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S\  `&Times New RomanS7Z(X75+ ` hp x 5  &  d d)1dxd<:zTop of For7(X7    5+ ` hp x 5?%2A`Arial?  S\  `&Times New RomanS7Z(X75+ ` hp x 5  )2dxd0KS.SampleK<6X9`(Courier NewKS\  `&Times New RomanS0.Strong 8dl6TypewriterK<6X9`(Courier NewKS\  `&Times New RomanS42Variable: 8HTML MarkupB      2 0CommentB  #$()*/04 35;AGMSY_11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.<6X9`(Courier New\  `&Times New Roman%2A`Arial3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i) NIDIFFERBaumgartnerT.C.A.TiptonCrumleyElizabethtonHardinCrutcher OdomYearganTroxell Crim JurarresteeOchanaMcCalebdispositive h X \R3'Avery 25371 Laser Bus. Ca\ !.8Radd8     _   Ra8XXdd8@ttCRaINTHECOURTOFCRIMINALAPPEALSOFTENNESSEE  @WW$ATKNOXVILLE#RaC#Ԉ &    @  @` AssignedonBriefsSeptember28,2004 L XXRa #RaXX4#STATEOFTENNESSEEv.CARLRAYNIDIFFERXXRa  J @@ AppealfromtheCriminalCourtforCarterCounty  J @@No.S14939RichardR.Baumgartner,JudgebyInterchange  6 @@*AV) ` dE<` A   @@TTNo.E200302793CCAR3CDFiledNovember_10,_Ԁ2004   AV) ` dE<|` A }     TheCarterCountyCriminalCourtruledthatthestatecouldnotsuspendthedefendantsdrivers x  licenseforoneyearpursuanttoT.C.A.5510406(a)(3),theimpliedconsentlaw,becauseitfound d hewasnotunderarrestwhenherefusedtoconsenttoabloodalcoholtest.Thestateappeals, P claimingthatthetrialcourterredinholdingthatthedefendantwasnotunderarrestwhentheofficers < readhimtheimpliedconsentform.Weholdthedefendantwasunderarrest,andwereversethe (x judgmentofthetrialcourt. d  Tenn.R.App.P.3AppealasofRight;JudgmentoftheCriminalCourt Reversed,Case < Remanded  ,   #RaX#XX.RaJosephM.Tipton,J.,deliveredtheopinionofthecourt,inwhichDavidH.WellesandJohn  EverettWilliams,JJ.,joined.  PaulG.Summers,AttorneyGeneralandReporter;ReneeW.Turner,AssistantAttorneyGeneral; x JoeC.Crumley,Jr.,DistrictAttorneyGeneral;andRobertH.Montgomery,Jr.,AssistantDistrict d AttorneyGeneral,fortheappellant,StateofTennessee. P  WilliamJ.Byrd,Elizabethton,Tennessee,fortheappellee,CarlRayNidiffer. ("x! @@OO& OPINION #RaXXD#XXRa $P# #RaXX #  XXRa0  Thiscaserelatestothedefendantsdrivingundertheinfluenceofalcohol.OnDecember23,%(!%(#(# 1998,thedefendantcollidedwithanothercarashewasdrivingonElkAvenueinElizabethton. &"& Emergencypersonnelwerecalledtothescene,andaftertheyarrived,ittookbetweenfifteenand '#' twentyminutestoextractthedefendantfromhiscar.Thedefendantwastakentothehospitalwhere (#( officerswhowerepresentatthesceneoftheaccidentreadhimtheimpliedconsentforminorder )$) toperformabloodalcoholtest.Thedefendantrefusedtoconsent.Becausethedefendantwasin t*%* thehospital,thearrestingofficersdidnottakehimtoadetentionfacilityforformalprocessing `+&+ procedures.However,hewaseventuallytakentoadetentionfacilityforprocessing.ACarter L,', CountyGrandJuryindictedthedefendantfordrivingundertheinfluenceofalcoholandviolation 8-(- _oftheimpliedconsentstatute.Thedefendantpledguiltytoadultdrivingwhileimpaired.  Concerningtheimpliedconsentviolation,thedefendantassertedthathewasnotunderarrestwhen  herefusedtoconsentandthathisdriverslicensecouldnotbesuspendedpursuanttoT.C.A.55  10406(a)(3). t   Thetrialcourtheldahearingtodeterminewhetherthedefendantwasunderarrestwhenthe L  officersreadhimtheimpliedconsentform.JasonWhiteheadtestifiedthatherespondedtothe 8  accidentasamemberoftheCarterCountyEmergencyandRescueSquad.Hesaidthatwhenhe $ t arrivedatthescene,thedefendant,whowasaloneinthecar,wastrappedinside.Hesaidthe  ` defendantwasalertandresponsivetoquestions.Hesaidthatafteraninitialobservation,hedecided  L  thedefendantneededtobetransportedtothehospital.Hesaidittookabouttwentyminutestoget  8  thedefendantoutofhiscar.Hesaidthatheaccompaniedthedefendanttothehospital.Hesaidthat $  thedefendanthada strongodorofalcoholabouthim,thatthedefendantwasquiteuncooperative   duringthetriptothehospital,andthatthedefendantwouldnotallowhim tostartanIVandalso   putsupplementaryoxygenon[thedefendant].     Mr.Whiteheadtestifiedthatoncetheyarrivedatthehospital,heplacedarigidplastic p cervicalcollararoundthedefendantsneckandthatthedefendantwasplacedonaspineboardin \ ordertokeephimimmobilized.Hesaidthedefendantwasadmittedasatraumapatientandplaced H intoaroomatthehospital. 4   ElizabethtonPoliceDepartmentOfficerMichaelMerritttestifiedthatheandhispartner,  \ OfficerHardin,respondedtothesceneoftheaccident.Hesaidthatthedefendantsmelledof H alcohol,thatthedefendantsspeechwasslurredanddeliberate,andthatthedefendantseyeswere 4 glassy.OfficerMerrittsaidthatbaseduponthephysicalconditionofthedefendantandstatements   fromwitnessesatthescene,therewasprobablecausetobelievethedefendantwasdrivingunderthe   influenceofalcohol.OfficerMerrittsaidthatOfficerHardinrequestedthedefendanttoproducehis  driverslicense,whichhedid.    OfficerMerritttestifiedthatheandOfficerHardinfollowedthedefendanttothehospital. l Hesaidthatbeforetheyattemptedtospeakwiththedefendant,heandhispartneraskedthedoctor X  whetherthedefendantwasinaconditiontospeakwiththem.Hesaidthedoctoraskedthemtowait D! untilafterthedefendantwasstabilized.Hesaidthatwhenheandhispartnerwereeventually 0"  allowedintothedefendantsroom,theyfoundthedefendantalone,lyingonahospitalbed.Officer #l! Merrittsaidthatwhenheandhispartnerenteredtheroom,theywereinfulluniformandarmed.He $X" saidthattheyapproachedthedefendantandthatOfficerHardinreadthedefendanttheimplied $D # consentformfromtheTennesseeDepartmentofSafety: %0!$ 8  8`   Youareunderarrestandtherearereasonablegroundstobelieveyou '#& weredrivingorinphysicalcontrolofamotorvehiclewhileunderthe (#' influenceofalcoholand/ordrugs.AsrequiredunderT.C.A.5510 )$( 406,Iamherebyrequestingyoutosubmittoachemicaltestto |*%) determinethealcoholand/ordrugcontentofyourblood.h+&*` x` x 8      8  8`   Youdonothavetosubmittothistest.Ifyourefusetosubmittothis  test,itwillnotbegiven.AsrequiredbystatelawImustadviseyou  oftheconsequencesforrefusingthetest.Yourrefusalmayresultin t thesuspensionofyouroperatorslicensebythecourt.Ifthecourt ` findsyouguiltyofrefusingthetest,thecourtshallsuspendyour L  licenseforaperiodoftwelve(12)months.8 ` x` x (Emphasisadded).OfficerMerritttestifiedthatheandOfficerHardinwerebothstandingabouttwo  ` feetfromthebedwhenOfficerHardinreadtheimpliedconsentformtothedefendant.Officer  L  Merrittsaidthedefendantrefusedtoconsenttothebloodalcoholtest.Hesaidthattheybrieflyleft  8  thedefendantsroomandthatthedoctortoldthemtheycouldnottakethedefendanttothestation $  house.Hesaidthedoctortoldthemthatthedefendantneededfurthermedicalcareandthatthe   earliesthewouldbereleasedwasthenextday.OfficerMerrittsaidthataftertheconversationwith   thedoctor,theygavethedefendanthisbelongingsrecoveredfromthesceneandleftthehospital.He   saidthatbecausethedefendantwasaprominentbusinessmaninElizabethton,heandOfficerHardin   knewwheretofindthedefendantwheneverhewasreleasedfromthehospital.OfficerMerritt p testifiedthatifthedefendanthaddecidedtoleavetheroomwhileheandOfficerHardinwere \ readinghimtheimpliedconsentform,theywouldhavestoppedhimbecause hewasunderarrest. H   Afterlisteningtotheevidenceandargumentsofcounsel,thecourtruledthattheofficersdid  p notarrestthedefendantwhentheyenteredhisroomandreadhimtheimpliedconsentform.The  \ courtfoundthat atnotimedidtheofficersphysicallyrestrainorconfinedefendantsmovements. H TheydidnotcitehimforanycriminaloffenseorreadhimhisMirandawarnings.Thecourtbased 4 itsholdingonStatev.Crutcher,989S.W.2d295(Tenn.1999)(statingtherequirementsforanarrest   tobemade).Onappeal,thestatecontendsthatthedefendantsdriverslicenseshouldbesuspended   pursuanttotheimpliedconsentstatutebecause,amongotherthings,whentheofficersreadthe  defendanttheimpliedconsentform,theytoldhimhewasunderarrest.Conversely,thedefendant  contendsthathewasnotunderarrestbaseduponoursupremecourtsholdinginCrutcher.    Inthiscase,weareaskedtoreviewthetrialcourtsfindingsoffactandconclusionsoflaw X  fromtheimpliedconsenthearing.Thetrialcourtsfindingsoffact willbeupheldunlessthe D! evidencepreponderatesotherwise.Statev.Odom,928S.W.2d18,23(Tenn.1996).However, 0"   theapplicationofthelawtothefactsfoundbythetrialcourt...isaquestionoflawwhichthis #l! courtreviewsdenovo.Statev.Yeargan,958S.W.2d626,629(Tenn.1997);Odom,928S.W.2d $X" at23.Becausethefactsinthiscaseareundisputed,wereviewthetrialcourtsapplicationofthelaw $D # tothosefactsdenovo.SeeStatev.Troxell,78S.W.3d866,870(Tenn.2002). %0!$   Tennesseesimpliedconsentlawprovides,inpertinentpart, '#& XXXX8  8`   (3)Ifsuchpersonhavingbeenplacedunderarrestandthereafter )$( havingbeenrequestedbyalawenforcementofficertosubmittosuch |*%) testandadvisedoftheconsequencesforrefusingtodoso,refusesto h+&* submit,thetestshallnotbegiven,andsuchpersonshallbecharged  withviolatingthissubsection.` x` x Ѐ#XXXX/#XXXX  #XXXX1#T.C.A.5510406(a)(3)(emphasisadded);accordXXXXStatev.Turner,913S.W.2d158,160(Tenn. t 1995)(recognizingthatadefendantmustbeunderarrestwhenheorsherefusestoconsentinorder ` tobechargedwithviolatingtheimpliedconsentlaw).#XXXXU2#XXXX L    OursupremecourthasaddressedthequestionofwhatconstitutesanarrestinTennessee.In $ t Crutcher,anofficerpursuedthreeindividualsonmotorcycles.Althoughtwooftheindividuals  ` stopped,thedefendantattemptedtoescapebuteventuallylostcontrolandcrashed.Theofficer  L  arrivedatthesceneoftheaccidentandattemptedtotakethedefendantintocustodybyplacingthe  8  defendantsarmbehindhisback,intendingtohandcuffhim.However,whenthedefendantbegan $  tocomplainofpain,theofficerstoppedandcalledforemergencymedicalpersonnel.Whenthe   paramedicsarrived,theytookthedefendanttothehospital.Afterthedefendantwasonhiswayto   thehospital,theofficersearchedthedefendantsmotorcycleandbackpack,findingahandgunand   cocaine.Oursupremecourtgrantedappealinordertodeterminewhethertheofficersactionsatthe   sceneoftheaccidentconstitutedanarrest,therebyentitlingtheofficertosearchthedefendants p backpackwithoutoffendingthedefendantsFourthAmendmentrights.Thecourtheldthatthe \ officerhadnotarrestedthedefendantandstated, H 8  8`   InTennessee,anarrestis...definedas thetaking,seizing,or  p detainingofthepersonofanother,eitherbytouchingorputtinghands  \ onhim,orbyanyactwhichindicatesanintentiontotakehiminto H custodyandsubjectsthepersonarrestedtotheactualcontrolandwill 4 ofthepersonmakingthearrest.Westv.State,425S.W.2d602,605   (Tenn.1968);Robertsonv.State,198S.W.2d633,63536(Tenn.   1947);Statev.Williams,914S.W.2d940,947(Tenn.Crim.App.  1995).Anarrestmaybeaffectedwithoutformalwordsorastation  housebooking.5Am.Jur.2dArrest2(1995).However,there  mustbeactualrestraintonthearresteesfreedomofmovementunder l legalauthorityofthearrestingofficer....Iflawenforcementofficers X  intendtojustifyasearchasincidenttoanarrest,itisincumbentupon D! themtotakesomeactionthatwouldindicatetoareasonableperson 0"  thatheorsheisunderarrest.#l!` x` x ЀCrutcher,989S.W.2dat301302(emphasisadded).Inrespondingtothedissentingopinion,the $D # majoritystatedthepropermethodofusingtheobjectivetestwhendeterminingwhetheranarrest %0!$ occurred: &"% 8  8`   Thedissentopinesthatthedefinitionof arrestadoptedin#XXXX3#XXXXRobertson#XXXX?#XXXX (#' andreaffirmedin#XXXX0@#XXXXWest#XXXX@#XXXXisnolongeraccurate.Citedareaseriesof )$( UnitedStatesSupremeCourtcasesandTennesseecasesthatthe |*%) dissentclaimsestablishanewdefinitionofarrest,towit: anarrest h+&*  XTRX3'Avery 25371 Laser Bus. CaX3' Letter3'Avery 5163 Shipping   3'LetterT   occursif,inviewofallthecircumstancessurroundingtheincident,  areasonablepersonwouldhaveunderstoodthatheorshewasnot  freetoleave.Thisdefinition,however,failstorecognizethe  distinctionbetween seizureand arrest,discussedabove.A t personmaybeseizedwithoutbeingplacedundercustodialarrest. ` Noneofthecasescitedbythedissentdealwiththispreciseissue. L  Whileweagreethatthe reasonablepersonstandardisafactorin 8  determiningwhetheranarrest#XXXX@#XXXXԀhasoccurred,justasitwouldbefor $ t anyseizure,webelievemoreisrequiredtoestablishacustodialarrest  ` forpurposesofasearchincidenttoanarrest. L ` x` x #XXXXFF#XXXXId.at302n.10. $    InthecontextofwhatconstitutesanarrestundertheFourthAmendment,wenotethatsome   federalcourtshaveindicatedtherelevanceofwhetherlawenforcementofficersinformasuspectthat   heorsheisunderarrest.See,e.g.,Ochanav.Flores,347F.3d266(7thCir.2003)(statingthefact   thatthedefendant wasnottoldthathewasunderarrest#XXXXnG#XXXXԀisafactortoconsiderwhendetermining p whetheranarresthasbeeneffectuatedwithinthemeaningoftheFourthAmendment);#XXXXI#XXXXԀ#XXXXpJ#XXXXUnitedStates \ v.McCaleb,552F.2d717,720(6thCir.1977)(statingthat itdoesnottakeformalwordsofarrest H orbookingatapolicestationtocompleteanarrest).#XXXXJ#XXXXԀWebelievethesecasesdemonstratethat,while 4 notdispositive,anofficerstellingadefendantheisunderarrestisasubstantivefactortoconsider  p whendeterminingwhetheranarresthasoccurred.  \   #XXXXK#XXXX  #XXXX+M#9XX99Թ  #99M##XX9yM#XXXX  W#XXXX N#XXXXeholdthatthedefendantwasunderarrestwhentheofficersreadhimtheimpliedconsent   form.Theofficersenteredthedefendantsroom,botharmedandinuniform.Theystoodbetween  thedefendantsbedandthedoor.OfficerMerritttestifiedthattheywouldhavestoppedthe  defendanthadheattemptedtoleave.Mostimportantly,theofficerstoldthedefendant, Youare  underarrest.Inthiscontext,webelievethatareasonablepersonwouldhaveconcludedthatheor l shewasunderarrest.SeeCrutcher,989S.W.2dat302.ThiscaseisdistinguishablefromCrutcher X becausetheofficerstookfurtheractionthatindicatedtothedefendantthathewasunderarrest. D   Whileitistruethattheofficersdidnottakethedefendanttoadetentionfacility,webelieve !l thisfactisnotsufficientlysignificant.Immediatelyafterleavingthedefendantsroom,theofficers "X  spokewiththedefendantsdoctorwhotoldthemthedefendantwouldhavetoremaininthehospital "D! overnight.Theofficersdecidednottoplaceanofficeroutsidethedefendantsdoorinordertotake #0" himintophysicalcustodythemomenthewasreleasedfromthehospital.However,whetherthe $ # officerstookthedefendanttothestationhouse,releasedhimtothecustodyofthehospital,or %!$ releasedhimonhisownrecognizanceisnotdispositiveastowhetherthedefendantwasunderarrest &!% whentheofficersreadhimtheimpliedconsentform.Basedupontheforegoingandtherecordas '"& awhole,wereversethejudgmentofthetrialcourtandremandthiscaseforfurtherproceedings |(#' consistentwiththisopinion.#XXXXYN#XXXX h)$(    `     h     ___________________________________ -h(,    `     h     JOSEPHM.TIPTON,JUDGE#XXXXOV#XXXXԀ#XXXXW#