to€tie€her€up,€but€she€got€to€strugglingÏand€got€the€knife.€€After€I€stabbed€her€and€she€was€lying€there€on€theÏcouch,€I€went€and€got€a€blanket€that€was€already€in€the€living€room.€€IÏcovered€the€young€girl€up.€€The€dudeððs€wife€didnððt€want€to€see€her.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àI€went€into€the€bedroom€and€untied€the€other€girl€and€we€talked.€€WeÏtalked€in€the€bedroom€for€a€while.€€I€told€her€I€wanted€to€take€a€bath.€ÏWe€went€into€the€bathroom.€€I€undressed€by€taking€off€my€pants€andÏshirt.€€.€.€.€€I€got€in€the€tub€and€I€told€her€to€take€my€shorts€off€of€me.€ÏShe€did.€€She€gave€me€a€bath.€€I€held€a€gun€in€my€hand.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àWe€went€back€to€the€bedroom.€€I€dried€off€with€a€sheet.€€I€asked€her€ifÏshe€had€anything€to€eat.€€She€fixed€me€a€sandwich€and€Kool„Aid.€€I€ateÏand€then€I€laid€the€shotgun€on€the€other€bed€and€we€had€sex.€€We€hadÏsex€three€or€four€times.€€She€gave€me€oral€sex.€€I€took€the€mattress€offÏthe€other€bed€and€put€it€up€against€the€window€because€of€the€lightÏcoming€through.€€She€didnððt€act€afraid.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àAbout€6€or€7€this€morning€I€told€her€I€was€going€to€let€her€go.€€I€told€herÏnot€to€try€and€make€a€story€up,€just€do€what€she€was€supposed€to€do.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àI€put€my€clothes€in€a€plastic€bag€and€took€them€home.€€I€put€the€bag€inÏthe€trash€can€in€the€bedroom€where€my€dope€was.€€I€put€the€shotgunÏup€under€the€chest€of€drawers€in€my€bedroom.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓÓÌà ` àDr.€O.C.€Smith,€the€Deputy€Chief€Medical€Examiner€for€Western€Tennessee,Ïperformed€the€autopsies€on€the€bodies€of€Charles€Ragland€and€Erica€Hurd.€€Dr.Ð >:639 ÐSmith€concluded:ÌÓÓà8 ` àMr.€Ragland€died€as€a€result€of€a€shotgun€wound€to€the€head.€€TheÏwound€was€sufficiently€characteristic€to€indicate€that€there€was€aÏpresence€of€an€intermediate€target€between€the€muzzle€of€the€weaponÏand€his€head€at€the€time€the€shot€was€fired.€.€.€.€The€entire€top€of€theÏhead€was€damaged€by€fractures€and€a€large€amount€of€the€contents€ofÏthe€head€were€absent.€.€.€.€Death€for€all€intents€and€purposes€would€beÏinstantaneous€because€the€brain€is€destroyed€.€.€.€.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓÓSmith€also€testified€that€Charles€Ragland€had€a€blood€alcohol€level€of€.06€at€the€timeÏof€death.€€A€drug€screen€performed€on€the€deceasedððs€body€was€negative.ÌÌà ` àAfter€examining€the€body€of€Erica€Hurd,€Dr.€Smith€determined:ÌÓÓà8 ` àMs.€Hurd€died€as€a€result€of€multiple€injuries,€primarily€stab€wounds,Ïboth€before€and€after€death€and€a€blunt€trauma€to€the€head,€or€blowsÏto€the€head,€that€produced€skin€tears,€skull€fractures€and€damage€toÏthe€brain.€.€.€.€In€this€case€cause€of€death€would€be€blunt€trauma€to€theÏhead€and€stab€wounds€to€the€chest.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` à.€.€.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àIn€the€conduct€of€the€autopsy,€wounds€were€found€that€were€inflictedÏduring€life,€stab€wounds€were€found€that€were€inflicted€after€death.€ÏShe€was€alive€at€the€time€her€skull€was€fractured€and€she€was€alive€atÏthe€time€that€many€of€the€stab€wounds€were€received,€but€of€the€stabÏwounds€received€during€life€only€one€would€be€sufficiently€lifeÏthreatening.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓÓHe€continued€to€explain€that€Ms.€Hurd€had€sustained€thirty„seven€stab€woundsÏwithin€a€fifteen€to€twenty€minute€period.€€Twenty„three€of€these€wounds€wereÏsustained€prior€to€death,€while€fourteen€were€post„mortem.€€Twenty„five€of€theÏwounds€were€to€the€neck€and€the€face€area.€€Dr.€Smith€testified:€ÌÓÓà8 ` à[t]he€number€of€superficial€wounds€and€the€location€.€.€.€does€indicateÏthat€there€may€be€some€circumstances€of€the€assault€that€have€not€yetÏcome€to€life,€but€what€they€imply€is€the€sites€of€selection€are€head,Ïneck,€chest,€and€back.€€These€are€vital€target€œareasñºñ.ñºññ»ñ.ñ»ññ¼ññ»ñ€ñ»ññ¼ññ»ñ€.ñ»ññ½ñ€.€.ñ½ññ¸ñ€ñ¸ññºñ›€›ñ·ñ.ñ·ññ¹ñ€.ñ¹ññºñ›€a€lot€of€themÏjust€could€be€inflicted€with€the€point€or€the€tip€of€the€knife€and€whatÏtheir€purpose€is€œñ¾ñis€ñ¾ñnot›€exactly€clear€and€I€cannot€state€with€a€medicalÏcertainty€what€their€intent€is,€but€œñ¿ñthñ¿ñis›€œñÀñis€ñÀñseen›€in€instances€where€anÏelement€of€control€may€be€attempted€or€in€assaults€in€which€anÏelement€of€torment€is€present.€€Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓØWÓAdditionally,€Dr.€Smith€opined€that€the€force€used€upon€the€victim€was€so€great€that€itÏcaused€the€blades€of€the€steak€knife€and€the€butcher€knife€to€bend€upon€striking€theÏbone.€€Dr.€Smith€also€explained€that€he€had€to€perform€a€alcohol€content€analysisÏupon€the€victimððs€urine€as€there€was€not€enough€blood€left€in€the€body€to€perform€theÏtest.Ð >:639 Їà ` àIn€addition€to€the€Stateððs€proof,€the€appellant€introduced€evidence€that,€onÏSeptember€16,€1994,€around€5:15€p.m.,€€the€appellant€was€at€his€brotherððs€houseÏwith€Darryl€Godwin.€€Russell€Morris,€the€appellantððs€brother,€testified€that€theÏappellant€and€Godwin€were€sitting€in€a€car€outside€of€his€house€smoking€crackÏcocaine.€€Both€men€appeared€intoxicated.€€Russell€Morris€also€related€that€hisÏbrother€informed€him€that€he€had€already€spent€$200€on€crack€cocaine€and€wasÏgoing€to€buy€some€more€crack.€€Morris€stated€that€his€brother€left€around€5:30€p.m.ÌÌà ` àTo€explain€the€effects€of€crack€cocaine,€the€defense€introduced€the€testimonyÏof€Dr.€Robert€Parker,€a€doctor€of€pharmacology€at€the€University€of€Tennessee,€andÏDr.€William€Bernet,€the€medical€director€of€the€Psychiatric€Hospital€at€VanderbiltÏUniversity.€€Specifically,€€Dr.€Parker€testified:ÌÓÓà8 ` àCrack€cocaine€is€a€purified€form€of€cocaine€that€is€typically€smoked,Ïusually€in€a€small€pipe.€.€.€.€€Itððs€a€very€purified€form€of€the€drug€and€itÏhas€very€powerful€effects.€.€.€.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` à.€.€.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àThe€acute€effects€.€.€.€occur€within€ten€or€fifteen€seconds€after€theyððveÏsmoked€the€drug€and€the€primary€effect€is€an€intense€„€„€whatððs€calledÏððeuphoriaðð,€or€high,€that€they€experience€with€the€drug.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àIn€addition€to€that€euphoria,€they€may€experience€a€number€of€otherÏsymptoms€as€well.€€Particularly,€they€become€very€excited,€they€mayÏtalk€very€rapidly,€they€may€sweat€a€lot,€they€can€become€suspicious,Ïthey€can€become€paranoid,€they€lose€some€of€their€inhibitions,€theirÏjudgment€is€impaired€and€it€can€also€lead€to€enhanced€sexual€driveÏand€sexual€performance€as€well.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àThe€euphoria,€or€the€high,€usually€only€lasts€anywhere€from€ten€orÏfifteen,€maybe€up€to€thirty€minutes.€The€other€effects,€however,€canÏpersist€longer.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` à.€.€.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` à.€.€.Most€users€of€crack€cocaine.€.€.€ingest€a€number€of€rocks€over€aÏperiod€of€time€in€whatððs€called€a€ð ðcocaine€runðð€or€a€ð ðcocaine€binge.ðð€ÏWhat€theyððre€trying€to€do€is€theyððre€trying€to€maintain€their€high.€€As€IÏsaid€earlier,€the€high€doesnððt€last€very€long,€ten€to€fifteen,€maybe€thirtyÏminutes.€When€they€go€on€these€runs€or€binges,€theyððll€usuallyÏcontinue€to€use€drugs€until€they€donððt€have€any€more.€€.€.€.[T]heÏeuphoric€effects€are€diminished,€they€canððt€ever€achieve€the€high€thatÏthey€got€with€that€first€dose€and€a€lot€of€the€euphoric€effects,€or€theÏhigh,€is€replaced€by€feelings€of€intense€anxiety€and€irritability,Ïtremendous€fear,€suspiciousness,€paranoia.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àAgain,€their€judgment€can€be€impaired,€thereððs€an€increased€risk€ofÏviolent€or€homicidal€behavior,€and,€again,€these€effects€can€persistÏlong€after€the€high€is€gone.€€They€also€can€experience€delusions,Ïagain,€as€mentioned€earlier,€paranoia,€fear,€and€they€can€even€haveÐ >:639 Ðhallucinations€as€well€during€these€runs€or€binges.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` à.€.€.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àIn€general,€the€larger€the€dose€and€the€longer€the€duration€thatÏsomeone€uses€the€drug€in€one€of€these€runs,€the€more€intense€theseÏsymptoms€are€going€to€be€and€the€longer€that€theyððre€going€to€last€afterÏthey€stop€using€the€drug.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àIt€can€cause€mania.€.€.€.€Mania€is€a€state€of€heightened,€both€mental,Ïas€well€as€physical,€activity.€€Typically,€the€individuals€would€be€movingÏaround€a€lot,€they€canððt€sit€still,€their€thoughts€are€racing€.€.€.€.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àPsychosis€can€also€occur€with€these€runs€or€binges.€.€.€.€Psychosis€isÏwhen€one€sort€of€loses€their€concept,€or€idea,€of€what€reality€is€soÏtheyððre€not€able€to€perceive€reality€essentially.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àWhen€they€stop€using€the€drug,€theyððll€usually€go€into€whatððs€called€theÏð ðcrash€phase,ðð€or€an€acute€withdrawal€phase.€And€this€is€generallyÏcharacterized€first€by€an€intense€craving€for€using€more€cocaine.€ÏThatððs€their€primary€objective,€to€try€to€obtain€more€drugs.€€In€additionÏto€that,€these€feelings€of€intense€cocaine€craving€are€accompanied€byÏprofound€depression€and€exhaustion,€suicidal€thoughts.€€They€can€alsoÏbe€accompanied€by€paranoia€or€feeling€that€someone€is€out€to€getÏthem,€as€well€as€exhaustion€and€fatigue,€extreme€anxiety€andÏirritability.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à[The€crash€phase]€can€last€up€to€four€days€and€that€is€going€to€beÏdependent€on€how€long€theyððve€been€using€drugs€before€that€and€howÏmuch€they€used.€€Essentially,€the€more€you€use€and€the€longer€youÏuse€it,€the€longer€this€crash€phase€would€last,€but€its€described€in€theÏliterature€to€last€up€to€four€days.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÌÓÓ€€à ` à€€Dr.€Parker€estimated€that,€in€1994,€$250€worth€of€crack€cocaine€would€beÐ È#À  Ðð ðanywhere€from€100€to€maybe€200€of€the€individual€rocks€of€cocaine.€.€.€.ðð€€Moreover,ÏDr.€Parker€concluded€that€the€statement€provided€by€the€appellant,€€Mrs.€RaglandððsÏtestimony,€and€the€police€reports€of€the€double€murder€ð ðwere€consistent€with€theÏingestion€of€cocaine.ððÌÌà ` àDr.€Bernet,€forensic€psychiatrist,€€evaluated€the€appellant,€which€includedÏinterviewing€the€appellant€in€prison€and€reviewing€various€documents.€€Based€on€theÏinformation€obtained€during€the€evaluation€process,€Dr.€Bernet€concluded€that,€priorÏto€the€September€1994€accusation€of€rape,€the€appellant€had€a€fairly€stable€life.€€Dr.ÏBernet€surmised€that,€€because€of€the€extreme€disturbance€caused€by€the€rapeÏaccusation,€€the€appellant€became€suicidal€and€began€using€crack€cocaine.€€On€theÏdate€of€the€murders,€the€appellantððs€cocaine€ingestion€combined€with€the€stress€ofÐ X9P28 Ðthe€rape€accusation€caused€the€appellant€to€ð ðbecom[e]€paranoid€and€agitated€andÏdelusional.ðð€€He€concluded€that,€at€the€time€the€appellant€entered€the€œRaglands'›Ïduplex,€ð ðthe€cocaine€intoxication€affected€him€mentally€and€it€may€have€preventedÏhim€from€forming€the€intent€to€murder€[Charles]€Ragland.ðð€€Likewise,€Dr.€BernetÏconcluded€that€ð ð[the€appellant]€may€have€lacked€the€specific€intent€[for€premeditationÏregarding€Erica€Hurd.]ðð€€Finally,€Dr.€Bernet€testified€that€it€was€his€opinion€that€ð ðaÏcombination€of€everything€.€.€.€the€accusation€of€rape,€the€tremendous€stress€andÏtroubles€with€his€family,€with€his€wife€and€his€children,€and€then€feeling€suicidal,€andÏthen€the€large€amount€of€cocaine.€€I€think€all€of€these€together€create€an€enormousÏamount€of€mental€stressðð€and€that€the€appellantððs€ingestion€of€such€a€large€amountÏof€cocaine€ð ðaffected€his€judgment€and€his€ability€to€inhibit€himself,€his€impulses,€andÏcreated€confusion.ððÌÌà ` àNo€further€proof€was€introduced€at€the€guilt€phase.€€The€jury€was€instructed€asÏto€the€applicable€law€and,€following€deliberation,€found€the€appellant€guilty€of€theÏpremeditated€first€degree€murders€of€Charles€Ragland€and€Erica€Hurd€and€theÏaggravated€rape€of€Angela€Ragland.ÌÌà@ll&®àò òB.€€Penalty€Phaseó óˆÐ `'X $ Ðà ` àAt€the€sentencing€phase€of€the€trial,€the€State€recalled€Dr.€O.C.€Smith€as€aÏwitness.€€Again,€through€the€use€of€numerous€photographs€and€a€mannequin,€Dr.ÏSmith€described€the€wounds€inflicted€upon€Erica€Hurd.€€When€the€State€posed€theÏhypothetical€question€of€whether€this€murder€was€ð ðespecially€heinous,€atrocious€orÏcruel€in€that€it€involved€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€toÏproduce€death,ðð€Dr.€Smith€responded€that€the€numerous€stab€wounds€would€haveÏbeen€painful€and€that€the€stab€wounds€involving€injury€to€the€bones€would€causeÏsevere€pain,€particularly€those€wounds€injuring€the€ribs,€the€lungs,€and€the€spine.€€HeÏexplained€that€ÌÓÓà8 ` à.€.€.€there€are€certain€patterns€or€characteristics€of€injuries€that€mayÏimply€some€certain€circumstances.€€In€Erica€Hurdððs€case,€first€theÐ J:B39 Ðwounds€are€intentional.€These€are€not€the€type€wounds€one€gets€fromÏan€accident.€€These€wounds€are€very€magnitude.€€[sic].€€The€onesÏduring€life,€some€are€severe€and€some€are€very€superficial.€€They€areÏin€areas€that€may€be€targeted,€the€face,€the€head,€the€chest,€the€back,Ïshowing€sites€of€selection,€as€opposed€to€a€random€pattern€ofÏdistribution.€€That€may€imply€an€element€of€control.€.€.€or€it€may€implyÏan€element€of€torment€by€being€very€superficial€in€nature.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓÓThis€concluded€the€Stateððs€proof€at€the€penalty€phase.ÌÌà ` àThe€appellant€presented€numerous€character€witnesses€to€testify€on€hisÏbehalf.€€Mickey€Granger,€the€funeral€director€of€Griffin€Funeral€Home€and€a€formerÏemployer€of€the€appellant,€stated€that€ð ðFarris€was€a€good€employee,€veryÏdependable.ðð€€Mr.€Granger€explained€that,€when€the€appellant€was€accused€of€rapeÏin€September€1994,€he€began€to€notice€a€ð ðdownward€slide€as€far€as€[the€appellantððs]Ïwork€and€performance.ðð€€Granger€eventually€became€aware€of€the€appellantððs€drugÏproblem€when€he€found€evidence€at€work,€òòi.e.óó,€a€Coke€can€with€little€holes€punchedÐ ˜ Ðin€it,€an€item€commonly€converted€into€a€crude€crack€pipe.€€Jack€Thomas,€a€friend€ofÏthe€appellant,€testified€that€he€visited€with€the€appellant€at€Northwest€CorrectionÏCenter.€€During€this€visit,€the€appellant€admitted€responsibility€for€the€deaths€of€bothÏCharles€Ragland€and€Erica€Hurd€and,€although€he€denied€that€he€raped€AngelaÏRagland,€he€admitted€to€having€sex€with€her.€€The€appellant€explained€to€ThomasÏthat€he€had€ingested€a€large€amount€of€cocaine€that€night€in€an€effort€to€overdose.€ÏHe€let€Angela€go€because€ð ðreality€had€come€on€him.ðð€€In€addition€to€this€testimony,Ïnumerous€teachers€and€employees€at€Northwest€Correction€œCenter›€testified€that€theÏappellant€is€a€good€student,€that€he€participates€in€class€and€is€œpunctual,›€and€that€heÏhelps€other€inmates,€studies€frequently€in€the€library,€and€uses€the€availableÏreference€materials€including€the€encyclopedias€and€dictionaries.ÌÌà ` àThe€appellant€elected€not€to€testify€and€no€further€proof€was€presented.€ÏClosing€arguments€were€heard€and€the€jury€was€instructed€on€the€following€statutoryÏaggravating€factors:ÌÓÓÌÐ B::39 Ðà8 ` àWith€regard€to€the€murder€of€Charles€Ragland:Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(1)€That€the€defendant€knowingly€created€a€great€risk€of€death€to€twoÏor€more€persons€other€than€the€victim€murdered€during€the€act€of€theÏmurder;€andÐ ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(3)€The€murder€was€committed€while€the€defendant€was€engaged€inÏcommitting€or€was€an€accomplice€in€the€commission€of€or€wasÏattempting€to€commit€or€was€fleeing€after€having€committed€orÏattempted€to€commit€any€first€degree€murder,€rape,€burglary€orÏkidnapping.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àWith€regard€to€the€murder€of€Erica€Hurd:Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(2)€€The€murder€was€especially€heinous,€atrocious€or€cruel€in€that€itÏinvolved€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€toÏproduce€death;€andÐ ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(3)€€The€murder€was€committed€while€the€defendant€was€engaged€inÏcommitting€or€was€an€accomplice€œñÂñin€ñÂñthe›€commission€of€or€wasÏattempting€to€commit€or€was€fleeing€after€committing€or€attempting€toÏcommit€any€first€degree€murder,€rape,€burglary€or€kidnapping.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓÓThe€jury€was€also€instructed€that€it€should€consider€the€following€mitigatingÏcircumstances:ÌÓÓà8 ` à(1)€€The€murder€was€committed€while€the€defendant€was€under€theÏinfluence€of€extreme€mental€or€emotional€disturbance;Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(2)€€The€capacity€of€the€defendant€to€appreciate€the€wrongfulness€ofÏhis€conduct€or€to€conform€his€conduct€to€the€requirements€of€the€lawÏwas€substantially€impaired€as€a€result€of€mental€disease€or€defect€orÏintoxication€which€was€insufficient€to€establish€a€defense€to€the€crime,Ïbut€which€substantially€affected€his€judgment;Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(3)€€The€defendant€was€a€good€worker€and€employee€at€RidgecrestÏCemetery,€performing€his€duties€at€work€well€and€faithfully;Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(4)€€The€defendant€surrendered€to€the€authorities€peacefully,€withoutÏresistance,€and€did€not€attempt€to€leave€the€area€to€avoid€arrest,€butÏrather,€went€home€to€tell€his€family€goodbye;Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(5)€€The€defendant€cooperated€with€the€police€investigators,€giving€aÏfull€confession;Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(6)€€The€defendant€has€acknowledged€and€never€denied€hisÏresponsibility€for€these€crimes;Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(7)€€The€crimes€committed€were€out€of€character€for€this€defendant;Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(8)€€The€defendant€can€adapt€well€to€a€correctional€setting€if€he€isÏordered€to€serve€a€sentence€of€life€or€life€without€parole;Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÌÌÌÐ >:639 Ðà8 ` à(9)€€The€defendant€changed€his€behavior€and€exhibited€remorse€andÏmercy€toward€the€victim,€Angela€Ragland.€€He€left€the€premises,Ïallowing€her€to€live€and€allowing€her€to€go€free€knowing€she€was€theÏonly€witness€to€the€crime€and€that€she€could€identify€him€and€testifyÏagainst€him;Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(10)€€Any€other€mitigating€factor€which€is€raised€by€the€evidence,Ïproduced€by€either€the€prosecution€or€defense€at€either€the€guilt€orÏsentencing€hearing;€that€is,€you€shall€consider€any€aspect€of€theÏdefendantððs€character€or€record€or€any€aspect€of€the€circumstances€ofÏthe€offense€favorable€to€the€defendant€which€is€supported€by€theÏevidence.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÌÓÓà ` àFollowing€submission€of€the€instructions,€the€jury€retired€to€consider€theirÏverdict.€€After€a€little€over€five€hours€of€deliberations,€the€jury€returned€a€verdictÏrecommending€a€sentence€of€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€parole€forÏthe€murder€of€Charles€Ragland.€€Specifically,€the€jury€found€that€the€State€hadÏproven€the€two€instructed€aggravating€circumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,Ïhowever,€they€found€€that€the€aggravating€circumstances€did€not€outweigh€anyÏmitigating€circumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€As€to€the€murder€of€EricaÏHurd,€the€jury€again€found€that€the€State€had€proven€the€two€submitted€aggravatingÏcircumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€and€that€the€aggravating€circumstancesÏoutweighed€the€mitigating€circumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€InÏaccordance€with€their€verdict,€the€jury€sentenced€the€appellant€to€death€byÏelectrocution€for€the€murder€of€Erica€Hurd€and€fixed€the€appellantððs€punishment€forÏthe€murder€of€Charles€Ragland€at€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole.ÌÌà ` àAt€a€separate€sentencing€hearing€on€March€11,€1997,€the€trial€courtÏsentenced€the€appellant€to€twenty„five€years€incarceration€for€the€aggravated€rape€ofÏAngela€Ragland.€€The€court€ordered€this€sentence€to€run€consecutive€to€theÏsentence€of€life€without€parole.€€These€sentences€were€ordered€to€be€servedÏconcurrent€to€the€appellantððs€sentence€of€death€by€electrocution.€€As€the€basis€for€itsÏdecision,€the€trial€court€found€that€the€appellant€had€a€previous€history€of€criminalÏconvictions,€that€the€appellant€allowed€the€victim€to€be€treated€with€exceptionalÏcruelty,€that€the€appellant€has€a€previous€history€of€unwillingness€to€comply€with€aÐ X9P28 Ðcondition€of€release€into€the€community,€and€that€the€felony€was€committed€while€onÏbail€or€probation.€€The€court€found€no€significant€evidence€in€mitigation.€ÏFurthermore,€the€court€imposed€consecutive€sentences€finding€the€appellant€to€be€aÏdangerous€offender€with€little€regard€for€human€life€and€little€hesitation€aboutÏcommitting€an€offense€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high€and€because€heÏcommitted€these€offenses€while€on€probation.ÌÌœñÃñÌñÃñ›œñÄñÌñÄñ›à@˜˜#®àò òI.€€Motion€to€Suppressó óˆÐ h` ÐÌà ` àNine€hours€after€his€arrest€on€September€17,€1994,€the€appellant€executed€aÏwritten€waiver€of€his€òòMirandaóó€rights€and€provided€law€enforcement€officers€aÐ ØÐ Ðcomplete€statement€of€his€involvement€in€the€deaths€of€Charles€Ragland€and€EricaÏHurd€and€the€aggravated€rape€of€Angela€Ragland.€€òòSeeóó€òòsupraóó.€€Prior€to€trial,€theÐ ph Ðappellant€filed€a€motion€to€suppress€this€statement€alleging€that€the€statement€wasÏnot€knowingly€and€voluntarily€given€due€to€the€fact€that€he€was€under€the€influence€ofÏcrack€cocaine.€€A€hearing€on€the€motion€was€heard€on€September€10,€1996.ÌÌà ` àThe€evidence€at€the€suppression€motion€revealed€that€the€appellant€had€beenÏsmoking€crack€cocaine€on€the€evening€of€Friday,€September€16,€1994.€€RussellÏMorris,€the€appellantððs€brother,€verified€that,€when€he€saw€the€appellant€at€5:30€p.m.Ïthat€evening,€the€appellant€had€informed€him€that€he€had€spent€$200€on€crackÏcocaine€and€was€going€to€obtain€more.€€He€also€testified€that€the€appellant€appearedÏto€be€intoxicated.€€Next,€the€defense€attempted€to€call€the€victim,€Angela€Ragland,€toÏthe€stand€to€testify€regarding€the€appellantððs€appearance€and€actions€during€theÏcommission€of€these€offenses.€€The€State€objected€on€the€basis€that€AngelaÏRagland€was€not€ð ðin€any€position€to€know€anything€about€the€condition€that€[theÏappellant]€was€in€at€the€time€that€the€statement€was€given.ðð€€The€trial€court€sustainedÏthe€Stateððs€objection€on€the€same€ground,€expressly€finding€that€Ms.€Ragland€had€noÐ h9`28 Ðknowledge€of€the€appellantððs€state€of€mind€or€whether€he€was€under€the€influence€ofÏcocaine€when€he€gave€his€statement€some€fourteen€hours€after€he€committed€theseÏoffenses.€€ÌÌà ` àDr.€Robert€Parker€was€called€as€an€expert€witness€on€the€effects€of€crackÏcocaine€on€the€human€body.€€òòSeeóó€€òòsupraóó.€€Specifically,€Dr.€Parker€testified€thatÐ ü  Ðmania€was€present€during€the€ð ðcrash€phaseðð€when€the€appellantððs€statement€wasÏgiven.€€He€explained€that,€during€the€ð ðcrash€phase,ðð€oneððs€judgment€was€impairedÏand€usually€was€accompanied€with€confusion€and€suicidal€thoughts.€€Moreover,Ïð ðcrash€phaseðð€symptoms€could€cause€one€not€to€care€about€or€understand€theÏconsequences€of€their€actions.€ÌÌà ` àAt€the€conclusion€of€Dr.€Parkerððs€testimony,€the€defense€again€attempted€toÏintroduce€the€testimony€of€Angela€Ragland.€€However,€the€trial€court€refused€toÏadmit€such€testimony€finding€that€ð ðthereððs€been€no€proof€here€presented,Ïnotwithstanding€the€use€of€cocaine,€that€he,€because€of€the€ingestion€of€cocaine,Ïdidnððt€understand€what€he€was€doing€when€he€gave€his€statement.€€Thereððs€been€noÏproof€of€that.ðð׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ð ˜%" ÐÌà ` àThe€defense€then€offered€to€call€the€appellant€to€testify€regarding€ð ðhow€[theÏdrugs]€affected€his€body,€.€.€.€the€way€he€was€.€.€.€acting,€how€he€was€feeling€aboutÏthose€things€at€the€time€he€gave€his€statement€and€before€that.ðð€€Defense€counselÏasked€the€court€to€limit€the€examination€of€the€appellant€to€these€matters€and€toÏprohibit€questioning€as€to€the€ð ðfacts€of€what€happened€on€this€alleged€incident€aboutÏthe€killings.ðð€€The€trial€court€refused€this€request,€finding€that€there€was€no€reason€toÏprohibit€the€State€from€eliciting€the€contents€of€the€statement€on€cross„examinationÐ ø3ð,2 Ðand€how€it€ð ðreflects€the€truth€of€what€occurred.ðð€€Moreover,€the€trial€court€concludedÏthat€the€appellant€ð ðcanððt€exercise€[his]€Fifth€Amendment€privilege€on€examination€ofÏthings€which€are€relative€to€the€things€that€he€said€.€.€.€.ðð€€After€this€ruling,€theÏdefense€elected€not€to€call€the€appellant€to€the€stand.׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð l d ÐÌà ` àThe€defense€next€called€Officer€James€Golden€to€the€stand.€€Officer€GoldenÏtestified€that€he€first€encountered€the€appellant€between€8:30€and€9:00€a.m.€on€theÏmorning€of€September€17,€1994.€€At€this€time,€the€appellant€ð ðappeared€normal€toÏ[him].ðð€€Later€that€afternoon,€approximately€5:20€p.m.,€Golden,€accompanied€byÏOfficer€Willis,€advised€the€appellant€of€his€òòMirandaóó€rights,€witnessed€the€appellantÐ 4, Ðwaive€these€rights,€and€proceeded€to€obtain€a€confession€from€the€appellant.€ÏInvestigator€Golden€testified€that,€at€the€time€the€statement€was€obtained,€theÏappellant€did€not€appear€to€be€under€the€influence€of€crack€cocaine.€à Ð àÐ ˜ ÐÌà ` àNo€further€proof€was€presented.€€Based€on€this€evidence,€the€trial€courtÏdenied€the€appellantððs€motion€to€suppress.€€The€trial€court€stated:ÌÓÓà8 ` à.€.€.€The€basic€premise€here€is€that€when€he€gave€the€statement,€thatÏstatement€was€not€the€product€of€a€free€mind€and€rational€intellect.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` à.€.€.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` à.€.€.€The€only€proof€that€we€have€is€from€Officer€Golden€who€said€heÏwas€normal.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` à.€.€.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àNow€to€adopt€your€idea,€I€would€have€to€say€that€the€rule€of€law€is€thatÏyou€could€prove€that€a€person€has€had€drugs.€€Thereððs€an€inferenceÏthat€he€didnððt€know€„€„€that€he€couldnððt€give€a€rational€statement.€€ThereÏis€no€such€inference€thatððs€drawn€from€the€proof€that€a€person€hasÏused€drugs€that€they€canððt€give€a€good€statement.€€Youððve€got€to€firstÏgive€me€some€proof€that€he€didnððt€give€a€good€statement.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` à.€.€.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` à.€.€.€Well,€what€youððve€done€is€given€me€the€corroborative€proof,€butÏyou€donððt€have€any€proof€„€„€You€have€zero€proof€that€the€statement€.€.Ï.€was€the€product€of€an€irrational€mind.€€You€have€zero€proof€of€that.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓÓÐ 3,1 Ðà ` àThe€appellant€now€contests€the€ruling€of€the€trial€court€arguing€(1)€that€the€trialÏcourt€erred€in€refusing€to€permit€Angela€Ragland€to€testify€at€the€hearing€and€(2)€thatÏthe€testimony€of€Dr.€Parker€was€sufficient€to€show€that€the€appellant€was€in€theÏð ðcrash€phaseðð€of€cocaine€intoxication,€suffering€from€€impaired€judgment,€confusion,Ïand€suicidal€thoughts,€at€the€time€his€statement€was€given€to€the€police.ÌÌà@*®àò òAnalysisó óˆÐ ÐÈ  Ðà ` àThe€trial€court's€determination€that€a€confession€has€been€given€voluntarilyÏand€without€coercion€is€binding€upon€the€appellate€court€unless€the€evidenceÏpreponderates€against€the€ruling.€€òòSeeóó€€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€22Ð @8 Ð(Tenn.1996);€òòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€544€(Tenn.),€òòrehððg€deniedóó,Ð   Ð(1994).€€Under€this€standard,€matters€regarding€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€theÏweight€and€value€to€be€afforded€the€evidence,€and€resolution€of€conflicts€in€theÏevidence€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€trial€court€as€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòOdomóó,€928Ð ph ÐS.W.2d€at€23.€€On€appeal,€the€appellant€bears€the€burden€of€demonstrating€that€theÏevidence€preponderates€against€the€trial€court's€findings.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Tateóó,€No.Ð " Ð02C01-9605-CR-00164€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,€Dec.€3,€1997),€òòperm.€toÐ Ô#Ì  Ðappeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€Oct.€5,€1998)€(citation€omitted).Ð  %˜" ÐÌà ` àThe€law€in€this€state€is€well„established€that€ð ð[t]he€ingestion€of€drugs€andÏalcohol€does€not€in€and€of€itself€render€any€subsequent€confession€involuntary.ðð€ÏòòSeeóó€€òòState€v.€Robinsonóó,€622€S.W.2d€62,€67€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1980),€òòcert.€deniedóó,Ð Ð,È%* Ð454€U.S.€1096,€102€S.Ct.€667€(1981);€òòsee€alsoòòóó€òòóóState€v.€Beasleyóó,€No.€03C01„9509„Ð œ.”', ÐCR„00268€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€Oct.€10,€1996),€òòrehððg€deniedóó,€(Sept.€15,Ð l0d). Ð1997),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€Apr.€27,€1998);€òòState€v.€Teetersóó,€No.€02C01„Ð 820+0 Ð9304„CC„0051€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,€Feb.€2,€1994).€€ð ðIt€is€only€when€anÏaccusedððs€faculties€are€so€impaired€that€the€confession€cannot€be€considered€theÏproduct€of€€a€free€mind€and€rational€intellect€that€it€should€be€suppressed.ðð€ÏòòRobinsonóó,€622€S.W.2d€at€67€(citing€òòLowe€v.€Stateóó,€584€S.W.2d€239€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð h9`28 ÐApp.€1979)).€€The€test€to€be€applied€in€these€cases€is€whether,€at€the€time€of€theÏstatement,€the€accused€was€capable€of€making€a€narrative€of€past€events€or€ofÏstating€his€own€participation€in€the€crime.€€òòBeasleyóó,€No.€03C01„€9509„CR„00268Ð   ˜ Ð(citations€omitted).ÌÌà ` àIn€the€present€case,€the€defense€presented€the€testimony€of€Officer€GoldenÏwho€stated€that,€at€the€time€the€appellantððs€statement€was€obtained,€the€appellantÏwas€acting€normal,€was€calm,€and€did€not€appear€to€be€under€the€influence€ofÏcocaine.€€He€further€testified€that€the€appellant€provided€a€complete€narrative€of€theÏevents€surrounding€the€double€homicides/aggravated€rape.€€No€proof€was€presentedÏto€rebut€this€observation€other€than€the€expert€testimony€of€Dr.€Parker€whoseÏtestimony€was€limited€to€the€general€effects€of€cocaine€intoxication€and€not€thoseÏeffects€actually€experienced€by€the€appellant.€€Indeed,€we€find€no€proof€thatÏpreponderates€against€the€trial€courtððs€finding€that€the€appellant€made€a€voluntaryÏand€knowing€statement€to€law€enforcement€officials.€ÌÌà ` àMoreover,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€properly€prohibited€the€defenseÏfrom€calling€Angela€Ragland€to€the€stand.€€Per€the€appellantððs€offer€of€proof,€AngelaÏRagland€would€only€have€been€able€to€testify€about€the€appellantððs€state€of€mind€andÏphysical€condition€during€the€actual€perpetration€of€the€crimes,€which€was€not€atÏissue€at€the€suppression€hearing.€€There€is€no€dispute€that€the€appellant€hadÏingested€a€large€amount€of€crack€cocaine€the€prior€evening€and€was€intoxicated€atÏthe€time€the€crimes€were€committed.€€However,€Ms.€Ragland€òòwas€not€presentóó€at€theÐ .ˆ', Ðtime€the€appellantððs€statement€was€given,€some€fourteen€hours€after€the€crimesÏoccurred,€and,€therefore,€could€not€testify€regarding€his€demeanor€during€the€policeÏinterview,€òòi.e.óó,€the€issue€at€the€suppression€hearing.€€òòSeeóó€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€402€andÐ ô3ì,2 Ð602.€€Accordingly,€the€motion€to€suppress€was€properly€denied.€€This€issue€is€withoutÏmerit.ÌÐ \9T28 Їà@ÃÃ!®àò òII.€€òòWitherspoonóó€ViolationsˆÐ  ÐÌó óà ` àThe€appellant€next€contends€that€the€jury€selection€process€in€his€capital€trialÐ ¸ ° Ðviolated€òòWitherspoon€v.€Illinoisóó,€391€U.S.€510,€88€S.Ct.€1770€(1968).€€Specifically,€heÐ „ | Ðargues€that€the€statements€of€two€of€the€prospective€jurors,€Barbara€Brooks€andÏDennis€Spellings,€concerning€the€death€penalty€did€not€justify€their€excusal€forÏcause.ÌÌà ` àð ðThe€right€to€trial€by€jury€secured€by€our€state€and€federal€constitutionsÏnecessarily€contemplates€that€the€jury€will€be€unbiased€and€impartial.ðð€€òòSeeóó€€òòWolf€v.Ð LD ÐSundquistóó,€955€S.W.2d€626,€629€(Tenn.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.Ð  Ð1997)€(citing€òòThiel€v.€Southern€Pacific€Co.óó,€328€U.S.€217,€220,€66€S.Ct.€984,€985Ð äÜ Ð(1946);€òòRicketts€v.€Carteróó,€918€S.W.2d€419,€421€(Tenn.€1996);€òòDurham€v.€Stateóó,€188Ð °¨ ÐS.W.2d€555,€558€(Tenn.€1945)).€€ð ðIn€its€constitutional€sense,€impartiality€envisionsÏnot€only€freedom€from€jury€bias€against€the€defendant€but€also€freedom€from€juryÏbias€in€the€defendantððs€favor.ðð€€òòId.óó€(citing€òòSwain€v.€Alabamaóó,€380€U.S.€202,€219„20,Ð "  Ð85€S.Ct.€824,€835€(1965);€òòHayes€v.€Missourióó,€120€U.S.€68,€70„71,€7€S.Ct.€350,€351Ð à#Ø  Ð(1887);€òòHouston€v.€Stateóó,€593€S.W.2d€267,€272€(Tenn.€1980),€òòrevððd€on€otherÐ ¬%¤" Ðgroundsóó,€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530,€543€(Tenn.€1992);€òòToombs€v.€Stateóó,€270Ð x'p $ ÐS.W.2d€649,€650€(Tenn.€1954)).€€Essentially,€an€impartial€juror€is€one€who€is€freeÏfrom€personal€bias€or€prejudice€and€will€find€the€facts€and€apply€them€to€the€law.€ÏòòSeeóó€€òòWolf€v.€Sundquistóó,€955€S.W.2d€at€629;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòBuchanan€v.€Kentuckyóó,€483Ð Ü,Ô%* ÐU.S.€402,€417,€107€S.Ct.€2907,€2914€(1987);€òòWainwright€v.€Wittóó,€469€U.S.€412,€423,Ð ¨. ', Ð105€S.Ct.€844,€851„52€(1985);€òòEason€v.€Stateóó,€65€Tenn.€466,€469€(1873).€€Ð t0l). ÐÌà ` àTo€ensure€an€impartial€jury,€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€has€adopted€theÏrationale€of€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€in€determining€the€eligibility€ofÏprospective€jurors€in€a€capital€case.€€In€òòWitherspoon€v.€Illinoisóó,€€the€Supreme€CourtÐ ¤7œ06 Ðheld€that€a€prospective€juror€may€be€excluded€for€cause€because€of€his€or€her€viewsÐ p9h28 Ðon€capital€punishment.€This€standard€was€clarified€in€òòWainwright€v.€Wittóó,€469€U.S.€atÐ  Ð424,€105€S.Ct.€at€852:ÌÓÓà8 ` àThat€standard€is€whether€the€jurorððs€views€would€ððprevent€orÏsubstantially€impair€the€performance€of€his€duties€as€a€juror€inÏaccordance€with€his€instructions€and€his€oath.ðð€€We€note€that,€inÏaddition€to€dispensing€with€òòWitherspoonððsóó€reference€to€ð ðautomaticÐ R J Ðdecision€making,ðð€this€standard€likewise€does€not€require€that€a€jurorððsÏbias€be€proved€with€ð ðunmistakable€clarity.ððÐ ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓÓòòSee€alsoóó€€òòState€v.€Alleyóó,€776€S.W.2d€506€(Tenn.€1989),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€493€U.S.€1036,Ð êâ  Ð110€S.Ct€758€(1990);€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€690€S.W.2d€517,€522€(Tenn.€1985).€€TheÐ ¶®  ÐSupreme€Court€also€acknowledged€that€the€questions€asked€and€answered€duringÏthe€voir€dire€process€do€not€always€reveal€a€jurorððs€bias€with€absolute€certainty;Ïð ðhowever,€there€will€be€situations€where€the€trial€judge€is€left€with€the€definiteÏimpression€that€a€prospective€juror€would€be€unable€to€faithfully€and€impartially€applyÏthe€law.ðð€€òòSeeóó€€òòWainwright€v.€Wittóó,€469€U.S.€at€425„€26,€105€S.Ct.€at€853.€€Therefore,Ð ²ª Ðð ðdeference€must€be€paid€to€the€trial€judge€who€sees€and€hears€the€juror.ðð€€òòId.óó€€Ð ~v ÐIndeed,€in€òòState€v.€Alleyóó,€our€supreme€court€held€that€ð ðthe€trial€courtððs€finding€of€biasÐ JB Ðof€a€juror€because€of€his€views€of€capital€punishment€shall€be€accorded€aÏpresumption€of€correctness€and€the€burden€shall€rest€upon€the€appellant€to€establishÏby€convincing€evidence€that€determination€was€erroneous.ðð€€òòAlleyóó,€776€S.W.2d€atÐ ®$¦! Ð518;€òòsee€alsoóó€€òòAdams€v.€Texasóó,€448€U.S.€38,€100€S.Ct.€2521€(1980).€€Ð z&r# ÐÌà@MM ®àò òA.€€Prospective€Juror€Brooksó óˆÐ * #' Ðà ` àDuring€individual€voir€dire,€Barbara€Brooks€was€called€as€a€potential€juror.€ÏWhen€asked€by€District€Attorney€General€Woodall€whether€she€could€impose€theÏdeath€penalty€in€this€case,€Ms.€Brooks€responded€that€she€could€not€do€so€forÏreligious€reasons.€€Despite€further€questioning€by€General€Woodall,€Ms.€BrooksÏmaintained€that€she€did€not€believe€in€the€death€penalty€and€that€she€could€not€andÏwould€not€impose€such€a€sentence.€€ÌÌà ` àThe€trial€court,€as€well,€questioned€Ms.€Brooks€regarding€whether€she€couldÏimpose€the€death€penalty.€€In€response€to€the€courtððs€questioning,€she€again€statedÐ J:B39 Ðthat€she€could€not€impose€the€death€penalty€no€matter€what€the€crime€was€becauseÏshe€does€not€ð ðbelieve€that€a€personððs€life€should€be€taken€because€of€it.ðð€€She€furtherÏadmitted€that€ð ðthe€death€penalty€is€out€of€the€question€for€[her]ðð€and€she€would€neverÏconsider€imposing€the€death€penalty€on€the€appellant€or€anyone€else.€€ÌÌà ` àDefense€counsel,€in€an€attempt€to€rehabilitate€Ms.€Brooks,€asked€her€whetherÏshe€could€fairly€consider€the€aggravating€and€mitigating€circumstances€and€keep€anÏopen€mind€as€to€the€three€possibilities€for€sentencing€in€this€case,€to€which€Ms.ÏBrooks€responded€affirmatively.€€The€court€again€questioned€Ms.€Brooks€as€toÏwhether€she€could€impose€the€death€penalty€if€it€was€called€for€by€the€law€and€theÏfacts.€€Although€Ms.€Brooks€responded€that€she€could€consider€the€sentence€of€lifeÏwithout€the€possibility€of€parole€and€that€she€could€hear€the€evidence,€she€stated€ð ðIÏdonððt€think€I€could€be€fair€at€that€because€of€the€death€penalty€.€.€.€the€only€thing€thatÏhinders€me€is€when€you€said€death€penalty.€€Thatððs€where€it€stops€with€me.ðð€€ÌÌà ` àDespite€this€statement,€defense€counsel€was€again€able€to€illicit€answers€fromÏMs.€Brooks€that€raised€concern€as€to€her€position€on€the€death€penalty.€€As€a€result,Ïthe€trial€court€instructed€Ms.€Brooks€to€ð ðjust€say€how€you€feel.ðð€€After€furtherÏequivocation€by€the€prospective€juror,€the€trial€court€asked€her€point€blank€if€theÏdeath€penalty€was€out;€she€responded,€ð ðForget€it.ððÌÌà ` àAt€that€point,€the€State€challenged€Barbara€Brooks€for€cause€and€the€courtÏsustained€the€challenge€finding:ÌÓÓà8 ` à.€.€.€I€finally€put€it€to€her€as€blank,€I€said,€ð ðThe€death€penalty€is€out?ðð€ÏShe€said,€ð ðThe€death€penalty€is€out,€the€death€penalty€is€out.€€I€will€notÏimpose€itðð€and€she€said€it€multiple,€multiple€times.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓÓà ` àAlthough€Ms.€œBrooks'›€position€on€the€death€penalty€was€ambiguous€at€certainÏtimes€during€her€voir€dire€examination,€we€can€reach€no€rational€conclusion€otherÏthan€finding€that€Ms.€Brooks€had€a€definite€opposition€to€imposing€the€death€penalty.€ÏœGiving›€deference€to€the€trial€court€who€was€able€to€observe€this€prospective€œjuror,€›Ð X9P28 Ðwe€conclude€that€the€constitutional€standard€for€excusing€jurors€due€to€their€views€onÏthe€death€penalty€was€met.ÌÌà@êê$®àò òB.€€Dennis€SpellingsˆÐ l d Ðó óà ` àLater€that€same€day,€Dennis€Spellings€was€called€for€individual€voir€dire.€€TheÐ D< Ðfollowing€dialogue€occurred€between€Mr.€Spellings€and€General€Woodall:ÌÓÓà8 ` àGENERAL€WOODALL:€€€€€.€.€.€Can€you€fairly€consider€the€deathÏpenalty€along€with€other€forms€of€punishment?Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àMR.€SPELLINGS:€€Thatððs€a€tough€question.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àGENERAL€WOODALL:€€As€it€should€be.€.€.€.€€[T]he€law€in€the€State€ofÏTennessee€is€if€the€aggravating€circumstances€.€.€.€outweigh€theÏmitigating€circumstances,€you€shall€impose€the€death€penalty.€€CanÏyou€do€that€or€do€you€have€personal€convictions€or€religiousÏconvictions€that€would€prevent€you€from€doing€it?Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àMR.€SPELLINGS:€€€Itððs€a€tough€question€to€ask€straight€forward.€€IÏreally€donððt€have€an€answer.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` à.€.€.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðà8 ` àGENERAL€WOODALL:€€Well,€can€you€make€that€decision?€€Do€youÏthink€that€you€could€vote€to€impose€the€death€penalty?Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àMR.€SPELLINGS:€€Honestly€I€donððt.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àGENERAL€WOODALL:€€Are€you€saying€you€donððt€think€you€could€orÏmaybe€you€could€or€you€just€donððt€know?Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àMR.€€SPELLINGS:€€When€weððre€talking€about€when€push€comes€toÏshove,€I€donððt€know.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àGENERAL€WOODALL:€€.€.€.€So€are€you€saying€you€donððt€know€whetherÏyou€could€or€you€wonððt?Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àMR.€SPELLINGS:€€I€donððt€know.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÓÓÌà ` àDefense€counsel€also€attempted€to€elicit€a€definite€position€from€Mr.ÏSpellings,€but€was€unsuccessful.€€The€trial€court€interrupted€and€asked€Mr.€Spellings,Ïð ðAfter€you€hear€all€the€proof,€then€you€could€make€a€decision€as€to€whether€or€notÏdeath€should€apply?ðð€€Mr.€Spellings€responded,€ð ðIððll€be€honest€with€you.€€Iððd€ratherÏnot€make€that€decision.ðð€€During€the€courtððs€discourse€with€Mr.€Spellings,€Mr.ÏSpellings€replied,€at€one€point,€that€he€could€follow€the€law€as€instructed€by€theÏcourt,€but€later€admitted€that€ð ðhe€did€not€knowðð€if€he€could€follow€the€law€as€related€toÏthe€death€penalty.Ð J:B39 Їà ` àThe€State€challenged€Mr.€Spellings€for€cause,€relying€on€Mr.€SpellingsÏadmission€that€he€did€not€know€whether€he€would€follow€the€law.€€The€trial€courtÏsustained€the€challenge,€explicitly€finding:ÌÓÓà8 ` àThis€is€the€first€time€weððve€run€into€this€where€a€person€just€.€.€.€wonððtÏanswer€the€question€or€he€feels€like€he€canððt€answer€the€question.€€As€IÏinterpret€the€law€that€means€that€we€have€to€get€commitment€from€aÏjuror€that€they€would€follow€the€law€and€that€they€would€consider€theÏdeath€penalty€under€certain€circumstances.€€I€donððt€think€that€a€juror€isÏdisqualified€if€they€just€continue€to€persistently€say,€ð ðI€donððt€know€what€IÏwould€do.ðð€Thatððs€like€a€juror€whoððs€really€saying€„€„€will€you€affirm€toÏuphold€the€law€and€he€would€say,€ð ðWell,€I€just€canððt€answer€that.ðð€€IfÏyou€had€a€juror€and€you€put€him€in€the€box€and€you€say€ð ðDo€you€swearÏto€tell€the€truth?ðð€and€he€says,€ð ðI€canððt€say€whether€I€will€or€not,ðð€youÏwouldnððt€let€him€testify.€€It€takes€an€affirmative€statement€by€a€juror€thatÏhe€would€consider€all€the€penalties.€.€.€and€would€not€exclude€the€deathÏpenalty€as€a€possibility.€€I€think€the€statements€by€this€juror€render€himÏunqualified€to€served€on€the€jury.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓÓà ` àAgain,€this€court€gives€deference€to€the€decision€of€the€trial€court€who€wasÏable€to€observe€the€prospective€juror.€€The€record€demonstrates€that€Mr.€SpellingsÏcould€not€state€with€certainty€that€he€could€perform€his€duties€as€a€juror€inÏaccordance€with€his€oath.€€Accordingly,€the€trial€court€properly€excused€this€juror€forÏcause.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌÌà@óó®àò òIII.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óˆÐ z&r# ÐÌà ` àThe€appellant€asserts€that€the€evidence€adduced€at€trial€is€insufficient€as€aÏmatter€of€law€to€sustain€the€jury€verdicts€returned€in€both€the€guilt€and€penaltyÏphases€of€his€trial.€€Specifically,€the€appellant€argues€that€the€evidence€presentedÏfails€to€establish,€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€the€requisite€element€of€premeditationÏnecessary€to€sustain€his€convictions€for€first€degree€murder.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Additionally,€theÐ N1F*/ Ðappellant€argues€that€the€evidence€does€not€support€the€juryððs€finding€that€theÏmurder€of€Erica€Hurd€was€ð ðheinous,€atrocious€or€cruelðð€or€that€the€murder€occurred€ÌÐ ²6ª/5 Їwhile€the€appellant€was€ð ðengaged€in€committing€or€attempting€to€commit€any€firstÏdegree€murder,€rape,€burglary,€or€kidnapping.ðð€€ÌÌà ` àWhen€there€is€a€challenge€to€the€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence,€thisÏcourt€must€review€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution€andÏdetermine€whether€ð ðany€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elementsÏof€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,Ð ÐÈ  Ð99€S.Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979);€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€259€(Tenn.€1994),Ð œ”  Ðòòcert.€deniedóó,€513€U.S.€1086,€115€S.Ct.€743€(1995);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€We€doÐ h` Ðnot€reweigh€or€reevaluate€the€evidence;€these€are€issues€resolved€by€the€trier€ofÏfact.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€Furthermore,€a€guiltyÐ ø Ðverdict€accredits€the€testimony€of€witnesses€for€the€State,€and€a€presumption€of€guiltÏreplaces€the€presumption€of€innocence.€€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476Ð ˜ Ð(Tenn.€1973).€€On€appeal,€the€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€theÏevidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€that€may€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.Ð 0 ( ÐHarrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,€75€(Tenn.€1992),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€507€U.S.€954,€113€S.Ct.€1368Ð ü!ô Ð(1993).€€The€appellant€bears€the€burden€of€proving€that€the€evidence€was€insufficientÏto€support€the€jury€verdict€in€his€case.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€€914€(Tenn.Ð ”%Œ" Ð1982).ÌÌà@íí'®àò òA.€€Guilt€Phaseó óˆÐ ø*ð#( ÐÌà ` àOnce€a€homicide€has€been€proven,€it€is€presumed€to€be€second€degreeÏmurder,€and€the€State€has€the€burden€of€establishing€first€degree€murder.€òò€Brownóó,Ð h0`). Ð836€S.W.2d€at€543.€€First€degree€murder€not€committed€in€the€perpetration€of€aÏstatutorily€designated€crime€requires€the€ð ðintentional,€premeditated€and€deliberateÏkilling€of€another.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202€(a)(1)€(1994€Supp.).׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Thus,€theÐ Ì5Ä.4 ÐState€must€prove€premeditation€and€deliberation€to€raise€the€offense€to€first€degreeÏmurder.€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€543.€€Ð ÔÌ ÐÌà ` àPremeditation€necessitates€ð ða€previously€formed€design€or€intent€to€kill,ðð€òòStateÐ l d Ðv.€Westóó,€844€S.W.2d€144,€147€(Tenn.€1992),€and€ð ðthe€exercise€of€reflection€andÐ 80 Ðjudgment,ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„201(b)(2)€(1991).€€Deliberation€requires€aÏð ðcool€purpose€.€.€.€formed€in€the€absence€of€passion€or€provocation.ðð€€òòBrownóó,€836Ð ÐÈ  ÐS.W.2d€at€538€(citations€and€internal€quotations€omitted);€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„¼201(b)(1);€Sentencing€Commission€Comments,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„201.€ÏDeliberation€also€requires€ð ðsome€period€of€reflection€during€which€the€mind€is€freeÏfrom€the€influence€of€excitement.ðð€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€538;€òòsee€alsoóó€€Tenn.€CodeÐ ø ÐAnn.€ðð€39„13„201(b)(2).€€ÌÌà ` àAgain,€although€the€jury€may€not€engage€in€speculation,€òòState€v.€Bordisóó,€905Ð d\ ÐS.W.2d€214,€222€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1995),€the€juryÐ 0 ( Ðmay€infer€premeditation€and€deliberation€from€the€circumstances€surrounding€theÏkilling.€€òòState€v.€Gentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€1,€3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993),€òòperm.€to€appealÐ È#À  Ðdeniedóó,€(Tenn.€1994);€òòTaylor€v.€Stateóó,€506€S.W.2d€175,€178€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ”%Œ" Ð1973).€€Our€supreme€court€has€delineated€several€circumstances€that€may€beÏindicative€of€premeditation€and€deliberation,€including€the€use€of€a€deadly€weaponÏupon€an€unarmed€victim,€the€fact€that€the€killing€was€particularly€cruel,€declarationsÏby€the€defendant€of€his€intent€to€kill€the€victim,€the€making€of€preparations€before€theÏkilling€for€the€purpose€of€concealing€the€crime,€and€calmness€immediately€after€theÏkilling.€€òòSeeóó€€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€660€(Tenn.€1997),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€„„Ð \0T). ÐU.S.„„,€118€S.Ct.€1536€(1998)€(citing€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€541„42;€òòWestóó,€844Ð (2 +0 ÐS.W.2d€at€148).€€This€court€has€also€recognized€several€factors€from€which€the€juryÏmay€infer€the€two€elements,€including€planning€activity€by€the€defendant€before€theÏkilling,€evidence€concerning€the€defendantððs€motive,€and€the€nature€of€the€killing.€€òòÐ Œ7„06 ÐÐ X9P28 ÐBordisóó,€905€S.W.2d€at€222€(quoting€2€W.€LaFave€and€A.€Scott,€Jr.,€òòSubstantiveÐ  ÐCriminal€Lawóó€ðð€7.7.€(1986)).Ð ØÐ ÐÌà ` àThe€evidence,€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€reveals€that€theÏappellant€lived€in€the€duplex€adjoining€that€of€his€victims.€€Despite€being€neighbors,Ïthe€Raglands€and€the€appellant€had€only€spoken€to€each€other€on€a€few€occasions.€ÏAccording€to€the€appellantððs€own€statement,€he€had€confronted€Charles€Ragland€aÏfew€hours€before€the€murders,€warning€Mr.€Ragland,€ð ð[you€are]€going€to€regretÏdisrespecting€me.ðð€€òòSeeóó€€òòGentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€at€4„5€(prior€relationship€and€conductÐ ph Ðwith€the€victim€from€which€motive€can€be€inferred).€€The€appellant€then€obtained€aÏshotgun€and€loaded€the€weapon€with€two€shells.€€òòSeeóó€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€541Ð  Ð(procurement€of€weapon€long€held€to€establish€premeditation).€€He€then,€armed€withÏthe€shotgun,€proceeded€to€wait€for€Angela€Ragland€to€arrive€home€to€effectuate€hisÏrevenge.€€òòSeeóó€òòDickey€v.€Duttonóó,€595€F.Supp.€1€(M.D.€Tenn.€1983)€(fact€of€lying„in„Ð ld Ðwait€is,€of€itself,€evidence€of€a€wilful,€deliberate€and€premeditated€purpose);€òòState€v.Ð 8 0 ÐBullingtonóó,€532€S.W.2d€556€(Tenn.€1976)€(premeditation€is€obvious€in€killingÐ "ü Ðaccomplished€by€lying„in„wait).€€Despite€one€missed€opportunity,€the€appellant€wasÏable€to€abduct€Raglandððs€cousin,€Erica,€at€gunpoint€to€gain€access€to€the€inside€ofÏthe€œRaglands'›€duplex.€€Once€inside,€he€forced€the€family€onto€one€bed€andÏdemanded€that€Charles€Ragland€give€him€the€ð ðdope.ðð€€Despite€Raglandððs€assertionsÏthat€he€did€not€have€any€ð ðdopeðð€and€his€pleas€that€the€appellant€take€their€moneyÏinstead,€the€appellant€proceeded€to€place€a€pillow€on€Raglandððs€head€and€fatallyÏshot€him.€€òòGentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€at€4„5€(the€nature€of€the€killing€was€so€exacting€thatÐ ˜.', Ðthe€defendant€must€have€intentionally€killed€according€to€a€preconceived€design).€ÏAfter€he€successfully€restrained€Angela€œin›€a€rear€bedroom,€the€appellant€forcedÏErica€into€a€hall€closet.€€Following€an€unsuccessful€search€for€drugs,€he€retrievedÏErica€from€the€closet€and€stabbed€the€fifteen€year€old€girl€thirty„seven€times€in€theÏface,€head,€chest€and€back.€€òòId.óó€€After€the€appellantððs€perpetration€of€terror€amongÐ ”7Œ06 Ðthis€household,€he€carefully€wiped€his€fingerprints€from€all€items€in€the€residence€thatÐ `9X28 Ðhe€had€touched,€and€warned€the€remaining€victim,€Angela€Ragland,€that€he€wouldÏkill€her€if€she€went€to€the€police.€€He€then€returned€home€where€he€hid€the€shotgunÏand€œremained›€until€police€arrived.€€òòSeeóó€€òòWestóó,€844€S.W.2d€at€148€(citations€omitted)Ð   ˜ Ð(calmness€immediately€after€a€killing€may€be€evidence€of€a€cool,€dispassionate,Ïpremeditated€murder).€There€is€sufficient€evidence€concerning€motive,€planningÏactivity,€and€the€nature€of€the€killings€to€support€the€juryððs€findings€of€bothÏpremeditation€and€deliberation€as€to€both€counts.€€òòSee€generallyóó€€òòGentryóó,€881Ð ÐÈ  ÐS.W.2d€at€4„5.€€ÌÌà ` àDespite€this€proof,€the€appellant€argues€that,€because€of€his€severe€cocaineÏintoxication,€he€was€unable€to€form€the€specific€intent€to€commit€first€degree€murder.€ÏTennessee€law€recognizes€that,€while€voluntary€intoxication€is€not€a€defense€toÏprosecution€for€an€offense,€evidence€of€such€may€be€admitted€to€negate€a€culpableÏmental€state.€€òòSeeóó€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„503(a)€(1991);€òòsee€alsoóó€€òòState€v.Ð d\ ÐPhippsóó,€883€S.W.2d€138,€148€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994);€òòState€v.€Sheltonóó,€854Ð 0 ( ÐS.W.2d€116,€121€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1993);€Ð ü!ô ÐòòState€v.€Hallóó,€No.€02C01„9703„CC„00095€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,€Apr.€29,Ð È#À  Ð1998).€€However,€the€mere€fact€that€a€defendant€is€drunk€or€intoxicated€from€alcoholÏor€drugs€does€not€render€that€defendant€incapable€of€forming€the€requisite€intent€ofÏthe€crime€charged.€€Rather,€if€the€proof€establishes€that€the€defendant€wasÏintoxicated€at€the€time€of€the€offense,€the€jury€must€determine€the€extent€of€its€effectÏupon€his€mental€state.€€Accordingly,€an€intoxicated€person€is€criminally€responsibleÏfor€his€conduct€unless€the€condition€of€his€intoxication€is€so€extreme€that€it€negatesÏthe€existence€of€a€mental€state,€that€is€to€say,€that€the€accusedððs€state€of€intoxicationÏacts€to€suspend€his€power€of€reason€and€renders€him€incapable€of€forming€theÏrequisite€intent€of€the€crime€charged.€òòSee€generallyóó€€òòState€v.€Bullingtonóó,€532€S.W.2dÐ ô3ì,2 Ð556,€560-562€(Tenn.€1976).€ÌÌÐ X9P28 Ðà ` àAt€trial,€the€trial€court€permitted€into€evidence€testimony€concerning€theÏappellantððs€alleged€intoxication€immediately€preceding€and€during€the€perpetration€ofÏthe€crimes.€Likewise,€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€as€to€voluntary€intoxication.€ÏThus,€the€only€issue€before€this€court€is€whether€the€evidence€of€intoxication€wasÏsuch€that€a€reasonable€jury€could€only€have€found€that€the€defendant€was€unable€toÏform€the€requisite€òòmens€reaóó.€€òòSeeóó€€òòHallóó,€No.€02C01„9703„CC„00095.€€Stated€anotherÐ ü  Ðway,€the€question€remains€what€was€the€mental€state€of€the€defendant.€€òòId.óó€€à (# à€Ð ÔÌ  ÐÌà ` àAlthough€there€is€ample€proof€of€the€appellantððs€intoxication,€there€is€alsoÏoverwhelming€proof€of€his€ð ðintentionalðð€mental€state.׃!×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€òòSupraóó.€€Intoxication€is€valuableÐ 80 Ðto€the€defense€only€if€it€is€of€such€a€degree€that€it€negates€premeditation€andÏdeliberation.€€òòHallóó,€No.€02C01„9703„CC„00095.€€Whether€the€appellant€was€tooÐ ÐÈ Ðintoxicated€to€form€the€requisite€mental€state€was€for€the€jury€to€determine.€€òòSeeóó€Ð œ” ÐòòState€v.€Bellóó,€690€S.W.2d€879,€882€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1985).€€The€weight€andÐ h` Ðcredibility€of€the€œwitnessesðð›€testimony€are€matters€intrusted€exclusively€to€the€jury€asÏthe€trier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Sheffieldóó,€676€S.W.2d€542,€547€(Tenn.€1984);€òòByrge€v.Ð "ø ÐStateóó,€575€S.W.2d€292,€295€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€The€jury€obviously€chose€notÐ Ì#Ä  Ðto€accredit€the€proof€presented€regarding€the€appellantððs€intoxication€in€light€of€theÏother€evidence€establishing€premeditation€and€deliberation,€and€this€court€will€notÏinterfere€with€that€determination€in€this€case.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€€òòHallóó,€No.€02C01„9703„CC„Ð 0)("& Ð00095;€òòWitherspoon€v.€Stateóó,€No.€01C01„9204„CC„00137€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€atÐ ü*ô#( ÐNashville,€Mar.€18,€1993),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€Jun.€7,€1993).€€This€issueÐ È,À%* Ðis€without€merit.ÌÌÌÐ ø3ð,2 Ðà@ll&®àò òB.€€Penalty€Phaseó óˆÐ  ÐÌà ` àAgain,€the€appellant€contends€that€the€proof€introduced€at€the€penalty€phaseÏis€insufficient,€as€to€the€capital€sentence€imposed€for€the€murder€of€Erica€Hurd,€toÏsupport€the€juryððs€finding€of€aggravating€circumstance€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„¼204(i)(5)(1994€Supp.)€(ð ðheinous,€atrocious,€or€cruelðð),€and€aggravating€circumstanceÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(7)€(murder€committed€while€committing€a€statutorily€Ïenumerated€felony).׃%×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ¨   ÐÌÌà@¤¤®àòòò òi.€€Imposition€of€Aggravator€(i)(5)ˆÐ   Ðó óóóÌà@®àò òa.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óˆÐ ¬¤ Ðà ` àTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(5)€provides€that€the€death€penalty€may€beÏimposed€if€the€State€proves€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€ð ð[t]he€murder€wasÏespecially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel€in€that€it€involved€òòtortureóó€or€òòserious€physicalÐ " Ðabuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produce€deathóó.ðð€(Emphasis€added).€€ð ðTortureðð€hasÐ è#à  Ðbeen€defined€as€ð ðthe€infliction€of€severe€physical€or€mental€pain€upon€the€victimÏwhile€he€or€she€remains€alive€and€conscious.ðð€€òòState€v.€Mannóó,€959€S.W.2d€503,€511Ð €'x $ Ð(Tenn.€1997),€òòrehððg€deniedóó,€(1998),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€„„€U.S.€„„,€118€S.Ct.€2376€(1998);€Ð L)D"& ÐòòOdomóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€24;€€òòWilliamsóó,€690€S.W.2d€at€529.€€ð ð[S]erious€physical€abuseÐ +$( Ðbeyond€that€necessary€to€produce€deathðð€means€just€that;€there€must€be€seriousÏphysical,€not€mental,€abuse,€òòi.e.óó,€ð ðan€act€that€is€ððexcessiveðð€or€which€makes€ððimproperÐ °.¨', Ðuse€of€a€thing,ðð€or€which€uses€a€thing€ððin€a€manner€contrary€to€the€natural€or€legalÏrules€for€its€use.ðððð€€òòOdomóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€26€(quoting€òòBlackððs€Law€Dictionary€óó11Ð L2D+0 Ð(6th€ed.€1990)).ÌÐ ä5Ü.4 Ðà ` àIn€the€present€case,€Erica€Hurd€and€Angela€Ragland€were€forced€to€watch€theÏappellant€execute€Angelaððs€husband€by€shooting€him€in€the€head.€€The€appellantÏthen€locked€Erica€in€a€closet€while€he€tied€Angela€to€another€bed.€€He€eventually€gotÏErica€out€of€the€closet€and€repeatedly€stabbed€the€fifteen€year€old€thirty„seven€timesÏin€her€face,€head,€chest,€and€back,€as€she€pleaded€with€him€for€her€life.€€TheÏstruggle€ensued€for€fifteen€to€twenty€minutes,€or€at€least€that€is€the€length€of€timeÏAngela€Ragland€heard€her€cousin€screaming€and€gasping€for€air.€ÌÌà ` àTwenty„three€of€the€wounds€occurred€prior€to€death,€while€fourteen€occurredÏpost„mortem.€€Only€one€such€stab€wound€was,€in€and€of€itself,€fatal.€€Several€of€theÏwounds€reached€the€bone,€bending€the€two€knives€wielded€by€the€appellant.€€Dr.ÏSmith€explained€that€the€wounds€reaching€the€bone€would€be€extremely€painful.€ÏMoreover,€Dr.€Smith€explained€that€the€patterns€of€injury€to€Erica€Hurd€imply€anÏelement€of€control€or€torture€and€that€the€wounds€were€not€randomly€inflicted€butÏpurposefully€chosen.€€The€autopsy€of€Hurd€also€indicated€that€she€had€sustainedÏcrushing€blows€to€her€head,€strong€enough€blows€to€fracture€her€skull€in€multipleÏplaces.€ÌÌà ` àThe€ð ðheinous,€atrocious,€or€cruelðð€aggravating€circumstance€is€ð ðreserved€forÏthose€cases€that€can€be€articulately€determined€to€be€the€very€ððworst€of€the€worst.ðððð€ÏòòOdomóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€26„27.€€The€proof€before€this€court€indicates€both€an€elementÐ ø*ð#( Ðof€ð ðtortureðð€and€of€ð ðserious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€cause€death.ðð€ÏIndeed,€the€multiplicity€of€the€wounds,€the€infliction€of€gratuitous€violence€and€theÏevidence€of€both€physical€and€mental€torture€amply€support€a€finding€of€thisÏaggravating€circumstance.€€òòSeeóó€€òòState€v.€Blantonóó,€975€S.W.2d€269,€280€(Tenn.),Ð (2 +0 Ðòòrehððg€deniedóó,€(1998);€òòState€v.€Cauthernóó,€967€S.W.2d€726,€732€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,Ð ô3ì,2 Є„€U.S.€„„,€119€S.Ct.€414€(1998).€€This€issue€is€without€merit.€€ÌÌÐ X9P28 Ðà@pp®àò òb.€€Constitutionality€of€Aggravator€(i)(5)ó óˆÐ  Ðà ` àNext,€the€appellant€asserts€that€ð ð[t]he€heinous,€atrocious€and€cruel€aggravatorÏis€unconstitutionally€vagueðð€and€fails€to€narrow€the€class€of€persons€eligible€for€theÏdeath€penalty.€€This€contention€has€been€rejected€by€our€supreme€court.׃"×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€òòSee,Ð x p Ðe.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Hallóó,€958€S.W.2d€679,€715€(Tenn.€1997),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€„„U.S.„„,€118Ð D< ÐS.Ct.€2348€(1998);€òòOdomóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€26;€òòState€v.€Hinesóó,€919€S.W.2d€573,€587Ð   Ð(Tenn.1995),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€---€U.S.€----,€117€S.Ct.€133€(1996);€òòState€v.€Blackóó,€815Ð ÜÔ  ÐS.W.2d€166,€181„182€(Tenn.€1991);€òòState€v.€Barberóó,€753€S.W.2d€659,€670€(Tenn.),Ð ¨   Ðòòcert.€deniedóó,€488€U.S.€900,€109€S.Ct.€248€(1988);€€òòWilliamsóó,€690€S.W.2d€at€526„30;Ð tl ÐòòThompson€v.€Stateóó,€958€S.W.2d€156,€174€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appealÐ @8 Ðdeniedóó,€(Tenn.€1997);€òòAlley€v.€Stateóó,€958€S.W.2d€138,€155€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.Ð   Ðto€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1997).€Ð ØÐ ÐÌà ` àThe€appellant€also€alleges€that€the€jury€instruction€denied€the€appellant€hisÏconstitutional€right€to€a€unanimous€jury€verdict.€€Our€supreme€court€has€held€thatÏ"[a]s€used€in€circumstance€(i)(5),€the€three€adjectives€'heinous,'€'atrocious,'€andÏ'cruel'€are€complimentary.€€Although€listed€disjunctively,€they€state€a€unitary€conceptÏdefined€and€limited€by€'torture€or€depravity€of€mind."'€€òòState€v.€Van€Tranóó,€864€S.W.2dÐ  %˜" Ð465,€479€(Tenn.€1993),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€511€U.S.€1046,€114€S.Ct.€1377€(1994).€Ð l'd $ ÐAccordingly,€the€appellantððs€right€to€a€unanimous€jury€verdict€was€not€violated.€€ThisÏissue€is€without€merit.ÌÌÌÌÐ 42,+0 ÐÓÓà8 ` àÐ ` ü!` ü! ÐÓÓà@#®àò òòòii.€€Aggravator€(i)(7)ˆÐ îæ Ðó óóóÌà@ÁÁ!®àò òa.€€Sufficiency€of€Evidenceó óˆÐ Ž † Ðà ` àThe€jury€also€found€that€the€murder€of€Erica€Hurd€ð ðwas€committed€while€[theÏappellant]€was€engaged€in€committing,€or€was€an€accomplice€in€the€commission€of,Ïor€was€attempting€to€commit,€or€was€fleeing€after€committing€or€attempting€toÏcommit,€any€first€degree€murder,€rape,€burglary,€or€kidnapping.ðð׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð Ê  Ððð39„13„204(i)(7).€€€€The€appellant€argues€that€no€evidence€exists€to€support€theÏfinding€of€this€aggravator.€€Specifically,€he€asserts€€that€Mr.€Ragland€was€murderedÏprior€to€the€murder€of€Erica€Hurd;€there€is€no€evidence€that€he€was€attempting€to€fleeÏthe€murder€of€Charles€Ragland€while€committing€the€murder€of€Erica€Hurd;€and€theÏrape€of€Angela€Ragland€did€not€occur€until€well€after€the€murder€of€Erica€Hurd.€ÏMoreover,€he€contends€that€the€jury€was€never€asked€to€make€any€findingsÏregarding€a€burglary€or€a€kidnapping.€€€Accordingly,€the€appellant€argues€that€theÏState€failed€to€prove,€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€the€applicability€of€aggravatingÏcircumstance€(i)(7).ÌÌà ` àIn€òòState€v.€Terryóó,€813€S.W.2d€420,€423€(Tenn.€1991),€our€supreme€courtÐ Ž&†# Ðaddressed€the€quantum€of€evidence€necessary€to€support€a€finding€of€aggravatingÏcircumstance€(i)(7).€€In€doing€so,€the€court€noted:ÌÓÓà8 ` àWhether€the€evidence€supports€a€finding€that€the€murder€wasÏcommitted€in€the€course€of,€during,€or€while€engaged€in€theÏcommission€of€another€felony€.€.€.€generally€depends€on€an€analysis€ofÏthe€temporal,€spatial€and€motivational€relationships€between€the€capitalÏhomicide€and€the€collateral€felony,€as€well€as€on€the€nature€of€theÏfelony€and€the€identity€of€its€victim.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÓAÓÌòòTerryóó,€813€S.W.2d€at€423€(quoting€67€A.L.R.4th€887,€892€(1989)).€€òòSee€alsoóó€€òòHallóó,Ð "3,1 Ð958€S.W.2d€at€693.€€That€is€to€say€that€the€homicide€must€have€a€close€connectionÐ î4æ-3 Ðwith€the€felony€and€not€be€separate,€distinct,€and€independent€from€it.€€òòCfóó.€€òòState€v.Ð  ÐFarmeróó,€296€S.W.2d€879,€883€(Tenn.€1956)€(citing€òòWharton€on€Homicideóó€ðð€126).€Ð ÔÌ ÐThe€collateral€felony€and€the€homicide€may€be€a€part€of€a€continuous€transactionÏwith€the€collateral€felony€occurring€either€before€or€after€the€homicide.€€òòSee,€e.g.òòóó,Ð p h ÐòòóóPeople€v.€Johnsonóó,€609€N.E.2d€294,€300€(Ill.€1993);€òòPeople€v.€Wardóó,€609€N.E.2dÐ @8 Ð252,€275€(Ill.€1992).€€Indeed,€it€is€not€necessary€to€prove€that€the€defendant€formedÏthe€criminal€intent€to€commit€the€aggravating€felony€òòbeforeóó€committing€the€murder.€Ð ØÐ  ÐòòWardóó,€609€N.E.2d€at€275.€€Rather,€the€proof€is€sufficient€to€establish€the€aggravatingÐ ¤œ  Ðfactor€if€the€State€proves€both€the€elements€of€the€murder€and€the€elements€of€theÏaccompanying€felony€and€that€they€were€both€part€of€the€same€criminal€episode.€€òòId.óóÐ <4 Ð(citations€omitted).ÌÌà ` àApplying€this€standard€to€the€circumstances€of€the€present€case,€we€concludeÏthat€the€jury€properly€applied€this€aggravating€circumstance€to€the€murder€of€EricaÏHurd.€€The€proof€shows€that€the€appellant,€armed€with€a€weapon,€forced€himself€intoÏthe€œRaglands'›€residence€with€the€intent€to€seek€revenge€upon€Charles€Ragland€forÏð ðdisrespectingðð€him€earlier€that€evening.€€Once€inside€the€residence,€the€appellant,Ïprior€to€his€fatal€attack€on€Erica€Hurd,€shot€and€killed€Charles€Ragland.€€Moreover,Ïthere€is€no€dispute€that,€while€the€appellant€was€brutally€stabbing€the€fifteen€year€oldÏgirl€to€death,€Angela€Ragland€was€confined€in€an€adjoining€bedroom.€€After€EricaððsÏmurder,€the€appellant€returned€to€the€bedroom€where€he€repeatedly€raped€AngelaÏRagland.€€We€have€already€determined€that€the€proof€is€more€than€sufficient€toÏestablish€both€the€premeditated€murder€of€Erica€Hurd€and€the€premeditated€murderÏof€Charles€Ragland.€€òòSeeóó€òòsupraóó.€€The€appellantððs€forceful€entry€into€the€œRaglands'›Ð d0\). Ðresidence€is€sufficient€to€establish€the€offense€of€aggravated€burglary.€€òòSeeóó€€Tenn.Ð 42,+0 ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€39„14„402€(a)(3)€(1991);€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„14„403(a)€(1991).€€TheÏâ âappellantððs€forceful€and€knowing€confinement€of€Angela€Ragland€is€sufficient€toÐ Ì5Ä.4 Ðestablish€the€offense€of€kidnapping.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€Finally,€we€conclude€that€the€proof€is€likewiseÐ  Ðâ âsufficient€to€establish€his€subsequent€aggravated€rape€of€Angela€Ragland.€€òòSeeóó€Ð ÔÌ ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„502(a)(1)€(1992€Supp.).€€Thus,€the€capital€homicide€andÏthe€collateral€felonies€occurred€at€the€same€time€and€at€the€same€place;€sufficient€toÏsupport€application€of€the€(i)(7)€aggravating€factor.€€òòHallóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€693.€€ThisÐ 80 Ðissue€is€without€merit.€ÌÌà@pp®àò òb.€€Narrowing€of€Factor€(i)(7)ó óˆÐ œ”  Ðà ` àThe€appellant€contends€that€aggravating€circumstance€(i)(7),€ð ðcommittedÏwhile€engaged€in€committing€or€fleeing€a€first€degree€murder,€rape,€burglary,€orÏkidnappingðð€violates€the€principles€of€òòState€v.€Middlebrooksóó€and€fails€to€properlyÐ   Ðnarrow€the€class€of€defendants€subject€to€the€death€penalty.€Specifically,€he€assertsÏthat€ÌÓÓà8 ` àthe€application€of€the€aggravator€of€other€felonies€is€vague,€did€notÏrequire€election€by€the€jury€as€to€which€other€felonies€were€committed,Ïand€fails€to€properly€narrow€the€class€of€persons€eligible€for€the€deathÏpenalty€or€give€the€jury€proper€decision€making€guidance.€€Thus,€theÏimposition€of€death€from€this€factor€would€violate€the€Eighth€andÏFourteenth€Amendments€to€the€U.S.€Constitution€and€Article€One,ÏSection€Sixteen€of€the€€Tennessee€Constitution.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓÓà ` àIn€òòState€v.€Middlebrooksóó,€840€S.W.2d€317,€346€(Tenn.€1992),€our€supremeÐ  %˜" Ðcourt€held€that,€when€a€defendant€is€convicted€of€òòfelony€murderóó,€the€aggravatingÐ l'd $ Ðcircumstance€set€out€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(7)€does€not€narrow€theÏclass€of€death€eligible€murderers€sufficiently€under€the€Eighth€Amendment€to€theÏUnited€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€ðð16€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€ð ðòòbecauseÐ Ð,È%* Ðit€duplicates€the€elements€of€the€offenseóó.ðð€€òòSeeóó€€òòHallóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€692€(emphasisÐ œ.”', Ðin€original).€€ð ðImplicit€in€this€statement€is€the€recognition€that€the€circumstanceÏproperly€òòmay€be€appliedóó€if€a€defendant€is€convicted€of€òòpremeditatedóó€first€degreeÐ 42,+0 Ðmurder.ðð€€òòHallóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€692€(emphasis€added).€€In€the€present€case,€theÐ 4ø,2 Ðevidence€sufficiently€supports€the€juryððs€finding€that€the€premeditated€murder€wasÐ Ì5Ä.4 Ðcommitted€during€the€appellantððs€burglary€of€the€Ragland€residence,€his€murder€ofÏCharles€Ragland,€and€his€kidnapping€and€rape€of€Angela€Ragland.€€òòId.óó€at€697.€Ð ÔÌ ÐMoreover,€we€fail€to€find€the€wording€of€the€aggravating€circumstance€vague€or€thatÏthe€courtððs€failure€to€require€an€election€of€offenses€was€error.׃*×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€òòSeeóó€€òòBlantonóó,€975Ð l d ÐS.W.2d€at€280.€Accordingly,€we€conclude€that€factor€(i)(7)€sufficiently€narrows€theÏdeath€eligible€class€of€defendants€by€ensuring€reliability€and€requiringÏparticularization€in€the€determination€that€death€is€the€appropriate€punishment€in€aÏòòspecificóó€case.€€€œThe›€appellantððs€challenges€to€aggravating€circumstance€(i)(7)€areÐ œ”  Ðwithout€merit.€€€ÌÌà@¹ ¹ ®àò òòòiii.€€Weighing€of€Aggravating€and€Mitigating€Circumstancesó óóóˆÐ ø ÐÌà ` àWith€regard€to€the€juryððs€finding€that€the€aggravating€circumstances€in€theÏmurder€of€Erica€Hurd€outweighed€any€applicable€mitigating€circumstances,€€ourÏsupreme€court€has€routinely€held€that€ð ðwhether€mitigation€exists€and€the€weightÏgiven€aggravating€and€mitigating€circumstances€are€issues€within€the€province€of€theÏjury.ðð€€òòMannóó,€959€S.W.2d€at€512€(citing€òòBarberóó,€753€S.W.2d€at€669);€òòsee€alsoóó€€òòBlandóó,Ð Ð#È  Ð958€S.W.2d€at€661.ÌÌà ` àNotwithstanding€this€basic€premise,€the€appellant€contends€that€ð ðthere€isÏevidence€of€mitigating€circumstances€in€this€case.ðð€€Specifically,€the€appellantÏargues€that€(1)€the€appellant€let€Mrs.€Ragland,€the€only€witness,€go;€(2)€he€wasÏunder€extreme€mental€and€emotional€disturbance€at€the€time€of€the€crime;€(3)€heÏwas€under€the€influence€of€cocaine€which€impaired€his€judgment€and€his€ability€toÏinhibit€himself;€(4)€he€was€a€good€worker;€(5)€he€admitted€his€responsibility€for€theÐ 02(+0 Ðoffenses;€and€(6)€he€is€a€good€student€and€a€good€prisoner.€€Apparently,€theÏappellantððs€argument€is€premised€upon€the€contingency€that€this€court€would€findÏinsufficient€evidence€to€support€aggravating€circumstances€(i)(5)€and€(i)(7).€ÏHowever,€as€we€have€previously€determined,€the€evidence€is€not€only€sufficient€toÏsupport€their€application,€but€also€compelling.€òòSeeóó€òòsupraóó.€€We€will€not€curtail€theÐ 80 Ðjuryððs€role€in€weighing€the€aggravating€and€mitigating€circumstances.€€It€was€wellÏwithin€the€juryððs€prerogative€to€place€great€weight€upon€the€aggravatingÏcircumstances.€€As€such,€we€conclude€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€theÏjuryððs€finding€that€the€aggravating€circumstances€outweighed€the€mitigatingÏcircumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌÌà@Ô Ô ®àò òIV.€€Statement€of€Intent€of€Future€Wrongdoing€and€Prior€Bad€Actó óˆÐ œ” ÐÌà ` àPrior€to€the€testimony€of€Angela€Ragland,€a€jury„out€hearing€was€held€toÏdetermine€the€admissibility€of€testimony€regarding€the€appellantððs€prior€rape€chargeÏand€statements€made€by€the€appellant€to€Angela€Ragland€regarding€his€intent€to€killÏMarvin€Eckford,€to€rob€a€bank,€and€to€leave€town.€€The€trial€court€permitted€theÏintroduction€of€the€testimony,€finding€that€ÌÓÓà8 ` àit€would€be€rare€that€any€statements€made€by€any€defendant€during€theÏcourse€of€a€criminal€enterprise€to€be€excluded€if€there€are€crimes€thatÏrequire€proof€of€culpability,€state€of€mind,€et€cetera,€they€would€usuallyÏbe€considered€res€gestae,€so€closely€connected€with€the€crime,€withÏthe€offense,€that€they€canððt€be€separated€from€it.€€All€of€theseÏstatements€reflect€upon€that,€that€he€is€on€a€killing€spree,€going€to€kill€.Ï.€.€that€clearly€is€some€proof€of€the€defendantððs€mental€state,€that€heÏwas€on€a€violent€binge.€€You€know,€he€commits€one€murder,€heÏcommits€two€murders,€he€might€as€well€commit€three,€what„difference„¼does„it„make€sort€of€attitude.€€Itððs€also€proof€of,€of€course,€the€mentalÏstate.€€Words€like,€ð ðIððve€been€accused€of€one€rapeðð€.€.€.€€[w]ould€serveÏas€a€motive.€€Thatððs€another€thing,€motive,€intent,€state€of€mind.€.€.€.ÏCertainly€shows€intent.€.€.€that€he€knew€what€he€had€done.€€.€.€.ÏArguably€evidence€that€the€defendant€was€coherent,€that€he€knewÏwhat€he€had€done,€he€knew€what€he€was€going€to€do€and€that€he€hadÏpresence€of€mind€about€all€of€these€things.€.€.€.€€In€summary,€all€ofÏthese€remarks€are€clearly€admissible.€.€.€.€€But€all€of€these€things,Ïparticularly€when€youððre€thinking€about€the€requirements€of€culpabilityÏbeing€proven,€when€youððre€thinking€about€the€position€thatððs€going€toÏbe€taken€.€.€.€.€€Statements€made€during€the€course€of€the€crime€orÐ N:F39 Ðeven€afterwards€which€would€reflect€upon€the€defendantððs€thinking,Ïmental€state,€what€he€had€on€his€mind,€and€all€of€these€things€do€that.€ÏSo€theyððre€going€to€be€admissible€for€these€numerous€reasons,€not€toÏmention€res€gestae.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÓÈdÓÌà@®àò òA.€€Statements€of€Future€Intentó óˆÐ l d ÐÌà ` àAgain,€during€the€guilt€phase€of€the€appellantððs€trial,€the€trial€court€permittedÏthe€State€to€question€Angela€Ragland€about€statements€made€to€her€by€theÏappellant.€€On€direct€examination,€Angela€Ragland€testified€that,€between€instancesÏof€rape,€the€appellant€told€her€that€he€was€going€home€to€tell€his€children€goodbye,Ïthat€he€was€going€to€kill€Marvin€Eckford€because€Eckford€had€provided€his€name€toÏthe€woman€accusing€the€appellant€of€raping€her,€and€that€he€was€going€to€rob€aÏbank€and€leave€town.€€On€appeal,€the€appellant€contends€that€such€evidence€isÏirrelevant€and€is€unduly€prejudicial.ÌÌà ` àThe€trial€court€correctly€found€such€testimony€admissible€under€the€ð ðstate€ofÏmindðð€exception€to€the€hearsay€rule.€€òòSeeóó€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(3);€òòState€v.€Roeóó,€No.Ð " Ð02C01„9702„CR„00054€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,€Jan.€12,€1998);€Neil€P.€CohenÏet€al.,€òòTennessee€Law€of€Evidenceóó€ðð€803(3).2€€(3d€ed.€1995).€€The€testimony€isÐ  %˜" Ðrelevant€to€show€the€appellantððs€existing€state€of€mind€at€the€time€of€the€crimes,€òòi.e.óó,Ð p'h $ Ðto€show€his€intent,€plan,€and€motive,€including€the€fact€that€he€was€capable€ofÏunderstanding€the€import€of€his€actions.€€òòId.óó;€òòsee€alsoóó€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€402.€Ð  +$( ÐMoreover,€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€that€the€appellant€did€not€kill€MarvinÏEckford,€did€not€rob€a€bank,€and€did€not€leave€town.€€Accordingly,€we€cannotÏconclude€that€introduction€of€this€evidence€was€more€prejudicial€than€probative.€€òòSeeóóÐ p0h). ÐTenn.€R.€Evid.€403.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌÌÌÐ l9d28 Ðà@v v ®àò òB.€€Evidence€of€Prior€Bad€Act:€€Alleged€Rapeó óˆÐ  ÐÌà ` àAngela€Ragland€also€testified€that,€during€the€crimes,€the€appellant€told€herÏthat€ð ð[h]e€had€been€accused€of€raping€someone€and€that€he€didnððt,€and€if€he€wasÏgoing€to€go€to€jail,€he€was€going€to€go€to€jail€for€doing€something.ðð€€€The€appellantÏobjected€and€a€jury„out€hearing€was€held€to€conduct€a€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€404(b)Ïanalysis.€€The€trial€court€found€the€testimony€admissible,€but€determined€that€itÏshould€only€be€considered€on€the€issue€of€mental€intent.€€€The€trial€court€instructedÏthe€jury€that€ð ðtheyððre€not€to€presume€that€heððs€guilty€of€any€previous€rape.ðð€€€à (# àÐ tl ÐÌà ` àGenerally,€"[e]vidence€of€other€crimes,€wrongs,€or€acts€is€not€admissible€toÏprove€the€character€of€a€person€in€order€to€show€action€in€conformity€with€theÏcharacter€trait."€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€404(b).€€Nonetheless,€such€evidence€may€beÏadmissible€for€other€purposes.€òòId.óó€€Other€acts€may€be€admitted€to€prove€such€issuesÐ ph Ðas€motive,€intent,€knowledge,€absence€of€mistake€or€accident,€common€scheme€orÏplan,€identity,€completion€of€the€story,€opportunity,€and€preparation.€€Neil€P.€CohenÏet€al.,€òòTennessee€Law€of€Evidenceóó€ðð€404.6.€€Thus,€the€trial€court€properly€found€thatÐ Ô#Ì  Ðtestimony€concerning€the€alleged€rape€was€admissible€pursuant€to€Tenn.€R.€Evid.Ï404(b),€as€it€was€highly€relevant€to€the€issue€of€intent€and€its€probative€valueÏoutweighed€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.ÌÌÌà@ú ú ®àò òV.€€Photographs€of€Victim€at€Sentencing€Phaseó óˆÐ  .˜', ÐÌà ` àDuring€the€sentencing€phase,€the€State€was€permitted,€over€objection,€toÏintroduce€multiple€photographs€of€the€body€of€the€deceased€victim,€Erica€Hurd.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р4-2 ÐThe€trial€court€permitted€the€introduction€of€the€photographs€on€the€issue€ofÐ Ü5Ô.4 Ðestablishing€the€aggravating€circumstance€ð ðheinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel.ðð€€On€appeal,Ïthe€appellant€complains€that€the€admission€of€the€photographs€was€error.€ÏSpecifically,€he€argues€that€(1)€the€photographs€were€more€prejudicial€than€probativeÏand€(2)€the€photographs€were€cumulative€to€the€testimony€of€Dr.€Smith€and€theÏdemonstrative€evidence€of€the€mannequin.ÌÌà ` àTennessee€courts€follow€a€policy€of€liberality€in€the€admission€of€photographsÏin€both€civil€and€criminal€cases.€€òòState€v.€Banksóó,€564€S.W.2d€947,€949€(Tenn.€1978)Ð œ”  Ð(citations€omitted).€€Accordingly,€ð ðthe€admissibility€of€photographs€lies€within€theÏdiscretion€of€the€trial€courtðð€whose€ruling€ð ðwill€not€be€overturned€on€appeal€exceptÏupon€a€clear€showing€of€an€abuse€of€discretion.ðð€€òòId.óó€€However,€before€a€photographÐ ø Ðmay€be€admitted€into€evidence,€it€must€be€relevant€to€an€issue€that€the€jury€mustÏdecide€and€the€probative€value€of€the€photograph€must€outweigh€any€prejudicialÏeffect€that€it€may€have€upon€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòSeeóó€€òòState€v.€Bradenóó,€867€S.W.2d€750,Ð d\ Ð758€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1993)€(citation€omitted);€òòseeÐ 0 ( Ðalsoóó€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401€and€403.Ð ü!ô ÐÌà ` àOf€the€ten€photographs€contested€on€appeal,€two€are€of€the€victim€at€theÏcrime€scene€and€the€remaining€are€photographs€from€the€autopsy.€Eight€of€the€tenÏphotographs€depict€wounds€to€the€victimððs€face€and€neck.€€The€appellant€contendsÏthat€the€facial€pictures€are€unduly€prejudicial€in€that€they€are€ð ðgruesome€andÏinflammatoryðð€and€the€ð ðfacial€expression€on€the€victimððs€face€.€.€.€could€produce€aÏterrible€reaction€in€the€jury.ðð€€The€appellant€argues€that€the€introduction€of€theÏphotographs€was€unnecessary€and€cumulative€due€to€the€testimony€of€Dr.€SmithÏdescribing€the€wounds€and€his€use€of€a€mannequin€to€demonstrate€the€variousÏpoints€of€injury.€€The€trial€court€permitted€the€photographs€of€Erica€Hurd€intoÏevidence,€finding€that€ð ð[g]ruesome€pictures€are€admissible€in€these€situations€if€itÏwould€tend€to€show€some€of€these€factors€that€are€involved€in€the€heinous,€atrociousÏor€cruel€category,€torture,€physical€abuse.ððÐ X9P28 Їà ` àAlthough€we€concede€that€the€photographs€are€not€pleasant€to€view,€theyÏaccurately€depict€the€nature€and€the€extent€of€the€victimððs€injuries.€There€is€noÏdispute€that€the€photographs€were€introduced€to€prove€the€aggravating€circumstanceÏof€ð ðheinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel.ðð€€€This€evidence€was€relevant€to€support€the€StateððsÏproof€of€the€ð ðheinous,€atrocious,€and€cruelðð€aggravating€circumstance.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€Ð 80 ÐòòState€v.€Hallóó,€976€S.W.2d€121,€162€(Tenn.€1998);€€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€893€S.W.2d€908,Ð ü  Ð924€(Tenn.€1994),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€516€U.S.€829,€116€S.Ct.€99€(1995);€òòState€v.€Smithóó,Ð ÐÈ  Ð868€S.W.2d€561,€579€(Tenn.€1993),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€513€U.S.€960,€115€S.Ct.€417Ð œ”  Ð(1994)€(citing€òòState€v.€Payneóó,€791€S.W.2d€10,€19„20€(Tenn.€1990),€òòjudgment€affððdÐ h` Ðbyóó,€501€U.S.€808,€111€S.Ct.€2597€(1991);€òòState€v.€Milleróó,€771€S.W.2d€401,€403„404Ð 4, Ð(Tenn.€1989),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€497€U.S.€1031,€110€S.Ct.€3292€(1990);€òòState€v.Ð ø ÐPorterfieldóó,€746€S.W.2d€441,€449„450€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€486€U.S.€1017,€108Ð ÌÄ ÐS.Ct.€1756€(1988);€òòState€v.€McNishóó,€727€S.W.2d€490,€494„495€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,Ð ˜ Ð484€U.S.€873,€108€S.Ct.€210€(1987)).€€ÌÌ€à ` àNotwithstanding,€as€a€general€rule,€where€medical€testimony€adequatelyÐ ü!ô Ðdescribes€the€degree€or€extent€of€the€injury,€gruesome€and€graphic€photographsÏshould€not€be€admitted.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Duncanóó,€698€S.W.2d€63€(Tenn.€1985),€òòcert.Ð ”%Œ" Ðdeniedóó,€€475€U.S.€1031,€106€S.Ct.€1240€(1986).€The€photographs€were€used€by€theÐ `'X $ Ðphysician€who€performed€the€autopsy€to€assist€in€explaining€his€testimony€about€theÏmanner€and€cause€of€death.€€The€photographs€clarify€the€complex€testimony€of€Dr.ÏSmith€regarding€the€severity€of€the€injuries.€€òòSeeóó€€òòStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€at€542;Ð Ä,¼%* ÐòòSmithóó,€868€S.W.2d€at€576€(photographs€used€to€illustrate€œwitnessesðð›€testimonyÐ .ˆ', Ðadmissible€for€this€purpose).€€Moreover,€a€relevant€photograph€is€not€renderedÏinadmissible€merely€because€it€is€cumulative.€€òòSeeóó€€òòState€v.€Bigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2dÐ (2 +0 Ð797,€807€(Tenn.€1994);€òòVan€Tranóó,€864€S.W.2d€at€477.€€€Ð ô3ì,2 ÐÌà ` àWe€conclude€that€the€photographs€were€not€especially€gruesome€or€shockingÏin€œnature€so€as€to€preclude€their€admission.›€€Although€any€such€photographs€wouldÐ X9P28 Ðbe€prejudicial€to€the€appellantððs€case,€the€photographs€introduced€at€the€sentencingÏhearing€€were€highly€probative€in€determining€an€aggravating€circumstance.€€WeÏcannot€conclude€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€by€admitting€theseÏphotographs€during€the€sentencing€process.€€òòSeeóó€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€€403;€òòState€v.Ð l d ÐEvansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185€(Tenn.€1992);€òòBanksóó,€564€S.W.2d€at€947.€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.Ð 80 ÐBrownóó,€756€S.W.2d€700,€704€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.1988);€òòFreshwater€v.€Stateóó,€453Ð ü  ÐS.W.2d€446,€451-52€(Tenn.€1969);€€òòState€v.€Beckmanóó,€No.€02C01-9406-CR-00107Ð ÐÈ  Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,€Sept.€27,€1995€),€òòperm.€to€appeal€grantedóó,€(Tenn.€JulyÐ œ”  Ð8,€1996),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€Sept.€9,€1996).€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ð h` ÐÌÌà@€€ ®àò òVII.€€Victim€Impact€Evidenceó óˆÐ ÌÄ ÐÌà ` àDuring€closing€argument€during€the€penalty€phase,€General€Woodall€madeÏthe€following€statements:ÌÓÓà8 ` àItððs€up.€€We€know€for€sure€that€Erica€is€now€gone,€at€peace€and€out€ofÏpain.€€Thereððs€a€lot€of€other€pain€here€and€thatððs€the€families€of€theseÏvictims.€€Thatððs€what€Angela€Ragland€went€through€and€will€have€to€goÏthrough€and€there€are€just€not€any€mitigating€circumstances€thatÏoutweigh€these€aggravating€circumstances,€absolutely€none.€€ThatððsÏwhy€we€have€this€law€and€where€the€aggravating€circumstances€do€œnotñÅñÏ(sic)€ñÅññÆñ›€ñÆñoutweigh›€the€mitigating€circumstances,€the€punishment€shall€beÏdeath.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÓó‘ÓÌà ` àThe€appellant€objects€to€this€argument;€contending€that€this€statementÏconstitutes€victim€impact€evidence€which€is€inadmissible,€€irrelevant€to€anyÏaggravating€or€mitigating€circumstance,€and€constitutes€argument€of€matters€not€inÏevidence.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€Additionally,€he€asserts€that€the€inflammatory€argument€posed€aÐ h0`). Ðsubstantial€risk€that€the€death€penalty€was€imposed€arbitrarily,€jeopardizing€theÏreliability€requirements€of€the€Eighth€Amendment.€ÌÌà ` àThe€issues€raised€by€the€appellant€herein€were€recently€addressed€in€detailÏby€our€supreme€court€in€òòState€v.€Nesbitóó,€No.€02S01„9705„CR„00043€(Tenn.€atÐ 80 ÐJackson,€Sept.€28,€1998)€(òòfor€publicationóó).€€In€a€thorough€review€of€the€case€lawÐ ü  Ðdevelopment€of€the€admissibility€of€victim€impact€evidence,€the€supreme€courtÏreached€several€conclusions€on€the€issue.ÌÌà ` àFirst,€noting€prior€decisions€of€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€and€its€ownÏprecedent,€the€court€held€that€ð ðvictim€impact€evidence€and€argument€is€[not]€barredÏby€the€federal€and€state€constitutions.ðð€€òòNesbitóó,€No.€02S01„9705„CR„00043.€€òòSeeÐ ÐÈ Ðalsoóó€€òòPayne€v.€Tennesseeóó,€501€U.S.€808,€827,€111€S.Ct.€2597,2609€(1991)€(holdingÐ œ” Ðthat€the€Eight€Amendment€erects€no€òòper€seóó€bar€against€the€admission€of€victimÐ h` Ðimpact€evidence€and€prosecutorial€argument);€òòState€v.€Shepherdóó,€902€S.W.2d€895,Ð 8 0 Ð907€(Tenn.€1995)€(holding€that€victim€impact€evidence€and€prosecutorial€argument€isÏnot€precluded€by€the€Tennessee€Constitution);€òòState€v.€Brimmeróó,€876€S.W.2d€75,€86Ð Ð#È  Ð(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€513€U.S.€1020,€115€S.Ct.€585€(1994)€(same).€€Thus,€theÐ œ%”" Ðappellantððs€argument€challenging€the€constitutionality€of€the€admissibility€of€victimÏimpact€evidence€and€argument€under€the€Eighth€Amendment€has€been€precludedÏby€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court.€ÌÌà ` àAdditionally,€the€court€addressed€the€relevancy€of€argument€and€evidenceÏregarding€the€impact€of€the€crime(s)€on€the€victimððs€family.€€€The€court€noted€that,Ïalthough€ð ð[Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(c)]€.€.€.permits€admission€of€all€relevantÏâ âmitigating€evidence,€whether€or€not€the€category€of€mitigation€is€listed€in€theÐ ü3ô,2 Ðstatutory€scheme,ðð׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú16Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€ð ðthis€Court€repeatedly€has€held€that€the€State€may€not€relyÐ  Ðâ âupon€nonstatutory€aggravating€circumstances€to€support€imposition€of€the€deathÏpenalty.ðð€€òòNesbitóó,€No.€02S01„9705„CR„00043€(citing€òòState€v.€Thompsonóó,€768Ð ÔÌ ÐS.W.2d€239,€251€(Tenn.€1989),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€497€U.S.€1031,€110€S.Ct.€3288€(1990);Ð   ˜ ÐòòState€v.€Cozzolinoóó,€584€S.W.2d€765,€768€(Tenn.€1979)).€€Notwithstanding,€the€courtÐ l d Ðstated€that,€ð ðin€several€subsequent€decisions€we€have€expressly€recognized€that€aÏsentencing€jury€must€be€permitted€to€hear€evidence€about€the€òònature€andÐ ü  Ðcircumstances€of€the€crimeóó€even€though€the€proof€is€not€necessarily€related€to€aÐ ÔÌ  Ðstatutory€aggravating€circumstance.ðð€€òòNesbitóó,€No.€02S01„9705„CR„00043€(citingÐ ¤œ  ÐòòState€v.€Harrisóó,€919€S.W.2d€323,€331€(Tenn.€1996);€òòState€v.€Teagueòòóó,€óó897€S.W.2dÐ ph Ð248,€251€(Tenn.€1995);€òòBigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2d€at€813;€òòState€v.€Nicholsóó,€877€S.W.2dÐ @8 Ð722,€731€(Tenn.€1994),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€513€U.S.€1114,€115€S.Ct.€909€(1995)).€Ð   Ð(Emphasis€in€original).€€Accordingly,€the€court€concluded€that€ð ðthe€impact€of€theÏcrime€on€the€victimððs€immediate€family€is€one€of€those€myriad€factors€encompassedÏwithin€the€statutory€language€òònature€and€circumstances€of€the€crimeóó.ðð€€òòId.óó€(emphasisÐ ph Ðin€original).€ÌÌà ` àIn€so€holding,€the€court€reasoned:ÌÓÓà8 ` àThe€Tennessee€statute€delineates€a€procedure€which€enables€theÏsentencing€jury€to€be€informed€about€the€presence€of€statutoryÏaggravating€circumstances,€the€presence€of€mitigating€circumstances,Ïand€the€nature€and€circumstances€of€the€crime.€€The€statute€allows€theÏsentencing€jury€to€be€reminded€ððthat€just€as€the€murderer€should€beÏconsidered€as€an€individual,€so€too€the€victim€is€an€individual€whoseÏdeath€represents€a€unique€loss€to€society€and€in€particular€to€hisÏfamily.ðð€€òòPayneóó,€501€U.S.€at€825,€111€S.Ct.€at€2608€(internal€citationsÐ î+æ$) Ðand€quotations€omitted).€€As€this€Court€emphasized€in€its€decision€inÏòòPayneóó,€it€would€be€ððan€affront€to€the€civilized€members€of€the€humanÐ º-²&+ Ðraceðð€to€allow€unlimited€mitigation€proof€at€sentencing€in€a€capital€case,Ïbut€completely€preclude€proof€of€the€specific€harm€resulting€from€theÏhomicide.€€Accordingly,€the€defendantððs€claim€that€victim€impactÏevidence€is€not€admissible€under€the€Tennessee€capital€sentencingÏstatute€is€without€merit.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÓÓòòNesbitóó,€No.€02S01„9705„CR„00043.Ð 4ü,2 ÐÌà ` àThe€supreme€court,€however,€limited€this€ruling,€by€holding€that€ð ðvictim€impactÏevidence€may€[not]€be€introduced€ððthat€is€so€unduly€prejudicial€that€it€renders€the€trialÐ h9`28 Ðfundamentally€unfair,ðð€thus€implicating€the€Due€Process€Clause€of€the€FourteenthÏAmendment.ðð€€òòId.óó€(citing€òòPayneóó,€501€U.S.€at€825,€111€S.Ct.€at€2608).€€Moreover,€theÐ ÔÌ Ðtrial€court,€in€its€discretion,€ð ðmay€exclude€victim€impact€proof€if€its€probative€value€isÏsubstantially€outweighed€by€its€prejudicial€effect.ðð€€òòId.óó€€(citing€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403).€Ð l d ÐIndeed,€ð ðvictim€impact€evidence€should€be€limited€to€information€designed€to€showÏthose€unique€characteristics€which€provide€a€brief€glimpse€into€the€life€of€theÏindividual€who€has€been€killed,€the€contemporaneous€and€prospectiveÏcircumstances€surrounding€the€individualððs€death,€and€how€those€circumstancesÏfinancially,€emotionally,€psychologically€or€physically€impacted€upon€members€of€theÏvictimððs€immediate€family.ðð€€òòId.óó€(internal€citations€omitted)€(citing€òòPayneóó,€501€U.S.€atÐ 4, Ð822,€111€S.Ct.€at€2607;€òòPayneóó,€501€U.S.€at€803,€111€S.Ct.€at€2611€(OððConnor,€J.,Ð ø Ðconcurring);€òòCargle€v.€Stateóó,€909€P.2d€806,€826€(Ok.€Ct.€Crim.€App.€1995)).Ð ÌÄ ÐSimilarly,€the€court€ð ðcautioned€the€State€against€engaging€in€victim€impact€argumentÏwhich€is€little€more€than€an€appeal€to€the€emotions€of€the€jurors€as€such€argumentÏmay€be€unduly€prejudicial.ðð€€òòId.óó€(citing€òòShepherdóó,€902€S.W.2d€at€907€(parentheticalÐ 0 ( Ðomitted);€òòBigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2d€at€808€(parenthetical€omitted)).Ð ü!ô ÐÌà ` àIn€the€present€case,€the€victim€impact€argument,€in€essence,€is€limited€toÏð ð[t]hatððs€what€Angela€Ragland€went€œthñ–ñrñ–ñough›€and€will€have€to€go€through.ðð€€It€would€beÏœfarfetched›€to€conclude€that€this€statement€prejudiced€the€outcome€of€the€sentencingÏœphase€as€the€effects€of€the€double€homicide€on€Angela€Ragland€were€directlyÏfashioned€by€the€appellant€and€were€clearly€foreseeable.€€òòSeeóó€òòPayne€v.€Tennesseeóó,Ð Ä,¼%* Ð501€U.S.€at€838,€111€S.Ct.€at€2615„2616€(Souter,€J.,€concurring)ñ—ñ.ñ—ññ˜ñ,ñ˜ññ™ñ€ñ™ñ€Indeed,€the€factÏthat€the€death€of€a€loved€one€is€devasting€requires€no€proof.›€€Accordingly,€theÏchallenged€argument€was€properly€admitted.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú17Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€This€issue€is€without€œmerit.›Ð (2 +0 Ð̜РÀ5¸.4 Лà@çç®àò òVII.€€Separate€Jury€for€Penalty€Phaseó óˆÐ  ÐÌà ` àThe€appellant€claims€that€a€separate€jury€should€have€been€impaneled€for€theÏpenalty€phase€of€his€trial.€€He€asserts€that,€by€requiring€the€same€jury€to€hear€bothÏthe€guilt€and€penalty€phases€of€his€capital€trial,€he€was€deprived€of€his€right€to€a€fairÏand€impartial€jury€under€the€Tennessee€and€United€States€Constitutions.€ÏSpecifically,€he€contends€that€ð ðhe€was€denied€a€cross„section€of€the€communityÏbecause€those€jurors€that€could€not€enforce€the€death€penalty€were€removed€and€heÏgot€a€jury€that€was€prone€to€give€the€death€penalty.ððÌÌà ` àThis€argument€has€been€previously€considered€and€rejected€by€our€supremeÏcourt.€€In€òòState€v.€Harbisonóó,€704€S.W.2d€314,€318„319€(Tenn.€1986),€òòcert.€deniedóó,Ð ØÐ Ð476€U.S.€1153,€106€S.Ct.€2261€(1986),€the€court€rejected€a€claim€by€the€defendantÏthat€separate€juries€should€have€been€sworn€to€hear€the€guilt€and€sentencing€phasesÏof€the€trial€and€held€that€a€single€jury€in€a€capital€case€neither€denied€a€fair€crossÏsection€of€the€community€nor€resulted€in€a€conviction€prone€process.€€òòSee€alsoóó€Ð " ÐòòState€v.€Teelóó,€793€S.W.2d€236,€246€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€498€U.S.€1007,€111€S.Ct.Ð Ô#Ì  Ð571€(1990)€(guilt€prone€jury€argument€ð ðhas€been€rejected€by€both€the€TennesseeÏand€United€States€Supreme€Courtsðð);€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€789€S.W.2d€545,€547€(Tenn.),Ð l'd $ Ðòòcert.€deniedóó,€498€U.S.€908,€111€S.Ct.€280€(1990)€(rejecting€guilt€prone€jury€claim);Ð 8)0"& ÐòòState€v.€Zagorskióó,€701€S.W.2d€808,€814„15€(Tenn.€1985),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€478€U.S.Ð +ü#( Ð1010,€106€S.Ct.€3309€(1986)€(rejecting€cross€section€claim);.€€This€issue€is€withoutÏmerit.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú18Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð œ.”', Ðñ–ñœñ–ñœÌ›à@ðð®àò òVIII.€€Constitutional€Challengesó óˆÐ 42,+0 ÐÌà ` àFinally,€the€appellant€raises€a€myriad€of€challenges€to€the€constitutionality€ofÐ Ø5Ð.4 ÐTennesseeððs€death€penalty€provisions.€€The€appellant€concedes€that€these€issuesÏhave€been€previously€rejected€by€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court,€however,€heÏraises€these€challenges€to€preserve€them€for€future€appellate€review.€ÌÌà@ÕÕ!®àò òA.€€Death€by€Electrocutionó óˆÐ 80 Ðà ` àThe€appellant€first€contends€that€ð ð[t]he€electric€chair€constitutes€cruel€andÏunusual€punishment,ðð€emphasizing€that€ð ðthe€Eighth€Amendment€forbids€inhumanÏand€barbarous€methods€of€execution€that€go€beyond€the€mere€extinguishment€of€lifeÏand€cause€torture€or€a€lingering€death.ðð€€(citing€òòGlass€v.€Louisianaóó,€471€U.S.€1080,Ð tl Ð105€S.Ct.€2159€(1985)).€€As€support€for€his€argument,€the€appellant€refers€to€recentÏlegislation€in€this€state€moving€beyond€death€by€electrocution€and€substituting€lethalÏinjection.€€òòSeeóó€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„23„114€(1998€Supp.)€(changes€the€method€ofÐ ØÐ Ðexecution€from€electrocution€to€lethal€injection€for€those€persons€sentenced€to€deathÏafter€January€1,€1999).׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú19Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€We€do€not€see€how€this€amendment€renders€death€byÐ ph Ðelectrocution€unconstitutional.€€The€appellate€courts€of€this€state€are€of€the€opinionÏthat€electrocution€is€a€constitutionally€permissible€method€of€execution€and€haveÏroutinely€rejected€this€argument.€€òòSeeóó€€òòBlackóó,€815€S.W.2d€at€179;€òòsee€alsoóó€€òòHinesóó,Ð Ô#Ì  Ð919€S.W.2d€at€582.Ìò òÌà@/ / ®àB.€€Death€penalty€is€cruel€and€unusual€punishment.ó óˆÐ D)<"& Ðà ` àWithin€this€challenge,€the€appellant€makes€numerous€challenges€alleging€thatÏthe€Tennessee€death€penalty€statutes€violate€the€Fifth,€Sixth,€Eighth,€and€FourteenthÏAmendments€to€the€United€States€Constitution,€and€Article€I,€Sections€8,€9,€16,€and,Ï17,€and€Article€II,€Section€2€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€These€arguments€haveÏpreviously€been€rejected€by€our€supreme€court:€€ÌÓÓ1.€€€Tennesseeððs€death€penalty€statutes€fail€to€meaningfully€narrow€the€class€ofÏdeath€eligible€defendants,ò ò€ó óspecifically€because€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204€(i)(4),Ð þ4ö-3 Ð(5),€(6),€and€(7)€encompass€a€majority€of€the€homicides€committed€in€Tennessee,׃.×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú20Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð  Ðhave€been€rejected€by€our€supreme€court.€€òòSeeóó€€òòState€v.€Keenóó,€926€S.W.2d€727,Ð îæ Ð742€(Tenn.€1994).ÌÌ2.€€The€death€sentence€is€imposed€capriciously€and€arbitrarily€in€that:ÌÌà8 ` à(1)€Unlimited€discretion€is€vested€in€the€prosecutor€as€to€whether€or€notÏto€seek€the€death€penalty.€€This€argument€has€been€rejected.€€òòSeeóó€Ð R J ÐòòHinesóó,€919€S.W.2d€at€582.Ð80` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(2)€€The€death€penalty€is€imposed€in€a€discriminatory€manner€basedÏupon€economics,€race,€geography,€and€gender.€€This€argument€hasÏbeen€rejected.€€òòSeeóó€òòHinesóó,€919€S.W.2d€at€582;€òòBrimmeróó,€876€S.W.2dÐ ÐÈ  Ðat€87;€òòCazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€at€268;€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€857€S.W.2d€1,€23Ð ¶®  Ð(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€510€U.S.€996,€114€S.Ct.€561€(1993).М” ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(3)€€There€are€no€uniform€standards€or€procedures€for€jury€selection€toÏinsure€open€inquiry€concerning€potentially€prejudicial€subject€matter.€ÏThis€argument€has€been€rejected.€€òòSeeóó€€òòState€v.€Caughronóó,€855Ð 4, ÐS.W.2d€526,€542€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€510€U.S.€979,€114€S.Ct.€475Ð  Ð(1993).Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(4)€€The€death€qualification€process€skews€the€make„up€of€the€jury€andÏresults€in€a€relatively€prosecution€prone€guilt„prone€jury.€€ThisÏargument€has€been€rejected.€€òòSeeóó€€òòTeelóó,€793€S.W.2d€at€246;€òòHarbisonóó,Ð ˜ Ð704€S.W.2d€at€318.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(5)€€Defendants€are€prohibited€from€addressing€jurorsðð€popularÏmisconceptions€about€matters€relevant€to€sentencing,€òòi.e.óó,€the€cost€ofÐ 0 ( Ðincarceration€versus€cost€of€execution,€deterrence,€method€ofÏexecution.€€This€argument€has€been€rejected.€€òòSeeóó€€òòBrimmeróó,€876Ð þ!ö ÐS.W.2d€at€86„87;€òòCazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€at€268;€òòBlackóó,€815€S.W.2d€atÐ ä"Ü Ð179.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(6)€€The€jury€is€instructed€that€it€must€agree€unanimously€in€order€toÏimpose€a€life€sentence,€and€is€prohibited€from€being€told€the€effect€of€aÏnon„unanimous€verdict.€€This€argument€has€been€rejected.€€òòSeeóó€Ð b'Z $ ÐòòBrimmeróó,€876€S.W.2d€at€87;€òòCazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€at€268;€òòSmithóó,€857Ð H(@!% ÐS.W.2d€22„23.Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(7)€€Requiring€the€jury€to€agree€unanimously€to€a€life€verdict€violatesÏòòMills€v.€Marylandóó€and€òòMcKoy€v.€North€Carolinaóó.€€This€argument€hasÐ à+Ø$) Ðbeen€rejected.€€òòSeeóó€€òòBrimmeróó,€876€S.W.2d€at€87;€òòThompsonóó,€768Ð Æ,¾%* ÐS.W.2d€at€250;€òòState€v.€Kingóó,€718€S.W.2d€241,€249€(Tenn.€1986),Ð ¬-¤&+ Ðòòsuperseded€by€statute€as€recognized€byóó,€òòState€v.€Hutchinsonóó,€898Ð ’.Š', ÐS.W.2d€161€(Tenn.€1994).€Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(8)€€The€jury€is€not€required€to€make€the€ultimate€determination€thatÏdeath€is€the€appropriate€penalty.€€This€argument€has€been€rejected.€ÏòòSeeóó€€òòBrimmeróó,€876€S.W.2d€at€87;€òòSmithóó,€857€S.W.2d€at€22.€€Ð3 ,1` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(9)€€The€defendant€is€denied€final€closing€argument€in€the€penaltyÏphase€of€the€trial.€€This€argument€has€been€rejected.€€òòSeeóó€€òòBrimmeróó,Ð Ä5¼.4 Ð876€S.W.2d€at€87;€€òòCazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€at€269;€òòSmithóó,€857€S.W.2d€atÐ  Ð24;€òòCaughronóó,€855€S.W.2d€at€542.Ðîæ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÌÌÓÓÌÓÓà8 ` àò ò3.€€Appellate€Review€process€in€death€penalty€cases€isÐ R J Ðconstitutionally€inadequate.ó óÐ>6` ü!` ü! ÐÓÓÌThe€defendant€argues€that€the€appellate€review€process€in€death€penalty€cases€isÏconstitutionally€inadequate€in€its€application.€€He€contends€that€the€appellate€reviewÏprocess€is€not€constitutionally€meaningful€because€the€appellate€courts€cannotÏreweigh€proof€due€to€the€absence€of€written€findings€concerning€mitigatingÏcircumstances,€because€the€information€relied€upon€by€the€appellate€courts€forÏcomparative€review€is€inadequate€and€incomplete,€and€because€the€appellateÏcourts'€methodology€of€review€is€flawed.€€This€argument€has€been€specificallyÏrejected€by€our€supreme€court€on€numerous€occasions.€€òòSeeóó€€òòCazeóós,€875€S.W.2d€atÐ Š‚ Ð270-71;€€òòsee€alsoóó€òòHarrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€at€77;€€€òòBarberóó,€753€S.W.2d€at€664.€€Moreover,Ð VN Ðthe€supreme€court€has€recently€held€that,€ð ðwhile€important€as€an€additionalÏsafeguard€against€arbitrary€or€capricious€sentencing,€comparative€proportionalityÏreview€is€not€constitutionally€required.ðð€€òòBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€663.Ð º$²! ÐÌÌà@¤¤ ®àò òXII.€€Proportionality€Reviewó óˆÐ *#' ÐÌà ` àFinally,€this€court€must€consider€whether€the€appellantððs€sentence€of€death€isÏdisproportionate€to€the€penalty€imposed€in€similar€cases.€€òòSeeóó€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÐ Ž/†(- Ð39„13„206(c)(1)(D)€(1997).€€If€the€imposition€of€a€death€sentence€in€the€appealedÏcase€is€ð ðplainly€lacking€in€circumstances€with€those€in€similar€cases€in€which€theÏdeath€penalty€has€previously€been€imposed,ðð€€the€sentence€of€death€will€be€deemedÏdisproportionate.€€òòSeeóó€€òòBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€665.€€However,€just€because€theÐ ¾6¶/5 Ðcircumstances€of€the€offense€are€similar€to€those€of€another€offense€for€which€theÏdefendant€has€received€a€life€sentence€does€not€òòper€seóó€require€a€finding€ofÐ V:N39 Ðdisproportionately.€€òòId.óó€at€665.€€Thus,€it€is€the€duty€of€the€appellate€court,€not€toÐ  Ðð ðassure€that€a€sentence€less€than€death€was€never€imposed€in€a€case€with€similarÏcharacteristics,ðð€but€to€ð ðassure€that€no€aberrant€death€sentence€is€affirmed.ðð€€òòId.óóÐ   ˜ ÐÌà ` àIn€conducting€our€review,€we€begin€with€the€presumption€that€the€sentence€ofÏdeath€is€proportionate€with€the€crime€of€first€degree€murder.€€òòSeeóó€€òòHallóó,€958€S.W.2dÐ ü  Ðat€699.€€€Second,€while€there€is€no€mathematical€or€scientific€formula€involved,€€thisÏcourt,€in€comparing€similar€cases,€€should€consider€(1)€the€means€of€death;€(2)€theÏmanner€of€death;€(3)€the€motivation€for€the€killing;€(4)€the€place€of€death;€(5)€theÏœsimilarñšñityñšññ›ñlyñ›ñ›€of€the€victimððs€circumstances,€including€age,€physical€and€mentalÏconditions,€and€the€victimððs€treatment€during€the€killing;€(6)€the€absence€or€presenceÏof€premeditation;€(7)€the€absence€or€presence€of€justification;€and€(9)€the€injury€toÏand€effects€on€nondecedent€victims.€òòNesbitóó,€No.€02S01„9705„CR„00043€(citingÐ ˜ ÐòòBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€667).€€When€reviewing€€the€characteristics€of€the€defendant,Ð d\ Ðwe€consider:€(1)€the€defendantððs€prior€record€or€prior€criminal€activity;€(2)€theÏdefendantððs€age,€race,€and€gender;€(3)€the€defendantððs€mental,€emotional€orÏphysical€condition;€(4)€the€defendantððs€involvement€or€role€in€the€murder;€(5)€theÏdefendantððs€cooperation€with€authorities;€(6)€the€defendantððs€remorse;€(7)€theÏdefendantððs€knowledge€of€the€helplessness€of€the€victim;€and€(8)€the€defendantððsÏcapacity€for€rehabilitation.€€òòId.óóÐ ,)$"& ÐÌà ` àErica€Hurd€was€a€fifteen€year€old€high€school€freshman€at€the€time€of€herÏdeath.€€Her€terror€began€when€she€was€abducted€by€the€appellant€at€gunpointÏoutside€her€cousinððs€duplex.€€After€demanding€ð ðdopeðð€from€Charles€Ragland,€theÏappellant€murdered€Ragland€execution€style€while€Erica€and€Angela,€Charlesðð€wife,Ïwere€forced€to€watch.€€After€killing€Charles,€the€appellant€separated€Erica€andÏAngela,€placing€the€terrified€Erica€in€a€closet€and€restraining€Angela€in€anotherÏbedroom.€€He€then€returned€and€removed€Erica€from€the€closet.€€For€the€next€fifteenÏto€twenty€minutes,€Angela€Ragland,€who€could€not€see€her€cousin,€heard€EricaÐ X9P28 Ðpleading€for€her€life,€then€she€heard€her€gasping€for€air,€then€„„€nothing.€€During€theÏappellantððs€assault,€thirty„seven€stab€wounds€were€inflicted€to€Ericaððs€face€and€neck.€ÏTwenty„three€wounds€were€inflicted€prior€to€her€death€and€of€these,€only€one€was€lifeÏthreatening.€€These€wounds€were€particularly€painful€as€they€struck€her€ribs€andÏother€bones,€bending€the€knives.€€Moreover,€the€superficial€nature€and€placement€ofÏthe€wounds€were€indicative€that€the€appellant€intended€to€torment€the€victim.€ÏDespite€the€numerous€stab€wounds€inflicted€upon€Ericaððs€person,€the€cause€of€deathÏproved€to€be€a€crushing€blow€to€the€skull€by€a€blunt€object,€causing€multiple€fracturesÏto€the€skull.ÌÌà ` àAt€the€time€of€the€offenses,€the€appellant€was€a€married€thirty„eight€year€oldÏAfrican„American€male.€€Although€at€the€time€of€this€offense€he€was€on€bond€for€anÏunrelated€rape€charge,€the€appellant€had€no€prior€convictions€for€violent€felonies.€ÏThere€is€no€dispute€that,€at€the€time€of€the€murders,€the€appellant€was€under€theÏeffects€of€crack€cocaine.€€Despite€his€assertions€of€remorse€and€acceptedÏresponsibility€for€these€crimes,€the€record€indicates€otherwise.€€Specifically,€hisÏbehavior€with€law€enforcement€officials€immediately€after€the€crime€belie€a€finding€ofÏremorse.€€€The€appellant€believes€that€his€use€of€illegal€substances€and€hisÏð ðremorseðð€found€after€his€incarceration€render€his€death€sentence€disproportionateÏto€his€crime.€€However,€the€nature€of€his€crime,€his€wanton€€infliction€of€violenceÏupon€innocent,€unarmed€human€beings,€and€his€complete€disregard€for€human€lifeÏplaces€him€into€that€class€of€criminals€for€whom€a€sentence€of€death€is€appropriate.€ÏòòSeeóó€€òòBlantonóó,€975€S.W.2d€at€285.Ð .ˆ', ÐÌà ` àWhile€no€two€capital€cases€and€no€two€defendants€are€alike,€we€haveÏreviewed€the€circumstances€of€the€present€case€with€similar€first€degree€murderÏcases€and€conclude€that€the€penalty€imposed€in€the€case€òòsub€judiceóó€is€notÐ À5¸.4 Ðdisproportionate€to€the€penalty€imposed€in€similar€cases.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€Ð 7ˆ06 ÐÓÓà8 ` à(1)€òòò òState€v.€Bushó óóó,€942€S.W.2d€489€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€„„€U.S.€„„,Ð \9T28 Ð118€S.Ct.€376€(1997)€(imposition€of€death€penalty€upheld€based€onÐ H:@39 Ðaggravating€circumstances€(i)(6)€and€(i)(7)€where€defendant€killedÏseventy„nine€year€old€woman,€whom€he€knew,€by€stabbing€her€forty„¼three€times€during€burglary);Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(2)ò ò€€òòState€v.€Smithó óóó,€868€S.W.2d€561€(Tenn.€1993)€(death€penaltyÐ   ˜ Ðupheld€based€on€aggravating€circumstances€(i)(5),€(6),€(7)€and€(12)Ïwhere€defendant€found€guilty€of€triple€murder€of€ex„wife€and€her€twoÏchildren;€defendant€shot€wife€twice,€slashed€her€throat,€and€stabbedÏwith€knife€and€ice€pick;€older€son€shot€three€times,€stabbed€with€iceÏpick€and€knife;€and€younger€son€had€been€shot€and€stabbed€in€theÏchest);€òòÐ  ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àóó(3)€òòò òState€v.€Payneó óóó,€791€S.W.2d€10€(Tenn.€1990)€(death€penalty€upheldÐ ÖÎ  Ðbased€on€finding€aggravating€circumstances€(i)(3)€and€(i)(5)€whereÏcocaine€intoxicated€defendant€stabbed€one€victim€forty„two€times€andÏdeath€occurred€within€thirty€minutes,€other€victim€stabbed€nine€times);€Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(4)€òòò òState€v.€Jonesó óóó,€789€S.W.2d€545€(Tenn.€1990)€(death€penaltyÐ ZR Ðimposed€upon€finding€aggravating€circumstances€(i)(2),€(5),€(7),€whereÏdefendant€bound,€gagged€and€blindfolded€victim€with€duct€tape;€whileÏvictim€pleaded€for€mercy,€defendant€stabbed€victim€six€times);Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(5)€òòò òState€v.€Henleyóóó ó,€774€S.W.2d€908€(Tenn.€1989)€(death€penaltyÐ ÞÖ Ðaffirmed€based€upon€finding€aggravating€circumstance€(i)(5),€whereÏdefendant,€intoxicated€on€drugs€and€alcohol,€forced€married€couple€toÏtheir€house€at€gunpoint€demanding€money,€defendant€later€refusedÏoffered€money€and€without€provocation€shot€husband€and€wife,€wifeÏshot€two€more€times,€defendant€then€poured€gasoline€on€her€body€andÏset€house€on€fire,€wife€died€from€burns€and€smoke€inhalation);Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(6)€òòò òState€v.€Westó óóó,€767€S.W.2d€387€(Tenn.€1989)€(death€penaltyÐ "  Ðaffirmed€based€upon€finding€aggravating€circumstances€(i)(5),(6),(7),Ïwhere€intoxicated€defendant€and€co„defendant€forcefully€obtained€sexÏfrom€mother€and€daughter,€separated€victims,€and€stabbed€one€victimÏseventeen€times€and€other€victim€stabbed€numerous€times,€€evidenceÏof€torture€type€wounds€inflicted€prior€to€death,€victims€were€restrainedÏduring€the€attack);Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(7)€€òòò òState€v.€OððGuinnóóó ó,€709€S.W.2d€561€(Tenn.€1986)€(death€penaltyÐ J)B"& Ðaffirmed€based€on€aggravating€circumstance€(i)(5)€where€defendant,Ïintoxicated€on€drugs€and€alcohol,€assaulted€and€murdered€girl€whomÏhe€had€picked€up€at€nightclub,€victim€had€been€severely€beaten,€causeÏof€death€ligature€strangulation€with€her€halter€top,€victim€was€rapedÏprior€to€death);Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(8)€òòò òState€v.€Milleró óóó,€674€S.W.2d€279€(Tenn.€1984),€òòremanded€for€newÐ š/’(- Ðsentencing€hearing€and€sentence€affirmed€on€remand€byóó,€771€S.W.2dÐ ˆ0€). Ð401€(1989)€(death€penalty€affirmed€based€upon€finding€aggravatingÏcircumstance€(i)(5),€where€defendant,€intoxicated€and€on€LSD,€stabbedÏmildly€retarded€female€victim€five€times€in€chest€with€Bowie€knife,€Ð ` ü!` ü! Ðñ›ñœñ›ñà8 ` àstruck€her€twice€œñœñin€the€face€ñœñwith›€œañŸñ€pokerñŸññžñ€ñžññŸñ›ñŸñññpoker›€in›€her›€faceññ,›€and€bound€victim€with€hempÏrope);ò òòòÐ5.3` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` àóóó ó(9)€ò òòòState€v.€Coneó óóó,€665€S.W.2d€87€(Tenn.€1984)€(death€penaltyÐ Ú6Ò/5 Ðaffirmed€based€on€aggravating€circumstances€(i)(2),(5)€and€(6),€whereÏdefendant€suffering€from€ð ðchronic€amphetamine€psychosisðð€murderedÏelderly€couple€during€commission€of€burglarizing€their€home,€œñ ñ€ñ ñdeath›€ofÐ ’9Š28 Ðvictims€caused€by€crushing€blows€to€the€head,€deaths€were€neitherÏinstantaneous€nor€simultaneous);Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÌà8 ` à(10)€òòò òState€v.€Melsonóóó ó,€638€S.W.2d€342€(Tenn.€1982)€(death€penaltyÐ º ² Ðaffirmed€based€on€aggravating€circumstances€(i)(5)€and€(i)(6)€whereÏdefendant€used€hammer€to€repeatedly€beat€victim€in€head,€victim€hadÏattempted€to€defend€herself€during€ordeal,€only€motive€was€victimððsÏdiscovery€of€defendantððs€theft,€defendant€had€no€significant€priorÏhistory€of€criminal€activity).Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÓ~ìÓÌà ` àIn€the€cases€cited,€the€defendants€tortured,€stabbed€and€assaultedÏunresisting€and€defenseless€victims€without€provocation.€€Upon€comparing€the€factsÏof€these€cases€with€those€now€before€this€court,€we€conclude€that€the€multiplicity€ofÏwounds€and€the€manner€of€their€infliction€upon€Erica€Hurd€were€particularly€heinous,Ïatrocious,€and€cruel.€€Additionally,€although€the€appellant€had€ingested€ð ðcrackÏcocaineðð€at€sometime€preceding€the€crimes,€his€statement€provided€to€the€police€andÏhis€actions€after€the€murders€are€evidence€of€preparation€and€planning€immediatelyÏbefore€the€crimes.€€Moreover,€although€motive€is€unclear€from€the€facts,€it€is€clearÏthat€he€intended€to€enact€revenge€upon€Charles€Ragland,€his€neighbor,€forÏð ðdisrepectinðð€him.ðð€€The€infliction€of€gratuitous€violence€in€this€case€appears€to€beÏequally€as€horrifying€or€worse€than€that€inflicted€in€previous€cases.€€The€penaltyÏimposed€by€the€jury€in€the€present€case€is€clearly€not€disproportionate€to€the€penaltyÏimposed€for€similar€crimes.ÌÌÌà@)®àòòò òConclusionóóó óˆÐ ä+Ü$) ÐÌà ` àIn€accordance€with€the€mandate€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„206(c)(1)€andÏthe€principles€adopted€in€prior€decisions€of€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court,€we€haveÏconsidered€the€entire€record€in€this€cause€and€find€that€the€sentence€of€death€wasÏnot€imposed€in€any€arbitrary€fashion,€that€the€evidence€supports,€as€previouslyÏdiscussed,€the€juryððs€finding€of€the€statutory€aggravating€circumstances,€and€theÏjuryððs€finding€that€the€aggravating€circumstances€outweighed€mitigatingÏcircumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„206€(c)(1)(A)„Ð P:H39 Ð(C).€€€A€€comparative€proportionality€review,€considering€both€the€circumstances€ofÏthe€crime€and€the€nature€of€the€appellant,€convinces€us€that€the€sentence€of€death€isÏneither€excessive€nor€disproportionate€to€the€penalty€imposed€in€similar€cases.€ÏLikewise,€we€have€considered€the€appellantððs€assignments€of€error€as€to€each€of€hisÏconvictions€on€appeal€and€the€respective€sentences€and€determined€that€none€haveÏmerit.€€Additionally,€œwe›€conclude,€in€reference€to€the€murder€of€Charles€Ragland,Ïthat€the€jury€appropriately€found€two€statutory€aggravating€circumstances€and€didÏnot€arbitrarily€impose€a€sentence€of€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole€as€to€thatÏcount.€€Thus,€we€affirm€the€appellantððs€conviction€for€the€first€degree€murder€ofÏCharles€Ragland€and€the€accompanying€sentence€of€life€without€the€possibility€ofÏparole,€his€conviction€for€the€first€degree€murder€of€Erica€Hurd€and€theÏaccompanying€sentence€of€death€by€electrocution,€and€his€conviction€for€theÏaggravated€rape€of€Angela€Ragland€and€the€accompanying€sentence€of€twenty„fiveÏyears.ñ¡ñœ×ƒ;×ñ¡ññ¡ñ׃×ñ¡ñÝ ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú21Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×›€€Ð d\ М̛ÌÓÓà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à____________________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àDAVID€G.€HAYES,€JudgeÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌ____________________________________ÌJOE€G.€RILEY,€JudgeÌÌÌ____________________________________ÌJOHN€EVERETT€WILLIAMS,€œJudge›Ì