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ÓThe€defendant,€Robert€S.€Neal,€appeals€as€of€right€his€convictions€by€a€Putnam€County€jury€ofÐ xÈ  Ðvehicular€homicide,€reckless€endangerment,€and€child€endangerment.€€He€contends€(1)€that€theÐ d´ Ðevidence€is€insufficient€to€sustain€his€convictions,€(2)€that€the€trial€court€erroneously€admittedÐ P  Ðlaboratory€test€results€regarding€the€presence€of€cocaine€in€his€body,€(3)€that€a€Tennessee€Bureau€ofÐ <Œ ÐInvestigation€(Ô_ÔTBIÔ_Ô)€forensic€scientist€was€not€qualified€to€testify€about€the€metabolism€of€cocaine,Ð (x Ðand€(4)€that€his€sentence€is€excessive.€€We€merge€the€two€child€endangerment€convictions€pursuantÐ d Ðto€the€Double€Jeopardy€ClauseÔ#†¼T}»XXaŽ#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô€and€affirm€the€judgments€of€conviction€in€all€other€respectsÔ#†¼T}»XXa¾#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô.€€€€Ð P ÐÓÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Criminal€Courtó ó€ò òAffirmedó ó€ò òin€Part,Ð Ø( ÐModified€in€Partó óÐ È ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼T}»àXa=#ÔÔ‡XaX.¼T}ÔJoseph€M.€Ô_ÔTiptonÔ_Ô,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJohn€Everett€Williamsóó€andÐ  ð ÐòòAlan€E.€Glennóó,€JJ.€joined.Ð ŒÜ ÐÌMichael€R.€Ô_ÔGiaimoÔ_Ô€and€J.€Steve€Daniels€(at€trial),€Ô_ÔLivingstonÔ_Ô,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€RobertÐ d´ ÐS.€Neal.Ð P   ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Kim€R.€Helper,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð ("x! ÐWilliam€Edward€Gibson,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Benjamin€W.€Ô_ÔFannÔ_Ô€and€John€A.€Moore,Ð #d" ÐAssistant€District€Attorneys€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð $P# ÐÓ/ ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼T}»XXa^ #ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}ÔÐ Ø%(!% ÐÌÓ  Óà  àThis€case€arises€from€a€wreck€on€May€15,€1999,€in€which€the€defendantððs€van€crossed€theÐ °'#' Ðcenter€line€of€Highway€62€and€struck€a€pickup€truck,€killing€the€victim,€Jimmy€Allen€Morgan.€€TheÐ œ(ì#( Ðnine„€and€five„year„old€sons€of€the€defendantððs€girlfriend€were€riding€with€the€defendant€andÐ ˆ)Ø$) Ðsustained€minor€injuries.€€The€jury€convicted€the€defendant€of€vehicular€homicide€by€intoxication,Ð t*Ä%* Ða€Class€B€felony,€for€the€death€of€the€victim.€€It€convicted€him€of€reckless€endangerment,€a€Class€EÐ `+°&+ Ðfelony,€with€regard€to€the€nine„year„old€boy€and€two€counts€of€child€endangerment,€a€Class€AÐ L,œ', Ðmisdemeanor,€for€both€children€in€the€van.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€him€as€a€Range€I€standardÐ 8-ˆ(-ý ÐÔ_Ôoffender€to€concurrent€sentences€of€nine€years€for€the€vehicular€homicide€conviction,€one€year€forÐ ° Ðthe€felony€reckless€endangerment€conviction,€and€eleven€months€twenty„nine€days€for€each€countÐ œì Ðof€child€endangerment€to€be€served€in€incarcerationÔ#†¼T}»XXaÓ #ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô.€€The€defendant€also€received€$1,000€fines€forÐ ˆØ Ðthe€child€endangerment€convictions.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àTonya€Lynn€Morgan,€the€victimððs€wife,€testified€that€on€May€15,€1999,€the€victim€wasÐ L œ Ðtwenty„nine€years€old€and€had€no€physical€problems€that€would€have€impaired€his€driving.€€She€saidÐ 8 ˆ Ðthat€the€victim€went€to€work€that€morning.€Ô#†¼T}»XXa£#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}ÔÐ $ t ÐòòóóÔ#†¼T}»XXa|#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}ÔÌà  àJanet€Leigh€Guillory,€a€nurse,€testified€that€on€May€15,€1999,€she€was€driving€east€onÐ ü L  ÐHighway€62€behind€a€pickup€truck.€€She€was€going€around€fifty„five€miles€per€hour€when€suddenlyÐ è 8  Ðthe€truck€exploded.€€A€van€twirled€around€twice€then€came€in€front€of€her€in€the€ditch€beside€theÐ Ô$  Ðroad.€€She€almost€hit€the€van€but€was€able€to€stop.€€She€said€that€the€wreck€occurred€in€the€eastboundÐ À  Ðlane€and€that€the€truck€never€left€its€lane.€€She€ran€over€to€the€van€but€could€not€open€the€frontÐ ¬ü  Ðpassenger„side€door.€€She€opened€the€rear€door€and€saw€an€eight„€or€nineÔ#†¼T}»XXaÙ#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô„year„old€boy€and€anÐ ˜è  Ðunconscious€man.€€She€said€the€boy€was€crying€and€saying€ð ðMy€brother.ðð€€She€saw€another€little€boyÐ „Ô  Ðlying€in€the€floorboard.€€She€said€that€she€did€not€pay€attention€to€whether€the€vanððs€occupants€wereÐ pÀ Ðwearing€seatbelts€but€that€she€believed€the€second€boy€was€not€wearing€one€because€of€his€locationÐ \¬ Ðin€the€floorboard.€€She€ran€to€the€pickup€truck€but€its€occupant€was€not€moving€and€did€not€respondÐ H˜ Ðto€her€calls€so€she€returned€to€the€van.€€A€couple€in€a€blue€truck€arrived€on€the€scene,€and€she€askedÐ 4„ Ðthe€man€to€call€an€ambulance.€€She€thought€that€the€Emergency€Medical€Technicians€(EMTs)€arrivedÐ  p Ðbefore€the€police.€€She€agreed€that€it€became€chaoticÔ#†¼T}»XXa·#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô€due€to€the€number€of€people€at€the€scene.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àTommy€Joe€Swafford€testified€that€between€1:00€and€1:30€p.m.€on€May€15,€1999,€he€wasÐ ä4 Ðtraveling€west€on€Highway€62.€€Three€or€four€miles€past€the€intersection€of€Highway€127€andÐ Ð  ÐHighway€62,€a€bluish„gray€van€going€fairly€fast€passed€him€on€a€double€yellow€line.€€He€said€that€heÐ ¼  Ðwas€going€fifty€to€fifty„five€miles€per€hour€and€that€the€van€was€going€sixty„five€to€seventy€miles€perÐ ¨ø Ðhour.€€He€acknowledged€that€when€the€van€passed€him,€it€did€not€make€him€swerve.€€He€said€that€heÐ ”ä Ðnoticed€nothing€erratic€about€the€vanððs€movements€other€than€its€passing€him€in€the€no„passing€zoneÐ €Ð Ðand€its€excessive€speed.€€As€the€van€passed€him,€he€saw€a€little€boy€in€the€front€seat.€€The€vanððsÐ l¼ Ðwindow€was€down,€the€wind€was€catching€the€boyððs€hair,€and€the€boy€had€his€arms€up€on€the€door.€Ð X ¨ ÐHe€said€that€the€little€boy€was€not€reaching€outside€the€window€and€that€the€little€boy€did€not€haveÐ D!” Ða€significant€portion€of€his€torso€outside€of€the€window.€€He€said€that€he€could€not€tell€if€the€vanððsÐ 0"€  Ðoccupants€were€wearing€seatbelts.€€He€saw€the€van€pass€two€other€vehicles€ahead€of€him,€but€heÐ #l! Ðcould€not€tell€if€the€van€was€in€a€no„passing€zone€at€that€time.€€He€said€that€this€part€of€the€road€wasÐ $X" Ðstraight€but€contained€hills€and€dips.€€He€agreed€that€the€van€did€not€nearly€hit€these€other€vehiclesÐ ô$D # Ðor€make€them€swerve.€€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àMr.€Swafford€testified€that€about€ten€minutes€after€the€van€passed€him,€he€came€upon€the€vanÐ ¸'#& Ðat€the€scene€of€a€collision.€€He€ran€to€the€van€and€then€to€a€pickup€truck.€€He€said€that€the€person€inÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€pickup€was€trapped€and€that€there€was€nothing€he€could€do€for€him.€€He€said€that€he€returned€toÐ )à$( Ðthe€van€and€tried€to€remove€the€little€boy€from€the€front€seat€but€that€the€door€was€jammed.€€HeÐ |*Ì%) Ðopened€the€back€door€and€a€second€little€boy,€who€was€not€hurt,€got€out.€€He€said€that€if€the€secondÐ h+¸&* Ðboy€had€been€wearing€a€seatbelt,€he€had€already€removed€it€when€Mr.€Swafford€opened€the€door.€Ð ° ÐHe€said€that€he€leaned€the€front€seat€back€and€pulled€the€first€little€boy€over€the€seat€and€out€of€theÐ œì Ðvan.€€He€said€that€he€did€not€remember€whether€the€first€boy€was€wearing€a€seatbelt.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àBetsy€Pauline€Spurlock,€a€paramedic€with€Putnam€County€Emergency€Medical€Services,Ð `° Ðtestified€that€at€2:35€p.m.€on€May€15,€1999,€she€and€her€partner€Millard€Deberry€were€dispatched€toÐ L œ Ða€wreck€with€injuries€on€Highway€62.€€When€she€arrived,€she€saw€a€truck€and€a€van€both€withÐ 8 ˆ Ðdamage.€€The€defendantððs€lower€extremities€were€pinned€under€Ô#†¼T}»XXa0#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ôthe€vanððs€pedals.€€Two€boys,€agesÐ $ t Ðfive€and€nine,€were€conscious€and€on€the€side€of€the€road€when€she€approached€the€van.€€She€gaveÐ  ` Ðemergency€treatment€to€the€defendant,€who€was€complaining€of€pain€in€his€left€leg,€his€upper€rightÐ ü L  Ðchest,€and€his€right€arm.€€She€asked€if€he€took€illegal€drugs€or€alcohol,€and€she€said€that€the€defendantÐ è 8  Ðtold€her€that€he€had€smoked€crack€cocaine€about€three€hours€before€the€accident.€€She€said€that€theÐ Ô$  Ðdefendant€denied€using€alcohol,€that€she€saw€no€alcohol€containers€in€the€van,€and€that€she€did€notÐ À  Ðsmell€any€intoxicating€substance€when€she€spoke€with€the€defendant.€€She€characterized€theÐ ¬ü  Ðdefendant€as€awake,€fairly€alert,€and€in€a€lot€of€pain€from€a€fractured€femur.€€She€said€that€he€did€notÐ ˜è  Ðremember€what€had€happened€in€the€wreck€and€that€he€was€irritable€and€cursing€because€they€wereÐ „Ô  Ðhurting€him€as€they€tried€to€help€him.€€She€said€that€it€was€not€unusual€for€people€with€seriousÐ pÀ Ðinjuries€to€be€irritable.€€She€said€that€his€pupils€were€very€noticeably€constricted.€€She€agreed€thatÐ \¬ Ðconstricted€pupils€can€result€from€numerous€causes,€including€blunt€trauma.Ð H˜ Ѐ€Ð 4„ Ðà  àTrooper€Michael€Lee€Hamilton€of€the€Tennessee€Highway€Patrol€testified€that€on€May€15,Ð  p Ð1999,€he€was€at€a€convenience€mart€when€a€man€drove€up€and€told€him€of€a€serious€wreck€onÐ  \ ÐHighway€62.€€While€en€route€to€the€wreck,€the€dispatcher€also€advised€him€of€it.€€He€arrived€on€theÐ øH Ðscene€at€2:43€p.m.€and€saw€paramedic€Betsy€Spurlock€and€other€paramedics€working€on€the€peopleÐ ä4 Ðin€a€van.€€Ms.€Spurlock€told€him€that€the€victim€in€the€pickup€truck€was€dead.€€He€saw€a€partiallyÐ Ð  Ðconsumed€soft€drink€between€the€victimððs€legs.€€He€watched€Dr.€Sullivan€Smith€draw€a€blood€sampleÐ ¼  Ðfrom€the€victimððs€heart,€and€he€took€custody€of€the€victimððs€blood€sample.€€He€said€that€when€heÐ ¨ø Ðarrived,€the€children€were€out€of€the€van€and€that€the€younger€child€was€lying€on€the€ground€and€hisÐ ”ä Ðface€was€bloody.€€He€said€that€the€older€child€was€fairly€calm€and€no€one€was€attending€to€him.Ô#†¼T}»XXaP&#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô€€HeÐ €Ð Ðspoke€briefly€with€the€defendant,€who€had€been€driving€the€van,€but€he€was€not€able€to€determine€theÐ l¼ Ðdefendantððs€mental€condition€because€he€did€not€want€to€interfere€with€the€paramedicsðð€extractingÐ X ¨ Ðthe€defendant€from€the€van.€€He€said€that€he€was€about€four€feet€away€from€the€defendant€but€thatÐ D!” Ðhe€was€not€close€enough€to€determine€whether€the€defendant€had€alcohol€on€his€breath.€€HeÐ 0"€  Ðacknowledged€that€he€saw€no€alcohol€containers€in€the€van.€€Ð #l! Ѐ€Ð $X" Ðà  àTrooper€Hamilton,€who€had€been€trained€in€accident€scene€investigation,€testified€that€heÐ ô$D # Ðassisted€Trooper€Barnwell€with€some€of€the€measurements€at€the€scene.€€He€said€that€the€pickupÐ à%0!$ Ðtruck€had€been€coming€down€a€hill€in€the€eastbound€lane,€which€is€on€the€south€side€of€the€highway.€Ð Ì&"% ÐHe€said€that€the€van€came€to€rest€at€the€top€of€the€hill€on€the€same€side€of€the€highway€as€the€truck.€Ð ¸'#& ÐHe€saw€a€gouge€mark€in€the€eastbound€lane€two€feet€from€the€white€fogline€and€close€to€the€truck.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐBased€upon€his€training,€he€said€that€the€gouge€mark€showed€that€the€collision€occurred€on€theÐ )à$( Ðeastbound€side€of€the€highway€next€to€the€fogline€and€that€the€impact€caused€significant€downwardÐ |*Ì%) Ðforce€on€the€truck,€creating€the€gouge€mark.€€The€road€bore€skid€marks€in€a€swirling€pattern€from€theÐ h+¸&* Ðpoint€of€impact€to€the€van,€which€came€to€rest€in€the€ditch€on€the€south€side€of€the€highway.€€TheÐ ° Ðmajor€point€of€impact€on€the€van€was€just€behind€the€front€wheel€and€most€of€the€damage€was€on€theÐ œì Ðfront€and€the€driverððs€side.€€He€said€that€the€vanððs€seatbelts€had€not€been€torn.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àTrooper€Blaine€Edward€Barnwell€of€the€Tennessee€Highway€Patrol€testified€as€a€certifiedÐ `° Ðaccident€reconstructionist.€€He€said€that€around€2:45€p.m.€on€May€15,€1999,€he€arrived€at€the€sceneÐ L œ Ðof€a€wreck€on€Highway€62.€€Two€vehicles,€a€1994€Chevrolet€pickup€truck€and€a€1994€Mazda€van,Ð 8 ˆ Ðwere€involved€in€the€collision.€€He€said€that€the€pickup€had€been€traveling€east€and€the€van€west€onÐ $ t ÐHighway€62.€€He€said€that€from€the€angle€of€the€impact,€he€determined€that€the€van€had€crossed€intoÐ  ` Ðthe€eastbound€lane€and€struck€the€left€front€portion€of€the€pickup.€€He€saw€no€gouge€or€skid€marksÐ ü L  Ðin€the€westbound€lane.€€He€said€that€the€pickup€truck€had€left€the€road€in€an€attempt€to€avoid€the€van.€Ð è 8  ÐHe€stated€that€upon€impact,€the€left€front€tire€of€the€pickup€made€a€gouge€mark€in€the€eastbound€laneÐ Ô$  Ðand€that€the€pickup€traveled€backward€one€and€one„half€feet€and€swivelled€to€the€side.€€He€said€thatÐ À  Ðthe€van€created€no€skid€marks€while€traveling€to€the€point€of€impact€and€that€upon€impact,€it€careenedÐ ¬ü  Ðoff€the€pickup€and€traveled€121€feet€and€4€inches.€€He€said€that€the€vanððs€left€front€wheel€had€extremeÐ ˜è  Ðdamage.€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àTrooper€Barnwell€testified€that€he€could€not€determine€the€reason€that€the€van€crossed€overÐ \¬ Ðthe€double€yellow€line€into€the€eastbound€lane.€€He€said€that€in€investigating€accidents,€he€hadÐ H˜ Ðlearned€of€drivers€crossing€into€oncoming€traffic€and€striking€another€vehicle€because€the€drivers€Ð 4„ Ðwere€intoxicated,€had€spilled€coffee€or€food,€dropped€a€cigarette,€had€a€flat€tire,€had€a€wheel€run€offÐ  p Ðthe€road,€or€fallen€asleep.€€He€stated€that€no€lawful€reason€existed€for€the€defendant€to€be€in€theÐ  \ Ðeastbound€lane€at€the€time€of€the€collision€and€that€vehicles€could€not€pass€at€that€point€on€the€road.€Ð øH ÐHe€stated€that€the€absence€of€skid€marks€from€the€van€before€the€impact€could€mean€that€theÐ ä4 Ðdefendant€was€so€drunk€that€he€could€not€respond,€that€he€did€not€realize€that€he€was€about€to€hitÐ Ð  Ðanother€vehicle,€or€that€he€was€asleep€and€did€not€have€control€over€the€van.Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àDr.€Sullivan€Smith,€Putnam€County€Medical€Examiner,€testified€that€on€May€15,€1999,€theÐ ”ä ÐTennessee€Highway€Patrol€requested€he€respond€to€a€traffic€fatality.€€As€he€arrived,€emergencyÐ €Ð Ðpersonnel€were€removing€the€defendant€from€a€van€onto€a€backboard.€€He€knew€the€defendant€fromÐ l¼ Ðworking€with€him€at€the€hospital€and€spoke€with€the€defendant.€€The€defendant€was€cursing€butÐ X ¨ Ðsettled€down€after€Dr.€Smith€told€him€that€the€emergency€personnel€were€trying€to€help€him.€€Dr.Ð D!” ÐSmith€said€that€he€was€concerned€that€the€defendant€was€under€the€influence€of€something€basedÐ 0"€  Ðupon€the€way€that€the€defendant€was€reacting€to€his€environment.€€He€said€that€he€noticed€the€odorÐ #l! Ðof€alcohol€at€one€point€but€that€he€did€not€know€if€it€came€from€the€defendant.€€He€said€that€he€didÐ $X" Ðnot€examine€the€defendant€in€detail€because€he€did€not€want€to€delay€the€defendantððs€trip€to€a€traumaÐ ô$D # Ðcenter.€€Dr.€Smith€testified€that€the€victim€was€dead€when€he€arrived€on€the€scene€and€that€the€victimÐ à%0!$ Ðdied€from€multiple€injuries€from€the€wreck.Ô#†¼T}»XXaÿ/#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}ÔÐ Ì&"% ÐÌà  àDr.€Smith€testified€that€cocaine€has€varied€effects€on€the€central€nervous€system€includingÐ ¤(ô#' Ðeuphoria,€delirium,€paranoia,€agitation,€seizures,€hallucinations,€coma,€rapid€heart€rate,€high€bloodÐ )à$( Ðpressure,€and€sweating.€€He€said€that€the€amount€of€time€that€cocaine€remains€in€the€body€dependsÐ |*Ì%) Ðupon€the€amount€ingested€and€the€history€of€the€person€ingesting€it.€€He€stated€that€one€standard€textÐ h+¸&* Ðin€emergency€medicine€stated€that€the€effects€of€cocaine€upon€the€average€person€begin€within€thirtyÐ ° Ðminutes€of€ingestion€and€last€for€one€to€three€hours.Ð œì ÐÌà  àCriminal€Investigator€Troy€Human€of€the€Tennessee€Highway€Patrol€testified€that€on€MayÐ tÄ Ð15,€1999,€he€was€an€off„duty€state€trooper€and€was€traveling€on€Highway€62.€€He€came€upon€theÐ `° Ðscene€of€a€wreck€and€offered€to€assist.€€He€said€that€a€metal€tube€containing€a€small€metal€screenÐ L œ Ðfilter€and€residue€was€found€on€the€ground€about€two€feet€from€the€driverððs€side€door€of€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðdefendantððs€van.€€He€said€that€he€believed€the€tube€was€an€improvised€crack€pipe€because€it€wasÐ $ t Ðblackened.€€He€took€the€tube€to€the€TBI€crime€laboratory€in€Nashville.€€He€said€that€he€saw€noÐ  ` Ðdistinguishable€fingerprints€on€the€tube€to€lift€and€use€for€comparison€purposes.€€He€acknowledgedÐ ü L  Ðthat€he€had€no€way€of€knowing€to€whom€the€tube€belonged€or€when€it€was€last€used.€€He€admittedÐ è 8  Ðthat€several€people€were€assisting€the€defendant€in€the€area€where€he€found€the€tube.Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àJonathan€Dooley€Jackson,€a€patient€care€technician€at€Erlanger€Medical€Center,€identified€hisÐ ¬ü  Ðsignature€on€the€defendantððs€blood€alcohol€kit.€€Although€he€did€not€remember€assisting€with€theÐ ˜è  Ðdefendant,€he€said€that€his€signature€on€the€kit€meant€that€he€either€drew€the€defendantððs€blood€orÐ „Ô  Ðwatched€a€doctor€draw€it.€€He€said€the€kit€states€the€requesting€officer€was€David€McVey.€€Ô#†¼T}»XXaóE#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}ÔTrooperÐ pÀ ÐCharles€David€McVey€of€the€Tennessee€Highway€Patrol€testified€that€on€May€15,€1999,€he€went€toÐ \¬ ÐErlanger€Medical€Center€to€receive€a€blood€sample€from€a€subject€being€flown€there€by€Life€Force.€Ð H˜ ÐHe€received€the€blood€sample,€secured€it€in€a€box,€and€mailed€it€to€the€TBI€crime€laboratory€inÐ 4„ ÐChattanooga.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð  p ÐÌà  àEdward€Lewis€Kuykendall,€a€forensic€scientist€for€the€TBI€crime€laboratory,€testified€that€heÐ øH Ðanalyzes€blood,€body€fluids,€or€tissue€for€the€presence€of€alcohol,€drugs,€or€poisons.€€He€explainedÐ ä4 Ðthat€he€tests€samples€using€gas€chromatography,€which€divides€a€mixture€into€its€components€andÐ Ð  Ðallows€him€to€identify€the€type€and€quantity€of€each€of€the€components.€€With€this€type€of€testing,Ð ¼  Ðhe€chemically€extracts€any€drugs€from€a€blood€sample€and€then€performs€a€screen€to€determine€whichÐ ¨ø Ðclasses€of€drugs€are€present.€€He€said€that€the€victimððs€blood€sample€was€negative€for€all€classes€ofÐ ”ä Ðdrugs.€€Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àMr.€Kuykendall€testified€that€he€tested€the€defendantððs€blood€sample€and€found€cocaine€andÐ X ¨ Ðecgonine€methyl€ester,€a€metabolite€of€cocaine.€€He€testified€that€when€the€human€body€breaks€downÐ D!” Ðcocaine,€one€of€the€components€is€ecgonine€methyl€ester.€€He€said€that€he€did€not€quantify€theÐ 0"€  Ðamount€of€the€ester,€which€is€not€an€active€metabolite,€in€the€defendantððs€blood€sample.€€He€said€thatÐ #l! Ðthe€defendantððs€blood€sample€contained€less€than€.05€micrograms€per€milliliter€of€cocaine.€€He€saidÐ $X" Ðthat€a€microgram€is€one€millionth€of€a€gram.€€He€stated€that€when€cocaine€is€present€at€levels€lessÐ ô$D # Ðthan€.05€micrograms€per€milliliter,€it€is€the€policy€of€his€laboratory€not€to€attempt€to€determine€theÐ à%0!$ Ðexact€amount€of€cocaine€because€of€the€immense€amount€of€work€involved.€€He€explained€that€whenÐ Ì&"% Ðhe€arrives€at€a€test€result,€he€must€be€able€to€reproduce€that€number€every€time€he€tests€that€sample.€Ð ¸'#& ÐHe€said€that€once€the€level€drops€below€.05€micrograms€per€milliliter,€it€becomes€increasingly€harderÐ ¤(ô#' Ðto€attain€reproducible€numbers€in€the€test€results.€€He€said€that€the€difference€in€the€effects€of€.01€toÐ )à$( Ðâ â.04€micrograms€per€milliliter€of€cocaine€on€the€body€is€negligible.€€He€said€that€there€was€noÐ |*Ì%) Ðsubstantial€reason€to€try€to€achieve€an€exact€quantity€below€.05€micrograms€per€milliliter.€€He€saidÐ ° Ðthat€the€defendantððs€blood€sample€was€negative€for€other€classes€of€drugs.Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Mr.€Kuykendall€testified€that€according€to€his€notes,€the€actualÐ tÄ Ðquantity€of€cocaine€in€the€defendantððs€sample€was€.01€micrograms€per€milliliter.€€He€agreed€that€theÐ `° Ðpotential€for€error€was€greater€when€dealing€with€numbers€that€small.€€He€said€that€although€humansÐ L œ Ðmetabolize€cocaine€in€the€same€way,€the€rate€at€which€an€individual€metabolizes€cocaine€varies€basedÐ 8 ˆ Ðupon€the€amount€of€cocaine€consumed€and€other€factors.€€Ð $ t ÐÌà  àMr.€Kuykendall€testified€that€he€had€received€training€on€the€rates€at€which€cocaine€dissipatesÐ ü L  Ðfrom€the€human€body.€€He€said€that€once€consumed,€cocaine€begins€to€break€down€very€quickly€and€Ð è 8  Ðthe€person€quickly€reaches€a€high€or€euphoria€depending€upon€the€method€in€which€the€cocaine€isÐ Ô$  Ðconsumed.€€He€stated€that€smoking€cocaine€is€probably€the€fastest€way€to€achieve€a€high.€€He€saidÐ À  Ðthat€for€the€average€person€taking€one€dose€of€cocaine,€the€amount€of€cocaine€in€the€body€will€beÐ ¬ü  Ðreduced€by€half€one€hour€after€the€cocaine€reaches€its€peak€effectÔ#†¼T}»XXaÕN#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô.€€He€said€that€one€hour€later,€theÐ ˜è  Ðcocaine€will€have€again€reduced€by€half€and€that€it€will€continue€to€reduce€by€half€each€hour€until€itÐ „Ô  Ðis€gone.€€He€agreed€that€the€dissipation€rate€varies€with€the€individualððs€metabolism€of€the€cocaine.€Ð pÀ ÐHe€acknowledged€that€traces€of€cocaine€and€cocaine€metabolites€could€be€found€in€the€body,€but€notÐ \¬ Ðnecessarily€the€blood,€of€the€average€person€using€cocaine€for€three€to€five€days€after€it€wasÐ H˜ Ðconsumed.€€He€said€that€urine€is€the€last€location€that€cocaine€can€be€detected€before€it€dissipatesÐ 4„ Ðfrom€the€body.€€He€said€that€he€had€personally€observed€traces€of€cocaine€in€urine€samples€one€orÐ  p Ðtwo€days€after€consumption€but€that€he€had€read€about€traces€of€cocaine€Ô#†¼T}»XXa'_#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ôin€urine€for€up€to€five€daysÐ  \ Ðafter€consumption.€€Ð øH ÐÌà  àMr.€Kuykendall€testified€that€he€did€not€consider€an€amount€of€cocaine€quantified€at€less€thanÐ Ð  Ð.05€micrograms€per€milliliter€to€be€a€trace€amount.€€He€said€that€he€characterized€a€trace€of€cocaineÐ ¼  Ðas€an€amount€too€small€to€have€an€effect€on€the€person.€€He€said€that€levels€of€cocaine€from€.05€toÐ ¨ø Ð.01€micrograms€per€milliliter€can€still€have€an€effect€on€the€human€body€and€could€impair€driving.€Ð ”ä ÐHe€agreed€that€the€effect€that€cocaine€has€on€a€person€varies€with€the€individual€and€that€a€levelÐ €Ð Ðhigher€than€.05€micrograms€per€milliliter€might€not€impair€driving.€€He€said€that€although€theÐ l¼ Ðdefendantððs€blood€sample€was€drawn€on€May€15,€1999,€it€was€not€tested€until€August€10,€1999.€€HeÐ X ¨ Ðsaid€that€the€cocaine€in€the€defendantððs€blood€sample€continued€to€break€down€until€it€was€tested€andÐ D!” Ðthat€the€level€of€cocaine€would€have€been€much€higher€at€the€time€the€sample€was€drawn.€€He€statedÐ 0"€  Ðthat€he€had€no€doubt€that€the€defendantððs€blood€sample€contained€cocaine.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àGlenn€Everett,€a€forensic€scientist€for€the€TBI€crime€laboratory,€testified€that€a€pipe€foundÐ ô$D # Ðat€the€scene€of€the€wreck€involving€the€defendant€contained€cocaine.€€He€said€that€although€the€pipeÐ à%0!$ Ðhad€been€used€to€smoke€cocaine,€he€could€not€tell€the€last€time€it€had€been€used€or€to€whom€itÐ Ì&"% Ðbelonged.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àAnna€Davis,€a€health€information€manager€at€Erlanger€Medical€Center,€testified€that€aÐ )à$( Ðlaboratory€report€contained€in€the€defendantððs€file€revealed€that€a€drug€screen€was€conducted€on€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðdefendant€at€5:40€p.m.€on€May€15,€1999.€€She€stated€that€the€report€shows€that€the€test€was€positiveÐ h+¸&* Ðfor€cocaine€but€negative€for€other€drugs.€€She€acknowledged€that€she€could€not€interpret€theÐ ° Ðlaboratory€report,€tell€how€much€cocaine€was€in€the€defendantððs€system€at€the€time€of€the€wreck,€orÐ œì Ðdescribe€the€effects€that€cocaine€would€have€on€the€defendant.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àAgent€Frankie€Floyd€of€the€Criminal€Investigations€Division€of€the€Tennessee€DepartmentÐ `° Ðof€Safety,€testified€that€on€May€19,€1999,€he€met€with€the€defendant€in€his€hospital€room€at€ErlangerÐ L œ ÐMedical€Center€in€Chattanooga,€Tennessee.€€He€said€that€he€identified€himself€to€the€defendant€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðhis€grandmother€and€told€the€defendant€that€he€did€not€have€to€talk€with€him€and€that€he€was€notÐ $ t Ðunder€arrest.€€He€said€the€defendant€agreed€to€talk€with€him,€saying€that€he€had€nothing€to€hide.€€HeÐ  ` Ðsaid€that€the€defendant€told€him€the€following€about€the€events€surrounding€the€wreck:€€TheÐ ü L  Ðdefendant€and€his€girlfriend€had€a€drug€problem,€it€cost€them€as€much€as€$900€per€day,€and€it€hadÐ è 8  Ðruined€the€defendantððs€life.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€had€not€used€any€drugs€or€alcohol€on€the€dayÐ Ô$  Ðof€the€wreck€but€that€he€had€€smoked€a€lot€of€cocaine€late€Tuesday€night€or€early€Wednesday€morningÐ À  Ðduring€the€week€of€the€wreck.€€On€Wednesday€morning,€the€defendant€was€required€to€take€a€surpriseÐ ¬ü  Ðdrug€test€at€work€and€he€tested€positive€for€cocaine.€€The€defendant€and€his€girlfriend€had€lost€theirÐ ˜è  Ðhouse€in€Cookeville€and€were€moving€to€Jamestown.€€The€defendant€said€that€before€the€wreck,€heÐ „Ô  Ðand€his€girlfriendððs€sons€had€gone€to€Jamestown€looking€for€a€U„Haul€truck€in€which€they€couldÐ pÀ Ðmove€their€possessions.€€No€U„Haul€trucks€were€available,€so€they€went€to€the€defendantððsÐ \¬ Ðgrandmotherððs€house€and€then€to€the€school€that€the€boys€would€attend€in€the€fall.€€The€defendantÐ H˜ Ðsaid€that€he€did€not€remember€passing€anyone€on€the€way€home€or€anything€about€the€wreck.€€TheÐ 4„ Ðnext€thing€the€defendant€remembered€was€the€pain€he€felt€while€in€an€ambulance€en€route€to€theÐ  p Ðhelicopter.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€had€not€slept€in€twenty„four€to€thirty„six€hours€at€the€time€ofÐ  \ Ðthe€wreck€because€he€was€distraught€that€he€had€lost€everything.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€believedÐ øH Ðthat€he€had€fallen€asleep€just€before€the€collision.€€The€defendant€said€that€the€pipe€found€near€hisÐ ä4 Ðvan€was€his,€that€he€had€misplaced€it,€and€that€it€had€been€knocked€out€of€the€van€as€a€result€of€theÐ Ð  Ðwreck.Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€worked€as€an€x„ray€technologist€for€Dr.€Doug€Smith€and€thatÐ ”ä Ðbefore€that€he€worked€as€a€mobile€technologist€taking€offsite€x„rays€for€Cookeville€Regional€MedicalÐ €Ð ÐCenter.€€He€said€that€in€January€1999,€he€was€around€the€wrong€crowd€and€began€smoking€cocaine.€Ð l¼ ÐHe€said€that€he€would€use€cocaine€every€third€or€fourth€day€and€that€it€would€cost€between€$50€andÐ X ¨ Ð$200€per€use.€€He€stated€that€when€he€smoked€cocaine,€he€would€get€an€instant€feeling€of€beingÐ D!” Ðwithout€problems€that€would€last€for€fifteen€to€twenty€minutes.€€Then€he€would€have€a€down€periodÐ 0"€  Ðof€fifteen€minutes€to€an€hour.€€Ð #l! ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€last€used€cocaine€on€May€12,€1999,€before€1:00€a.m.€€He€saidÐ ô$D # Ðthat€he€and€his€girlfriend,€Mary€Jo€Bunch,€were€doing€cocaine€but€that€the€cocaine€did€not€have€anÐ à%0!$ Ðeffect€on€him€at€that€time.€€He€said€that€they€decided€to€give€up€cocaine€together.€€He€said€that€he€wasÐ Ì&"% Ðin€terrible€financial€shape€as€a€result€of€his€drug€use,€that€he€worried€about€it€all€of€the€time,€and€thatÐ ¸'#& Ðhe€could€not€sleep.€€He€said€that€he€went€to€sleep€one€and€one„half€hours€after€they€decided€to€quitÐ ¤(ô#' Ðusing€cocaine€and€awoke€on€that€Wednesday€morning€at€6:00€or€6:30€a.m.€€He€said€that€he€did€notÐ )à$( Ðgo€to€work€that€day.€€He€called€his€grandmother,€Ruth€Owens,€and€they€made€the€decision€that€he,Ð |*Ì%) ÐMs.€Bunch,€and€Ms.€Bunchððs€four€children€would€move€from€Cookeville€to€get€away€from€thatÐ h+¸&* Ðenvironment.€€He€decided€to€move€to€Jamestown€to€be€near€his€grandmother€who€had€raised€him.€Ð ° ÐWednesday€evening,€he€went€to€Jamestown€to€talk€with€his€grandmother,€who€agreed€to€help€withÐ œì Ðthe€move.€€He€said€that€he€spent€the€night€at€his€grandmotherððs€house,€went€to€bed€around€10:30Ð ˆØ Ðp.m.,€and€got€up€around€6:30€a.m.€€He€said€that€he€returned€to€Cookeville€on€Thursday€afternoon€andÐ tÄ Ðthat€Ms.€Bunch€had€already€started€packing.€€He€said€that€they€packed€on€Thursday€and€Friday,€goingÐ `° Ðto€bed€around€11:30€p.m.€or€midnight€and€awakening€between€6:30€and€7:00€a.m.€€He€deniedÐ L œ Ðsmoking€any€cocaine€or€having€any€money€with€which€to€buy€cocaine€on€Wednesday€throughÐ 8 ˆ ÐSaturday,€the€day€of€the€collision.Ð $ t ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€testified€that€between€10:30€and€11:00€a.m.€on€Saturday,€May€15,€1999,€he€leftÐ ü L  Ðfor€Jamestown€to€rent€a€U„Haul€truck.€€He€said€that€Ms.€Bunchððs€sons,€Justin€Vanatta€and€RichardÐ è 8  ÐBunch,€went€with€him.€€He€said€they€arrived€in€Jamestown€around€11:00€or€11:15€a.m.€but€that€noÐ Ô$  ÐU„Hauls€were€available.€€He€said€that€they€went€to€his€grandmotherððs€house,€ate€lunch,€and€talkedÐ À  Ðabout€the€move.€€He€said€that€around€1:15€or€1:30,€they€went€to€the€elementary€school€that€the€boysÐ ¬ü  Ðwould€attend€in€the€fall€and€looked€around.€€He€said€that€they€left€for€Cookeville€at€2:15€p.m.,€thatÐ ˜è  ÐRichard€was€riding€in€the€front€passenger€seat,€and€that€both€boys€had€on€their€seatbelts.€€He€said€thatÐ „Ô  Ðhe€had€not€smoked€any€cocaine€that€day€and€that€he€did€not€have€any€with€him.€€He€said€that€heÐ pÀ Ðstopped€at€a€market€to€get€a€snack€for€the€boys€who€waited€in€the€car€for€him.€€He€said€that€he€turnedÐ \¬ Ðonto€Highway€62€and€that€the€next€thing€he€remembered€was€excruciating€pain€in€his€left€leg.€€HeÐ H˜ Ðsaid€that€he€did€not€remember€Richard€leaning€or€waiving€out€the€window.€€He€said€that€RichardÐ 4„ Ðwould€have€been€able€to€put€his€arms€out€of€the€window€although€his€seatbelt€was€fastened.€€Ð  p ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€testified€that€after€the€wreck,€Justin€was€shaking€him€and€calling€his€name.€Ð øH ÐHe€could€move€very€little,€was€confused,€and€recalled€hearing€a€multitude€of€voices.€€He€said€thatÐ ä4 Ðhe€could€reach€over€and€touch€the€top€of€Richardððs€head.€€He€said€that€the€emergency€personnelÐ Ð  Ðnipped€his€leg€when€they€cut€him€out€of€the€van.€€He€recalled€being€asked€if€he€had€used€any€drugsÐ ¼  Ðand€that€he€had€responded€that€he€had€used€drugs€three€days€ago.€€He€said€that€he€was€taken€byÐ ¨ø Ðambulance€to€a€helicopter.€€He€said€that€he€was€not€feeling€the€effects€of€cocaine€that€day€but€wasÐ ”ä Ðfeeling€tired€and€worried€about€the€move€and€his€finances.€€He€said€he€did€not€know€if€the€pipe€foundÐ €Ð Ðat€the€scene€was€his€but€that€he€had€lost€a€pipe.Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€defendant€testified€that€although€he€went€to€bed€on€the€nightsÐ D!” Ðbefore€the€wreck,€he€did€not€sleep€well.€€He€said€that€he€was€fired€from€his€job€at€Cookeville€GeneralÐ 0"€  ÐHospital€on€the€Friday€before€the€wreck€but€that€he€already€had€another€job€lined€up€in€Jamestown.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àMary€Jo€Bunch€testified€that€she€had€been€the€defendantððs€girlfriend€for€almost€three€yearsÐ ô$D # Ðand€that€the€defendant€had€been€like€a€father€to€her€four€children.€€She€said€that€at€one€point,€she€andÐ à%0!$ Ðthe€defendant€had€a€cocaine€habit.€€She€said€that€they€had€gotten€in€bad€financial€shape€and€felt€likeÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€cocaine€was€ruining€their€lives.€€She€said€that€they€had€used€cocaine€thirty€minutes€to€one€hourÐ ¸'#& Ðbefore€1:00€a.m.€on€May€12,€1999.€€She€said€that€they€discussed€their€cocaine€use€at€that€time€andÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdecided€they€were€ð ðready€to€straighten€up.ðð€€She€said€that€the€next€day,€the€defendantððs€grandmotherÐ )à$( Ðagreed€to€help€them€including€providing€a€place€for€them€to€live€if€they€moved€to€Fentress€County.Ð |*Ì%) ÐShe€said€that€the€defendant€returned€from€his€grandmotherððs€house€on€Thursday€evening€and€thatÐ h+¸&* Ðthey€began€packing€for€the€move.€€She€said€they€went€to€bed€around€11:30€p.m.€or€midnight,€awokeÐ ° Ðat€7:00€or€7:30€a.m.,€and€packed€all€day€Friday€until€11:30€p.m.€or€midnight.€€She€said€that€onÐ œì ÐSaturday,€the€defendant€took€her€two€sons€with€him€to€get€a€U„Haul€truck.€€She€recalled€theÐ ˆØ Ðdefendant€telling€the€boys€to€buckle€their€seatbelts€like€he€always€did.€€She€said€that€except€for€theÐ tÄ Ðtime€the€defendant€was€in€Jamestown€with€his€grandmother,€he€was€with€her€from€1:00€a.m.€onÐ `° ÐWednesday€until€he€left€on€Saturday€morning€and€that€he€did€not€use€cocaine€during€this€time.Ð L œ ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Ms.€Bunch€testified€that€she€and€the€defendant€had€used€cocaineÐ $ t Ðalmost€daily.€€She€said€that€she€did€not€carry€a€pipe€with€her€nor€keep€one€in€the€van.€€She€said€thatÐ  ` Ðshe€had€never€seen€a€crack€pipe€in€the€van€and€that€she€had€never€smoked€cocaine€while€riding€in€theÐ ü L  Ðvan€but€had€always€smoked€it€at€home.€€She€said€that€she€and€the€defendant€had€talked€about€quittingÐ è 8  Ðcocaine€a€lot€before€the€12thòò€óó€but€had€continued€to€smoke€until€that€day.€€She€admitted€that€she€didÐ Ô$  Ðnot€know€if€the€defendant€had€smoked€cocaine€after€he€left€her€on€the€15th€but€said€that€she€did€notÐ À  Ðthink€he€would.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àJustin€Vanatta€testified€that€he€was€ten€years€old,€that€Mary€Jo€Bunch€was€his€mother,€andÐ „Ô  Ðthat€he€had€lived€with€the€defendant.€€He€said€that€on€the€day€of€the€accident,€he€and€his€brotherÐ pÀ ÐRichard€went€with€the€defendant€to€Jamestown€to€rent€a€U„Haul€truck.€€The€defendant€allowed€himÐ \¬ Ðto€ride€in€the€front€passenger€seat€on€the€way€there€and€Richard€to€ride€in€the€front€on€the€way€back.€Ð H˜ ÐHe€said€that€they€wore€their€seatbelts€on€the€way€there.€€No€U„Hauls€were€available,€and€they€wentÐ 4„ Ðto€visit€the€defendantððs€grandmother€who€gave€them€doughnuts€and€milk.€€Then€they€went€to€see€theÐ  p Ðschool€that€he€would€be€attending.€€After€an€one€and€one„half€hours,€€they€fastened€their€seatbelts€andÐ  \ Ðleft€to€go€back€to€Cookeville.€€They€stopped€at€a€store€and€got€something€to€eat€and€drink.€€JustinÐ øH Ðtestified€that€on€the€way€home,€the€defendant€drove€safely€and€did€not€speed.€€He€said€that€he€becameÐ ä4 Ðsleepy€and€that€the€defendant€told€him€to€lie€down.€€He€said€that€he€lay€down€in€the€backseat€withÐ Ð  Ðhis€seatbelt€still€fastened.€€He€said€that€he€woke€up€just€before€the€accident.€€He€said€that€theÐ ¼  Ðdefendant€was€asleep€with€his€head€against€the€driverððs€side€door€and€was€snoring.€€He€said€that€theÐ ¨ø Ðsteering€wheel€started€spinning,€they€began€turning,€and€he€yelled€the€defendantððs€name.€€He€said€thatÐ ”ä Ðupon€impact,€his€seat€flipped€over€on€top€of€him.€€He€said€that€he€hurt€his€shoulder€and€bruised€hisÐ €Ð Ðknee€but€needed€only€first€aid€treatment.€€He€said€that€he€unbuckled€his€seatbelt€after€the€accident.€Ð l¼ ÐHe€said€that€his€brother€must€have€slid€underneath€his€seatbelt€because€he€found€his€brother€in€theÐ X ¨ Ðfloorboard.€€He€said€that€he€did€not€remember€telling€a€police€officer€at€the€hospital€that€he€was€notÐ D!” Ðwearing€a€seatbelt€at€the€time€of€the€wreck.Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àRuth€Owens,€the€defendantððs€grandmother,€testified€that€she€was€a€registered€nurse€and€hadÐ $X" Ðraised€the€defendant€who€was€like€a€son€to€her.€€She€said€that€before€the€accident€the€defendant€askedÐ ô$D # Ðfor€her€help€financially€and€emotionally.€€She€said€that€she€did€not€know€the€defendant€had€a€cocaineÐ à%0!$ Ðproblem€until€this€time€and€that€she€had€never€noticed€him€acting€peculiar€around€her.€€She€broughtÐ Ì&"% Ðhim€to€her€house€on€Wednesday€afternoon€and€agreed€to€help€him€and€to€give€him€a€place€to€live€ifÐ ¸'#& Ðhe€would€move€to€Jamestown.€€She€said€that€she€took€the€defendant€back€to€Cookeville€the€next€dayÐ ¤(ô#' Ðand€spoke€with€him€every€two€or€three€hours€after€that.€€She€saw€the€defendant€and€Ms.€Bunchððs€twoÐ )à$( Ðsons€on€Saturday€between€12:30€and€1:00€p.m.€€The€defendant€told€her€that€there€were€no€U„HaulÐ |*Ì%) Ðtrucks€available€in€Jamestown,€and€she€offered€to€help€him€rent€a€U„Haul€in€Cookeville€the€next€day.€Ð h+¸&* ÐThey€had€lunch€and€then€took€the€boys€to€see€the€school€they€would€attend€in€the€fall.€€She€said€thatÐ ° Ðshe€followed€the€defendant€to€the€school€and€that€he€observed€all€stop€signs.€€She€said€that€theÐ œì Ðdefendantððs€demeanor€on€that€Wednesday,€Thursday,€and€Saturday€was€normal.€€She€said€that€sheÐ ˆØ Ðhad€never€seen€the€defendant€or€Ms.€Bunch€when€she€thought€they€were€using€cocaine.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àJames€Woodford,€a€chemist€performing€research€on€drug€and€alcohol€testing,€testified€for€theÐ L œ Ðdefense.€€He€had€reviewed€the€laboratory€report€from€the€TBI,€which€tested€the€defendantððs€bloodÐ 8 ˆ Ðsample€for€cocaine€and€a€cocaine€metabolite€using€gas€chromatology€mass€spectrometry.€€He€saidÐ $ t Ðthat€this€type€of€test€measured€the€presence€of€trace€amounts€of€drugs€and€was€not€conducted€toÐ  ` Ðquantify€the€amount€of€cocaine€in€a€personððs€system.€€€He€said€that€this€type€of€testing€is€affected€byÐ ü L  Ðthe€precision€with€which€the€components€are€measured€and€by€temperature€fluctuations.€€He€said€thatÐ è 8  Ðthe€TBI€laboratory€report€did€not€tell€how€much€cocaine€was€in€the€defendantððs€blood.€€He€said€thatÐ Ô$  Ðthe€urine€test€also€did€not€reveal€the€amount€of€cocaine€in€the€defendantððs€blood.€€He€said€that€neitherÐ À  Ðof€these€tests€revealed€whether€the€subject€was€under€the€influence€of€cocaine€or€correlated€to€effectÐ ¬ü  Ðon€behavior€or€ability.€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àMr.€Woodford€testified€that€he€was€trained€regarding€the€metabolism€of€cocaine€and€the€wayÐ pÀ Ðit€leaves€the€body.€€He€said€that€based€upon€his€research,€if€someone€had€smoked€cocaine€four€to€fiveÐ \¬ Ðhours€before€a€blood€sample€was€drawn,€he€would€expect€a€result€substantially€greater€than€.05Ð H˜ Ðmicrograms€per€milliliter.€€He€said€that€the€effects€of€cocaine€vary€widely€as€does€the€metabolismÐ 4„ Ðof€cocaine,€which€can€be€influenced€by€the€subjectððs€gender,€age,€race,€nationality,€liver€and€bloodÐ  p Ðcondition,€and€background.€€He€said€that€trace€tests€can€detect€cocaine€in€the€body€for€more€thanÐ  \ Ðthree€and€one„half€days€and€sometimes€for€up€to€thirty€days€after€use.€€He€said€that€cocaine€can€beÐ øH Ðdetected€in€urine€for€much€longer€than€three€and€one„half€days.Ô#†¼T}»XXa»b#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô€€He€said€that€the€test€used€by€the€TBIÐ ä4 Ðcould€detect€a€tiny€amount€of€cocaine€in€a€personððs€system€three€and€one„half€days€after€ingestion.€Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àMr.€Woodford€disputed€the€statement€that€the€cocaine€in€the€defendantððs€blood€sample€wouldÐ ¨ø Ðhave€been€much€greater€at€the€time€it€was€drawn€than€at€the€time€of€testing.€€He€said€that€whenÐ ”ä Ðcocaine€enters€the€blood,€a€portion€of€it€binds€with€the€pigmented€parts€of€the€blood€while€the€cocaineÐ €Ð Ðin€the€clear€part€of€the€blood€breaks€down.€€He€said€that€over€several€months,€the€cocaine€linked€toÐ l¼ Ðthe€pigmented€part€breaks€off€and€can€be€detected€in€testing.€€He€concluded€that€at€some€point€theÐ X ¨ Ðamount€of€cocaine€in€the€blood€sample€was€greater€than€at€the€time€of€testing€but€that€he€could€notÐ D!” Ðsay€when.Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àMillard€Deberry,€an€emergency€medical€technician,€testified€for€the€state€in€rebuttal€that€onÐ $X" ÐMay€15,€1999,€he€accompanied€Betsy€Spurlock€to€the€scene€of€a€wreck€on€Highway€62.€€When€heÐ ô$D # Ðarrived,€the€defendantððs€legs€were€twisted€and€pinned€under€the€pedals€of€his€van.€€He€said€that€heÐ à%0!$ Ðwas€close€to€the€defendant€as€they€were€assisting€him€but€did€not€detect€the€odor€of€an€intoxicant€onÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€defendantððs€breath.€€He€said€that€although€the€defendant€was€irritable,€he€saw€nothing€out€of€theÐ ¸'#& Ðordinary€about€the€way€in€which€the€defendant€was€dealing€with€his€pain.€€He€said€that€when€theyÐ ¤(ô#' Ðwere€in€the€back€of€the€ambulance,€the€defendant€told€them€he€had€smoked€crack€cocaine.€€He€didÐ )à$( Ðnot€recall€the€defendant€saying€when€he€had€smoked€it.€€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà@  ìàò òI.€€SUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEó óˆÐ ° ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€his€convictions€forÐ ˆØ Ðvehicular€homicide€and€child€endangerment€because€the€state€failed€to€prove€that€he€was€intoxicatedÐ tÄ Ðat€the€time€of€the€wreck.€€He€also€argues€that€the€evidence€does€not€support€his€recklessÐ `° Ðendangerment€conviction€because€the€state€failed€to€establish€that€he€placed€anyone€in€actual€dangerÐ L œ Ðbefore€the€collision.€€Finally,€he€argues€that€the€trial€court€failed€to€perform€its€duty€as€the€thirteenthÐ 8 ˆ Ðjuror€and,€instead,€deferred€to€the€juryððs€findings.€€The€state€contends€that€the€evidence€is€sufficientÐ $ t Ðto€support€the€defendantððs€convictions€and€that€the€trial€court€properly€acted€as€the€thirteenth€juror.€Ð  ` ÐWe€agree€with€the€state.Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àOur€standard€of€review€when€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€questioned€on€appeal€isÐ Ô$  Ðð ðwhether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€òòanyóó€rational€trierÐ À  Ðof€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòJacksonÐ ¬ü  Ðv.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979).€We€do€not€reweigh€the€evidence€butÐ ˜è  Ðpresume€that€the€jury€has€resolved€all€conflicts€in€the€testimony€and€drawn€all€reasonable€inferencesÐ „Ô  Ðfrom€the€evidence€in€favor€of€the€state.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Sheffieldóó,€676€S.W.2d€542,€547€(Tenn.€1984);Ð pÀ ÐòòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€Any€questions€about€the€credibility€of€theÐ \¬ Ðwitnesses€were€resolved€by€the€jury.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€659€(Tenn.€1997).Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àVehicular€homicide€by€intoxication€is€ð ðthe€reckless€killing€of€another€by€the€operation€of€anÐ  p Ðautomobile€.€.€.€[a]s€the€proximate€result€of€the€driverððs€intoxication€as€set€forth€in€ðð€55„10„401.ðð€Ð  \ ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„213(a)(2).€€Section€55„10„401€prohibits,€in€pertinent€part,€a€person€fromÐ øH Ðdriving€on€the€public€roads€and€highways€while€under€ð ðthe€influence€of€any€intoxicant,€marijuana,Ð ä4 Ðnarcotic€drug,€or€drug€producing€stimulating€effects€on€the€central€nervous€system.ðð€€òòId.óó€ðð€55„10„Ð Ð  Ð401(a)(1);€òòsee€alsoóó€ðð€39„13„213(a)(2)Ô#†¼T}»XXa«ª#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô€(providing€that€intoxication€for€purposes€of€the€vehicularÐ ¼  Ðhomicide€statute€includes€both€alcohol€and€drug€intoxication).€€One€commits€Class€A€misdemeanorÐ ¨ø Ðchild€endangerment€by€violating€ðð€55„10„401€while€accompanied€by€a€child€under€age€thirteen.€€òòId.óóÐ ”ä Ððð€55„10„414(1).Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àIn€the€present€case,€the€evidence€reveals€that€the€victim€was€killed€when€the€defendantððs€vanÐ X ¨ Ðcrossed€the€center€line€and€struck€the€victimððs€pickup€truck.€€The€defendantððs€girlfriendððs€sons,€nine„Ð D!” Ðyear„old€Justin€Vanatta€and€five„year„old€Richard€Bunch,€were€in€the€van€with€the€defendant€at€theÐ 0"€  Ðtime€of€the€collision.€€Viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€the€evidenceÐ #l! Ðshows€that€the€defendant€was€intoxicated€at€the€time€of€the€collision.€€The€defendant€inexplicablyÐ $X" Ðcrossed€out€of€his€lane€of€travel€and€into€the€opposing€lane.€€Nothing€in€the€record€suggests€that€heÐ ô$D # Ðwas€attempting€to€avoid€something€on€the€roadway€or€that€his€driving€was€affected€by€adverseÐ à%0!$ Ðweather€conditions.€€The€defendant€admitted€that€he€had€a€cocaine€problem.€€Paramedic€BetsyÐ Ì&"% ÐSpurlock€testified€that€the€defendant€told€her€that€he€had€smoked€cocaine€three€hours€before€theÐ ¸'#& Ðwreck.€€Dr.€Sullivan€Smith€testified€that€the€effects€of€cocaine€could€last€for€three€hours€in€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðaverage€person.€€He€also€said€that€he€was€concerned€that€the€defendant€was€intoxicated€based€uponÐ )à$( Ðhis€behavior€at€the€scene€of€the€wreck.€€Samples€of€the€defendantððs€blood€and€urine€taken€on€the€dayÐ |*Ì%) Ðof€the€collision€tested€positive€for€cocaine.€€Edward€Lewis€Kuykendall,€a€TBI€forensic€scientist,Ð h+¸&* Ðtestified€that€the€defendantððs€blood€sample€contained€€.01€micrograms€per€milliliter€of€cocaine,€anÐ ° Ðamount€that€could€impair€a€personððs€driving.€€Finally,€although€Mary€Jo€Bunch€testified€that€she€andÐ œì Ðthe€defendant€did€not€keep€cocaine€pipes€in€the€van,€an€improvised€pipe€containing€cocaine€residueÐ ˆØ Ðwas€found€just€outside€the€driverððs€side€door€of€the€defendantððs€van€after€the€wreck.€€The€defendantÐ tÄ Ðtold€Agent€Frankie€Floyd€that€the€pipe€was€his.€€This€evidence€supports€the€juryððs€finding€that€theÐ `° Ðdefendant€was€intoxicated€at€the€time€of€the€collision.€€The€evidence€is€sufficient€to€sustain€hisÐ L œ Ðconvictions€for€vehicular€homicide€by€intoxication€and€child€endangerment.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àAlthough€the€defendant€does€not€challenge€the€fact€that€he€received€two€child€endangermentÐ  ` Ðconvictions€arising€out€of€the€same€period€of€driving,€we€believe€that€his€convictions€for€two€countsÐ ü L  Ðof€child€endangerment€constitute€plain€error€under€the€circumstances€of€this€case.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.Ð è 8  ÐCrim.€P.€52(b).€€In€òòState€v.€Ramseyóó,€we€held€that€the€statute€defining€reckless€endangerment€prohibitsÐ Ô$  Ða€course€of€conduct€as€opposed€to€an€individual€act€or€result€and,€therefore,€that€a€single€period€ofÐ À  Ðreckless€driving€typically€constitutes€a€single€offense€even€though€the€driver€endangered€more€thanÐ ¬ü  Ðone€person.€€903€S.W.2d€709,€713€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€Similarly,€the€child€endangermentÐ ˜è  Ðstatute€prohibits€a€course€of€conductð!ðthat€of€driving€while€intoxicated€and€accompanied€by€a€childÐ „Ô  Ðunder€age€thirteen.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€55„10„414;€òòsee€alsoóó€Ô‡XaXXXaÔòòState€v.€Rhodesóó,€917€S.W.2d€708,Ð pÀ Ð713€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)Ô#†XaXXXa¥Ë#ÔÔ‡XaXXXaÔÔ#†¼T}»XXa¥¼#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô€(holding€that€driving€while€under€the€influence€of€an€intoxicant€(DUI)Ð \¬ Ðis€a€continuing€offense).€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àIn€òòRamseyóó,€we€focused€on€the€fact€that€although€five€people€were€endangered€by€theÐ  p Ðdefendantððs€driving,€the€driving€that€endangered€the€victims€was€a€continuous€act:Ô#†XaXXXa=Ì#ÔÔ#†¼T}»XXaÌ#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}ÔÐ  \ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThe€evidence€indicates€that€the€defendantððs€loss€of€control€of€hisÐ ä4 Ðvehicle,€combined€with€the€speed€at€which€he€was€driving,€wereÐ Ð  Ðresponsible€for€both€his€swerving€in€front€of€the€Tripletts€and€hittingÐ ¼  Ðthe€Story€vehicle.€€Due€to€the€very€short€distance€between€the€twoÐ ¨ø Ðtrucks€and€the€very€short€amount€of€time€that€passed€betweenÐ ”ä Ðswerving€into€the€oncoming€lane€of€traffic€in€front€of€the€Tripletts€andÐ €Ð Ðthe€crash€with€Mr.€Story,€the€reckless€conduct€engaged€in€by€theÐ l¼ Ðdefendant€was€one€continuous€act,€a€single€course€of€conduct,€andÐ X ¨ Ðtherefore€supports€only€one€conviction€for€that€act.€ÐD!”` x` x ÐÌ903€S.W.2d€at€713.€We€note€that€òòRamseyóó€did€not€create€a€ð ðblanket€rule€that€provides€that€aÐ #l! Ðdefendantððs€continuous€operation€of€a€vehicle€may€òòonlyóó€result€in€one€act€of€reckless€endangermentÐ $X" Ðunder€the€statute.ðð€€òòId.óó€(emphasis€in€original).€€Nevertheless,€we€believe€that€this€case€is€sufficientlyÐ ô$D # Ðsimilar€to€òòRamseyóó€to€warrant€the€same€result.€€The€defendant€endangered€Richard€Bunch€and€JustinÐ à%0!$ ÐVanatta€simultaneously€as€they€were€both€in€the€van€with€him.€€Therefore,€we€hold€that€the€dualÐ Ì&"% Ðconvictions€violate€the€Double€Jeopardy€Clause€and€that€the€finding€of€guilt€for€the€childÐ ¸'#& Ðendangerment€of€Justin€Vanatta,€count€six,€merges€into€the€conviction€for€the€child€endangermentÐ ¤(ô#' Ðof€Richard€Bunch,€count€five.€€The€judgment€of€conviction€for€count€six€is€vacated.Ô#†¼T}»XXa?Î#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}ÔÐ )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àClass€E€felony€reckless€endangerment€is€recklessly€engaging€in€ð ðconduct€which€places€or€mayÐ ° Ðâ âplace€another€in€imminent€danger€of€death€or€serious€bodily€injuryðð€and€is€committed€with€a€deadlyÐ œì Ðweapon.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„103(a)„(b).€€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àððRecklessðð€refers€to€a€person€who€acts€recklessly€with€respect€toÐ `° Ðcircumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€or€the€result€of€the€conductÐ L œ Ðwhen€the€person€is€aware€of€but€consciously€disregards€a€substantialÐ 8 ˆ Ðand€unjustifiable€risk€that€the€circumstances€exist€or€the€result€willÐ $ t Ðoccur.€€The€risk€must€be€of€such€a€nature€and€degree€that€its€disregardÐ  ` Ðconstitutes€a€gross€deviation€from€the€standard€of€care€that€anÐ ü L  Ðordinary€person€would€exercise€under€all€the€circumstances€as€viewedÐ è 8  Ðfrom€the€accused€personððs€standpoint.€ÐÔ$ ` x` x ÐÌ€òòId.óó€ðð€39„11„106(a)(31).€€A€deadly€weapon€is€anything€that€ð ðin€the€manner€of€its€use€or€intended€useÐ ¬ü  Ðis€capable€of€causing€death€or€serious€bodily€injury.ðð€€òòId.óó€ðð€39„11„106(a)(5)(B).€€An€automobile€canÐ ˜è  Ðbe€a€deadly€weapon.€€òòState€v.€Tateóó,€912€S.W.2d€785,€787€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).Ô#†¼T}»XXaiÕ#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô€€The€defendantÐ „Ô  Ðwas€indicted€with€two€counts€of€felony€reckless€endangerment€relating€to€Justin€Vanatta€and€RichardÐ pÀ ÐBunch.€€The€jury€convicted€the€defendant€of€both€counts,€which€the€trial€court€merged€at€theÐ \¬ Ðsentencing€hearing.€€The€judgment€for€the€felony€reckless€endangerment€of€Richard€Bunch€states€thatÐ H˜ Ðthis€count€was€ð ðDismissed/Nolle€Prosequi.ððÐ 4„ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€state€failed€to€prove€that€his€driving€up€to€the€point€at€whichÐ  \ Ðhe€crossed€the€center€line€and€collided€with€the€victim€placed€anyone€in€danger€of€death€or€seriousÐ øH Ðbodily€injury.€€He€argues€that€the€testimony€of€Tommy€Joe€Swafford,€the€only€witness€to€testify€aboutÐ ä4 Ðhis€driving€before€the€collision,€did€not€establish€that€he€was€driving€recklessly.€€The€state€contendsÐ Ð  Ðthat€the€evidence€supports€the€conviction€in€that€Mr.€Swafford€testified€that€the€defendant€traveledÐ ¼  Ðat€an€excessive€speed,€passed€him€in€a€no„passing€zone,€and€then€passed€two€other€cars.€€It€arguesÐ ¨ø Ðthat€the€defendant€acted€recklessly€in€doing€these€things€while€under€the€influence€of€cocaine.€€It€alsoÐ ”ä Ðpoints€to€Jane€Guilloryððs€testimony€that€the€defendantððs€van€almost€hit€her€after€the€defendant€hadÐ €Ð Ðhit€the€victim.€€Noting€the€hilly€condition€of€the€road€as€Mr.€SwaffordÔ#†¼T}»XXabÛ#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô€testified,€we€agree€with€theÐ l¼ Ðstate€that€the€evidence€that€the€defendant€was€traveling€at€an€excessive€speed€and€passing€otherÐ X ¨ Ðvehicles€while€intoxicated€would€be€reckless€conduct€placing€Justin€Vanatta€in€imminent€danger€ofÐ D!” Ðdeath€or€serious€bodily€injury.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Lewisóó,€978€S.W.2d€558,€565€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997)Ð 0"€  Ð(holding€that€the€defendant€engaged€in€reckless€conduct€by€approaching€a€blind€curve€at€an€excessiveÐ #l! Ðspeed€at€night€after€having€a€couple€of€drinks);€òòsee,€e.g.óó,€òòRamseyóó,€903€S.W.2d€at€712€(concluding€thatÐ $X" Ðthe€sober€defendant€who€was€speeding€despite€the€hilly€and€curvy€condition€of€the€road€actedÐ ô$D # ÐrecklesslyÔ#†¼T}»XXaá#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô).€€Thus,€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€the€defendantððs€conviction€for€felony€recklessÐ à%0!$ Ðendangerment.Ð Ì&"% ЀÌÔ#†¼T}»XXaêä#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ôà  àThe€defendant€also€contends€that€the€trial€court€abdicated€its€duty€to€reweigh€the€evidenceÐ ¤(ô#' Ðas€the€thirteenth€juror€by€deferring€completely€to€the€juryððs€determinations€on€the€credibility€of€theÐ )à$( Ðwitnesses.€€Rule€33(f),€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.,€reinstated€the€thirteenth€juror€rule,€which€requires€the€trialÐ |*Ì%) Ðjudge€to€insure€that€a€jury€verdict€is€based€upon€satisfactory€evidence,€including€that€it€be€presentedÐ h+¸&* Ðthrough€sufficiently€credible€witnesses.€€òòState€v.€Nailóó,€963€S.W.2d€761,€765€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Ð ° Ð1997).€€This€assessment€by€the€trial€judge€is€a€prerequisite€to€the€entry€of€a€valid€judgment.€€òòId.óó;€òòseeóóÐ œì ÐòòState€v.€Burlisonóó,€868€S.W.2d€713,€718€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€Absent€the€proper€approval€of€theÐ ˆØ Ðverdict€by€the€trial€court,€a€new€trial€must€be€granted.€€òòNailóó,€963€S.W.2d€at€765;€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Moatsóó,Ð tÄ Ð906€S.W.2d€431,€432,€435-36€(Tenn.€1995).€€The€trial€court€does€not€have€to€state€explicitly€itsÐ `° Ðapproval€of€the€verdict€as€the€thirteenth€juror.€€It€may€simply€overrule€the€motion€for€a€new€trial,Ð L œ Ðthereby€allowing€the€appellate€court€to€presume€its€approval€of€the€juryððs€verdict.€€òòMoatsóó,€906Ð 8 ˆ ÐS.W.2d€at€434.€€On€the€other€hand,€this€court€may€reverse€the€judgment€if€ð ðthe€record€containsÐ $ t Ðstatements€by€the€trial€judge€expressing€dissatisfaction€or€disagreement€with€the€weight€of€theÐ  ` Ðevidence€or€the€juryððs€verdict,€or€statements€indicating€that€the€trial€court€absolved€itself€of€itsÐ ü L  Ðresponsibility€to€act€as€the€thirteenth€juror.ðð€€òòState€v.€Carteróó,€896€S.W.2d€119,€122€(Tenn.€1995);Ð è 8  ÐòòState€v.€Brownóó,€53€S.W.3d€264,€274€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2001).€€€Ô#†¼T}»XXaÆå#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}ÔÐ Ô$  ÐÌà  àBefore€ruling€on€the€evidence€as€the€thirteenth€juror€at€the€hearing€on€the€motion€for€newÐ ¬ü  Ðtrial,€the€trial€court€ruled€that€the€laboratory€reports€showing€the€presence€of€cocaine€in€theÐ ˜è  Ðdefendantððs€blood€and€urine€were€properly€before€the€jury€and€that€sufficient€evidence€existed€withÐ „Ô  Ðregard€to€the€defendantððs€intoxication:Ð pÀ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àSo€I€think€that€[the€issue€of€the€defendantððs€intoxication]€was€a€matterÐ H˜ Ðfor€the€jury€to€sort€out€and€the€evidence€that€was€presented€wasÐ 4„ Ðcompetent€evidence€and€proper€evidence€in€this€Courtððs€opinion,€andÐ  p ÐI€see€no€reason€to€grant€that€motion€for€a€new€trial€on€those€grounds.€Ð  \ ÐI€think€there€was€sufficient€evidence€to€convict€[for]€the€jury.ÐøH` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àAs€the€thirteenth€juror,€in€weighing€the€evidence€I€believe€itÐ Ð  Ðwas€a€jury€question,€as€Iððve€said,€and€I€would€overrule€the€judgmentÐ ¼  Ðof€acquittal€based€on€review€as€the€thirteenth€juror.€€Thatððs€differentÐ ¨ø Ðthan€sufficient€evidence,€but€I€think€there€is€sufficient€evidence€andÐ ”ä Ðthat€the€evidence€presented,€in€this€Courtððs€opinion,€a€reasonable€juryÐ €Ð Ðcould€find€evidence€of€intoxication.Ðl¼` x` x ÐÌAlthough€the€trial€court€stated€that€the€weighing€of€the€evidence€was€a€jury€question,€we€believe€thisÐ D!” Ðto€be€an€interjected€reference€to€its€previous€discussion€regarding€the€admissibility€of€the€laboratoryÐ 0"€  Ðreports€and€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€of€intoxication.€€In€fact,€the€trial€courtððs€next€sentenceÐ #l! Ðreveals€that€it€recognized€the€difference€between€its€determination€as€the€thirteenth€juror€and€itsÐ $X" Ðruling€on€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence.€€None€of€the€trial€courtððs€comments€reflect€dissatisfactionÐ ô$D # Ðwith€the€juryððs€verdicts.€€We€conclude€that€the€trial€court€performed€its€duty€as€the€thirteenth€juror.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌÔ#†¼T}»XXaŸí#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ôà@† † ìàò òII.€ADMISSIBILITY€OF€LABORATORY€TESTSó óˆÐ ¸'#& ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erroneously€admitted€evidence€of€two€laboratoryÐ )à$( Ðtests€revealing€that€his€blood€and€urine€contained€cocaine€on€the€day€of€the€wreck.€€He€argues€thatÐ |*Ì%) Ðthis€evidence€was€irrelevant,€unfairly€prejudicial,€failed€to€assist€the€jury€substantially,€and€violatedÐ h+¸&* Ðhis€right€to€due€process€under€the€state€and€federal€constitutions.€€The€state€contends€that€the€trialÐ ° Ðcourt€properly€admitted€the€evidence,€which€was€authorized€by€statute,€relevant€and€probative€of€the€Ð œì Ðdefendantððs€being€under€the€influence€of€cocaine,€and€scientifically€accurate€and€acceptable.€€WeÐ ˆØ Ðagree€with€the€state.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àThe€decision€to€admit€evidence,€including€scientific€evidence€presented€by€a€partyððs€expertÐ L œ Ðwitness,€is€within€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€court.€€òòCoe€v.€Stateóó,€17€S.W.3d€193Ô#†¼T}»XXa°ö#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô,€226„27€(Tenn.Ð 8 ˆ Ð2000);€Ô#†¼T}»XXa.û#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}ÔòòState€v.€Tizardóó,€897€S.W.2d€732,€748€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€This€court€will€not€reverseÐ $ t Ðthe€trial€courtððs€decision€on€appeal€unless€the€trial€court€has€abused€its€discretion.€€òòCoeóó,€17€S.W.3dÐ  ` Ðat€226„27;€òòTizardóó,€897€S.W.2d€at€748.Ð ü L  ÐÌà@--ìàA.€€Admissibility€Pursuant€to€StatuteˆÐ Ô$  ÐÌà  àWe€turn€first€to€the€stateððs€contention€that€the€blood€and€urine€tests€conducted€in€the€presentÐ ¬ü  Ðcase€were€authorized€by€statute.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€55„10„407(a)€provides€that€ð ð[u]pon€the€trial€ofÐ ˜è  Ðany€person€charged€with€a€violation€of€this€chapter,€the€results€of€òòanyóó€test€made€of€the€person€soÐ „Ô  Ðcharged€shall€be€admissible€in€evidence€in€a€criminal€proceeding.ðð€€(Emphasis€added).€€The€stateÐ pÀ Ðcorrectly€points€out€that€the€defendant€was€charged€with€two€counts€of€child€endangerment,€ðð€55„10„Ð \¬ Ð414,€which€are€within€the€chapter€referenced€in€ðð€55„10„407(a).€€Also,€the€statute€proscribingÐ H˜ Ðvehicular€homicide€by€intoxication€requires€the€state€to€prove€that€the€victimððs€death€was€ð ðtheÐ 4„ Ðproximate€result€of€the€driverððs€intoxication€as€set€forth€in€ðð€55„10„401.ðð€€òòId.óó€ðð€39„13„213(a)(2).€Ð  p ÐSection€55„10„401(a)(1),€which€prohibits€a€person€from€driving€on€the€public€roads€and€highwaysÐ  \ Ðwhile€under€ð ðthe€influence€of€any€intoxicant,€marijuana,€narcotic€drug,€or€drug€producing€stimulatingÐ øH Ðeffects€on€the€central€nervous€system,ðð€also€falls€within€chapter€ten€of€title€fifty„five.€€Section€55„10„Ð ä4 Ð406,€which€relates€to€implied€consent€and€the€consequences€of€refusing€a€blood€test,€states€that€theÐ Ð  Ðprovisions€of€that€section€do€not€affect€the€admissibility€of€lawfully€obtained€blood€tests€in€vehicularÐ ¼  Ðhomicide€cases.€€òòId.óó€ðð€55„10„406(e).€€We€do€not€take€this€section€to€render€ðð€55„10„407(a)Ð ¨ø Ðinapplicable€to€ðð€55„10„401€when€it€is€charged€as€an€element€of€vehicular€homicide.€€€Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àThe€code€defines€test,€as€used€within€ðð€55„10„407(a),€as€ð ðany€chemical€test€designed€toÐ l¼ Ðdetermine€the€alcoholic€or€drug€content€of€the€bloodðð€from€a€breath,€blood,€or€urine€specimen.€€òòId.óóÐ X ¨ Ððð€55„10„405(5).€€Although€ðð€55„10„407(a)€reveals€the€legislatureððs€intent€that€any€chemical€test€beÐ D!” Ðadmitted,€the€test€must€also€be€conducted€by€a€qualified€individual€and€ð ðscientifically€acceptable€andÐ 0"€  Ðaccurate€for€the€purpose€that€it€is€being€employed.ðð€€òòState€v.€Johnsonóó,€717€S.W.2d€298,€303€(Tenn.Ð #l! ÐCrim.€App.€1986)€(citing€òòCrawley€v.€Stateóó,€219€Tenn.€707,€715,€413€S.W.2d€370,€373€(Tenn.€1967))Ô#†¼T}»XXa›û#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô.€Ð $X" ÐThe€state€contends€and€the€defendant€does€not€contest€that€Mr.€Kuykendall,€a€forensic€toxicologist,Ð ô$D # Ðwas€qualified€to€conduct€the€gas€chromatography€test€on€the€defendantððs€blood€sample.€€Indeed,€theÐ à%0!$ Ðrecord,€which€reveals€that€Mr.€Kuykendall€was€trained€and€experienced€in€the€field€of€forensicÐ Ì&"% Ðtoxicology,€supports€this€conclusion.€€It€is€over€the€second€requirement€that€the€state€and€theÐ ¸'#& Ðdefendant€diverge.€€The€state€argues€that€the€purpose€of€the€test€was€to€detect€the€presence€of€certainÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdrugs€in€the€defendantððs€blood€and€that€it€was€unquestionably€scientifically€accurate€and€acceptableÐ )à$( Ðfor€that€purpose.€€The€defendant€contends€that€the€state€sought€to€use€the€tests€in€question€to€proveÐ |*Ì%) Ðthat€he€was€intoxicated,€a€purpose€contradicted€by€both€partiesðð€expert€testimony.Ð h+¸&* Їà  àSection€55„10„405(5)€states€that€the€chemical€test€must€be€ð ðdesigned€to€determine€theÐ ° Ðalcoholic€or€drug€content€of€the€blood.ðð€€We€derive€what€the€legislature€intended€by€ð ðcontentðð€byÐ œì Ðlooking€to€the€common€and€ordinary€meaning€of€that€word.€€òòSeeóó€òòKi€v.€Stateóó,€78€S.W.3d€876,€879Ð ˆØ Ð(Tenn.€2002).€€Ô#†¼T}»XXaˆ#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ôð ðContent,ðð€as€used€in€this€context,€means€both€ð ða€part,€element,€or€complex€of€partsððÐ tÄ Ðand€ð ðthe€amount€of€specified€material€contained.ðð€€òòMerriam€Websterððs€Collegiate€Dictionaryóó€250Ð `° Ð(10th€ed.€1996).€€The€stateððs€argued€purpose€fits€within€the€first€definition.€€The€gas€chromatographyÐ L œ Ðtest€revealed€that€cocaine€and€a€cocaine€metabolite€were€a€part€of€the€defendantððs€blood€sample.€€ThisÐ 8 ˆ Ðdefinition€also€fits€with€this€courtððs€statement€in€dictum€that€ðð€55„10„407€relates€to€chemical€tests,Ð $ t Ðð ðwhich€are€performed€to€determine€the€amount€of€alcohol€or€òòpresenceóó€of€drugs€contained€in€theÐ  ` Ðdefendantððs€blood.ðð€€òòState€v.€Gilbertóó,€751€S.W.2d€454,€459€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988)€(emphasisÐ ü L  Ðadded).€€Ô#†¼T}»XXa #ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}ÔÐ è 8  ÐÌà  àAdditionally,€the€test€also€revealed€the€amount€of€cocaine€in€the€defendantððs€blood€sample.€Ð À  ÐMr.€Kuykendall€testified€that€the€gas€chromatography€test€revealed€that€the€defendantððs€bloodÐ ¬ü  Ðcontained€less€than€.05€micrograms€per€milliliter€of€cocaine.€€He€said€that€his€notes€reflect€that€theÐ ˜è  Ðsample€actually€contained€.01€micrograms€per€milliliter€of€cocaine€but€that€due€to€the€rigor€involvedÐ „Ô  Ðin€verifying€numbers€this€small,€it€was€the€policy€of€the€TBI€laboratory€to€quantify€this€amount€asÐ pÀ Ðless€than€.05€micrograms€per€milliliter.€€Although€the€defendant€characterizes€this€as€Mr.Ð \¬ ÐKuykendallððs€inability€to€arrive€at€an€amount,€we€believe€that€he€did€quantify€the€cocaine€in€theÐ H˜ Ðdefendantððs€blood€sample.€€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àIn€any€event,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€55„10„405(5)€establishes€that€the€test€does€not€have€to€showÐ  \ Ðthe€effect€of€alcohol€or€drugs€on€the€individual,€i.e.,€whether€the€person€is€intoxicated.€€Ô#†¼T}»XXaÔ#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}ÔWhether€theÐ øH Ðresults€of€a€particular€test€correlate€with€intoxication€as€opposed€to€drug€or€alcohol€content€in€theÐ ä4 Ðblood€goes€to€the€weight€of€the€evidence€and€not€its€admissibility.€€òòSeeóó€òòJohnsonóó,€717€S.W.2d€at€304Ð Ð  Ð(observing€that€the€medical€professionððs€lack€of€unanimity€about€whether€breath€tests€can€measureÐ ¼  Ðintoxication€goes€to€the€weight€of€the€evidence€rather€than€its€admissibility).Ð ¨ø ÐÌà@ìàB.€Relevance€and€Unfair€PrejudiceˆÐ €Ð ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€laboratory€reports€address€no€fact€of€consequence€to€the€caseÐ X ¨ Ðbecause€they€do€not€show€how€much€cocaine€was€presentÔ#†¼T}»XXa†#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô€in€his€blood€and€urineÔ#†¼T}»XXaÁ#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô€or€how€a€specificÐ D!” Ðamount€of€cocaine€would€have€affected€him€in€particular.€€In€this€respect,€he€argues€that€the€evidenceÐ 0"€  Ðis€speculative€in€that€it€invites€the€jury€to€guess€how€much€cocaine€he€had€in€his€system€and€how€itÐ #l! Ðaffected€his€driving€ability.Ô#†¼T}»XXa#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô€€He€also€argues€that€even€if€relevant,€the€little€probative€value€the€testÐ $X" Ðresults€may€have€is€substantially€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice€stemming€from€askingÐ ô$D # Ðthe€jury€to€guess€the€amount€of€cocaine€in€his€system€and€its€effect€on€him.€€The€state€argues€that€theÐ à%0!$ Ðtest€results€combined€with€Mr.€Kuykendallððs€testimony€that€an€amount€as€small€as€.01€microgramsÐ Ì&"% Ðper€milliliter€could€impair€driving€were€probative€of€the€defendantððs€intoxication€at€the€time€of€theÐ ¸'#& Ðwreck.€€Ô#†¼T}»XXa”#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}ԀР¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àRelevant€evidence€is€evidence€that€tends€to€make€a€material€fact€more€or€less€probable.€€Tenn.Ð |*Ì%) ÐR.€Evid.€401.€€ð ðAlthough€relevant,€evidence€may€be€excluded€if€its€probative€value€is€substantiallyÐ h+¸&* Ðoutweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice,€confusion€of€the€issues,€or€misleading€the€jury,€or€byÐ ° Ðconsiderations€of€undue€delay,€waste€of€time,€or€needless€presentation€of€cumulative€evidence.ðð€Ð œì ÐTenn.€R.€Evid.€403.€€The€crimes€of€vehicular€homicide€by€intoxication€and€child€endangerment€bothÐ ˆØ Ðrequire€the€state€to€prove€that€the€defendant€was€intoxicated.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„213(a)(2),Ð tÄ Ð55„10„414(a).€€Intoxicating€substances€include€illegal€drugs€such€as€cocaine.€€òòId.óó€ðððð€€39„13„213(a)(2),Ð `° Ð55„10„401(1);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòid.óó€ðððð€39„17„408(b)(4)€(categorizing€cocaine€and€its€derivatives€as€a€ScheduleÐ L œ ÐII€drug),€39„17„418€(possession€of€a€controlled€substance€without€a€valid€prescription€is€a€criminalÐ 8 ˆ Ðoffense).€€The€fact€that€the€defendant€had€cocaine€and€a€cocaine€metabolite€in€his€blood€at€the€timeÐ $ t Ðof€the€collision€is€relevant€to€his€intoxication.€Ô#†¼T}»XXa&#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}ÔÐ  ` ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€this€court€has€deemed€test€results€revealing€trace€amounts€of€drugsÐ è 8  Ðirrelevant€to€the€conduct€of€the€person€tested.€€òòState€v.€Westóó,€825€S.W.2d€695,€697€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð Ô$  Ð1992);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Jim€Smithóó,€No.€03„C„01„9312„CR„00398,€Knox€County€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð À  ÐJuly€11,€1994),€òòapp.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€Nov.€7,€1994).€€In€òòWestóó,€the€defendant€sought€to€use€evidence€thatÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€deceased€victim€had€.1€micrograms€per€milliliter€of€cocaine€in€his€blood€to€support€his€claim€thatÐ ˜è  Ðthe€victim€was€acting€in€a€way€that€compelled€the€defendant€to€shoot€him.€€This€court€held€the€testÐ „Ô  Ðresults€inadmissible€as€merely€speculative€because€the€witness€presenting€the€cocaine€evidence€couldÐ pÀ Ðnot€testify€which€of€a€variety€of€reactions€the€victim€would€have€had.€€òòWestóó,€825€S.W.2d€at€697.€€Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àIn€òòSmithóó,€the€trial€court€refused€to€let€the€defendant€introduce€evidence€of€a€screen€of€theÐ 4„ Ðdeceased€victimððs€urine€revealing€a€positive€result€for€cocaine€metabolites.€€The€doctor€whoÐ  p Ðperformed€the€victimððs€autopsy€stated€that€the€drug€screening€test€was€of€questionable€reliabilityÐ  \ Ðbecause€no€confirmation€test€was€performed.€€He€said€that€it€was€the€hospitalððs€policy€to€conduct€aÐ øH Ðconfirmation€test€before€reporting€a€positive€test€result€because€of€the€possibility€of€other€medicationsÐ ä4 Ðcross„reacting€with€the€screening€test€and€giving€a€false€positive€result.€€This€court€noted€that€theÐ Ð  Ðdefendant€did€not€ask€the€doctor€if€the€test€could€reveal€when€the€victim€ingested€cocaine€or€if€theÐ ¼  Ðvictim€was€still€under€the€affects€of€cocaine€at€the€time€of€his€death.€€We€concluded€that€the€trialÐ ¨ø Ðcourt€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€in€finding€the€test€unreliable€under€Rule€703,€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€€òòSmithóó,Ð ”ä Ðslip€op.€at€7„8.€€This€court€also€noted€that€when€the€record€is€devoid€of€evidence€relating€to€ð ðwhenÐ €Ð Ðthe€drug€was€ingested€or€when€the€individual€may€have€been€under€the€drugððs€influence,€a€trace€ofÐ l¼ Ðcocaine€may€be€irrelevant€and€thus€inadmissible.ðð€€òòSmithóó,€slip€op.€at€7.€€€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àBoth€of€these€cases€are€factually€distinct€from€the€present€case.€€Here,€the€jury€heard€evidenceÐ 0"€  Ðabout€when€the€defendant€last€ingested€cocaine.€€Betsy€Spurlock€testified€that€the€defendant€said€heÐ #l! Ðhad€last€smoked€cocaine€three€hours€before€the€wreck.€€The€jury€also€heard€evidence€that€cocaineÐ $X" Ðcould€affect€an€individual€for€up€to€three€hours€and€that€the€amount€of€cocaine€in€the€defendantððsÐ ô$D # Ðblood€could€cause€impaired€driving.€€Although€Mr.€Kuykendall€and€Mr.€Woodford€testified€that€theÐ à%0!$ Ðprecise€effect€cocaine€had€on€the€defendant€could€not€be€discerned€from€the€test€results€becauseÐ Ì&"% Ðindividuals€respond€differently€to€cocaine,€this€shortcoming€does€not€appear€to€be€related€to€thisÐ ¸'#& Ðparticular€test€or€the€small€quantity€of€cocaine€in€the€defendantððs€blood.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€also€relies€on€òòState€v.€McClainóó,€525€So.€2d€420€(Fla.€1988),€and€òòState€v.€AlbertÐ |*Ì%) ÐL.€Nortonóó,€No.€03C01„9707„CR„00270,€Blount€County€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€July€20,€1999),€cases€inÐ h+¸&* Ðwhich€the€court€ruled€that€test€results€revealing€trace€amounts€of€drugs€were€inadmissible€against€theÐ ° Ðdefendant.€€In€òòMcClainóó,€the€defendant€was€charged€with€vehicular€manslaughter€by€intoxication,€andÐ œì Ðhis€blood€test€revealed€a€blood€alcohol€content€of€.14€percent€and€a€trace€amount€of€cocaine.€€AÐ ˆØ Ðchemist€testified€that€the€amount€of€cocaine€was€so€small€that€the€mass€spectrometer€could€not€detectÐ tÄ Ðit.€€Additionally,€the€chemist€could€not€say€whether€the€presence€of€a€trace€of€cocaine€in€theÐ `° Ðdefendantððs€blood€òòcouldóó€have€affected€the€defendantððs€driving.€€The€Florida€Supreme€Court€held€thatÐ L œ Ðalthough€the€unquantifiable€amount€of€cocaine€in€the€defendantððs€blood€was€relevant€to€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðdefendantððs€intoxication,€its€minimal€probative€value€was€substantially€outweighed€by€the€dangerÐ $ t Ðof€unfair€prejudice.€€òòMcClainóó,€525€So.€2d€at€421„22.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àIn€òòNortonóó,€the€defendant€was€charged€with€second€offense€DUI.€€A€hospital€pharmacyÐ è 8  Ðdirector€testified€that€a€laboratory€report€revealed€the€presence€of€less€than€.01€micrograms€perÐ Ô$  Ðmilliliter€of€cocaine€in€the€defendantððs€blood€sample.€€The€director€testified€that€although€the€cocaineÐ À  Ðwould€have€an€added€effect€when€combined€with€the€other€drugs€in€the€defendantððs€system,€she€couldÐ ¬ü  Ðnot€testify€to€the€specific€effect€of€any€of€the€drugs€on€the€defendant.€€She€testified€that€the€effectsÐ ˜è  Ðof€the€drugs€varied€from€person€to€person€and€that€a€person€could€operate€a€car€despite€having€theÐ „Ô  Ðdrugs€revealed€by€the€laboratory€test€in€the€personððs€system.€€In€a€jury„out€hearing,€the€pharmacyÐ pÀ Ðdirector€had€also€testified€that€the€defendant€had€1456€nanograms€per€milliliter€of€a€cocaineÐ \¬ Ðmetabolite€and€that€this€level€was€sufficient€to€have€an€effect€on€a€person.€€This€court€held€thatÐ H˜ Ðevidence€of€less€than€.01€micrograms€per€milliliter€of€cocaine€was€relevant€and€not€substantiallyÐ 4„ Ðoutweighed€by€unfair€prejudice€when€viewed€in€combination€with€the€presence€of€a€meaningful€levelÐ  p Ðof€a€cocaine€metabolite.€€òòNortonóó,Ô#†¼T}»XXa–"#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô€slip€op.€at€13.€€Because€the€pharmacy€director€failed€to€testifyÐ  \ Ðbefore€the€jury€about€the€cocaine€metabolite,€this€court€questioned€whether€the€trial€court€should€haveÐ øH Ðadmitted€evidence€of€the€presence€of€cocaine.€€€òòId.óó,Ô#†¼T}»XXa¥:#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô€òòóóslip€op.€at€14.€€Holding€that€the€defendant€hadÐ ä4 Ðwaived€the€issue€by€failing€to€object€and€that€any€error€was€harmless,€the€court€noted€that€ð ðhadÐ Ð  Ðcocaine€at€.1€microgram€per€milliliter€been€the€only€cocaine€substance€found,€the€evidence€of€it€mightÐ ¼  Ðwell€have€been€irrelevant€under€evidence€Rule€401€or€prohibitively€prejudicial€under€Rule€403.ðð€€òòId.óó€Ð ¨ø ÐòòÌóóà  àIn€the€present€case,€the€test€results€are€not€unfairly€prejudicial€or€confusing€to€the€jury.€Ð €Ð ÐUnlike€in€òòMcClainóó,€the€amount€of€cocaine€was€quantified€at€less€than€.05€and€specifically€at€.01Ð l¼ Ðmicrograms€per€milliliter,€which€according€to€Mr.€Kuykendall€was€not€a€trace€amount.€€Mr.Ð X ¨ ÐKuykendall€testified€that€a€level€of€.01€could€impair€a€personððs€driving,€and€Dr.€Smith€testified€thatÐ D!” Ðcocaine€can€affect€an€individual€for€up€to€three€hours€after€it€is€consumed.€€This€testimony€allowedÐ 0"€  Ðthe€jury€to€infer€without€speculation€that€the€presence€of€cocaine€in€the€defendantððs€blood€sampleÐ #l! Ðsupported€a€conclusion€that€he€was€driving€while€intoxicated.Ð $X" ÐÌà  àFurthermore,€as€opposed€to€òòNortonóó,€Mr.€Kuykendall€testified€that€cocaine€was€present€in€theÐ à%0!$ Ðdefendantððs€blood€sample€in€a€meaningful€level,€i.e.,€in€an€amount€that€could€affect€a€person.€Ð Ì&"% ÐAlthough€Mr.€Kuykendall€and€Dr.€Smith€acknowledged€that€they€could€not€know€the€precise€effectsÐ ¸'#& Ðof€this€amount€of€cocaine€on€the€defendant,€Mr.€Kuykendallððs€testimony€that€.01€micrograms€perÐ ¤(ô#' Ðmilliliter€of€cocaine€could€impair€driving€made€the€evidence€relevant€in€this€case.€€We€also€note€thatÐ )à$( ÐÔ#†¼T}»XXaó;#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ôa€cocaine€metabolite€was€present€in€the€defendantððs€blood€sample,€albeit€in€an€unquantified€amount.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐAs€in€òòNortonóó,€the€presence€of€a€meaningful€level€of€cocaine€in€the€present€defendantððs€sample€madeÐ h+¸&* Ðthe€unquantified€amount€of€metabolite€relevant.€€Finally,€Agent€Floyd,€the€defendant,€the€defendantððsÐ ° Ðgirlfriend,€and€the€defendantððs€grandmother€all€testified€about€the€defendantððs€cocaine€addiction.€Ð œì ÐTrooper€Human€testified€about€the€improvised€cocaine€pipe€found€at€the€scene.€€This€testimonyÐ ˆØ Ðdecreased€the€potential€for€unfair€prejudice€from€the€test€results€because€the€jury€was€alreadyÐ tÄ Ðapprized€of€the€possibility€that€the€defendant€had€smoked€cocaine€on€the€day€of€the€collision.€€Thus,Ð `° Ðthe€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€in€concluding€that€the€probative€value€of€the€test€resultsÐ L œ Ðwere€not€substantially€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice€to€the€defendant.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà@7 7 ìàC.€Scientific€Reliability€of€the€Test€ResultsˆÐ  ` ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€also€contends€that€the€test€results€did€not€substantially€assist€the€jury€underÐ è 8  ÐRule€702,€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€€He€argues€that€the€test€results€are€not€accepted€in€the€scientific€communityÐ Ô$  Ðas€reliable€evidence€of€impairment€because€they€do€not€show€how€much€cocaine€was€in€theÐ À  Ðdefendantððs€system€or€how€the€cocaine€would€affect€him€individually.€€Although€he€concedes€thatÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€test€administered€reliably€indicates€the€presence€of€cocaine,€he€claims€that€the€test€was€not€aÐ ˜è  Ðreliable€means€of€measuring€what€it€intended€to€prove,€i.e.,€his€intoxicationÔ#†¼T}»XXa†C#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô.€€The€state€contends€theÐ „Ô  Ðtest€results€were€given€by€a€qualified€expert€and€substantially€assisted€the€jury€in€determining€theÐ pÀ Ðdefendantððs€intoxication.Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àð ðIf€scientific,€technical,€or€other€specialized€knowledge€will€substantially€assist€the€trier€ofÐ 4„ Ðfact€to€understand€the€evidence€or€to€determine€a€fact€in€issue,€a€witness€qualified€as€an€expert€byÐ  p Ðknowledge,€skill,€experience,€training,€or€education€may€testify€in€the€form€of€an€opinion€orÐ  \ Ðotherwise.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€702.€€The€trial€court€must€exclude€expert€testimony€ð ðin€the€form€of€anÐ øH Ðopinion€or€inference€if€the€underlying€facts€or€data€indicate€lack€of€trustworthiness.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.Ð ä4 Ð703.€€Determinations€concerning€the€admissibility€of€expert€testimony,€including€the€basis€of€theÐ Ð  Ðexpert€opinion,€are€within€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court.€€òòState€v.€Ballardóó,€855€S.W.2d€557,€562Ð ¼  Ð(Tenn.€1993);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Hallóó,€958€S.W.2d€679,€689€(Tenn.€1997).€€However,€the€juryÐ ¨ø Ðdetermines€the€weight€and€credibility€of€the€expertððs€testimony.€€òòState€v.€Andersonóó,€880€S.W.2d€720,Ð ”ä Ð732€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àAs€previously€noted,€the€defendant€does€not€contest€and€the€evidence€supports€the€conclusionÐ X ¨ Ðthat€Mr.€Kuykendall€was€qualified€by€education,€training,€and€experience€to€testify€about€the€resultsÐ D!” Ðof€the€gas€chromatography€test.€€Instead,€the€defendantððs€challenge€focuses€on€whether€the€test€resultsÐ 0"€  Ðsubstantially€assisted€the€jury€because€he€claims€they€were€scientifically€unreliable€as€proof€of€hisÐ #l! Ðintoxication.€€Rules€702€and€703€Ð $X" ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð ànecessarily€require€a€determination€as€to€the€scientific€validity€orÐ à%0!$ Ðreliability€of€the€evidence.€€Simply€put,€unless€the€scientific€evidenceÐ Ì&"% Ðis€valid,€it€will€not€substantially€assist€the€trier€of€fact,€nor€will€itsÐ ¸'#& Ðunderlying€facts€and€data€appear€to€be€trustworthy,€but€there€is€noÐ ¤(ô#' Ðrequirement€.€.€.€that€it€be€generally€accepted€[in€the€scientificÐ )à$( Ðcommunity].Ð|*Ì%)` x` x ÐÐ h+¸&* ÐòòMcDaniel€v.€CSX€Transp.,€Inc.óó,€955€S.W.2d€257,€265€(Tenn.€1997).€€TÔ#†¼T}»XXaýJ#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ôhe€trial€court€must€ð ðdetermineÐ ° Ðwhether€the€reasoning€or€methodology€underlying€the€scientific€evidence€is€sufficiently€valid€andÐ œì Ðreliable,€and€whether€it€can€properly€be€applied€to€the€facts€at€issue.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€258.€€In€making€thisÐ ˆØ Ðassessment,€the€trial€court€is€not€required€to€choose€between€ð ðlegitimate€but€conflicting€scientificÐ tÄ Ðviews,ðð€which€is€the€province€of€the€jury.€€òòId.óó€at€265.Ô#†¼T}»XXa:U#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô€€Instead,€it€must€be€satisfied€that€the€expertÐ `° Ðð ðopinions€are€based€on€relevant€scientific€methods,€processes,€and€data,€and€not€upon€an€expertððsÐ L œ Ðmere€speculation.ðð€€òòId.óó€€Our€supreme€court€has€suggested€that€the€following€factors€are€useful€inÐ 8 ˆ Ðdetermining€the€reliability€of€scientific€evidence:Ð $ t ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(1)€whether€scientific€evidence€has€been€tested€and€the€methodologyÐ ü L  Ðwith€which€it€has€been€tested;Ðè 8 ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(2)€whether€scientific€evidence€has€been€subject€to€peer€review€orÐ À  Ðpublication;Ьü ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(3)€whether€a€potential€rate€of€error€is€known;Ð„Ô ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(4)€whether€.€.€.€the€evidence€is€generally€accepted€in€the€scientificÐ \¬ Ðcommunity;€and€ÐH˜` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(5)€whether€an€expertððs€research€in€the€field€had€been€conductedÐ  p Ðindependent€of€litigation.Ð \` x` x ÐÌòòId.óóÐ ä4 ÐÌà  àIn€the€present€case,€the€defendant€challenged€the€admissibility€of€the€laboratory€test€resultsÐ ¼  Ðbefore€trial,€arguing€that€they€would€not€substantially€assist€the€jury€in€determining€that€he€wasÐ ¨ø Ðintoxicated€and€that€they€failed€to€meet€the€requirements€of€òòMcDanielóó.€€The€trial€court€denied€theÐ ”ä Ðmotion€to€suppress€the€results,€finding€that€the€defendantððs€arguments€went€to€the€weight€of€theÐ €Ð Ðevidence€and€not€its€admissibility.€€€€Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€test€results€failed€to€give€a€specific€amount€of€cocaine€or€itsÐ D!” Ðmetabolite€that€was€present€in€his€blood€or€urine€samples.€€To€the€contrary,€Mr.€Kuykendall€was€ableÐ 0"€  Ðto€quantify€the€amount€of€cocaine€in€the€defendantððs€blood€sample€as€being€less€than€.05€microgramsÐ #l! Ðper€milliliter.€€He€explained€that€it€was€the€TBI€laboratoryððs€policy€to€report€amounts€below€.05Ð $X" Ðmicrograms€per€milliliter€in€this€fashion€rather€than€relating€a€precise€number.€€Nevertheless,€heÐ ô$D # Ðtestified€that€he€could€discern€a€specific€number€from€the€test€and€that€in€this€case,€his€notes€reflectedÐ à%0!$ Ðthat€the€actual€amount€was€.01€micrograms€per€milliliter.€€The€defendant€is€correct€that€the€urine€testÐ Ì&"% Ðdid€not€quantify€the€amount€of€cocaine€or€cocaine€metabolite€and€that€Mr.€Kuykendall€did€notÐ ¸'#& Ðquantify€the€amount€of€cocaine€metabolite€in€the€defendantððs€blood€sample.€€Although€these€amountsÐ ¤(ô#' Ðwere€not€quantified,€we€note€that€Mr.€Kuykendall€did€not€form€an€opinion€about€the€defendantððs€orÐ )à$( Ðthe€average€personððs€intoxication€based€upon€the€urine€test€or€the€cocaine€metabolite€revealed€in€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðblood€test.Ð h+¸&* ЇÔ#†¼T}»XXagW#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ôà  àThe€state€contends€that€the€defendantððs€reliance€on€òòMcDanielóó€is€misplaced€because€theÐ ° Ðreliability€of€the€scientific€tests€were€not€at€issue.€€Instead,€the€defendantððs€complaint€centered€onÐ œì Ðwhether€the€test€results€could€be€used€to€show€that€he€was€intoxicated€at€the€time€of€the€collision.€Ð ˆØ ÐThe€defendant€in€his€reply€brief€concedes€ð ðthe€efficacy€of€the€cocaine€screen€tests€as€to€theirÐ tÄ Ðreliability€in€testing€for€cocaine.ðð€€He€contends€that€scientific€tests€must€not€only€be€internallyÐ `° Ðreliable€but€also€be€a€reliable€means€of€measuring€what€they€intend€to€proveÔ#†¼T}»XXaýc#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô.€€Ð L œ ÐÌà  àInitially,€we€note€that€this€court€has€approved€the€use€of€a€gas€chromatograph€to€test€theÐ $ t Ðalcohol€content€of€the€blood.€€òòKing€v.€Stateóó,€598€S.W.2d€834,€835„36€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1980).Ô#†¼T}»XXaôf#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}ԀР ` ÐFurthermore,€the€evidence€supports€the€trial€courtððs€ruling€that€the€laboratory€test€was€a€reliableÐ ü L  Ðmeasure€of€the€cocaine€content€in€the€defendantððs€blood.€€Mr.€Kuykendall€testified€that€the€gasÐ è 8  Ðchromatograph€broke€the€blood€sample€into€its€component€parts€and€told€him€how€much€of€aÐ Ô$  Ðparticular€component€existed.€€Based€upon€his€training€of€the€affects€of€drugs€on€the€average€person,Ð À  Ðhe€concluded€that€the€amount€of€cocaine€in€the€defendantððs€system€could€have€impaired€his€driving.€Ð ¬ü  ÐAlthough€Mr.€Woodford€testified€that€the€test€used€by€the€TBI€was€used€to€detect€the€presence€ofÐ ˜è  Ðcertain€drugs€in€the€blood€rather€than€the€quantity€of€the€drugs,€he€also€testified€that€he€would€haveÐ „Ô  Ðexpected€the€amount€of€cocaine€in€the€defendantððs€blood€to€be€much€higher€than€less€than€.05Ð pÀ Ðmicrograms€per€milliliter€had€the€defendant€smoked€cocaine€within€five€hours€of€the€collision.€€ThisÐ \¬ Ðtestimony€reveals€that€the€gas€chromatography€test€did€reveal€an€amount€and€that€amount€was€linkedÐ H˜ Ðto€how€recently€the€drug€was€consumed.€€This€testimony€does€not€suggest€that€the€gasÐ 4„ Ðchromatography€test€was€an€unreliable€method€for€determining€the€amount€of€cocaine€in€theÐ  p Ðdefendantððs€blood€sample.€€Ð  \ ÐÌà  àWe€agree€with€the€state€that€the€test€results€relating€to€the€presence€of€cocaine€in€theÐ ä4 Ðdefendantððs€blood€sample€substantially€assisted€the€jury.€€Ô#†¼T}»XXa-h#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}ÔWhether€the€defendant€was€intoxicated€atÐ Ð  Ðthe€time€of€the€collision€was€a€fact€in€issue€in€the€case.€€The€presence€of€.01€micrograms€per€milliliterÐ ¼  Ðof€cocaine€in€the€defendantððs€blood€in€combination€with€Mr.€Kuykendallððs€testimony€that€thisÐ ¨ø Ðamount€of€cocaine€could€impair€a€personððs€driving€substantially€assisted€the€jury€in€determiningÐ ”ä Ðwhether€the€defendant€was€intoxicated.€€The€defendant€faults€the€results€for€their€inability€to€proveÐ €Ð Ðthat€this€amount€of€cocaine€would€impair€him€individually€rather€than€an€average€person.€€This€courtÐ l¼ Ðhas€held€that€a€jury€is€substantially€assisted€by€evidence€that€the€average€person€would€be€impairedÐ X ¨ Ðby€an€amount€of€a€drug.€€òòNortonóó,€slip€op.€at€10„11;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Kenneth€Lee€Abbottóó,€No.€02C01„Ð D!” Ð9311„CC„00263,€Carroll€County,€slip€op.€at€5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Jan.€19,€1995),€òòapp.€deniedóó€(Tenn.Ð 0"€  ÐDec.€28,€1995)€(holding€that€the€officerððs€observations€along€with€expert€testimony€about€theÐ #l! Ðpresence€of€drugs€in€the€defendantððs€system€and€their€usual€effects€justified€the€juryððs€finding€thatÐ $X" Ðthe€defendant€was€driving€while€intoxicated).Ô#†¼T}»XXaïn#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ô€€The€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€in€admittingÐ ô$D # Ðthe€test€results.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌÔ#†¼T}»XXapt#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}Ôà@‚‚#ìàD.€Due€ProcessˆÐ ¸'#& ÐÌà  àFinally,€the€defendant€contends€that€even€if€the€admission€of€the€laboratory€test€results€doesÐ )à$( Ðnot€offend€the€rules€of€evidence,€it€violated€his€right€to€the€due€process€of€law€under€the€state€andÐ |*Ì%) Ðfederal€constitutions.€€He€argues€that€when€the€totality€of€the€facts€are€considered,€the€introductionÐ h+¸&* Ðof€the€non„specific€and€speculative€test€results€was€fundamentally€unfair€because€he€could€not€defendÐ ° Ðagainst€the€unknown.€€We€believe€an€examination€of€the€totality€of€the€circumstances€reveals€thatÐ œì Ðthe€contrary€is€true.€€First,€the€stateððs€expert€testified€that€he€did€quantify€the€amount€of€cocaine€inÐ ˆØ Ðthe€defendantððs€blood€sample.€€Second,€the€record€reveals€that€the€defendant€thoroughly€cross„Ð tÄ Ðexamined€both€Mr.€Kuykendall€and€Dr.€Smith€about€the€correlation€of€the€test€results€with€actualÐ `° Ðimpairment.€€Also,€he€presented€his€own€expert,€Mr.€Woodford,€who€listed€potential€problems€withÐ L œ Ðthe€type€of€test€used,€reemphasized€that€cocaine€affects€individuals€differently,€and€stated€that€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðamount€of€cocaine€indicated€in€the€test€results€suggested€that€the€defendant€had€not€ingested€theÐ $ t Ðcocaine€three€hours€before€the€collision.€€Thus,€the€defendant€did€defend€against€the€test€results.€€TheÐ  ` Ðfact€that€the€jury€accredited€the€stateððs€evidence€over€that€of€the€defendant€does€not€mean€that€hisÐ ü L  Ðright€to€due€process€was€violated.€€Ô#†¼T}»XXa)u#ÔÔ‡XaX»¼T}ÔThe€defendant€is€not€entitled€to€relief€on€this€issue.Ô#†¼T}»XXaó{#ÔÐ è 8  ÐÌà@33 ìàò òÔ‡XaX»¼T}ÔIII.€EXPERT€TESTIMONYÔ#†¼T}»XXa–|#ÔÔ€XaX»¼T}Ôó óˆÐ æ6  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€contends€that€Mr.€Kuykendall€was€not€qualified€to€testify€about€the€behaviorÐ ¾  Ðof€cocaine€and€its€metabolite€or€their€effect€on€the€human€nervous€system.€€He€argues€that€thisÐ ªú  Ðtestimony€extended€beyond€the€explanation€of€the€laboratory€report€into€principles€of€chemistry€andÐ –æ Ðpharmacology.€€The€state€contends€that€the€defendantððs€cross„examination€of€Mr.€Kuykendall€aboutÐ ‚Ò Ðcocaine€metabolites€and€the€bodyððs€metabolism€of€cocaine€opened€the€door€for€his€testimony.€€It€alsoÐ n¾ Ðargues€that€he€was€qualified€to€testify€on€these€matters€under€Rule€702,€Tenn.€R.€Evid.Ð Zª ÐÌà  àRule€702€requires€that€the€witness€be€ð ðqualified€as€an€expert€by€knowledge,€skill,€experience,Ð 2‚ Ðtraining,€or€education.ðð€€ð ðTo€give€expert€testimony,€one€must€be€particularly€skilled,€learned€orÐ n Ðexperienced€in€a€science,€art,€trade,€business,€profession€or€vocation,€a€thorough€knowledge€of€whichÐ  Z Ðis€not€within€the€scope€of€the€common€knowledge€and€experience€of€the€average€person.ðð€€òòKinleyÐ öF Ðv.€Tennessee€State€Mut.€Ins.€Co.óó,€620€S.W.2d€79,€81€(Tenn.€1981).€€The€witness€may€gain€expertiseÐ â2 Ðthrough€formal€education€or€through€life€experiences.€€Neil€P.€Cohen€et€al.,€òòTennessee€Law€ofÐ Î ÐEvidenceóó€ðð€702[4],€at€7„21€(4th€ed.€2000).€€The€decision€to€admit€expert€testimony€is€reserved€to€theÐ º  Ðdiscretion€of€the€trial€court€and€will€not€be€disturbed€on€appeal€absent€an€abuse€of€such€discretion.Ð ¦ö ÐòòState€v.€Hallóó,€958€S.W.2d€679,€689€(Tenn.€1997).€€In€fact,€the€defendant€will€only€gain€relief€onÐ ’â Ðappeal€for€an€abuse€of€discretion€that€was€prejudicial.€òòTizardóó,€897€S.W.2d€at€748.Ð ~ Î ÐÌà  àIn€the€present€case,€Mr.€Kuykendall€testified€that€he€had€worked€as€a€forensic€toxicologistÐ V"¦  Ðfor€the€TBI€crime€laboratory€for€a€little€over€twelve€years.€€In€this€capacity,€he€analyzed€blood,€bodyÐ B#’! Ðfluids,€or€tissues€for€the€presence€of€drugs,€alcohol,€or€poisons€and€related€his€findings€to€the€criminalÐ .$~" Ðissues€involved€in€the€case.€€He€stated€that€he€had€testified€over€three€hundred€times€regarding€theÐ %j # Ðidentification€of€controlled€substances€in€blood.€€When€testifying€about€the€results€of€the€test€heÐ &V!$ Ðconducted€on€the€defendantððs€blood€sample,€Mr.€Kuykendall€testified€that€the€body€breaks€downÐ ò&B"% Ðcocaine€and€that€metabolites€result€from€this€process.€€The€defendant€objected€that€Mr.€KuykendallÐ Þ'.#& Ðwas€not€qualified€to€testify€about€metabolites€and€how€the€body€processes€cocaine.€€The€trial€courtÐ Ê($' Ðoverruled€this€objection.€€Mr.€Kuykendall€testified€that€he€did€not€know€the€schedule€classificationÐ ¶)%( Ðof€cocaine,€explaining€that€ð ðsince€this€is€inside€the€body,€Iððm€more€concerned€with€the€metabolism,Ð ¢*ò%) Ðthe€rate€that€itððs€going€to€go€away,€how€much€it€takes€to€get€it,€and€that€sort€of€thing.ððÐ Ž+Þ&* Їà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€defendant€questioned€Mr.€Kuykendall€about€the€fact€thatÐ ° Ðindividuals€metabolize€different€substances€differently.€€Mr.€Kuykendall€testified€that€although€theÐ œì Ðmanner€in€which€people€metabolize€cocaine€is€basically€the€same,€the€timing€for€metabolizing€itÐ ˆØ Ðwould€vary.€€On€redirect€examination,€Mr.€Kuykendall€was€asked€about€the€dissipation€rate€ofÐ tÄ Ðcocaine€from€the€human€body.€€The€defendant€objected€that€no€foundation€had€been€laid€for€him€toÐ `° Ðtestify€on€this€subject.€€Although€the€court€noted€that€the€witness€had€first€addressed€the€issue€onÐ L œ Ðcross„examination€without€objection,€it€observed€that€the€witnessððs€testimony€had€gone€ð ða€little€bitÐ 8 ˆ Ðafieldðð€of€the€matters€about€which€he€was€called€to€testify.€€The€court€directed€the€state€to€ð ðestablishÐ $ t Ðsome€foundation€for€his€ability€to€testifyðð€about€the€metabolism€of€cocaine.€€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àAt€this€point,€Mr.€Kuykendall€testified€that€he€has€a€Bachelor€of€Science€in€chemistry€withÐ è 8  Ða€biochemistry€specialty€from€Tennessee€Technical€University.€€He€said€that€he€had€been€trained€byÐ Ô$  Ðthe€TBI€in€forensic€toxicology€and€received€annual€training€at€the€Federal€Bureau€of€InvestigationÐ À  ÐAcademy€from€prominent€toxicologists.€€He€stated€that€he€was€a€board€certified€forensic€toxicologistÐ ¬ü  Ðand€that€in€his€twelve€years€of€experience,€he€had€performed€around€30,000€analyses.€€He€agreed€thatÐ ˜è  Ðhis€training€and€experience€in€forensic€toxicology€included€the€dissipation€rates€of€cocaine€from€theÐ „Ô  Ðhuman€body.€€He€then€proceeded€to€testify€without€further€objection€from€the€defense€about€howÐ pÀ Ðcocaine€breaks€down€in€the€human€body,€the€relative€times€at€which€a€person€ingesting€cocaine€inÐ \¬ Ðvarious€ways€begins€to€feel€its€effects,€and€the€rate€at€which€cocaine€dissipates€from€the€body.€€HeÐ H˜ Ðtestified€about€the€dissipation€rates€related€in€the€scientific€literature€as€well€as€those€he€hadÐ 4„ Ðpersonally€observed,€noting€that€cocaineÐ  p ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àdoesnððt€take€that€long€to€go€away.€€It€takes,€typically€speaking,€whenÐ øH ÐI€have€worked€with€police€officers€out€in€the€field€and€we€have€takenÐ ä4 Ðsubjects€in€who€have€had€cocaine€in€them€at€that€point€in€time€andÐ Ð  Ðthen€we€go€and€test€them€later,€we€see€that€the€levels€that€they€hadÐ ¼  Ðwere€dropping€relatively€rapidly,€and€thatððs€because€it€has€a€shortÐ ¨ø Ðhalf„life.Дä` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€witness€stated€both€that€he€had€been€educated€about€the€metabolism€of€cocaine€inÐ l¼ Ðhumans€and€that€he€had€experience€based€upon€his€own€tests€in€this€area.€€Furthermore,€the€witnessÐ X ¨ Ðheld€a€degree€in€chemistry€with€a€concentration€in€biological€chemistry.€€In€light€of€this€evidence,Ð D!” Ðwe€cannot€say€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€in€allowing€Mr.€Kuykendall€to€testify€aboutÐ 0"€  Ðthe€metabolism€of€cocaine.Ð #l! ÐÌà@¶¶#ìàò òIV.€SENTENCINGó óˆÐ ô$D # ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€contends€that€his€sentence€is€excessive€because€the€trial€court€erroneouslyÐ Ì&"% Ðapplied€enhancement€factor€(10),€that€he€showed€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€when€a€highÐ ¸'#& Ðrisk€to€human€life€existed.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(10).€€He€argues€that€no€proof€existsÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthat€he€endangered€the€life€of€anyone€other€than€the€victims€named€in€the€indictments.€€The€stateÐ )à$( Ðasserts€that€the€defendant€drove€at€an€excessive€speed,€passed€cars€on€a€double€yellow€line,€andÐ |*Ì%) Ðnearly€hit€another€person€after€he€struck€the€victimððs€pickup€truck.€€It€argues€these€actions€posed€aÐ h+¸&* Ðrisk€to€others€aside€from€the€victim€and€Ms.€Bunchððs€children.€€It€contends€that€the€trial€courtÐ ° Ðproperly€sentenced€the€defendant.Ð œì ÐÌà  àFor€the€vehicular€homicide€conviction,€the€trial€court€applied€the€following€enhancementÐ tÄ Ðfactors:€(1)€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€or€behavior€beyond€that€necessary€to€establish€Ð `° Ðhis€range€and€(10)€ð ðno€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high.ðð€Ð L œ ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(1),(10).€€It€applied€mitigating€factor€(11),€the€defendant€ð ðcommittedÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€offense€under€such€unusual€circumstances€that€it€is€unlikely€that€a€sustained€intent€to€violate€theÐ $ t Ðlaw€motivated€the€criminal€conduct.ðð€€òòId.óó€ðð€40„35„113(11).€€The€trial€court€imposed€a€nine„yearÐ  ` Ðsentence.€€The€trial€court€applied€enhancement€factor€(1)€to€the€felony€reckless€endangermentÐ ü L  Ðconviction€and€imposed€a€one„year€sentence.€€It€sentenced€the€defendant€to€eleven€months€andÐ è 8  Ðtwenty„nine€days€for€each€of€the€child€endangerment€convictions.€€It€ordered€all€of€the€sentences€toÐ Ô$  Ðrun€concurrently€and€to€be€served€in€confinement,€which€it€found€necessary€under€ðð€40„35„103(1)(B),Ð À  Ðð ðto€avoid€depreciating€the€seriousness€of€the€offense€or€.€.€.€particularly€suited€to€provide€effectiveÐ ¬ü  Ðdeterrence€to€others€likely€to€commit€similar€offenses.ðð€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àAppellate€review€of€sentencing€is€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€on€the€record€with€a€presumption€that€the€trialÐ pÀ Ðcourtððs€determinations€are€correct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-401(d).€€As€the€SentencingÐ \¬ ÐCommission€Comments€to€this€section€note,€the€burden€is€now€on€the€defendant€to€show€that€theÐ H˜ Ðsentence€is€improper.€€This€means€that€if€the€trial€court€followed€the€statutory€sentencing€procedure,Ð 4„ Ðmade€findings€of€fact€that€are€adequately€supported€in€the€record,€and€gave€due€consideration€andÐ  p Ðproper€weight€to€the€factors€and€principles€that€are€relevant€to€sentencing€under€the€1989€SentencingÐ  \ ÐAct,€we€may€not€disturb€the€sentence€even€if€a€different€result€were€preferred.€€òòState€v.€Fletcheróó,€805Ð øH ÐS.W.2d€785,€789€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àHowever,€ð ðthe€presumption€of€correctness€which€accompanies€the€trial€courtððs€action€isÐ ¼  Ðconditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencingÐ ¨ø Ðprinciples€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.Ð ”ä Ð1991).€€In€this€respect,€for€the€purpose€of€meaningful€appellate€review,€Ð €Ð ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àthe€trial€court€must€place€on€the€record€its€reasons€for€arriving€at€theÐ X ¨ Ðfinal€sentencing€decision,€identify€the€mitigating€and€enhancementÐ D!” Ðfactors€found,€state€the€specific€facts€supporting€each€enhancementÐ 0"€  Ðfactor€found,€and€articulate€how€the€mitigating€and€enhancementÐ #l! Ðfactors€have€been€evaluated€and€balanced€in€determining€the€sentence.€Ð $X" ÐT.C.A.€ðð€40-35-210(f)€(1990).Ðô$D #` x` x ÐÌòòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597,€599€(Tenn.€1994).Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àAlso,€in€conducting€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review,€we€must€consider€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€atÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€trial€and€sentencing€hearing,€(2)€the€presentence€report,€(3)€the€principles€of€sentencing€andÐ )à$( Ðarguments€as€to€sentencing€alternatives,€(4)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€criminal€conduct,Ð |*Ì%) Ð(5)€any€mitigating€or€statutory€enhancement€factors,€(6)€any€statement€that€the€defendant€made€onÐ h+¸&* Ðhis€own€behalf,€and€(7)€the€potential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40-35-102,Ð ° Ð-103,€-210;€€òòseeóó€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€168;€òòState€v.€Mossóó,€727€S.W.2d€229,€236-37€(Tenn.€1986).Ð œì ÐÌà  àThe€sentence€to€be€imposed€by€the€trial€court€is€presumptively€the€minimum€in€the€range€forÐ tÄ Ða€Class€B€and€Class€E€felony€unless€there€are€enhancement€factors€present.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÐ `° Ð40-35-210(c).€€Procedurally,€the€trial€court€is€to€increase€the€sentence€within€the€range€based€uponÐ L œ Ðthe€existence€of€enhancement€factors€and,€then,€reduce€the€sentence€as€appropriate€for€any€mitigatingÐ 8 ˆ Ðfactors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-210(d)„(e).€€The€weight€to€be€afforded€an€existing€factor€is€leftÐ $ t Ðto€the€trial€courtððs€discretion€so€long€as€it€complies€with€the€purposes€and€principles€of€the€1989Ð  ` ÐSentencing€Act€and€its€findings€are€adequately€supported€by€the€record.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÐ ü L  Ð40-35-210,€Sentencing€Commission€Cmts.;€€òòMossóó,€727€S.W.2d€at€237;€€òòseeóó€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€atÐ è 8  Ð169.€€We€note€that€the€law€provides€no€presumptive€minimum€for€misdemeanor€sentencing.€€òòSeeóó,òòÐ Ô$  Ðe.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Creasyóó,€885€S.W.2d€829,€832€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€In€misdemeanor€sentencing,Ð À  Ðin€determining€the€percentage,€if€any,€of€the€sentence€to€be€served€in€confinement,€the€court€shallÐ ¬ü  Ðconsider€the€purposes€of€the€Sentencing€Act,€the€principles€of€sentencing,€and€the€enhancement€andÐ ˜è  Ðmitigating€factors.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-302(d);€òòState€v.€Troutmanóó,€979€S.W.2d€271,Ð „Ô  Ð273-74€(Tenn.€1998).€€A€Class€A€misdemeanant€may€be€incarcerated€for€up€to€eleven€months€andÐ pÀ Ðtwenty-nine€days.€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-111(e)(1).Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€asserts€that€the€application€of€enhancement€factor€(10)€was€crucial€becauseÐ 4„ Ðincreasing€the€sentence€above€the€minimum€eight€years€made€him€ineligible€for€probation.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.Ð  p ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€40„35„303(a).€€In€this€respect,€the€sentencing€hearing€consisted€of€numerous€witnessesÐ  \ Ðwho€testified€on€behalf€of€the€defendant.€€The€evidence€indicated€that€the€defendant€showed€remorseÐ øH Ðand€had€rehabilitation€potential.€€The€defendant€also€was€shown€to€have€a€history€of€cocaineÐ ä4 Ðdependence€and€had€numerous€bad€check€charges€that€resulted€in€diversion,€restitution,€and€someÐ Ð  Ðconvictions.€Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àRelative€to€the€application€of€enhancement€factor€(10),€the€defendant€argues€that€theÐ ”ä Ðcommission€of€two€misdemeanor€offensesð!ðspeeding€and€passing€on€a€double€yellow€lineð!ðisÐ €Ð Ðinsufficient€to€support€its€application.€€He€argues€that€this€is€especially€true€in€light€of€Mr.€TommyÐ l¼ ÐJoe€Swaffordððs€testimony€that€he€was€not€driving€erratically€at€the€time.€€This€court€has€held€thatÐ X ¨ Ðfactor€(10)€may€be€applied€to€a€vehicular€homicide€conviction€when€persons€other€than€the€victimsÐ D!” Ðwere€at€risk.€€òòState€v.€Williamsonóó,€919€S.W.2d€69,€83€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€The€defendantÐ 0"€  Ðattempts€to€distinguish€òòWilliamsonóó€because€the€defendant€in€that€case€crossed€into€the€opposing€laneÐ #l! Ðtwice€before€colliding€with€the€victim€and€the€offense€occurred€on€Labor€Day.€€In€the€present€case,Ð $X" Ðthe€defendant€nearly€hit€Ms.€Guillory€in€the€opposing€lane€after€colliding€with€the€victim.€€WeÐ ô$D # Ðbelieve€the€trial€court€properly€applied€this€factor.€€Our€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€of€the€record€supports€theÐ à%0!$ Ðlength€of€the€defendantððs€sentences.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àBased€upon€the€foregoing€and€the€record€as€a€whole,€we€affirm€the€judgments€of€convictionÐ ¤(ô#' Ðfor€vehicular€homicide,€reckless€endangerment,€and€one€count€of€child€endangerment.€€We€mergeÐ )à$( Ðâ âthe€conviction€for€child€endangerment€relating€to€Justin€Vanatta€into€the€conviction€relating€toÐ |*Ì%) ÐRichard€Bunch€and€vacate€the€judgment€of€conviction€for€the€child€endangerment€count€relating€toÐ ° ÐJustin€Vanatta.Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àÌÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà  à___________________________________€ÐL œÀ(#À(# Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJOSEPH€M.€TIPTON,€JUDGE