ÿWPC R·Úµy¹´È¿Èk`¼²põ™Ã!ƒ%[¸ƒÓ“zAøêxI5‡ì™ÒK â3Öqz)ÜÚrÎ¥- ªàFKàx]j„"Bà-5-w꓃Q[C] š†#Gà€`h0Åj±Ž î帽ÙßTÌ=pì£5Ι¤F^Ý͵e«Qp'¸SA#Îq5ƒk«Z9}ø{í¤;Á¦gå•q€5ýã‰-ýùÎ/i Õngï¬?±¹Ç0cXÆiøì[¦È•îS'cE˜±¶2Wó6‹r ð°;6MÜj½Ÿ¿¯Oì­Þš sS$„3åb>³“üÎܯO-rÆä¤z·Ì+ð $ŸÄ£d{á¬7û RíîÙƒk>™…0®ä¢·H1+žl ©ÿPr¸ï dÇlT3 š_›õöf¯Ãk%™úìˆúÞ\jsÉX/lš] µ­x«Á¬;‹O˜=|ÐöfÜ•:Ó0ŠÊ÷=62ö^ù#¾d¨dä¡h!íkDíŠuÞù®‡³Q´s¬ý‡”´Ì­{Ê+¦kT›ú oÑ“¹“ha¬•àÌÅÄ×#¬4òxüaCãwÙ©xÜõ‡kåyC>Ì¥4OôòÚà–c4Q˜·Ü¥O3´D)Òb %\^ b 0ˆnU NöwD4H\ zkÒå· m¹ #ÉÐ Ð Æ™ Æ_ Æ%ÆëëN±±±E³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³³bµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµµ 0ë½½½½ B¨¨ 0¤Å D5i D-ž 0KËË ASÆi 0¤/ 0DÓ A«»0wH1Ï (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular ~‰/ê:i¢×+003|x ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜\\IB01S02\CLERKJACÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5- ù-(|G2|Ã$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€×»»dXXdé8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôälò»»Ô d(|38¬$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€×»»dXXdé8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|38¬$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€×»»dXXdé8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€×»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ8€·XXdé»»d8Ñà@hhìàÔ‡î+Öî»»ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@òò%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†»×»îî+Öá#ԈРÓ# Ðà@ìàAugust€3,€2004€SessionˆÐ öF ÐÌà@2 2 ìàò òSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòò€óó€v.€€WILLIE€NORMANòòóóó óˆÐ  f ÐÌÔ€X·X»»×Ôà@o o ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Gibson€CountyˆÐ 7 ‡ Ðà@Ž Ž ìàNo.€16224€€€€€€Ô_ÔClayburnÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPeeplesÔ_Ô,€JudgeˆÐ ! q ÐÌÌà@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<Þ` A߈Ð ß/  ÐÌà@° ° ìàNo.€W2003„02067„CCA„R3„CD€€„€Filed€October€7,€Ô_Ô2004Ô_ԈРØ(  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<«` AßÐ ¬ü  Ðó óÌDefendant,€Willie€Norman,€was€indicted€for€possession€of€over€.5€grams€of€cocaine€with€intent€toÐ ¤ô  Ðsell€or€deliver,€resisting€arrest,€and€two€counts€of€assault.€€Defendant€pled€guilty€to€possession€ofÐ Ý Ðcocaine€with€intent€to€sell€or€deliver,€and€the€remaining€counts€were€dismissed.€€Defendant€enteredÐ vÆ Ðhis€guilty€plea,€reserving€for€appeal,€as€a€certified€question€of€law,€the€issue€of€whether€the€searchÐ _¯ Ðof€his€vehicle€violated€his€constitutional€rights.€€We€conclude€that€the€certified€question€of€law€wasÐ H˜ Ðproperly€reserved€for€appeal.€€We€also€conclude€that€the€trial€court€properly€denied€DefendantððsÐ 1 Ðmotion€to€suppress.€€Accordingly,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€Ð j ÐÌà@ìàò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€Affirmedó óˆÐ ì< ÐÌòòThomas€T.€Woodall,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòGary€R.€Wade,€Ô_ÔP.J.Ô_Ô,óó€andÐ ¿ ÐòòNorma€McGee€Ogle,€J.óó,€joined.Ð ¨ø ÐÌCharles€S.€Kelly,€Sr.,€Ô_ÔDyersburgÔ_Ô,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Willie€Norman.Ð zÊ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€J.€Ross€Dyer,€Assistant€Attorney€General;€GarryÐ L œ ÐG.€Brown,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Ô_ÔJeraldÔ_Ô€Campbell,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€forÐ 5!…  Ðthe€appellee,€the€State€of€Tennessee.€€Ð "n! ÐÌà@55'ìàò òOPINIONó óˆÐ ð#@# ÐÌò òFactual€Backgroundó óÐ Ã%!% ÐÌà  àDefendant€filed€a€motion€to€suppress€evidence€obtained€as€a€result€of€a€search€of€his€vehicle,Ð –'æ"' Ðalleging€that€the€officer€did€not€have€probable€cause€to€stop€his€vehicle.€€The€transcript€of€theÐ (Ï#( Ðpreliminary€hearing€in€the€general€sessions€court€was€submitted€by€agreement€of€the€parties€to€theÐ h)¸$) Ðcircuit€court€judge€as€to€the€facts€to€be€considered€in€the€motion€to€suppress.€€At€the€preliminaryÐ Q*¡%* Ðhearing,€Officer€Scottie€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô,€of€the€Rutherford€Police€Department,€testified€that€on€October€2,Ð :+Š&+ Ð2001,€he€observed€Defendantððs€vehicle€run€a€stop€sign.€€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€also€testified€that€DefendantÐ #,s', Ðð ðhad€his€music€extremely€loud.ðð€€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€stopped€Defendantððs€vehicle€in€the€parking€lot€of€theÐ  -\(- ÐLittle€General€store€on€South€Trenton€Street.€€Defendant€exited€his€vehicle€and€approached€OfficerÐ õ-E).ý ÐÔ_ÔBettsÔ_Ôðð€patrol€car.€€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€gave€Defendant€a€verbal€warning€about€running€the€stop€sign€andÐ ° Ðplaying€loud€music.€€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€then€asked€Defendant€for€his€consent€to€search€his€vehicle.€Ð ™é ÐDefendant€ð ðmumbled€somethingðð€and€appeared€ð ðreal€nervous.ðð€€Defendant€ð ðjust€turned€and€took€offÐ ‚Ò Ðwalking€[in€the€direction€of€the€Little€General€store].ðð€€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€repeatedly€asked€Defendant€toÐ k» Ðcome€back,€but€Defendant€did€not€comply€with€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ôðð€request.€€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€confrontedÐ T¤ ÐDefendant€at€the€store€entrance.€€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€asked€Defendant€to€ð ðplease€step€back,ðð€and€DefendantÐ =  Ðsaid€that€he€was€going€into€the€store.€€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€again€asked€Defendant€to€come€back,€andÐ & v ÐDefendant€ð ðshovedðð€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô.€€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€advised€Defendant€that€he€was€being€arrested,€andÐ  _ ÐDefendant€was€ð ðvery€combatant.ðð€€Defendant€resisted€being€handcuffed,€and€he€ð ðpushedðð€OfficerÐ ø H ÐÔ_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€ð ðnumerous€times€on€Ô_ÔMcKnightÔ_Ô€Street€and€continued,€we€turned€and€went€up€Church€Street,Ð á 1  Ðand€continued€back€and€forth€all€the€way€up€onto€Ô_ÔTettletonÔ_Ô.ðð€€Other€police€officers€arrived€andÐ Ê   ÐDefendant€was€placed€under€arrest.€€Subsequently,€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€conducted€a€search€of€DefendantððsÐ ³  Ðvehicle.€€In€the€console€between€the€driver€seat€and€passenger€seat,€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€found€whatÐ œì  Ðlaboratory€tests€revealed€to€be€9.2€grams€of€crack€cocaine.€€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€testified€that€he€suspectedÐ …Õ  ÐDefendant€might€have€drugs€in€his€vehicle€because€he€knew€that€Defendant€had€prior€drugÐ n¾  Ðconvictions.€€Ð W§  ÐÌà  àPolice€Chief€Tim€Fair,€of€the€Rutherford€Police€Department,€testified€that€he€arrived€at€theÐ )y Ðparking€lot€where€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€stopped€Defendant€and€saw€Defendant€and€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€standingÐ b Ðbeside€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ôðð€patrol€car.€€Chief€Fair€heard€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€give€Defendant€a€verbal€warning€for€loudÐ ûK Ðmusic€and€running€a€stop€sign€and€ask€Defendant€for€consent€to€search€his€vehicle.€€Chief€Fair€didÐ ä4 Ðnot€hear€Defendantððs€response.€€Chief€Fair€saw€Defendant€turn€and€walk€away€from€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô.€Ð Í ÐChief€Fair€testified€that€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€repeated€the€question,€but€Defendant€continued€to€walk€away.€Ð ¶ ÐOfficer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€asked€Defendant€to€return€to€the€patrol€car,€but€Defendant€did€not€comply€with€hisÐ Ÿï Ðrequest.€€Chief€Fair€testified€that€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€followed€Defendant€to€the€store€and€directedÐ ˆØ ÐDefendant€to€step€back€to€the€patrol€car.€€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€advised€Defendant€that€he€was€placing€himÐ qÁ Ðunder€arrest.€€Chief€Fair€saw€Defendant€push€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€and€walk€away€from€him.€€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_ÔÐ Zª Ðwarned€Defendant€to€stop€or€he€would€use€a€chemical€spray.€€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€used€a€chemical€weaponÐ C“ Ðagainst€Defendant.€€While€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€and€Chief€Fair€attempted€to€place€Defendant€under€arrest,Ð ,| ÐDefendant€pushed€Chief€Fair€in€the€chest€several€times.€€A€search€of€Defendantððs€vehicle€wasÐ e Ðconducted€after€his€arrest.€€Ð þN ÐÌà  àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€hearing,€the€general€sessions€court€judge€orally€made€the€followingÐ Ð!   Ðfindings€of€fact€and€conclusions€of€law:Ð ¹" ! ÐÌÓ ÐÓÓ ÐÓThe€proof€is€that€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€observed€Mr.€Norman€operating€the€vehicle€atÐ ‹$Û# Ðwhich€time€he€ran€a€stop€sign€and€also€the€officer€heard€what€he€believed€to€beÐ t%Ä $ Ðexcessive€noise€of€loud€music€in€violation€of€the€noise€ordinance.€€He€activatedÐ ]&­!% Ðthe€blue€lights€and€pulled€over€[Defendant]€and€gave€him€a€warning.€€He€couldÐ F'–"& Ðhave€issued€a€citation,€could€not€have€arrested€I€donððt€think€for€those,€but€he€didÐ /(#' Ðnot€issue€a€citation,€but€he€should€not€be€criticized€for€giving€someone€a€warning.€Ð )h$( ÐAfter€that,€he€asked€for€consent€to€search.€[Defendant]€mumbled€something€andÐ *Q%) Ðthen€starts€to€walk€off.€€Absent€consent€to€search,€which€[Defendant]€didnððt€give,Ð ê*:&* Ðhe€mumbled€something,€but€he€didnððt€give€consent,€then€they€probably€wouldnððtÐ Ó+#'+ Ðhave€had€the€right€to€search€the€vehicle.€€If€we€didnððt€have€a€case€of€two€assaults,Ð ° ÐI€can€tell€you€that€I€would€probably€suppress€the€evidence,€but€weððve€got€a€caseÐ ™é Ðwhere,€according€to€the€testimony€of€the€officers€is€that€when€he€was€told€to€stop,Ð ‚Ò Ðand€Iððm€not€sure€that€they€had€the€right€to€arrest€him,€but€he€did€not€have€the€rightÐ k» Ðto€assault€two€different€police€officers.€€Now€when€he€assaulted€two€differentÐ T¤ Ðpolice€officers,€that€changed€the€whole€case.€€They€had€a€right€to€arrest€him€forÐ =  Ðthe€assault,€and€after€arresting€him€for€assault,€they€had€a€right€to€search€hisÐ & v Ðvehicle.€€If€we€didnððt€have€those€two€assaults€in€this€case,€I€would€have€realÐ  _ Ðconcern€and€might€suppress€the€evidence,€because€he€didnððt€give€consent€and€IÐ ø H Ðdonððt€know€what€other€basis€they€would€have€for€searching€the€vehicle,€but€heÐ á 1  Ðchose€to€escalate€the€matter,€and€after€the€two€assaults€were€committed€and€heÐ Ê   Ðwas€arrested,€I€find€that€they€had€a€right€to€search€the€vehicle.€.€.€.€€I€find€it€to€beÐ ³  Ðlawful,€incident€to€arrest€for€assault.€€Ð œì  ÐÓ ÐC!ÓÓ Ð5!ÓÌà  àòòòòóóóóWe€note€that€there€is€no€transcript€in€the€record€before€us€of€any€hearing€in€the€circuit€courtÐ n¾  Ðon€Defendantððs€motion€to€suppress.€€In€the€Stateððs€response€to€Defendantððs€motion€to€suppress,€theÐ W§  ÐState€requests€that€the€circuit€court€ð ðobtain€the€facts€in€this€case€from€the€transcript€of€theÐ @ Ðpreliminary€hearing€that€the€parties€stipulate€to€as€being€an€accurate€account€of€the€testimony€givenÐ )y Ðon€that€date.ðð€€A€transcript€of€the€preliminary€hearing€in€the€general€sessions€court€is€attached€to€theÐ b ÐStateððs€response,€which€is€included€in€the€technical€record.€€The€circuit€court€orally€deniedÐ ûK ÐDefendantððs€motion€to€suppress€without€making€any€oral€or€written€findings€of€fact€or€conclusionsÐ ä4 Ðof€law.€€Therefore,€on€appeal,€we€must€rely€on€the€findings€of€the€general€sessions€court.€€Ð Í ÐÌò òReserved€Certified€Question€of€Lawó óÐ Ÿï ÐÌà  àThe€State€contends€that€Defendant€has€failed€to€properly€reserve€a€certified€question€of€law.€Ð r ÐRule€37€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure€provides,€in€pertinent€part,Ð [« ÐÌÓ ÐÓÓ ÐÓ(b)à0 Ø àAn€appeal€lies€from€any€order€or€judgment€in€a€criminal€proceeding€whereÐ -} Ðthe€law€provides€for€such€appeal,€and€from€any€judgment€of€convictionÐ f Ð[Ô_Ôu]ponÔ_Ô€a€plea€of€guilty€.€.€.€if€[Ô_Ôt]heÔ_Ô€defendant€entered€into€a€plea€agreementÐ ÿO Ðunder€Rule€11(e)€but€explicitly€reserved€with€the€consent€of€the€state€andÐ è 8 Ðof€the€court€the€right€to€appeal€a€certified€question€of€law€that€isÐ Ñ!!  ÐÔ_ÔdispositiveÔ_Ô€of€the€case,€and€the€following€requirements€are€met:к" !Ø X Ø X  ÐÌà Ø à(A)à0 0 àThe€judgment€of€conviction,€or€other€document€to€which€suchÐ Œ$Ü# Ðjudgment€refers€that€is€filed€before€the€notice€of€appeal,€mustÐ u%Å $ Ðcontain€a€statement€of€the€certified€question€of€law€reserved€byÐ ^&®!% Ðdefendant€for€appellate€review;ÐG'—"&0 X 0 X  ÐÌà Ø à(B)à0 0 àThe€question€of€law€must€be€stated€in€the€judgment€or€documentÐ )i$( Ðso€as€to€identify€clearly€the€scope€and€limits€of€the€legal€issueÐ *R%) Ðreserved;Ðë*;&*0 X 0 X  ÐÐ Ô+$'+ Ðà Ø à(C)à0 0 àThe€judgment€or€document€must€reflect€that€the€certified€questionÐ ° Ðwas€expressly€reserved€with€the€consent€of€the€state€and€the€trialÐ ™é Ðjudge;€andЂÒ0 X 0 X  ÐÌà Ø à(D)à0 0 àThe€judgment€or€document€must€reflect€that€the€defendant,€theÐ T¤ Ðstate,€and€the€trial€judge€are€of€the€opinion€that€the€certifiedÐ =  Ðquestion€is€Ô_ÔdispositiveÔ_Ô€of€the€case.Ð& v0 X 0 X  ÐÓ ÐN/ÓÓ Ð@/ÓÌTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€37(b).Ð ø H ÐÌà  àIn€òòState€v.€Armstrongóó,€126€S.W.3d€908€(Tenn.€2003),€our€supreme€court€òòóóreiterated€its€holdingÐ Ê   Ðin€òòState€v.€Prestonóó,€759€S.W.2d€647€(Tenn.€1988),€in€which€the€Court€ð ðprovided€detailed€guidanceÐ ³  Ðon€seeking€appellate€review€of€a€certified€question€of€law€pursuant€to€Rule€37€[of€the€TennesseeÐ œì  ÐRules€of€Criminal€Procedure]€by€establishing€several€prerequisites.ðð€€òòArmstrongóó,€126€S.W.3d€at€910.€Ð …Õ  ÐIn€òòPrestonóó,€the€supreme€court€held€that€ð ðthe€final€order€or€judgment€from€which€the€time€begins€toÐ n¾  Ðrun€to€pursue€.€.€.€[an]€appeal€must€contain€a€statement€of€the€Ô_ÔdispositiveÔ_Ô€certified€question€of€lawÐ W§  Ðreserved€.€.€.€for€appellate€reviewðð€and€that€ð ðthe€question€of€law€must€be€stated€so€as€to€clearlyÐ @ Ðidentify€the€scope€and€limits€of€the€legal€issue€reserved.ððòòóó€€759€S.W.2d€at€650.€€Ð )y ÐÌà  àThe€State€argues€that€the€final€judgment€in€this€case€does€not€comply€with€the€requirementsÐ ûK Ðof€Rule€37.€€The€judgment,€signed€by€the€trial€judge€on€July€15,€2003,€states,€ð ðReserved€issue€ofÐ ä4 Ðsearch€for€appeal.ðð€€At€the€guilty€plea€hearing,€defense€counsel€stated:Ð Í ÐÌÓ ÐÓÓ ÐÓ[Defense€counsel]:à0 ˆ àYour€Honor,€weððre€going€to€enter€a€plea€in€the€case€andÐ Ÿï Ðreserve€the€question€of€the€search€ð!ð€ÐˆØˆX ˆX  ÐÌ[Trial€court]:à0 0 àà0ˆ0 X 0 X àYes,€sir.ÐZªˆX ˆX  ÐÌ[Defense€counsel]:à0 ˆ àð!ð€for€purposes€of€appeal€to€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals.Ð,|ˆX ˆX  ÐÌ[Trial€court]:à0 0 àà0ˆ0 X 0 X àRight.€€ÐþNˆX ˆX  ÐÌ[Defense€counsel]:à0 ˆ àAnd€I€think€everybody€agrees,€Your€Honor,€the€State€andÐ Ð!   Ðthe€defense,€that€the€search€in€this€case€one€way€or€theÐ ¹" ! Ðother€disposes€of€it.€€Ð¢#ò"ˆX ˆX  ÐÓ Ð$<ÓÓ Ð<ÓÌà  àThe€trial€court€then€proceeded€into€colloquy€with€the€Defendant€to€determine€whether€theÐ t%Ä $ Ðplea€was€being€entered€voluntarily€and€knowingly.€€The€State€did€not€object€to€the€certified€questionÐ ]&­!% Ðof€law€at€the€time€of€Defendantððs€guilty€plea.€€The€supreme€court€stated€in€òòPrestonóó,€however,Ð F'–"& ÐÌÓ ÐÓÓ ÐÓRegardless€of€what€has€appeared€in€prior€petitions,€orders,€colloquy€in€open€courtÐ )h$( Ðor€otherwise,€the€final€order€or€judgment€from€which€the€time€begins€to€run€toÐ *Q%) Ðpursue€a€Ô_ÔT.R.A.P.Ô_Ô€3€appeal€must€contain€a€statement€of€the€Ô_ÔdispositiveÔ_Ô€certifiedÐ ê*:&* Ðquestion€of€law€reserved€by€defendant€for€appellate€review€and€the€question€ofÐ Ó+#'+ Ðlaw€must€be€stated€so€as€to€clearly€identify€the€scope€and€the€limits€of€the€legalÐ ° Ðissue€reserved.€€Ð ™é ÐÓ Ðž@ÓÓ Ð@ÓÌòòIdóó.€€Ð k» ÐÌà  àThe€requirements€of€òòPrestonóó€are€ð ðexplicit€and€unambiguous,ðð€and€those€requirements€haveÐ =  Ðbeen€strictly€construed.€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔPendergrassÔ_Ôóó,€937€S.W.2d€834,€837€(Tenn.€1996);€òòsee€alsoÐ & v ÐArmstrongóó,€126€S.W.3d€at€911.€€It€is€the€responsibility€of€the€defendant€ð ðto€see€that€these€[Rule€37]Ð  _ Ðprerequisites€are€in€the€final€order€and€that€the€record€brought€to€the€appellate€courts€contains€all€ofÐ ø H Ðthe€proceedings€below€that€bear€upon€whether€the€certified€question€of€law€is€Ô_ÔdispositiveÔ_Ô€and€theÐ á 1  Ðmerits€of€the€question€certified.ðð€€òòPrestonóó,€759€S.W.2d€at€650.€€Ð Ê   ÐÌà  àThe€judgment€in€this€case€does€not€contain€an€explicit€statement€of€the€Ô_ÔdispositiveÔ_Ô€certifiedÐ œì  Ðquestion€of€law€reserved€for€appellate€review.€€Nor€does€it€state€the€scope€and€limits€of€the€legalÐ …Õ  Ðissue€reserved.€€Nor€does€it€state€that€the€trial€court€and€the€State€consented€to€the€reservation€of€theÐ n¾  Ðcertified€question,€or€that€the€trial€court€and€the€State€are€of€the€opinion€that€the€question€isÐ W§  ÐÔ_ÔdispositiveÔ_Ô€of€the€case.€€The€judgment,€alone,€does€not€meet€the€requirements€for€appealing€aÐ @ Ðcertified€question€of€law€as€set€forth€in€òòState€v.€Prestonóó,€òòsupraóó.€€Ð )y ÐÌà  àHowever,€the€trial€judge€signed€an€order,€also€on€July€15,€2003,€amending€the€judgment€toÐ ûK Ðincorporate€by€reference€the€Ô_ÔdispositiveÔ_Ô€certified€question€of€law.€€This€order€was€not€stamped€asÐ ä4 Ðfiled€by€the€clerk,€however,€until€August€19,€2003.€€The€order€states,€ð ð[Ô_Ôt]hisÔ_Ô€Order€CertifyingÐ Í ÐQuestion€of€Law€is€entered€for€the€purpose€of€more€fully€stating€the€certified€question€of€lawÐ ¶ Ðreserved€in€this€case€and€this€order€is€referred€to€and€incorporated€by€reference€in€the€Judgment€orderÐ Ÿï Ðentered€on€this€same€date.ðð€€The€order€further€states,€Ð ˆØ ÐÌÓ ÐÓÓ ÐÓWith€the€consent€of€the€Court€and€the€consent€of€the€District€Attorney€General,Ð Zª Ðthe€defendantððs€plea€explicitly€reserves€the€right€to€appeal€a€certified€question€ofÐ C“ Ðlaw,€concerning€the€legality€of€the€search€of€the€defendantððs€vehicle,€which€theÐ ,| Ðtrial€[Ô_Ôc]ourtÔ_Ô€and€the€District€Attorney€General€agree€is€Ô_ÔdispositiveÔ_Ô€of€this€case.€€Ð e ÐÓ ÐWLÓÓ ÐILÓÌà  àThe€State€cites€òòState€v.€Greenóó,€106€S.W.3d€646€(Tenn.€2003),€and€argues€that€the€trial€courtÐ ç 7 Ðwas€without€jurisdiction€to€amend€the€judgment€in€this€case.€€The€State€argues€that€the€trial€court€didÐ Ð!   Ðnot€retain€jurisdiction€to€enter€the€order€after€the€judgment€became€final.€€ð ð[A]€judgment€ofÐ ¹" ! Ðconviction€entered€upon€a€guilty€plea€becomes€final€thirty€days€after€acceptance€of€the€pleaÐ ¢#ò" Ðagreement€and€imposition€of€sentence.ðð€€òòIdóó.€at€650.€€Generally,€a€trial€court€has€no€power€to€amendÐ ‹$Û# Ðits€judgment€once€the€judgment€becomes€final.€€òòState€v.€Mooreóó,€814€S.W.2d€381,€382€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð t%Ä $ ÐApp.€1991).€€Ð ]&­!% ÐÌà  àAdditionally,€the€State€argues€that€Defendantððs€notice€of€appeal€was€untimely.€€DefendantÐ /(#' Ðfiled€a€notice€of€appeal€on€August€22,€2003.€€A€notice€of€appeal€must€be€filed€ð ðwithin€30€days€afterÐ )h$( Ðthe€date€of€entry€of€the€judgment€appealed€from€.€.€.€.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€4(a).€€The€untimely€filingÐ *Q%) Ðof€a€notice€of€appeal€may€be€waived€ð ðin€the€interest€of€justice.ðð€€òòIdóó.€€Ð ê*:&* ÐÐ Ó+#'+ Ðà  àPrior€to€filing€its€brief,€the€State€filed€a€motion€to€dismiss€this€appeal,€alleging€that€DefendantÐ ° Ðfailed€to€comply€with€the€requirements€of€òòPrestonóó.€€The€motion€was€denied,€and€the€State€was€givenÐ ™é Ðthirty€days€to€file€its€brief.€€In€Defendantððs€response€to€the€Stateððs€motion,€Defendant€asserts€that€theÐ ‚Ò Ðdistrict€attorney€general€was€in€possession€of€both€the€judgment€form€and€the€trial€courtððs€order€onÐ k» ÐJuly€15,€2003,€but€did€not€file€the€judgment€with€the€clerk€until€July€29,€2003,€and€did€not€file€theÐ T¤ Ðorder€until€August€19,€2003.€€Defendant€asserts€that€the€district€attorney€general€ð ðrefused€to€signððÐ =  Ðthe€order,€prepared€by€defense€counsel,€on€the€date€Defendant€entered€his€guilty€plea.€€DefenseÐ & v Ðcounsel€asserts€that€he€made€several€attempts€to€contact€the€district€attorney€generalððs€office€andÐ  _ Ðrequest€filing€of€the€judgment€and€the€order.€€Ð ø H ÐÌà  àTenn.€Code€Ann.€section€40„35„209(e)€provides€that€the€district€attorney€general€mustÐ Ê   Ðprepare€the€judgment€of€conviction€form€following€a€defendantððs€sentencing.€€ò òó óThe€judgment€formÐ ³  Ðin€this€case€was€signed€by€the€trial€judge€òòóóon€July€15,€2003,€the€same€date€on€which€DefendantÐ œì  Ðentered€his€plea€of€guilty.€€However,€the€judgment€was€not€òòfiledóó€by€the€clerk€until€July€29,€2003.€Ð …Õ  ÐRule€32(e)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure€states€that€ð ð[Ô_Ôt]heÔ_Ô€judgment€shall€be€signedÐ n¾  Ðby€the€judge€and€entered€by€the€clerk.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€32(e).€€We€conclude€that€the€judgment€wasÐ W§  Ðentered€on€July€29,€2003,€the€date€it€was€filed€with€the€trial€court€clerk.€€Accordingly,€DefendantððsÐ @ Ðnotice€of€appeal€in€this€case€was€timely.€€Regarding€the€trial€courtððs€order,€entered€on€August€19,Ð )y Ð2003,€the€Stateððs€argument€that€it€was€entered€after€the€judgment€became€final€also€fails.€Ð b ÐFurthermore,€we€conclude€that€the€order€contains€a€statement€of€the€certified€question€of€lawÐ ûK Ðreserved€for€appeal€that€is€sufficient€to€satisfy€the€requirements€of€òòPrestonóó.€€Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àThe€supreme€court,€in€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔPendergrassÔ_Ôóó,€937€S.W.2d€834,€837€(Tenn.€1996),€held€that€aÐ ¶ Ðsubsequent€order€that€brings€a€judgment€into€compliance€with€Rule€37€filed€òòafter€the€filing€of€theÐ Ÿï Ðnotice€of€appeal€óówas€insufficient€because€the€trial€court€loses€jurisdiction€with€the€filing€of€the€noticeÐ ˆØ Ðof€appeal.€€òòSee€also€State€v.€Irwinóó,€962€S.W.2d€477,€479€(Tenn.€1998).€€Because€the€subsequent€orderÐ qÁ Ðin€this€case€was€filed€before€the€filing€of€the€notice€of€appeal,€which€occurred€on€August€22,€2003,Ð Zª Ðwe€conclude€that€the€order€effectively€cured€the€original€judgmentððs€noncompliance€with€Rule€37.€Ð C“ ÐÌò òMotion€to€Suppressó óÐ e ÐÌà  àHaving€concluded€that€this€appeal€is€properly€before€us,€we€address€the€merits€of€the€issue.€Ð è 8 ÐThe€trial€courtððs€findings€of€facts€at€the€conclusion€of€a€hearing€on€a€motion€to€suppress€are€affordedÐ Ñ!!  Ðthe€weight€of€a€jury€verdict.€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔOdomÔ_Ôóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.€1996).€€The€trial€courtððsÐ º" ! Ðfindings€of€fact€are€conclusive€on€appeal€unless€the€evidence€preponderates€against€them.€€òòState€v.Ð £#ó" ÐÔ_ÔHenningÔ_Ôóó,€975€S.W.2d€290,€299€(Tenn.€1998).€€The€prevailing€party€in€the€trial€court€is€entitled€to€theÐ Œ$Ü# Ðstrongest€view€of€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawnÐ u%Å $ Ðfrom€the€evidence.€€òòÔ_ÔOdomÔ_Ôóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€23.€€We€review€the€trial€courtððs€application€of€the€law€toÐ ^&®!% Ðthe€facts,€however,€òòde€novoóó.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔYearganÔ_Ôóó,€958€S.W.2d€626,€629€(Tenn.€1997).€€As€statedÐ G'—"& Ðabove,€under€the€particular€facts€of€this€case,€we€will€treat€the€findings€of€the€general€sessions€courtÐ 0(€#' Ðas€those€of€the€trial€court.€€Ð )i$( ÐÌà  àThe€Fourth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€provides€that€ð ð[Ô_Ôt]heÔ_Ô€right€of€theÐ ë*;&* Ðpeople€to€be€secure€.€.€.€against€unreasonable€searches€and€seizures,€shall€not€be€violated,€and€noÐ Ô+$'+ Ðwarrants€shall€issue,€but€upon€probable€cause€.€.€.€.ðð€€U.S.€Const.€amend.€IV.€€Article€I,€section€7€ofÐ ° Ðthe€Tennessee€Constitution€contains€a€similar€prohibition€against€unreasonable€searches€andÐ ™é Ðseizures.€€ð ðððConsequently,€under€both€the€federal€and€state€constitutions,€a€Ô_ÔwarrantlessÔ_Ô€search€orÐ ‚Ò Ðseizure€is€presumed€unreasonable,€and€the€evidence€discovered€as€a€result€thereof€is€subject€toÐ k» Ðsuppression€unless€the€State€demonstrates€that€the€search€or€seizure€was€conducted€pursuant€to€oneÐ T¤ Ðof€the€narrowly€defined€exceptions€to€the€warrant€requirement.ðððð€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔBinetteÔ_Ôóó,€33€S.W.3d€215,Ð =  Ð218€(Tenn.€2000)€(quoting€òòÔ_ÔYearganÔ_Ôóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€629).€€Ð & v ÐÌà  àWhen€evidence€is€seized€as€a€result€of€a€Ô_ÔwarrantlessÔ_Ô€search€of€a€vehicle,€the€State€mustÐ ø H Ðestablish€that€the€search€was€conducted€pursuant€to€one€of€the€exceptions€to€the€warrant€requirement.€Ð á 1  ÐòòState€v.€Keithóó,€978€S.W.2d€861,€865€(Tenn.€1998).€€One€such€exception€to€the€warrant€requirementÐ Ê   Ðoccurs€when€a€police€officer€conducts€a€stop€of€an€automobile€based€upon€a€reasonable€suspicionÐ ³  Ðor€probable€cause€to€believe€that€a€traffic€violation€has€occurred.òòóó€€òòState€v.€Vineyardóó,€958€S.W.2d€730,Ð œì  Ð734€(Tenn.€1997).€€Ð …Õ  ÐÌà  àDefendant€argues€that€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ôðð€stop€of€Defendantððs€vehicle€was€Ô_ÔpretextualÔ_Ô.€€A€policeÐ W§  Ðofficer€may€stop€a€vehicle€if€the€officer€has€probable€cause,€or€a€reasonable€suspicion€supported€byÐ @ Ðspecific€and€Ô_ÔarticulableÔ_Ô€facts,€to€believe€that€an€offense€has€been€or€is€about€to€be€committed.€€òòStateÐ )y Ðv.€Englandóó,€19€S.W.3d€762,€766€(Tenn.€2000).€€In€òòÔ_ÔWhrenÔ_Ô€v.€United€Statesóó,€the€United€States€SupremeÐ b ÐCourt€held€that€where€an€officer€has€probable€cause€to€believe€that€a€traffic€violation€has€occurred,Ð ûK Ðany€seizure€will€be€upheld€even€if€it€is€a€complete€pretext€for€the€officerððs€subjective€motivations€inÐ ä4 Ðmaking€the€stop.€€517€U.S.€806,€813„14,€116€S.€Ct.€1769,€135€L.€Ed.€2d€89€(1996);€òòVineyardóó,€958Ð Í ÐS.W.2d€at€734.€€òòòòóóóóOfficer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€acknowledged€that€he€suspected€Defendant€of€having€drugs€in€hisÐ ¶ Ðvehicle€and€that€his€suspicion€was€based€on€knowledge€of€Defendantððs€prior€convictions.€€However,Ð Ÿï ÐOfficer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€testified€that€he€observed€Defendant€run€a€stop€sign€and€that€he€heard€excessively€loudÐ ˆØ Ðmusic€coming€from€Defendantððs€vehicle.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€section€55„8„149€provides€that€the€driverÐ qÁ Ðof€a€vehicle€must€stop€at€a€stop€sign.€€We€conclude€that€the€evidence€does€not€preponderate€againstÐ Zª Ðthe€trial€courtððs€determination€that€Defendantððs€actions€constituted€a€traffic€offense,€giving€OfficerÐ C“ ÐÔ_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€probable€cause€to€stop€Defendantððs€vehicle.€€Ð ,| ÐÌà  àUpon€stopping€Defendantððs€vehicle,€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€testified€that€he€gave€Defendant€a€verbalÐ þN Ðwarning€and€asked€for€consent€to€search€Defendantððs€vehicle.€€The€general€sessions€court€found,€andÐ ç 7 Ðpresumably€the€trial€court€adopted€the€finding,€that€Defendant€did€not€give€consent€to€search€hisÐ Ð!   Ðvehicle.€€We€conclude€that€the€evidence€does€not€preponderate€against€that€finding.€€After€OfficerÐ ¹" ! ÐÔ_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€gave€Defendant€a€verbal€warning€and€asked€for€consent€to€search€Defendantððs€vehicle,Ð ¢#ò" ÐDefendant€ð ðmumbled€somethingðð€and€walked€away€from€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€toward€the€convenience€store.€Ð ‹$Û# ÐThis€Court€has€held,€Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌÓ ÐÓÓ ÐÓWhen€a€police€officer€issues€a€traffic€citation€or€warning€and€returns€a€driverððsÐ F'–"& Ðlicense€and€registration,€a€traffic€stop€ceases€to€be€a€seizure€for€purposes€of€theÐ /(#' ÐFourth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€Section€7€ofÐ )h$( Ðthe€Tennessee€Constitution€and€becomes€a€consensual€encounter€unless€a€driverÐ *Q%) Ðhas€ð ðobjectively€reasonableðð€cause€to€believe€that€he€or€she€is€not€free€to€leave.Ð ê*:&* ÐÓ ÐuwÓÓ ÐgwÓÐ Ó+#'+ ÐòòState€v.€Ô_ÔMcCraryÔ_Ôóó,€45€S.W.3d€36,€42€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2000)€(citations€omitted).€€Ð ° ÐÌà  àUnless€Defendant€gave€voluntary€consent€that€was€ð ðððunequivocal,€specific,€intelligentlyÐ ‚Ò Ðgiven,€and€uncontaminated€by€duress€or€coercion,ðððð€the€search€of€Defendantððs€vehicle€was€still€notÐ k» Ðvalid.€€òòState€v.€Simpsonóó,€968€S.W.2d€776,€784€(Tenn.€1998)€(quoting€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2dÐ T¤ Ð530,€547€(Tenn.€1992)).€€Clearly,€Defendant€did€not€give€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€consent€to€search€his€vehicle.€Ð =  ÐÌà  àDefendant€cites€òòState€v.€Garciaóó,€123€S.W.3d€335€(Tenn.€2003),€in€which€the€TennesseeÐ  _ ÐSupreme€Court€held€that€the€defendantððs€consent€to€search€his€vehicle€was€not€sufficiently€attenuatedÐ ø H Ðfrom€his€unlawful€detention.€€òòIdóó.€at€348.€€In€òòGarciaóó,€the€supreme€court€concluded€that€òòóóthe€officer,Ð á 1  Ðwho€testified€that€she€had€observed€the€defendant€ð ðweaving,ðð€did€not€have€reasonable€suspicion€toÐ Ê   Ðmake€the€initial€traffic€stop.€€òòIdóó.€at€345.€€The€officer€admitted€that€ð ðtwo€minutes€into€the€traffic€stop,ððÐ ³  Ðshe€determined€that€the€defendant€was€not€intoxicated.€€She€then€issued€the€defendant€a€warningÐ œì  Ðcitation.€€The€officer€retained€the€defendantððs€driverððs€license€and€vehicle€registration€and€returnedÐ …Õ  Ðto€her€patrol€car€to€write€the€citation.€€She€also€radioed€for€another€officer€to€bring€a€drug„detectionÐ n¾  Ðdog€to€the€scene€and€prepared€a€ð ðConsent€to€Searchðð€form€in€Spanish.€€The€officer€returned€to€theÐ W§  Ðdefendantððs€vehicle€and€directed€the€defendant€to€step€out€of€the€vehicle.€€The€defendant€complied,Ð @ Ðand€the€officer€gave€him€his€license€and€registration€and€the€warning€citation.€€The€officer€then€toldÐ )y Ðthe€defendant,€ð ðThe€stopððs€complete,ðð€and€began€to€walk€back€to€her€patrol€car.€€She€immediatelyÐ b Ðturned€back€and€began€questioning€the€defendant€about€whether€he€had€any€weapons€or€drugs€in€hisÐ ûK Ðvehicle.€€The€officer€testified€that€the€defendant€became€ð ðnervousðð€and€ð ðfidgety.ðð€€The€officer€thenÐ ä4 Ðasked€the€defendant€for€consent€to€search€the€vehicle.€€The€defendant€read€and€signed€the€consentÐ Í Ðform.€€The€officer€and€another€officer€who€arrived€at€the€scene€searched€the€defendantððs€vehicle€andÐ ¶ Ðfound€40.1€pounds€of€methamphetamine.€€òòIdóó.€at€338„340.€€The€supreme€court€concluded€that€ð ðtheÐ Ÿï Ðinitial€stop€and€continued€detention€of€the€defendant€.€.€.€were€not€based€upon€reasonable€suspicionÐ ˆØ Ðof€criminal€activity,ðð€and€were€therefore€unconstitutional.€€òòIdóó.€at€342.€€The€Court€further€concludedÐ qÁ Ðð ðthat€the€defendantððs€consent€was€gained€in€exploitation€of€the€unlawful€detention.ðð€€òòIdóó.€at€348.€€Ð Zª ÐÌà  àThe€case€òòsub€judiceóó€is€distinguishable€from€òòGarciaóó€because,€unlike€òòGarciaóó,€the€officer€in€thisÐ ,| Ðcase€had€probable€cause€to€initiate€the€traffic€stop.€€Also,€unlike€òòGarciaóó,€the€defendant€in€this€caseÐ e Ðdid€not€give€consent€to€search€his€vehicle.€€Therefore,€attenuation€between€detention€and€consent€isÐ þN Ðnot€the€relevant€inquiry.€€Ð ç 7 ÐÌà  àAfter€Defendant€refused€consent€to€search€his€vehicle,€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€followed€Defendant€andÐ ¹" ! Ðcontinued€to€question€Defendant,€asking€him€to€return€to€the€patrol€car.€€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€testified€thatÐ ¢#ò" ÐDefendant€appeared€nervous.€€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€testified€that€when€he€approached€Defendant€at€the€storeÐ ‹$Û# Ðentrance,€Defendant€pushed€him.€€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€then€attempted€to€arrest€Defendant,€and€DefendantÐ t%Ä $ Ðresisted€arrest.€€After€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€arrested€Defendant,€he€conducted€a€search€of€Defendantððs€vehicleÐ ]&­!% Ðand€found€cocaine€in€his€vehicle.€€Ð F'–"& ÐÌà  àAnother€exception€to€the€warrant€requirement€is€a€search€incident€to€a€lawful€arrest.€€òòSee€NewÐ )h$( ÐYork€v.€Ô_ÔBeltonÔ_Ôóó,€453€U.S.€454,€101€S.€Ct.€2860,€69€L.€Ed.€2d€768€(1981).€€Defendant€cites€Tenn.€CodeÐ *Q%) ÐAnn.€section€40„7„118(b)(1),€which€provides€that€an€officer€who€observes€the€commission€of€certainÐ ê*:&* Ðmisdemeanor€offenses€is€required€to€cite€and€release€the€offender€in€lieu€of€effecting€a€custodialÐ Ó+#'+ Ðarrest.€€òòSee€State€v.€Walkeróó,€12€S.W.3d€460€(Tenn.€2000).€€ð ðTherefore,€a€citizen€has€a€presumptiveÐ ° Ðright€to€be€cited€and€released€for€failure€to€obey€a€stop€sign,€rather€than€being€placed€under€custodialÐ ™é Ðarrest.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔLillieÔ_Ô€Fran€Fergusonóó,€No.€W2002„00638„CCA„R3„CD,€2002€Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ‚Ò ÐLEXIS€996,€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,€November€19,€2002),€òòno€perm.€to€app.€filedóó.€€The€StateÐ k» Ðargues€that€Defendant€was€not€arrested€for€running€a€stop€sign,€but€rather€he€was€arrested€forÐ T¤ Ðassaulting€a€police€officer.€€òòóóThe€general€sessions€court€found€that€the€police€officers€conducted€aÐ =  Ðsearch€incident€to€arrest€following€Defendantððs€arrest€for€assault.€€We€agree.€€Ð & v ÐÌà  àThe€evidence€does€not€preponderate€against€the€finding€of€the€general€sessions€court€thatÐ ø H ÐOfficer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€made€a€lawful€arrest€of€Defendant€for€assault.€€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€testified€that€DefendantÐ á 1  Ðð ðpushedðð€him€when€he€approached€Defendant€at€the€entrance€to€the€store.€€Chief€Fair€testified€thatÐ Ê   Ðhe€saw€Defendant€push€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€and€that€Defendant€also€pushed€him€in€the€chest.€€FollowingÐ ³  Ðthe€officersðð€custodial€arrest€of€Defendant€for€assault,€they€conducted€a€search€incident€to€arrest€ofÐ œì  Ðhis€vehicle.€€Ð …Õ  ÐÌà  àRecently,€in€òòThornton€v.€United€Statesóó,€124€S.€Ct.€2127,€158€L.€Ed.€2d€òòóó905€(2004),€the€UnitedÐ W§  ÐStates€Supreme€Court€clarified€its€holding€in€òòNew€York€v.€Ô_ÔBeltonÔ_Ôóó,€453€U.S.€454,€101€S.€Ct.€2860,€69Ð @ ÐL.€Ed.€2d€768€(1981),€and€held€that€a€search€of€the€passenger€compartment€of€a€vehicle,€incident€toÐ )y Ða€lawful€arrest,€is€not€limited€to€situations€in€which€the€occupant€of€the€vehicle€is€inside€the€vehicleÐ b Ðat€the€time€of€the€stop.€€The€Court€noted€that€in€òòÔ_ÔBeltonÔ_Ôóó,€the€Court€did€not€relòòóóy€on€the€fact€that€theÐ ûK Ðpolice€officer€initiated€contact€with€the€occupants€of€the€vehicle€while€they€were€still€inside€theÐ ä4 Ðvehicle.òòóó€€The€Court€reasoned€that€ð ðthe€arrest€of€a€suspect€who€is€next€to€a€vehicle€presents€identicalÐ Í Ðconcerns€regarding€officer€safety€and€the€destruction€of€evidence€as€the€arrest€of€one€who€is€insideÐ ¶ Ðthe€vehicle.ðð€€òòThorntonóó,€124€S.€Ct.€at€2131,€158€L.€Ed.€2d€at€913.€€Ð Ÿï ÐÌà  àAt€the€preliminary€hearing€in€this€case,€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€testified€that€Defendant€exited€hisÐ qÁ Ðvehicle€and€approached€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ôðð€patrol€car.€€However,€in€òòThorntonóó,€the€Court€noted€that€ð ðwhileÐ Zª Ðan€Ô_ÔarresteeÔ_Ôððs€status€as€a€ððrecent€occupantðð€may€turn€on€his€temporal€or€spatial€relationship€to€the€carÐ C“ Ðat€the€time€of€the€arrest€and€search,€it€certainly€does€not€turn€on€whether€he€was€inside€or€outside€theÐ ,| Ðcar€at€the€moment€that€the€officer€first€initiated€contact€with€himðð€€òòIdóó.,€124€S.€Ct.€at€2131„32,€158Ð e ÐL.€Ed.€2d€at€914.€€Ð þN ÐÌà  àBriefly,€we€note€that€neither€the€general€sessions€court€at€the€conclusion€of€the€preliminaryÐ Ð!   Ðhearingòòóó€nor€the€trial€court€made€any€specific€findings€as€to€the€temporal€or€spatial€relationship€ofÐ ¹" ! ÐDefendant€to€his€vehicle€at€the€time€of€his€arrest.€€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€testified€at€the€preliminary€hearingÐ ¢#ò" Ðthat€after€Defendant€pushed€him€in€the€entrance€to€the€store,€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€attempted€to€arrestÐ ‹$Û# ÐDefendant,€but€Defendant€resisted.€€Officer€Ô_ÔBettsÔ_Ô€testified€that€Defendant€pushed€him€ð ðnumerousÐ t%Ä $ Ðtimes€on€Ô_ÔMcKnightÔ_Ô€Street€and€continued,€we€turned€and€went€up€Church€Street,€and€continued€backÐ ]&­!% Ðand€forth€up€that€way€all€the€way€up€onto€Ô_ÔTettletonÔ_Ô.ðð€€However,€Defendant€did€not€reserve€this€issueÐ F'–"& Ðfor€appeal.€€Rather,€Defendantððs€argument€in€support€of€his€motion€to€suppress€the€evidence€obtainedÐ /(#' Ðfrom€the€search€was€the€legality€of€the€officersðð€arrest.€€We€have€concluded€that€the€officers€madeÐ )h$( Ða€lawful€arrest€of€Defendant€for€assault€and€conducted€a€search€incident€to€arrest.€€Accordingly,€weÐ *Q%) Ðaffirm€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€Defendantððs€motion€to€suppress.€€Ð ê*:&* ÐÐ Ó+#'+ Ðà@GG%ìàò òCONCLUSIONˆÐ ° Ðó óÌà  àThe€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€€Ð ƒÓ ÐÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð > Ž Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àTHOMAS€T.€WOODALL,€JUDGE