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RSv$      4  2   _ԀAccordingtothePresentenceInvestigationReportpreparedinthiscase,thedefendantis5'9"andweighs  145pounds.H n RSv$      1  2   _Ԁ#  2Itisthepolicyofthiscourttouseinitialswhenreferringtoaminorwhohasbeensexuallyvictimized.X-X ##X+XXX-##2 XX+ #2J+M 0_level1  X 2( ` hp x 223  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  (9 Z6Times New Roman Regular  \\R3' Letter\(CEMU]emu}AutoList1(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1) \\R3' Letter\!(1)3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)$i)(;3$2#  0  .3  0  2G+M 0_level2   /%` ` hp x /23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  2D+M 0_level3   ," hp x ,23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  2A+M 0_level4  ` ) hp x )23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  2>+M 0_level5   &hhp x &23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  2;+M 0_level6   #p x #23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  28+M 0_level7  h  p x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  25+M 0_level8   pp x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  - -1C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt22+M 0_level9    x 23  ..  5+ ` hp x 5  2JM 0_levsl1  X 2( ` hp x 223  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2GM 0_levsl2   /%` ` hp x /23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2DM 0_levsl3   ," hp x ,23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2AM 0_levsl4  ` ) hp x )23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2>M 0_levsl5   &hhp x &23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2;M 0_levsl6   #p x #23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  28M 0_levsl7  h  p x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  25M 0_levsl8   pp x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  22M 0_levsl9    x 23  Ԁ  5+ ` hp x 5  2JM 0_levnl1  X 2( ` hp x 223   5+ ` hp x 5  2GM 0_levnl2   /%` ` hp x /23   5+ ` hp x 5  2DM 0_levnl3   ," hp x ,23   5+ ` hp x 5  2AM 0_levnl4  ` ) hp x )23   5+ ` hp x 5  2>M 0_levnl5   &hhp x &23   5+ ` hp x 5  2;M 0_levnl6   #p x #23   5+ ` hp x 5  28M 0_levnl7  h  p x 23   5+ ` hp x 5  25M 0_levnl8   pp x 23   5+ ` hp x 5  22M 0_levnl9    x 23   5+ ` hp x 5  0.Normal<:Definition T<AA:Definition L , 5+ ` hp x 5  5+ ` hp x 586Definition(''&H1   XXX   (&H2 XXX (&H3 XXX (&H4 XXX XXX(&H5 XXX (&H6 XXX 20Address8MM6Blockquote , , 5+ ` hp x 5   5+ ` hp x 5,*CITE(|G2Sv$ !.8DDd d 8         0  ?,dl*CODEKn<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXSo\  `&Times New RomanS42Emphasis64Hyperlink     d<:FollowedHype    (|3$ !.8DDd d 8     VVVV)!dxdx)!dxdx( $ Figure  1  4go2Keyboard Kn<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXSo\  `&Times New RomanS ^_X`YE<<CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3$ !.8DDd d 8     ($$   1  X[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8C HKKKK<:Preformatted/%  ,Kk %#/Kn<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXSo\  `&Times New RomanS/%  ,Kk %#/<:zBottom of 7e(X7  ?p%2A`Arial?  XXXSo\  `&Times New RomanS7Z(X7&0 d dd)1dxd<:zTop of For7g(X7  ?p%2A`Arial?  XXXSo\  `&Times New RomanS7Z(X7d)2dxd0KS.SampleKn<6X9`(Courier NewKSo\  `&Times New RomanS0.Strong 8dl6TypewriterKn<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXSo\  `&Times New RomanS42Variable: 8HTML MarkupB      2 0CommentB  <6X9`(Courier New\  `&Times New Roman%2A`Arial # RSv$      2  2   _ԀAsdescribedinStatev.RonaldW.Byrd,No.E200000520CCAR3CD,slipop.at2n.1(Tenn.Crim.App.,  Knoxville,July26,2001),a_flexicuff_Ԁ isathinstripofplasticthatbendstoformacirclethatbindsasuspectshands. x Afterthedeviceissecured, thecuffcanonlyberemovedbycuttingtheplastic.Id. @ RSv$      3  2   _ԀThedefendantneitherconcedesnordisputesapplicationofthe exceptionallycruelenhancementfactor  tohissecondrapeconvictionorhisHIVexposureconviction. F RSv$      5  2   _ԀAspreviouslynoted,theaggravatingfactorallegedinthecharginginstrumentforthekidnappingoffense  wasuseofadeadlyweapon;seriousbodilyinjurywasnotalleged.Similarly,withtherapeoffenses,theaggravating x factorallegedwasbeing armedwithaweapon;the bodilyinjuryaggravatorwasnotcharged.SeeTenn.CodeAnn. @ 3913502(a)(1),(2)(1997).(I Z(Times New Roman !.8Jld d8     [t[[_t[t[tX-Xt[   8+XXdd 8%   /"/@tt#t[XtX-#tGt[INTHECOURTOFCRIMINALAPPEALSOFTENNESSEE#t[tG#Ԉ  @$ATKNOXVILLE &   AssignedonBriefsJune27,2001tX-Xt[ 8  #t[XtX-#STATEOFTENNESSEEv.ROBERTMORROWtX-Xt[  6 @@ AppealfromtheCriminalCourtforCockeCounty  6 @@Nos.7793&7794RobertCupp,Judge,sittingbyinterchange  " @@*AV) ` dE<` A   @@TTNo.E200002796CCAR3CD   September18,2001 }  AV) ` dE<h` A i   M  ThedefendantenteredabestinterestguiltypleaintheCockeCountyCriminalCourttoonecount P ofespeciallyaggravatedkidnapping,twocountsofaggravatedrape,andonecountofcriminal < exposuretoHIV.ThetrialcourtsentencedthedefendantasaRangeIstandardoffendertosixyears (x incarcerationintheTennesseeDepartmentofCorrectionforthecriminalexposuretoHIV d conviction,asaviolentoffenderto24yearsincarcerationfortheespeciallyaggravatedkidnapping P conviction,asaviolentoffenderto24yearsincarcerationforoneoftheaggravatedrapeconvictions, < andasamultiplerapistto24yearsincarcerationfortheotheraggravatedrapeconviction.Thetrial ( courtorderedconsecutiveserviceofthesentencesforaneffectivesentenceof78yearsincarceration.  Onappeal,thedefendanttakesissuewiththelengthofthesentencesandtheconsecutiveservice  imposed.Baseduponourreview,weaffirmthesentencesimposed.  z Tenn.R.App.P.3;JudgmentoftheCriminalCourtisAffirmed.  t   JamesCurwoodWitt,Jr.,J.,deliveredtheopinionofthecourt,inwhichJosephM.Tipton#t[XtX-$#tX-Xt[Ԁand L RobertW.Wedemeyer,JJ.,#t[tX- #tX-Xt[joined.#t[XtX- #tX-Xt[ 8  #t[XtX- #tX-Xt[EdwardC.Miller,DistrictPublicDefender;SusanneBales,AssistantPublicDefender(onappeal); "`! andEdwardC.Miller,AssistantPublicDefender(attrial),fortheAppellant,RobertMorrow. "L" PaulG.Summers,AttorneyGeneralandReporter;PatriciaC.Kussmann,AssistantAttorney $$ $ General;AlfredC.Schmutzer,Jr.,DistrictAttorneyGeneral;andJamesB.Dunn,AssistantDistrict %!% AttorneyGeneralfortheAppellee,StateofTennessee. &!& ~ @@OO& OPINION  (#(      ` OnMarch15,1999,TH,whoatthetimewasa16yearoldhighschoolstudent, #  1      ׀was \*%* workingaloneatTropicalPetsinGreenville.Between8:00p.m.and8:20p.m.,thedefendant, H+&+  /  TRY,3' LetterX3' Letter 3' Letter3'T    RobertMorrow,cameintothestoreandinquiredaboutgerbils.Heleftwhenanothercustomercame  intothestore,buthereturnedwhenthecustomerdeparted.ThedefendantapproachedTHfrom  behindandheldaguntoherhead.Whenshetriedtoescape,thedefendantbecameenraged;he  slammedTHagainstthewallandscreamedforhertoopenhermouth.Whenshecomplied,hestuck t theguninhermouthandthreatenedtokillherifshe triedthatagain. `    ` ThedefendantimmobilizedTHwithflexicuffsq #  2      ׀andforcedherintohistruck.Heput 8  atobogganoverherheadanddrovearoundforabout45minutes.ThedefendanttookTHtoacabin $ t inadesertedarea.Hetoldherthatifshedidanything, hedcut[her]andjustleave[her].Inside  ` thecabin,thedefendantagainputaguntoherheadandaskedherifsheknew whatwasfixingto  L  happen.THrepliedthatshejustwantedtogohome.Thedefendantcockedthegun,andTHbegan  8  crying.Hercryingangeredthedefendant,andhetoldhertostop. $     ` ThedefendantremovedthetobogganandflexicuffsandorderedTHtoremoveallher   clothesexceptherbraandpanties.Hechainedherhandstogetherbehindherback,putatobacco   stickbetweenherankles,andtiedherfeetapart.Thedefendantthentiedaropetoherhands,already   chainedbehindherback.Theropewasthrownoverarafterinthecabin,andthedefendanttightened p theropeuntilTHwasstandingonhertoes,partiallysuspendedinair. \    ` WhiletracingTHssuspendedbodywithaknife,thedefendanttoldTHthatshewas 4 goingtobehis sextoyforawhile.Heofferedherthechoiceofperformingfellatioonhimfor  p eitherfiveortenminutes.Ifonlyforfiveminutes,thedefendantwoulddoanythinghewantedwith  \ herbody,butiffortenminutes,hewouldjusttouchherchest.THchosetenminuteswhereupon H thedefendantcuttheropesuspendingTH.Withherarmsandlegsstilltied,THperformedoralsex 4 onthedefendant.Whenheejaculated,heorderedhertoswishthesemenaroundhermouthbefore   swallowingit.WhenTHfinished,herstomachwashurting realbadlike[she]wasgoingtopuke.   Afterwards,thedefendantputTHinbed.     ` DespitethatthedefendanthadassuredTHthathewouldnottouchheruntilthenext  day,heabruptlychangedhismind.Thedefendantrippedoffherpantiesandvaginallyrapedher. l WhenTHtriedtoresist,thedefendantshovedandhither.ThedefendantalsojokedandtauntedTH X  thatshecouldbepregnant.AfterrapingTH,thedefendantfellasleep.THsawherchancetoescape D! andleftthecabinunclothed.Thetemperaturewasbelowfreezing,butshehidinthewoodsuntilthe 0"  defendantdroveoffinhistruck.THreturnedtothecabinandstayeduntilsunrise,whenshe #l! wrappedherselfinablanket,walkedtoanearbytrailer,andsummonedthepolice. $X"    ` THprovidedthepolicewithadescriptionofthedefendantandthelicensetagnumber %0!$ onhistruck.Fromthatinformation,thepolicedeterminedthedefendantsidentity.Thedefendant &"% wasarrestedafewdayslaterinLouisiana;hehadinhispossessionTHspanties,agag,ropes, '#& "/ "TRY,3' LetterY,3' Letter 3' Letter 3' LetterT "  handcuffs,andacordlesstelephonethathadbeentakenfromthepetstore.Thedefendant,itwas  learned,wasHIVpositive,havingcontractedtheAIDSvirusin1985whenhewasstationedin  Korea.     ` Thedefendantwaschargedwithtwocountsofaggravatedrape,onecountof ` especiallyaggravatedkidnapping,andonecountofcriminalexposuretoHIV.SeeTenn.CodeAnn. L  3913109(exposuretoHIV),305(especiallyaggravatedkidnapping),502(aggravatedrape) 8  (1997).Heenteredabestinterestpleatothechargeswithnoagreementaboutsentencing.A $ t detailedpresentencereportwaspreparedandsubmittedtothetrialcourt.Attachedtothereportwere  ` victimimpactlettersfromthevictimsmotherandsister.Atthesentencinghearing,thetrialcourt  L  heardtestimonyfromthevictimandthedefendantsmother,andthedefendantofferedanunsworn  8  statement.Attheconclusionofthehearing,thetrialcourtimposedatotaleffectivesentenceof78 $  yearsincarceration:sixyearsasaRangeIstandardoffenderforthecriminalexposuretoHIV   conviction;24yearsasaviolentoffenderfortheespeciallyaggravatedkidnappingconviction;24   yearsasaviolentoffenderforoneoftheaggravatedrapeconvictions;and24yearsasamultiple   rapistfortheotheraggravatedrapeconviction.   #t[XtX-, #tX-Xt[   ` Thedefendantcomplainsonappealthatthetrialcourterroneouslyappliedseveral \ enhancementfactorstoincreasethelengthofhissentencesanderroneouslyorderedconsecutive H serviceofhissentences.Thedefendantdoesnotspecifywhatsentencesheconsiderstobe 4 appropriate;heclaimsonlythatthesentencesshouldbereducedandthatsomeportionofthe  p sentencesshouldbeservedconcurrently.Forthereasonsthatfollow,wedeclinetodisturbthese  \ sentencesonappeal. H   I.StandardofReview #t[XtX-)#tX-Xt[        ` Whenthereisachallengetothelength,range,ormannerofserviceofasentence,it  isthedutyofthiscourttoconductadenovoreviewoftherecordwithapresumptionthatthe  determinationsmadebythetrialcourtarecorrect.Tenn.CodeAnn.40-35-401(d)(1997).This  presumptionis"conditionedupontheaffirmativeshowingintherecordthatthetrialcourt l consideredthesentencingprinciplesandallrelevantfactsandcircumstances."Statev.Ashby,823 X  S.W.2d166,169(Tenn.1991);see#t[XtX-},#tX-Xt[Statev.Hooper,29S.W.3d1,5(Tenn.2000)."Theburdenof D! showingthatthesentenceisimproperisupontheappellant."Ashby,823S.W.2dat169.Inthe 0"  eventtherecordfailstodemonstratetherequiredconsiderationbythetrialcourt,reviewofthe #l! sentenceispurelydenovo.Id.Ifappellatereview,however,reflectsthatthetrialcourtproperly $X" consideredallrelevantfactorsanditsfindingsoffactareadequatelysupportedbytherecord,this $D # courtmustaffirmthesentence,"evenifwewouldhavepreferredadifferentresult."Statev. %0!$ Fletcher,805S.W.2d785,789(Tenn.Crim.App.1991). &"% #t[XtX-n/#tX-Xt[   ` ThemechanicsofarrivingatanappropriatesentencearespelledoutintheCriminal (#' SentencingReformActof1989.Attheconclusionofthesentencinghearing,thetrialcourt )$( determinestherangeofsentenceandthendeterminesthespecificsentenceandtheproprietyof |*%) sentencingalternativesbyconsidering(1)theevidence,ifany,receivedatthetrialandthesentencing h+&* hearing,(2)thepresentencereport,(3)theprinciplesofsentencingandargumentsastosentencing  alternatives,(4)thenatureandcharacteristicsofthecriminalconductinvolved,(5)evidenceand  informationofferedbythepartiesontheenhancementandmitigatingfactors,(6)anystatementsthe  defendantwishestomakeinthedefendant'sbehalfaboutsentencing,and(7)thepotentialfor t rehabilitationortreatment.Tenn.CodeAnn.40-35-210(a),(b)(Supp.2000);id.40-35-103(5) ` (1997).#t[XtX-2#tX-Xt[ L  ,  #t[XtX-T7#7tX-Xt[     ` Thedefendantsconvictionsforaggravatedrapeandespeciallyaggravatedkidnapping $ t areclassifiedasClassAfelonies.Id.3913305(b)(1),502(b)(1997).Accordingly,inarriving  ` atappropriatesentencesfortheseoffenses,thesentencingcourtstartswiththepresumptionthatthe  L  defendantshouldreceiveasentenceinthemidpointoftherangewithoutanyenhancementor  8  mitigatingfactors.Id.4035210(c)(Supp.2000).Ifenhancementormitigatingfactorsdoapply, $  thesentencingcourtisdirectedfirstto enhancethesentencewithintherangeasappropriateforthe   enhancementfactors,andthenreducethesentencewithintherangeasappropriateforthemitigating   factors.Id.4035210(d),(e).Thesameanalysisappliestothedefendantsconvictionfor   criminalexposuretoHIV,whichisaClassCfelony,exceptthesentencingcourtstartswiththe   presumptionthatthedefendantshouldreceiveaminimumsentenceintherangewithoutany p enhancementormitigatingfactors.Id.4035210(c)#t[XtX-7#tX-Xt[.Inundertakingthistask,thesentencingcourt \ isrequiredtomakeontherecordspecificfindingsoffactsupportingtheapplicationofeachfactor. H #t[XtX-?=#tX-Xt[Id.4035210(f)#t[XtX-C>#tX-Xt[.Providedthecourtfollowsthepurposesandprinciplesofthe1989Sentencing 4 Actanditsfindingsareadequatelysupportedbytherecord,wewillnotdisturbtheultimatesentence  p ordered.#t[XtX->#tX-Xt[  \ #t[XtX-?#tX-Xt[7 II.EnhancementFactors  4      ` Enhancementfactorsmaybeconsideredonlyiftheyare appropriatefortheoffense   and notthemselvesessentialelementsoftheoffense.Tenn.CodeAnn.4035114(Supp.2000).  Thisstatutorylimitationisdesignedtoneutralizetheriskofrepetitivepunishment;itoperatesto  excludeenhancementfactorsthatarenotsupportedbythefactsandcircumstancesoftheoffense  andenhancementfactorsthataresupportedbythefactsbutwhichduplicatetheevidence l establishingtheelementsoftheconvictionoffense.SeeStatev.Jones,883S.W2d597,601(Tenn. X  1994).Withtheseprinciplesinmind,wenowturntotheenhancementfactorsappliedinthiscase. D! @  A.Section4035114(1):PriorHistoryofCriminalConvictions/Behavior #l!      ` Thetrialcourtinthiscasefoundthatthedefendanthadaprevioushistoryofcriminal $D # convictionsorcriminalbehaviorinadditiontowhatwasnecessarytoestablishtheappropriaterange %0!$ and,therefore,appliedenhancementfactor(1)fromCodesection4035114tohisconvictionsfor &"% aggravatedrape,especiallyaggravatedkidnapping,andcriminalexposuretoHIV.SeeTenn.Code '#& Ann.4035114(1)(Supp.2000).Applicationofthisenhancementfactorisnotincludedwithin (#' theensembleoferrorscataloguedbythedefendantonappeal,andourreviewoftherecorddiscloses )$( thatenhancementfactor(1)wasproperlyconsideredandweighedinthiscase.In1990,while |*%) servinginthemilitary,thedefendantthreatened,assaulted,andkidnappedafemaleairmanforwhich h+&* hewasprosecutedbygeneralcourtsmartialandsentencedtosevenyearsconfinementand  dishonorablydischarged.Withinashorttimeofhisrelease,hethenkidnappedandbrutalizedthe  minorvictiminthiscase.  hDB.Section4035114(5):ExceptionalCruelty `      ` Thetrialcourtinthiscasealsofoundthatthedefendanttreatedthevictimwith 8  exceptionalcrueltyduringthecommissionofeachconvictionoffense.Tenn.CodeAnn.4035 $ t 114(5)(Supp.2000).Thedefendantconcedesthatthefactssupportapplicationofenhancement  ` factor(5)tothefirstrapeoffenseinvolvingfellatio.Heargues,however,thatthisenhancement  L  factorwaserroneouslyappliedtotheespeciallyaggravatedkidnappingconviction.r #  3      ׀Wedisagree.  8     ` Thedefendantwaschargedundersubsection(a)(1)oftheespeciallyaggravated   kidnappingstatute,whichproscribes,inpart,falseimprisonment [a]ccomplishedwithadeadly   weapon.Tenn.CodeAnn.3913305(a)(1)(1997).Exceptionalcrueltyisnotanelementofthis   offense;therefore,ifsustainedbythefacts,thisenhancementfactorisapplicable.SeeStatev.Kern,   909S.W.2d5(Tenn.Crim.App.1993);Statev.Carter,908S.W.2d410(Tenn.Crim.App.1995). p #t[XtX-!@#tX-Xt[Atsentencing,thetrialcourtnotedandreliedonthefollowingfactsasindicativeofexceptionally \ crueltreatment: H   Hetiedherhandsbehindher;heputatobogganoverherheadsoshe  p wouldnotknowwhereshewasgoing;hebroughthertothatcabin,  \ keptherhandsbehindherwiththosecuffsthatsbeendescribedto H thisCourt.Thatwasntenough.Hethentookarope,putitbetween 4 herhandsandraisedhertotheextentandeachofushasexperienced   thatasakidorevenasadultshorsingaround,youcantraiseyour   armsveryhigh.Hehither.Heusedaguntogethertherebutthen  hethreatenedherwithaknifeandtoldhertheconsequencesofwhat  hewoulddo.    Thesefacts,weareconvinced,meetthelegalstandardforenhancementfactor(5)requiring X  exceptionalcrueltyinexcessofwhatisneededtosustainaconvictionfortheparticularoffense.See D! Statev.Poole,945S.W.2d93,99(Tenn.1997).NotonlydidthedefendantphysicallytortureTH, 0"  hepsychologicallyabusedher.RecentlyinStatev.AdrianR.Arnett,!S.W.3d!,No.E199800051 #l! SCR11CD(Tenn.,Knoxville,July3,2001),#t[XtX-N#tX-Xt[Ԁthepsychologicaldimensionofenhancementfactor $X" (5)inthecontextofanespeciallyaggravatedkidnappingwashighlighted.Thesupremecourt $D # explained, %0!$   Astherecordreflects,thevictimwasorderedintothebackofher '#& boyfriendsvehicle.Shewitnessesthedefendanthitherboyfriendin (#' thesideofhishead,hardenoughtotemporarily dazehim,thereby  recognizingthatthedefendantwascapableof,andperfectlywilling  touse,violenceifshetriedtoresist.Whenherboyfriendmanagedto  escape,thevictimfoundherselfonthefloorofthemovingvehicle, t alonewithtwomaskedandpotentiallyviolentmalesinthemiddleof ` thenightinanunfamiliarcity. L  Whenthevehiclestoppedinasecludedarea,thevictimwas $ t physicallydraggedoutsideandthrowntotheground.Shelandedon  ` herbackasthedefendantstoodoverher.Shesawhimunziphis  L  pants,andshewasthenorderedtotakeoffherclothes.Whenshedid  8  notcomply,herclotheswereforciblyrippedoffofherbody.The $  teenagedvictimwaseventuallyleftalone,nakedandbound.Shewas   forcedtountieherself,dressherselfasbestasshecouldasthe   defendanthadtakensomeofherclothing,and,partiallynaked,knock   onastrangersdoortoseekhelp.Inthiscase,thedefendantwent   aboveandbeyondplacingtheyoungvictiminfearofherlife;instead, p thefactsrevealevidenceofexceptionalmentalcrueltyseparateand \ apartfromthefactsestablishingtheelementsthatconstitutethe H offenseofespeciallyaggravatedkidnapping. 4   Id.at!,slipop.at78.  \    ` TheabusivetreatmentofTHinthiscasewas,atleastfromanobjectivestandpoint, 4 moreegregiousthanthatinflicteduponthevictiminArnett.Excludingthefactsdirectlyattendant   totheoralandvaginalrapesinthiscase,theevidencerevealsthatthedefendantforcedthevictim   intohistruckandshovedatobogganoverherhead,therebydisorientingherwhilehedrovearound  forapproximately45minutes.Atthecabin,thedefendantlashedatobaccostickbetweenthe  victimsankles,tiedandchainedherhandsbehindherback,andhoistedherbyherchainedhands  intotheairtothepointthatshewasbalancingonhertoes.Herepeatedlythreatenedthevictim,and l despitethesubfreezingtemperature,heforcedhertostripdowntoherunderwear.Theonlypiece X  ofouterclothingthatthevictimcouldfindwhenshehadthechancetoescapewashershirt,butit D! wasrippedanduseless.Afterhidinginthewoodsuntilthedefendantleft,thevictimfoundablanket 0"  inatrashbaginthecabintocoverherbody.Tosummonhelp,thevictimhadnochoiceexceptto #l! presentherself,clothedonlyintheblanket,#t[XtX-U#tX-Xt[Ԁtostrangerslivinginanearbytrailer. $X" #t[XtX-0c#tX-Xt[   ` Wenotethatthetrialcourtreferredtothedefendantsuseofagunandknife,but %0!$ under#t[XtX-c#tX-Xt[Ԁtheparticularcircumstancesshowninthiscase,wedonotbelievethatconsideringthe &"% weaponsviathe exceptionallycruelfactorforsentenceenhancementduplicatesthedeadlyweapon '#& elementofespeciallyaggravatedkidnapping.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.3913305(a)(1)(1997).To (#' besure,aggressivetendenciesareunderstoodtobeintertwinedwithviolentcrimes.Threateningto )$( shootavictim,forinstance,isinherentintheoffenseofespeciallyaggravatedkidnappingcommitted |*%) bytheuseofafirearmanddoesnotusuallyconnote exceptionallycrueltreatment.SeeStatev. h+&* Turner,41S.W.3d663,673(Tenn.Crim.App.2000).Inasmuchasacertainamountofcrueltyis  inherentinanyespeciallyaggravatedkidnapping,thetaskbecomesoneofdeterminingwhen   crueltyreachesthelevelofbeing exceptional.Thatlevelisachievedwhenthefactsdemonstrate   aculpabilitydistinctfromandappreciablygreaterthanthatincidenttothecrime.Statev.Poole, t 945S.W.2d93,98(Tenn.1997). ` #t[XtX-|d#tX-Xt[   ` Aimingagunorpointingaknifeatakidnappingvictimalmostinvariablyresultsin 8  compliantsubmissiveness.Thedefendant,however,wentaboveandbeyondplacingthevictimin $ t fearofherlife.Insubduingheratthepetstore,thedefendantslammedheragainstawall,screamed  ` forhertoopenhermouth,stuckhisguninsidehermouth,andthreatenedtokillher.Inourview,  L  theinvasionandviolationofabodycavitywithadeadlyweaponcanbe,andinthiscasewas,  8   exceptionallycruel.Amongotherthings,insertingthegunintothevictimsmouthwas $  unnecessarytokidnapthisvictimwho,atthetime,wasapproximately5'4"tallandweighed100   pounds. #  4      ׀Agunshotwoundinflictedinthatfashion,moreover,isnearlyalwaysfatal,andthe   physicaldisfigurementisparticularlygory.Themessagethatthedefendantwaswillingnotonlyto   murderbutalsotobutcherthevictiminthisfashionwas,weareconfident,notlostonthisyoung   girl. p    ` Asfortheknife,therewasevidencethatwhilethevictimwasboundandsuspended H fromthecabinceiling,thedefendanttookalarge,huntingtypeknifeandtraceditacrossandaround 4 thevictimsexposedbody.Ashedidso,thedefendanttoldthevictimwhatheplannedtodotoher  p andtauntedheraboutbecominghis sextoyforawhile.ThePresentenceReportindicatesthatthe  \ defendantalsocutoffsomeofthevictimshairwiththeknifeandthathethreatenedtocutoffher H hands.Theknife,inotherwords,wasnotemployedtofacilitatethevictimsimprisonment;instead, 4 itwaswieldedtoterrorizethedefenselessvictim.      ` Thefactsinthecasefullyjustifyapplicationofenhancementfactor(5)tothe  especiallyaggravatedkidnappingconviction.#t[XtX-i#tX-Xt[  IC.Section4035114(6):ParticularlyGreatPersonalInjuries l      ` Thepersonalinjuriesthatthevictiminthiscasesustainedwere,withoutquestion, D!  particularlygreat,asthetrialcourtfound.Thedefendantdoesnotdisputethisfindingorthe 0"  resultingapplicationofenhancementfactor(6)totheconvictionoffenses.SeeTenn.CodeAnn. #l! 4035114(6)(Supp.2000).s  #  5      ׀Based,however,onourdenovoreviewoftherecord,weaddthe $X" followingcommentsandobservations. $D # Ї   ` Thetrialcourtsstatedbasisforapplyingenhancementfactor(6)relatedtothe  victimsappendix.Atsomepointduringthesecondrape,thedefendantpunchedTHinthestomach.  Afewdaysafterherordeal,thevictimstartedhavingsevereabdominalpain.Overthenextfew  months,shewashospitalizedonnumerousoccasionsfordiarrhea,vomiting,anddehydration. t ShortlyafterThanksgivingin1999,thesevereabdominalpainreturned.Exploratorysurgery ` revealedthatthevictimsappendixhadbeendislocatedandwasattachedtoherabdominalwall;the L  appendixwasdangerouslygangrenousandhadtoberemoved. 8     ` Thisinjury,inourview,justifiedenhancingthedefendantssentenceforthesecond  ` aggravatedrape,buttheconnectionwiththeotherconvictionoffensesisacloserquestion.  L  Nonetheless,ourdenovoreviewoftherecordrevealsthatthevictimsustainedseverepsychological  8  injuriesattributabletoalloftheoffenseconvictions.SeeStatev.Melvin#t[XtX- s#tX-Xt[,913S.W.2d195,203#t[XtX-H{#tX-Xt[ $  (Tenn.CrimApp.1995)(term"personalinjury,"asusedinenhancementfactor(6)isbroadenough   toembraceemotionalinjuriesandpsychologicalscarringsustainedbyvictim).#t[XtX-{#tX-Xt[     #t[XtX-|#tX-Xt[s     ` InAdrainR.Arnett,thesupremecourtdeclinedtorequireexperttestimonyorproof   oftheextentofavictimspsychologicalinjuriesbeforeenhancementfactor(6)couldapply.Rather p thecourtheldthat applicationofthefactorisappropriatewherethereisspecificandobjective \ evidencedemonstratinghowthevictimsmentalinjuryismoreseriousormoreseverethanthat H whichnormallyresultsfrom[the]offense.AdrianR.Arnett,!S.W.3dat!,slipop.at9.Such 4 evidencecouldbepresented,forinstance,throughlivetestimonyofthevictimorothersorthrough  p specificexamplesincludedinthepresentencereport.Seeid.,slipop.at910.  \ M}rɀ     ` Includedwiththepresentencereportinthiscasearetwolengthyvictimimpactletters 4 submittedbythevictimsmotherandsister.TheychronicleinvividdetailTHsemotionalinjuries   andhandicaps.Sinceherordeal,THhasattemptedsuicide.Shedevelopedaneatingdisorderthat,   accordingtohertreatingpediatricpsychiatrist,wasatypeofposttraumaticstressdisorderwhereby  herbodywastryingtogetridofthepainresultingfromthedefendantsvictimizationofher;the  victimhasrequiredinpatienttreatmentatanearbypsychiatrichospitalforthisdisorder.Thevictim  wasridiculedandshunnedbyclassmateswhenshereturnedtoschoolbasedonnewspaperaccounts l thatthedefendantwasHIVpositive.Shemissedsomuchschoolbecauseofillnessandbeing X  hospitalizedthatshewasunabletograduatewithherclass.Shenolongerattendschurchbecause D! her faithhasbeenshaken. 0"       ` Inourview,thecontentsoftheseletters,writtenbyclosefamilymembers,supply $X" specificandobjectiveevidencedemonstratinghowthevictimsmentalinjuriesaremoreseriousor $D # moreseverethanthosewhichnormallyresultfromtheconvictionoffenses.#t[XtX-}#tX-Xt[Thisevidence, %0!$ combinedwiththeevidenceofthephysicaltraumatothevictimsappendix,iscertainlyadequate &"% tosupportapplicationofenhancementfactor(6). '#&  h+&*   D.Section4035114(7):GratifyDesireforPleasureorExcitement#t[XtX-#tX-Xt[  )r   ` Thedefendantalsodoesnotchallengethetrialcourtsapplicationofenhancement  factor(7)thatthedefendantcommittedtheaggravatedrapesandespeciallyaggravatedkidnapping t togratifyhisdesireforpleasureorexcitement.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.4035114(7)(Supp.2000). ` Thetrialcourtdidnotspecifywhatfactssupportedthisenhancementfactor,statingonlythatthe L  record isfullofthingsthatshowwhythedefendantactedashedid.Evenso,ourdenovoreview 8  persuadesusthatfactor(7)applies. $ t    ` Becausepleasureorexcitementisnotanessentialelementoftheoffenseofrape,it  L  maybeaviablesentenceenhancingfactor.SeeStatev.Adams,864S.W.2d31,35(Tenn.1993).  8  #t[XtX-#tX-Xt[Thesameholdstrueforespeciallyaggravatedkidnapping.SeeStatev.AntonioM.Byrd,No.02C01 $  9508CR00232,slipop.at44(Tenn.Crim.App.,Jackson,Jan.2,1997)(thatoffensewas   committedforpleasureorexcitementisnotinherentinoffenseofespeciallyaggravatedkidnapping)#t[XtX-͌#tX-Xt[,   perm.app.denied(Tenn.1997).Thedefendants motiveforcommittingtheoffenseiscentralto   enhancementfactor(7).AdrianR.Arnett,!S.W.3dat!,slipop.at10;Statev.Kissinger,922   S.W.2d482,490(Tenn.1996). p    ` Thedefendantinthiscasedidnotrobthepetstore,andTHspocketbook,coat,and H moneywereleftbehindatthestore.Nothingsuggeststhatthekidnappingwasfinanciallyinspired. 4 Thevictimstestimonyandevidenceinthiscaseindicatethatthedefendantabductedandrapedher  p forsexualpleasureandgratification.#t[XtX-e#tX-Xt[Althoughejaculationisnotdispositiveofmotivation,  \ Kissinger,922S.W.2dat490,itisrelevant,andinthiscase,thedefendantejaculatedatleastonce H duringthefirstrape.Healsoinstructedthevictimhowtoperformfellatioandwhattodowiththe 4 semen.Anothersignificantindicatorofthedefendantsmotivationishislewdremarktothevictim   thatshewasgoingtobehis sextoy.Thesefacts,althoughnotspecifiedbythetrialcourt,support   thefindingthatthedefendantcommittedthekidnappingandrapestogratifyhimself.#t[XtX-#tX-Xt[    E.Section4035114(9):PossessedorEmployedaFirearm#t[XtX-#tX-Xt[  #t[XtX-<#єtX-Xt[   ` Thetrialcourtenhancedthedefendantssentenceontheconvictionoffenseof X  criminalexposuretoHIVpursuanttofactor(9)thatthedefendant possessedoremployedafirearm D! ...orotherdeadlyweaponduringthecommissionoftheoffense.Tenn.CodeAnn.4035114(9) 0"  (Supp.2000).Becausetheaggravatingelementforthekidnappingandrapeoffensesinvolveda #l! weaponand/oradeadlyweapon,factor(9)didnotcomeintoplayindeterminingthelengthofthe $X" defendantssentencesforthoseconvictions. $D #    ` Thedefendantdoesnotarguethatthetrialcourtimproperlyconsideredenhancement &"% factor(9)withrespecttotheHIVexposureconviction,andwefindnobasisintherecordtofault '#& thetrialcourtsdeterminationinthisregard.Thevictimstestimonyaboutthegunandthelarge (#' huntingknifethatthedefendantpossessedissufficienttosupportthisfactor. )$(  h+&* Ї•  F.Section4035114(12):BodilyInjuryEnhancementFactor#t[XtX-#tX-Xt[  }   ` Eventhough bodilyinjurywasnotallegedasanelementoftheaggravatedrapeor  especiallyaggravatedkidnappingoffenses,thedefendantarguesthatthetrialcourterredinapplying t tothoseconvictionsenhancementfactor(12)thatthedefendant willfullyinflictedbodilyinjury ` uponanotherpersonorthathisactions resultedinthedeathorseriousbodilyinjurytoavictim. L  Tenn.CodeAnn.4035114(12)(Supp.2000).Thedefendantappearstobecomplainingthat 8  althoughthevictimsustainedbodilyinjury,theinjuryisattributableonlytothesecondrapeand $ t shouldnotbeusedtoenhanceeitherthefirstaggravatedrapesentenceortheespeciallyaggravated  ` kidnappingsentence.  L     ` Thetrialcourtdidnotarticulateareviewablebasisforapplyingfactor#t[XtX-#tX-Xt[Ԁ(12). $  Enhancementonthatbasis,itcommented, goestothoseotherthingsthathedidand [i]n   particulargoingbacktothatappendixandthosethings.Considerationssimilartothosethat   influencedourdenovotreatmentofenhancementfactor(6)#t[XtX-Q#tX-Xt[areinvolvedwithenhancementfactor   (12). Bodilyinjury,asreferencedinenhancementfactor(12)includes physicalpainortemporary   illnessorimpairmentofthefunctionorabodilymember,organ,ormentalfaculty.Tenn.Code p Ann.3911106(a)(2)(1997). Seriousbodilyinjury,alsoreferencedinenhancementfactor(12) \ includes [p]rotractedlossorsubstantialimpairmentofafunctionofabodilymember,organ,or H mentalfaculty.Id.3911106(a)(34). 4    ` Inadditiontohavingthedefendantpunchherinthestomach,thevictimwasexposed  \ tobelowfreezingtemperatureswhilehidingnakedinthewoodsuntilthedefendantdroveawayfrom H thecabin.Inparticular,thevictimsfeetwereredandswollenfordaysbecauseofexposuretothe 4 cold.Thevictim,accordingtohermother,wasfearfulthatherfeetwouldhavetobeamputated.   Furthermore,asaresultofthedefendantssadistictreatment,thevictimdevelopedaneating   disorder,andatonepointsheweighedroughly80pounds.Theeatingdisorderwasdiagnosedas  amanifestationofposttraumaticstress.Atanotherpoint,thevictimattemptedsuicide.These  physicalandmentalimpairmentsreadilyqualifyforconsiderationpursuanttoenhancementfactor  (12)andproperlyenhancethekidnappingandrapeconvictions.Because,however,ofthefactual l overlapbetweenfactors(6)and(12),factor(12)isdeservingoflessweight.See,e.g.,Statev. X  CharlesChesteen,No.E199900910CCAR3CD,slipop.at10(Tenn.Crim.App.,Knoxville, D! June8,2000)(factor(15)appliedintheftcasebutassignedmoderateweightinviewofthe 0"  applicationoffactor(4)).#t[XtX-#tX-Xt[ #l!   .  G.Section4035114(16):PotentialforInjuryGreat $D # #t[XtX-S#  tX-Xt[   ` Thelastenhancementfactorappliedbythetrialcourtwas(16),thatthecrimewas &"%  committedundercircumstancesunderwhichthepotentialforbodilyinjurytoavictimwasgreat. '#& Tenn.CodeAnn.4035114(16)(Supp.2000).Thetrialcourtappliedthisfactortothecriminal (#' exposuretoHIVconvictionoffense.Thedefendanthasnotcomplainedabouttheapplicationof )$( factor(16),butweconclude,asamatteroffirstimpression,thatthisfactorisinapplicable. |*%)  h+&*    ` Enhancementfactor(16),inouropinion,isinherentintheoffenseofcriminal  exposuretoHIV.InStatev.PamelaDeniseWiser,No.M199902500CCAR3CD(Tenn.Crim.  App.,Nashville,Oct.30,2000),thedefendantwasconvictedof22countsofcriminalexposureto  HIV.Thesentencingcourtapplied,interalia,enhancementfactor(10),whichrequiresthata t defendanthave nohesitationaboutcommittingacrimewhentherisktohumanlife[sic]high. ` Tenn.CodeAnn.4035114(10)(Supp.2000).Onappeal,thiscourtheldthatenhancementfactor L  (10)isinherentinthatoffenseand,therefore,shouldnothavebeenapplied.Thecourtexplained, 8   N] \]Attheheartofthecriminalstatutewhichprohibitsapersonfrom  ` knowinglyexposinganothertoHIVwithoutconsentliesthefactthat  L  thisdiseaseisultimatelyfatal.Itfollowsthathighrisktohumanlife  8  isinherentincommittingthecrime.Therefore,enhancementfactor $  (10)isinapplicabletoenhancesentencesforviolatingTenn.Code   Ann.3913109(1997).   #t[XtX-@#tX-Xt[ [ [PamelaDeniseWiser,slipop.at8.Weconcludethatfactor(16)#t[XtX-`#tX-Xt[alsoisinherentinthecriminal   exposuretoHIVoffense.Thetrialcourt,accordingly,erredinconsideringthatfactor. p #t[XtX- #tX-Xt[     III.MitigatingFactors  H      ` Asformitigation,thetrialcourttookintoconsiderationthatthedefendanthad  p apologizedtothevictimduringthepleaandsentencingproceedings.Thetrialcourtassignedlittle  \ weighttothismitigatingfactor.Nochallengehasbeenraisedtothisfactor,andweseenobasisto H disturbthetrialcourtsassessmentinthisregard. 4 l   IV.WeighingtheAppropriateSentencingFactors    K     ` Ourdenovoreviewoftheenhancementandmitigatingfactorsyieldssixapplicable  enhancementfactorsandoneminormitigatingfactor,withsomeoftheenhancementfactors  applyingtolessthanalloftheconvictionsasfollows: l    ` Conviction0  0h(#(#0h(#h(#  ApplicableEnhancementFactorsD!(#(#    ` HIVExposure0 h 0h(#h(#0(#(#(1),(5),(6),(9)#l!(#(#    ` EspeciallyAggravated %0!$    ` Kidnapping(Count1)0  0(#(#(1),(5),(6),(7),(12)&"%(#(#    ` AggravatedRape(Count2)0  0(#(#(1),(5),(6),(7),(12)#t[XtX-#tX-Xt[(#'(#(#    ` AggravatedRape(Count3)0  0(#(#(1),(5),(6),(7),(12)#t[XtX-#tX-Xt[|*%)(#(#  h+&*      ` Inweighingtheenhancementfactors,thetrialcourtindicatedthatfactors(5)and(7)  deservedgreatweight.Consistentwithourdenovoreview,weconcludethatfactor(6)isalso  deservingofgreatweight,particularlyconsideringthepsychologicalabuse,trauma,andinjurytothe  victim. t    ` Fortheespeciallyaggravatedkidnappingandtheaggravatedrapeconvictions,the L  presumptivemidpointofthedefendantssentencingrangewas20years.Thetrialcourtincreased 8  eachsentencebyfiveyearstotakeintoaccounttheenhancementfactors,decreasedeachsentence $ t byoneyearinrecognitionofthedefendantsapologyasamitigatingfactor,andarrivedatasentence  ` of24yearsforeachClassAfelony.Weagreethatthenumberandweightofenhancementfactors  L  andtheslightweightoftheonemitigatingfactorfullyjustifythe24yearsentenceforeachClassA  8  felony. $     ` AsfortheClassCHIVexposureconviction,thedefendantssentencingrangewas   threetosixyears,andthetrialcourtimposedamaximumsixyearsentence.Althoughthetrialcourt   shouldnothaveconsideredenhancementfactor(16),thaterrordoesnotequatetoareductioninthe   sentence.SeeStatev.Keel,882S.W.2d410,423(Tenn.Crim.App.1994).Theapplicable p enhancementfactors,(1),(5),(6),and(9),supportthetrialcourtsdetermination,andwewillnot \ disturbthesentenceimposed. H    V.ConsecutiveSentencing   p    ` Thetrialcourtorderedthedefendantssentencestobeservedconsecutivelyforan H effectivesentenceof78years.Thetrialcourtfoundthatthedefendantwasadangerousoffender 4 who need[ed]toberemovedfromsocietyforaslongaperiodoftimeasthelawallows.The   defendantcomplainsthatthetrialcourtimproperlyusedconsecutivesentencingasavehiclefor   imposingasentenceoflifewithoutparole.Wedisagreeandaffirmtheconsecutivesentencing  orderedinthiscase.     ` Codesection4035115addressesconsecutivesentencingandthecriteriaforordering l consecutive,insteadofconcurrent,sentencing.Tenn.CodeAnn.4035115(a)(1997).One X  statutorybasisuponwhichtoimposeconsecutivesentencingisthatthedefendant isadangerous D! offenderwhosebehaviorindicateslittleornoregardforhumanlife,andnohesitationabout 0"  committingacrimeinwhichtherisktohumanlifeishigh.Id.4035115(b)(4).Tosupport #l! consecutivesentencingofa dangerousoffender,theevidencemustdemonstratethatthe terms $X" imposedarereasonablyrelatedtotheseverityoftheoffensescommittedandarenecessaryinorder $D # toprotectthepublicfromfurthercriminalactsbytheoffender.Statev.Wilkerson,905S.W.2d %0!$ 933,938(Tenn.1995). &"%    ` Thetrialcourtinthiscasepointedtohowthedefendanthadbrutalizedthevictim; (#' indeed,thetrialcourtnotedfortherecordthatithad neverseenamorehorrendouscrimeoutside )$( ofahomicidethanwhathappenedinthiscase.Thetrialcourtalsoreliedonthedefendants |*%) indifferencetothecontagiousandlethalnatureofhisdisease.SeePamelaDeniseWiser,slipop. h+&* at10(trialcourtcorrectlyfoundthatdefendantwasdangerousbasedonproofthatdefendant  repeatedlyexhibitedrecklessindifferenceaboutthecontagiousnatureofherdiseaseandthepotential  fordeaththatexisted).Wesharethetrialcourtsopinionthatthehorrendouscircumstancesofthe  offensesreflectnoappreciationorrespectwhatsoeverforthevalueoflifeandnoimpulsecontrol t evenwhentherisktohumanlifeishigh. `    ` AsforWilkersonsrequirementofnecessitytoprotectthepublic,nothinginthe 8  recordrefutestheneedforanextendedsentenceofincarceration.Favorablefactors,suchasa $ t defendantsyouthfulness,lackofcriminalrecord,orpotentialforrehabilitation,arenotpresent.  ` SeeTadarylDarnellShipp,No.03C019907CR00312,slipop.at5(Tenn.Crim.App.,Knoxville,  L  Mar.21,2000)(notingthesefavorablefactors).Thedefendantwas35yearsoldatthetimeofthe  8  offenses,andthiscasewasnotthefirsttimethathehadkidnappedandabusedafemale.Healready $  hadacriminalrecordforkidnappingandassaultingamilitaryservicewoman.Finally,asinTadaryl   DarnellShipp, thecircumstancesoftheoffensesaresoegregiousthattheynotonlyserveto   identify[thedefendant]asadangerousoffender,buttheyalsoinformtheinquiryintowhetherthe   extendedsentenceisnecessaryinordertoprotectthepublic.Id.,slipop.at5(emphasisadded).   Consecutivesentencingiseminentlyappropriateinthiscase.Suchsentencingisreasonablyrelated p totheseriousnessoftheoffensesandisnecessarytosafeguardthepublic. \    ` Fromourreviewofthelengthofthedefendantssentencesandtheconsecutive 4 serviceordered,weaffirmthefinaljudgmentsandsentencesimposed.  p I#t[XtX-a#    tX-Xt[%   `     h __________________________________________ 4    `     h JAMESCURWOODWITT,JR.,JUDGE#t[XtX-#     #[t[#