ÿWPCI )zÒ4AQB_Îö†ê…š†3Ý¥×¶Á–ì• &Âé^?vn#+YÜu"æN×'Ò´ô8ˆœ¿z”0ÛP€je¹bÎêà®yZ»‰ÇLìõ%ò[L0´Ù‚tÞ¯¾ÓæôDg@awYŽy—”{‘Ï»~*Oü Üu@ÚU=1?¸J‰~h¸9Ð÷~«`ÀȼÂC|n­ûÚ%§OøÄÞ„ÒÔØŠ¶˜Hš€ß<¯Ž9™ à©b:Š3ä¢MNÕ£ÙŸ²Ów6üè$ovß'Þœ¦v>-g÷ 嘴¿. ‹ùvÔH¢~ó‚,Qª:yȪ5“!øDgÝä'~Ù`Ä>#¶x$ú› L£c#¼¥¥®l‹ÿ`KBqqõ²Ë]NT÷&šÑñb8ŠÊÝ%bA‰§á1*ðˆj>XÚUÿËqyçô%) 0UB 0é— 0æ€ 0ãfçI 0à0 0Ý 0Úí 0×Ç 0Ôž 0Cr 0×µ 0ÔŒ 0Ñ` 0Î1! 0Ëÿ!bÊ" 0ÈÒ" 0Åš# 0À_$ 0@% 0Ô_% 0Ñ3& 0Î' 0ËÒ' 0È( 0Åe) 0Â** 0½ì* 00©+ 0<Ù+ 0¾, 0>Ó, 0v- 0`‡- 0`ç- 0`G. 0`§. 0`/ 08g/ 0ÒŸ/ 02q0 0ü£0 0:Ÿ1 0YÙ1 0_22 0 ‘2 0j›3 0„5 B*‰6 D/³6 0„â6 0ëf8 D/Q9 0΀9 06N: B„: 0¡: 0¤©; D3M< D-€< 0K­< 0:ø< AS2=Æ…= 0¤K> 0Dï> A«3? 0^Þ? 0<<@ 1ex@ 72Ý@U6AU*EAoAÀˆGÀHH˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0»(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptÆlQ-s Yo†)DÔ¤3|xLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 56ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ 3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à Ñ ° Ñô\  `‹&Times New Roman êÝ ƒR±Ú$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô÷½ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€record€is€unclear€as€to€when€Dr.€Kenner€determined€that€a€neuropsychological€evaluation€would€beÐ ° Ðrequired.€According€to€the€defendantððs€òòex€parte€óómotion€filed€on€September€14,€1999,€seeking€a€resetting€of€theÐ tÄ Ðresentencing€hearing,€Dr.€Kenner€had€requested€that€this€be€done.€€However,€in€Dr.€Kennerððs€affidavit€dated€SeptemberÐ 8ˆ Ð21,€1999,€he€states€that,€as€a€result€of€his€psychiatric€evaluation€of€the€defendant€on€September€17,€1999,€he€recognizedÐ üL Ðthe€need€for€a€neuropsychological€evaluation.Ô‡X ùXòô÷½Ô Ý ƒR±Ú$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô÷½ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔWe€note€that€factors€(i)(5),€(i)(6),€and€(i)(7)€do€not€pertain€to€this€case€as€they€were€not€relied€upon€by€the€State.€Ð ° ÐThus,€any€individual€claim€with€respect€to€these€factors€is€without€merit.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Hallóó,€958€S.W.2d€679,€715Ð tÄ Ð(Tenn.€1997);€òòState€v.€Brimmeróó,€876€S.W.2d€75,€87€(Tenn.€1994).Ô‡X ùXòô÷½ÔÐ 8ˆ ÐÌ€*+ ÿÿ(_26Ô2ÔÔ3  Ôà..à*G+M ÿÿ(_25Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó*D+M ÿÿ(_24Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó*A+M ÿÿ(_23Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ` ÓÓ) hÀpÈ xÐ )ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó ÝÝ ƒR±Ú$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô÷½ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€stamped€file€date€on€the€motion€is€legible€as€to€the€month€and€year,€but€not€as€to€the€day.*>+M ÿÿ(_22Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ¸ ÓÓ&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó*;+M ÿÿ(_21Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó*8+M ÿÿ(_20Ó ¨ý ÓÓ h ÓÓ pÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó*5+M ÿÿ(_19Ó ¨ý ÓÓ À ÓÓppÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó*2+M ÿÿ(_18Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó* ÿÿ(_17Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô€*GM ÿÿ(_16Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó*DM ÿÿ(_15Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó*AM ÿÿ(_14Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ` ÓÓ) hÀpÈ xÐ )ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó*>M ÿÿ(_13Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ¸ ÓÓ&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó*;M ÿÿ(_12Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó- ù-*8M ÿÿ(_11Ó ¨ý ÓÓ h ÓÓ pÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó*5M ÿÿ(_10Ó ¨ý ÓÓ À ÓÓppÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó(2M ÿÿ&_9Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó( ÿÿ&_8Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô(GM ÿÿ&_7Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó(DM ÿÿ&_6Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó(AM ÿÿ&_5Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ` ÓÓ) hÀpÈ xÐ )ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó(>M ÿÿ&_4Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ¸ ÓÓ&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó(;M ÿÿ&_3Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓ#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó(8M ÿÿ&_2Ó ¨ý ÓÓ h ÓÓ pÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó(5M ÿÿ&_1Ó ¨ý ÓÓ À ÓÓppÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó&2M ÿÿ$_Ó ¨ý ÓÓ  ÓÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ ¨ý Ó0ÿÿ.Normal<ÿÿ:Definition T<AAÿÿ:Definition LÓ , ÓÓ5+Ü Ü` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5Ó8ÿÿ6Definitionòòóó(''ÿÿ&H1ò òÔ  ÔÔ‡°°°ÔÔ‡ôôôÔó óÔ  Ô(ÿÿ&H2ò òÔ‡„„„ÔÔ‡ôôôÔó ó(ÿÿ&H3ò òÔ‡¼¼¼ÔÔ‡ôôôÔó ó(ÿÿ&H4ò òÔ‡XXXÔÔ‡ôôôÔó ó(ÿÿ&H5ò òÔ‡ôôôÔó óÔ‡ôôôÔ(ÿÿ&H6ò òÔ‡ÔÔ‡ôôôÔó ó2ÿÿ0Addressòòóó8MMÿÿ6BlockquoteÓ , ÓÓ , ÓÓ5+Ü Ü` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5Ó,ÿÿ*CITEòòóó,dlÿÿ*CODEÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡f<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ4ÿÿ2Emphasisòòóó6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ €€ ÔóóÔ  Ô4goÿÿ2Keyboardò òÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡f<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔó ó<“›ÿÿ:PreformattedÓ/%° °Ïî ,KkŠ©È %#/ÓÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡f<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ/%° °Ïî ,KkŠ©È %#/Ó<š®ÿÿ:z©Bottom of Ó7€P(€X7ÓÓ  ÓÔ‡ÔÔ?‡g%ä2¼A`‹Arial?ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ7€Z(€X7Ó&ÿÿ  d dO)1dxd<š®ÿÿ:z©Top of ForÓ7€S(€X7ÓÓ  ÓÔ‡ÔÔ?‡g%ä2¼A`‹Arial?ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ7€Z(€X7Ó(|G2±Ú$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€PE»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô÷½ò»»ÔO)2dxd0KSÿÿ.SampleÔK‡f<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ0ÿÿ.Strongò òó ó d8dlÿÿ6TypewriterÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡f<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ(|3 V$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€PE»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó4ÿÿ2Variableòòóó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3 V$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€PE»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKK: ÿÿ8HTML MarkupÔB  ÔÔ ÿ ÔÔ  Ô2 ÿÿ0CommentÔB  Ô()*+,-/0 ÿÿ35;AGMSY_11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.i)<þ6X9`(‹Courier New%ä2¼A`‹Arial Ý ƒR±Ú$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô÷½ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔSince€the€release€of€the€opinion€in€òòÔ_ÔDellingerÔ_Ôóó,€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€determined€to€be€violative€ofÐ ° Ðthe€Sixth€Amendment€the€Arizona€capital€sentencing€procedure,€wherein€a€defendant€could€not€be€sentenced€to€deathÐ tÄ Ðunless€the€judge€who€presided€at€the€trial€had€determined,€in€a€separate€hearing,€ð ðthe€presence€or€absence€of€theÐ 8ˆ Ðenumerated€ððaggravating€circumstancesðð€and€any€ððmitigating€circumstances,ðððð€and€may€ð ðsentence€the€defendant€to€deathÐ üL Ðonly€if€there€is€at€least€one€aggravating€circumstance€and€ððthere€are€no€mitigating€circumstances€sufficiently€substantialÐ À Ðto€call€for€leniency.ðððð€€òòRing€v.€Arizonaóó,€__€U.S.€__,€122€S.€Ct.€2428,€2434„35,€153€L.€Ed.€2d€556,€566€(2002)€(quotingÐ „Ô ÐAriz.€Rev.€Stat.€Ann.€ðð€13„703(F)).€€However,€the€court€noted€that€twenty„nine€states,€including€Tennessee,€of€the€thirty„Ð H ˜ Ðeight€states€with€capital€punishment,€ð ðcommit€sentencing€decisions€to€juries.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€__,€122€S.€Ct.€at€2442€n.6,€153€L.Ð  \ ÐEd.€2d€at€576€n.6.€€Accordingly,€we€conclude€that€the€holding€of€our€supreme€court€in€òòÔ_ÔDellingerÔ_Ôóó€is€not€affected€by€theÐ Ð  Ðdecision€of€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€in€òòRingóó. ¶Ý ƒR±Ú$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô÷½ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô486€U.S.€367,€108€S.€Ct.€1860,€100€L.€Ed.€2d€384€(1988). ¶Ý ƒR±Ú$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô÷½ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô494€U.S.€433,€110€S.€Ct.€1227,€108€L.€Ed.€2d€369€(1990).Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€PE»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼PE»»»ÔÑ8€ ùXXdì»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îE¤î»¼PEÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼PE»îîE¤#ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àMarch€12,€2002€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡X ùX»¼PEÔÌò òÔ#†¼PE»XX ù"#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€RICHARD€Ô_ÔODOMÔ_Ô,€a/k/a€OTIS€SMITHÔ‡X ùX»¼PEÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€91„07049€€€€€€Chris€Craft,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2000„02301„CCA„R3„DD€€Ô_Ô„Ô_Ô€Filed€October€15,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔÔ#†¼PE»XX ùÂ#ÔÔ‡X ùX»¼PEÔThe€defendant,€Richard€Ô_ÔOdomÔ_Ô,€was€convicted€in€1996€for€first€degree€murder€and€sentenced€to€death.Ð xÈ  ÐOur€supreme€court€affirmed€the€conviction€but€remanded€for€a€Ô_ÔresentencingÔ_Ô€hearing,€which€resultedÐ d´ Ðin€a€juryððs€again€sentencing€the€defendant€to€death,€after€finding,€as€an€aggravating€circumstance,€thatÐ P  Ðthe€defendant€previously€had€been€convicted€of€one€or€more€violent€felonies.€€He€appealed€thatÐ <Œ Ðsentence,€òòóóalleging,€òòinter€aliaóó,òò€óóthat€the€indictment€failed€to€charge€a€capital€offense;€and€that€the€trialÐ (x Ðcourt€erred€in€denying€his€motion€for€a€continuance;€denying€his€motion€to€apply€the€version€of€Tenn.Ð d ÐCode€Ann.€€ðð€39„13„204€in€effect€at€the€time€of€his€offense;€allowing€as€exhibits€photographs€of€theÐ P Ðvictims€of€the€crimes;€and€denying€his€motion€to€allow€the€jury€to€impose€a€sentence€of€life€withoutÐ ì< Ðparole.€€Following€our€review,€we€affirm€the€imposition€of€death.€Ô#†¼PE»XX ùT#ÔÔ#†¼PE»»¼PE#ÔÔ‡X ùX»¼PEÔÐ Ø( ÐÓÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óÐ ° ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼PE»àX ù #ÔÔ‡X ùX.¼PEÔAlan€E.€Glenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòGary€R.€Wade,€Ô_ÔP.J.Ô_Ô,óó€and€òòNormaÐ ˆØ ÐMcGee€Ogle,€J.óó,€joined.Ð tÄ ÐÌRobert€C.€Brooks€(at€trial€and€on€appeal)€and€Edward€Chandler€(at€trial),€Memphis,€Tennessee,€forÐ L œ Ðthe€appellant,€Richard€Ô_ÔOdomÔ_Ô.Ð 8!ˆ  ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Mark€E.€Davidson,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð #`" ÐWilliam€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Phillip€Gerald€Harris€and€Amy€Ô_ÔWeirichÔ_Ô,Ð ü#L# ÐAssistant€District€Attorneys€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð è$8 $ ÐÓÍ ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼PE»XX ùü #ÔÔ‡X ùX»¼PEÔÐ À&"& ÐÌÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔÓ  Óà  àBecause€of€the€complicated€nature€of€this€matter,€we€first€will€set€out€its€history.€€TheÐ ˜(è#( Ðdefendant€was€convicted€in€1996€for€the€May€10,€1991,€first€degree€murder€committed€in€theÐ „)Ô$) Ðperpetration€of€aggravated€rape€of€Ô_ÔMinaÔ_Ô€Ethel€Johnson.€€The€jury,€finding€three€aggravatingÐ p*À%* Ðcircumstances:€€(1)€the€defendant€had€been€previously€convicted€of€one€or€more€violent€felonies,Ð \+¬&+ ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)(2);€(2)€the€murder€was€especially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel,€Tenn.Ð H,˜', ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)(5);€and€(3)€the€murder€was€committed€during€the€defendantððs€escape€fromÐ 4-„(-ý ÐÔ_Ôlawful€custody€or€from€a€place€of€lawful€confinement,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(8),€sentencedÐ ° Ðthe€defendant€to€death.€€On€direct€appeal,€our€supreme€court€affirmed€the€defendantððs€conviction€forÐ œì Ðfirst€degree€murder€but€reversed€the€sentence€of€death€and€remanded€for€a€new€sentencing€hearing.€Ð ˆØ ÐòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18€(Tenn.€1996).€€The€court€found€that€reversible€error€wasÐ tÄ Ðcommitted€in€the€sentencing€phase€in€that€(1)€the€proof€did€not€support€application€of€the€(i)(5),Ð `° Ðheinous,€atrocious,€cruel,€aggravating€circumstance;€(2)€the€evidence€did€not€support€the€juryððsÐ L œ Ðfinding€that€the€defendant€committed€the€murder€during€an€escape€from€lawful€custody,€(i)(8);€(3)Ð 8 ˆ Ðthe€trial€court€failed€to€permit€the€defendant€to€present€the€mitigating€testimony€of€Dr.€John€Hutson;Ð $ t Ðand€(4)€the€trial€court€failed€to€properly€instruct€the€jury€as€to€nonstatutory€mitigating€circumstances.€Ð  ` ÐòòSeeóó€òòid.óó€at€32„33.€€At€the€resentencing€hearing,€which€commenced€on€September€28,€1999,€the€juryÐ ü L  Ðfound€the€presence€of€one€aggravating€circumstance,€the€defendant€had€been€previously€convictedÐ è 8  Ðof€one€or€more€violent€felonies,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(2).€€The€jury€further€determinedÐ Ô$  Ðthat€the€mitigating€circumstances€did€not€outweigh€the€aggravating€circumstance€and€imposed€aÐ À  Ðsentence€of€death.€€The€trial€court€approved€the€sentencing€verdict.€€In€his€appeal,€the€defendantÐ ¬ü  Ðpresents€the€following€claims:€Ð ˜è  ÐÌÓ*°,XƒX" –X°œX*Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àI.à0" ` x` xàThe€indictment€failed€to€charge€a€capital€offense;€ÐpÀ" x" x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àII.à " àThe€court€erred€in€denying€the€defendantððs€motion€for€aÐ H˜ Ðcontinuance€in€order€to€complete€psychiatric€and€neuropsychologicalÐ 4„ Ðtesting;€Ð p` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIII.à " àThe€court€erred€in€denying€the€defendantððs€motion€to€sentenceÐ øH Ðhim€according€to€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204,€€asÐ ä4 Ðit€existed€at€the€time€of€the€offense€rather€than€as€it€existed€at€the€timeÐ Ð  Ðof€resentencing;€Ð¼ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIV.à " àThe€court€erred€in€allowing€photographs€of€the€homicideÐ ”ä Ðvictims;€Ð€Ð` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àV.à " àThe€court€erred€in€denying€the€defendantððs€motion€to€allow€theÐ X ¨ Ðjury€to€impose€a€sentence€of€life€without€parole;€ÐD!”` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àVI.à " àThe€death€penalty€violates€treaties€which€have€been€ratified€byÐ #l! Ðthe€United€States,€and€violates€international€law;€Ð$X"` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àVII.à " àThe€Tennessee€death€penalty€sentencing€statute€isÐ à%0!$ Ðunconstitutional;€ÐÌ&"%` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àVIII.à " àThe€criteria€of€section€39„13„206(c)(1)€have€not€been€satisfiedÐ ¤(ô#' Ðin€the€present€case;€and€Ð)à$(` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIX.à0" ` x` xàThe€cumulative€effect€of€all€errors€necessitates€reversal.€€Ðh+¸&*" x" x ЇÌà  àFollowing€our€review€of€the€record€on€appeal€and€applicable€authorities,€we€conclude€thatÐ œì Ðthe€defendantððs€arguments€are€without€merit€and€affirm€the€imposition€of€death.Ô#†X ùXXX ù™#ÔÔ#†¼PE»XX ùd#ÔÔ‡X ùX»¼PEÔÐ ˆØ ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼PE»XX ùF!#ÔÔ€X ùX»¼PEÔòòò òÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔóóÓ  ÓòòFACTUAL€BACKGROUNDóóó óÐ `° ÐÓë!ÓÌà  àAlthough€not€an€issue€in€this€appeal,€the€factual€findings€developed€during€the€guilt€phaseÐ 8 ˆ Ðand€summarized€by€our€supreme€court€in€the€original€direct€appeal€are€as€follows:Ð $ t ÐÌÓ6°,XƒX" ¸ —X°,XƒX" –X6Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àThe€record€indicates€that€at€approximately€1:15€p.m.€on€May€10,Ð ü L  Ð1991,€Ms.€Mina€Ethel€Johnson€left€the€residence€of€her€sister,€Ms.Ð è 8  ÐMary€Louise€Long,€to€keep€a€2:30€p.m.€appointment€with€herÐ Ô$  Ðpodiatrist,€Stanley€Zellner,€D.P.M.€She€agreed€to€purchase€a€fewÐ À  Ðgroceries€while€she€was€out.€€Johnson€had€not€returned€at€5€p.m.;€€Ð ¬ü  Ðthis€delay€prompted€Long€to€call€Zellner.€€He€told€Long€that€JohnsonÐ ˜è  Ðhad€not€kept€her€appointment.€€As€a€result€of€a€subsequent€call€fromÐ „Ô  ÐLong,€Zellner€agreed€to€return€to€his€office€and€look€for€Johnson's€carÐ pÀ Ðin€the€parking€garage.€€He€located€her€car€in€the€parking€garage€andÐ \¬ Ðobserved€her€body€inside.€€He€went€immediately€to€the€Union€AvenueÐ H˜ Ðpolice€precinct€and€notified€officers.Ð4„` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àInvestigating€officers€found€Johnson's€body€on€the€rearÐ  \ Ðfloorboard€of€her€car€with€her€face€down€in€the€back€seat.€€Her€dressÐ øH Ðwas€up€over€her€back,€and€an€undergarment€was€around€her€ankles.€Ð ä4 ÐOne€of€several€latent€fingerprints€lifted€from€the€"left€rear€seat€beltÐ Ð  Ðfastener"€of€Johnson's€car€matched€a€fingerprint€belonging€to€theÐ ¼  Ðdefendant,€Richard€Odom,€alias€Otis€Smith.Шø` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àThe€medical€examiner€testified€that€Johnson€had€sufferedÐ €Ð Ðmultiple€stab€wounds€to€the€body,€including€penetrating€wounds€toÐ l¼ Ðthe€heart,€lung,€and€liver.€€These€wounds€caused€internal€bleedingÐ X ¨ Ðand,€ultimately,€death.€€The€medical€examiner€noted€"defensive"Ð D!” Ðwounds€on€her€hands.€€Further€examination€revealed€a€tear€in€theÐ 0"€  Ðvaginal€wall€and€the€presence€of€semen€inside€the€vagina.€€In€theÐ #l! Ðmedical€examiner's€opinion,€death€was€neither€instantaneous€norÐ $X" Ðimmediate€to€the€wounds€but€had€occurred€"rather€quickly."Ðô$D #` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àThree€days€after€the€incident,€Sergeant€Ronnie€McWilliams€ofÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€Homicide€Unit,€Memphis€Police€Department,€arrested€theÐ ¸'#& Ðdefendant.€€As€a€result€of€a€search€incident€to€arrest,€McWilliamsÐ ¤(ô#' Ðconfiscated€a€large,€open,€lock-blade€knife€from€the€defendant.€€WhenÐ )à$( Ðthey€arrived€at€the€homicide€office,€McWilliams€told€the€defendant€ofÐ |*Ì%) Ðthe€charges€against€him€and€read€his€òòMirandaóó€rights€to€him.€€TheÐ h+¸&* Ðdefendant€executed€a€"Waiver€of€Rights"€form,€signing€"Otis€Smith."€Ð ° ЀA€short€time€later€he€acknowledged€having€identified€himself€falsely,Ð œì Ðexecuted€a€second€rights€waiver€by€signing€"Richard€Odom"€and€gaveÐ ˆØ ÐMcWilliams€a€complete,€written€statement.ÐtÄ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àIn€his€statement,€the€defendant€said€that€his€initial€intention€wasÐ L œ Ðto€accost€Johnson€and€"snatch"€her€purse€after€having€seen€her€in€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðparking€garage€beside€her€car.€€He€ran€to€her€and€grabbed€her;€both€ofÐ $ t Ðthem€fell€into€the€front€seat.€€He€then€pushed€her€over€the€console€intoÐ  ` Ðthe€rear€seat.€€He€"cut"€Johnson€with€his€knife.€€Johnson€addressedÐ ü L  Ðhim€as€"son."€€€This€appellation€apparently€enraged€the€defendant;€heÐ è 8  Ðresponded€that€"[he]€would€give€her€a€son."€€He€penetrated€herÐ Ô$  Ðvaginally;€he€felt€that€Johnson€was€then€still€alive€because€she€spokeÐ À  Ðto€him.€€Beyond€the€first€wound,€the€defendant€claimed€not€to€haveÐ ¬ü  Ðremembered€inflicting€the€other€stab€wounds.€€Thereafter,€theÐ ˜è  Ðdefendant€climbed€into€the€front€seat€and€rifled€through€Johnson'sÐ „Ô  Ðpurse.€€He€found€nothing€of€value€to€him,€except€the€car€keys,€whichÐ pÀ Ðhe€later€discarded.€€He€then€went€to€an€abandoned€building€where€heÐ \¬ Ðhad€clothing€and€changed€clothes.ÐH˜` x` x ÐÌòòOdomóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€21„22.Ð  p ЀÌà@Ð Ð ìàò òòòPROOF€AT€THE€RESENTENCING€HEARINGóóó óˆÐ øH ÐÌò òÓ  ÓA.€€Stateððs€ProofÐ Ð  Ðó óÌÓ5Óà  àJohn€Sullivan,€whose€mother€was€a€close€friend€of€the€victim€and€her€sister,€Louise€Long,Ð ¨ø Ðtestified€as€the€first€witness€for€the€State.€€He€described€the€victim€as€a€ð ðvery€shy,€genteel€personððÐ ”ä Ðwho,€even€though€in€her€late€seventies,€was€completely€capable€of€managing€her€own€affairs.€€TheÐ €Ð Ðvictim€had€never€married€and€had€no€children.€€Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àSullivan€said€that€Ms.€Long€called€him€on€May€10,€1991,€between€6:00€and€6:30€p.m.,€andÐ D!” Ðtold€him€that€the€victim€was€missing€and€that€she€was€afraid€something€had€happened€to€her.€€HeÐ 0"€  Ðimmediately€went€to€Ms.€Longððs€apartment,€and€the€two€then€drove€to€the€victimððs€apartment€toÐ #l! Ðascertain€her€whereabouts.€€When€they€did€not€find€the€victim€at€her€apartment€or€see€her€car€in€theÐ $X" Ðparking€lot,€Sullivan€and€Long€drove€to€the€Madison€Avenue€parking€garage€located€near€theÐ ô$D # Ðvictimððs€doctorððs€office.€€They€drove€up€to€the€roof€of€the€garage€and€then€started€driving€back€down.€Ð à%0!$ ÐOn€their€way€down,€Sullivan€spotted€a€blue€Chevrolet€automobile€which€he€believed€to€be€theÐ Ì&"% Ðvictimððs€car.€€He€got€out€of€his€car€and€walked€over€to€the€blue€Chevrolet€where€he€found€the€victimÐ ¸'#& Ðin€the€backseat.€€Sullivan€said€that€none€of€the€car€doors€were€open,€the€victimððs€ð ðhead€was€downÐ ¤(ô#' Ðtowards€the€floor€.€.€.€her€clothes€were€disheveled€.€.€.€[and]€[i]t€was€obvious€that€she€was€dead.ðð€€NotÐ )à$( Ðwanting€to€tell€Ms.€Long€what€he€had€discovered,€Sullivan€got€back€into€his€car€and€told€her€that€heÐ |*Ì%) Ðdid€not€think€that€car€was€the€victimððs€car.€€On€his€way€out€of€the€parking€garage,€he€saw€a€policeÐ h+¸&* Ðofficer€at€the€entrance€and€informed€the€officer€of€what€he€had€seen.€€Sullivan€then€drove€Ms.€LongÐ ° Ðhome€before€returning€to€the€garage€to€speak€to€the€investigators.€€He€later€told€Ms.€Long€what€hadÐ œì Ðhappened€to€her€sister.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àSergeant€Donna€Locastro€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department€testified€that€she€responded€toÐ `° Ða€missing€personððs€call€at€approximately€6:25€p.m.€on€May€10,€1991,€at€Ms.€Longððs€apartment.€€Ms.Ð L œ ÐLong€informed€her€that€the€victim€had€left€Ms.€Longððs€apartment€at€1:30€p.m.€to€go€to€a€2:30€p.m.Ð 8 ˆ Ðdoctorððs€appointment€and€had€not€returned.€€Locastro€and€her€partner€decided€to€retrace€the€victimððsÐ $ t Ðroute€to€her€doctorððs€office€and€subsequently€went€to€the€parking€garage€at€969€Madison€Avenue.Ð  ` ÐUpon€their€arrival,€Locastro€saw€Officer€Hoffman€and€the€victimððs€blue€Chevrolet€Nova€which€hadÐ ü L  Ðall€four€doors€closed.€€Locastro€described€what€she€saw€as€she€approached€the€victimððs€car:Ð è 8  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " à[The€victim]€was€in€the€back€seat€of€the€car€on€the€floorboardÐ À  Ðwith€her€head€behind€the€driverððs€seat,€turned€back€toward€the€left,€soÐ ¬ü  Ðthat€you€could€see€her€face.€€And€she€had€multiple€stab€wounds€in€herÐ ˜è  Ðback,€and€she€was€bleeding€from€the€anal€area€and€from€the€vaginalÐ „Ô  Ðarea,€and€she€had€two€bloody€hand€prints€on€her€hips€where€someoneÐ pÀ Ðhad€grabbed€her€from€behind.Ð\¬` x` x ÐÌSergeant€Locastro€and€other€officers€then€secured€the€crime€scene.Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àMary€Louise€Long,€the€victimððs€sister,€testified€that,€on€the€day€the€victim€was€killed,€theÐ  \ Ðvictim€had€an€appointment€to€see€Dr.€Zellner€about€her€broken€foot.€€Ms.€Long€talked€to€the€victimÐ øH Ðby€telephone€that€day€as€she€did€every€day.€€She€described€the€victim€as€a€ð ðvery€quietðð€person€whoÐ ä4 Ðwas€active€in€her€church€and€had€only€retired€from€a€secretarial€job€with€an€insurance€company€threeÐ Ð  Ðyears€before€her€death.€€Ms.€Long€said€that€she€missed€her€sister€very€much.€Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àDr.€Jerry€Thomas€Francisco€testified€that€he€performed€the€autopsy€on€the€victimððs€body€onÐ ”ä ÐMay€11,€1991,€and€determined€that€the€cause€of€her€death€was€ð ð[s]tab€wounds€to€the€right€ventricle,Ð €Ð Ðwhich€means€a€stab€wound€to€the€heart.ðð€€Dr.€Francisco€described€the€stab€wounds€he€found€on€theÐ l¼ Ðvictim:€€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àThere€was€the€stab€to€the€chest,€which€was€the€one€thatÐ 0"€  Ðpenetrated€to€the€heart,€resulting€in€bleeding€in€and€around€the€heart.€Ð #l! ÐThere€was€a€stab€wound€to€the€right€lung.€€There€was€a€stab€wound€toÐ $X" Ðthe€liver,€and€there€were€two€cuts€to€the€right€hand,€which€areÐ ô$D # Ðdescribed€as€defensive€wounds,€meaning€that€the€hand€was€somehowÐ à%0!$ Ðinvolved€as€the€stab€wounds€were€occurring,€so€that€there€were€cutsÐ Ì&"% Ðon€the€fingers.и'#&` x` x ÐÌIn€addition€to€the€stab€wounds,€the€victim€had€ð ða€tear€to€the€ð!ð€whatððs€called€a€posterior€part€of€theÐ )à$( Ðvagina,€which€was€a€traumatic€event€causing€this€separation€of€tissue€to€the€part€of€the€vaginaÐ |*Ì%) Ðbecause€of€some€trauma,€either€an€attempt€at€penetration€of€a€penis€or€other€object€into€the€vagina,Ð h+¸&* Ðproducing€this€tear.ðð€€Sperm€was€present€in€the€victimððs€vagina.€€Dr.€Francisco€determined€that€allÐ ° Ðof€the€victimððs€wounds€were€inflicted€upon€her€while€she€was€still€alive.€€The€stab€wound€to€theÐ œì Ðvictimððs€heart€would€not€have€caused€instantaneous€death,€and€all€of€the€wounds€would€have€causedÐ ˆØ Ðimmediate€pain.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àDuring€cross„examination,€Dr.€Francisco€was€questioned€about€the€human€brain€and€agreedÐ L œ Ðthat€serotonin€is€one€of€the€neurotransmitters€of€the€brain.€€He€defined€serotonin€as€ð ða€chemicalÐ 8 ˆ Ðcompound€thatððs€found€in€the€bodyðð€but€disagreed€that€it€is€the€chemical€compound€that€enables€aÐ $ t Ðperson€to€control€his€or€her€behavior.€€On€redirect,€Dr.€Francisco€testified€that,€based€on€his€years€ofÐ  ` Ðexperience€in€the€scientific€community€and€his€expertise€as€a€pathologist,€he€did€not€accept€theÐ ü L  Ðscientific€theory€that€serotonin€is€the€only€cause€of€aggression.€€On€recross,€Dr.€Francisco€concededÐ è 8  Ðthat€he€was€not€familiar€with€the€studies€concerning€low€levels€of€serotonin€and€that€he€had€not€readÐ Ô$  Ðany€scientific€studies€performed€in€the€last€twenty€years€concerning€aggression€and€serotonin.€Ð À  ÐÌà  àSergeant€Ronnie€McWilliams€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department€Homicide€DivisionÐ ˜è  Ðtestified€that€he€arrested€the€defendant€at€approximately€7:00€p.m.€on€May€13,€1991,€on€MadisonÐ „Ô  ÐAvenue€about€two€blocks€from€the€crime€scene.€€He€said€that€fingerprints€recovered€from€theÐ pÀ Ðvictimððs€car€had€matched€the€defendantððs€prints.€€A€search€of€the€defendantððs€person€produced€ð ðanÐ \¬ ÐOld€Timer€large€pocket€knife,€locked€blade,€quite€a€large€knife€.€.€.€underneath€his€shirt,€between€hisÐ H˜ Ðpants€and€his€back.ðð€€After€transporting€the€defendant€to€the€homicide€office€and€advising€him€of€hisÐ 4„ Ðrights,€McWilliams€and€his€partner,€Sergeant€R.D.€Roleson,€interviewed€the€defendant,€taking€bothÐ  p Ðoral€and€written€statements€from€him.€€The€defendant€first€signed€the€advice€of€rights€form€as€OtisÐ  \ ÐSmith;€however,€after€discovering€that€his€true€name€was€Richard€Odom,€McWilliams€had€theÐ øH Ðdefendant€sign€a€second€form€using€his€true€name.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àMcWilliams€recited€the€defendantððs€oral€statement€taken€on€May€13,€1991,€at€7:45€p.m.€€InÐ ¼  Ðthat€statement,€the€defendant€said€he€had€been€imprisoned€in€Mississippi€for€thirteen€years€for€theÐ ¨ø ÐMay€1978€murder€of€ð ðBecky.ðð€€The€defendant€said€he€was€ð ðsuppose[d]€to€be€serving€life€for€theÐ ”ä Ðmurderðð€but€had€escaped€and€come€to€Memphis.€€He€said€he€had€been€staying€at€the€AdmiralÐ €Ð ÐBenbow€Inn€on€Union€Avenue€and€that€his€prison€identification€was€in€his€motel€room.Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àWhen€asked€about€the€victim,€the€defendant€told€the€officers€that€he€had€intended€only€toÐ D!” Ðsteal€her€purse€in€order€to€get€some€money€to€buy€food.€€He€said€that€he€confronted€the€victim€at€theÐ 0"€  Ðdoor€of€her€car€and€pushed€her€into€the€backseat.€€The€victim€asked€him,€ð ðWhat€are€you€doing,€son,ððÐ #l! Ðto€which€the€defendant€replied,€ð ðIððll€give€you€your€damn€son.ðð€€The€defendant€said€that€while€he€wasÐ $X" Ðraping€the€victim,€she€told€him€that€she€had€ð ðnever€had€sex€with€a€man€before.ðð€€The€defendantÐ ô$D # Ðadmitted€that€the€knife€the€officers€found€on€him€ð ðwas€the€knife€that€[he]€used€on€the€lady.ðð€€TheÐ à%0!$ Ðdefendant€said,€ð ðI€donððt€know€how€or€where€blood€came€from,€but€it€was€on€me.€€I€felt€the€blood.€Ð Ì&"% ÐThat€was€right€after€I€felt€the€knife€in€my€back€and€I€pulled€it€out.ðð€€The€defendant€did€not€rememberÐ ¸'#& Ðhow€many€times€he€had€stabbed€the€victim.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àSergeant€McWilliams€also€recited€the€defendantððs€written€statement€taken€on€May€13,€1991,Ð |*Ì%) Ðat€10:29€p.m.€€In€that€statement,€the€defendant€admitted€killing€the€victim€with€an€ð ðOld€Timer€buckÐ h+¸&* Ðknife,€folding€blade.ðð€€The€defendant€again€said€that€his€only€intention€was€to€ð ðsnatch€her€purse€andÐ ° Ðrun,ðð€but€when€he€grabbed€her€arm,€they€fell€back€into€the€car€and€he€ð ðmanaged€to€get€[his]€knifeÐ œì Ðwhile€doing€so.ðð€€The€defendant€said€he€did€not€know€if€he€stabbed€the€victim€when€he€got€in€theÐ ˆØ Ðbackseat€with€her€or€when€he€got€back€in€the€front€seat.€€The€defendant€did€not€remember€if€he€hadÐ tÄ Ðvaginal€or€anal€intercourse€with€the€victim€but€was€ð ðquite€sure€she€was€alive€because€she€told€[him]Ð `° Ðshe€had€never€had€sex€before.ðð€€He€remembered€going€through€the€victimððs€wallet€or€purse€and€onlyÐ L œ Ðfinding€Medicare€cards,€coupons,€and€a€blank€check.€€He€exited€the€car,€went€down€the€stairs€of€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðparking€garage,€threw€the€victimððs€car€keys€ð ðinto€a€hole,ðð€and€walked€to€an€abandoned€motel€onÐ $ t ÐLamar€Avenue.€€There,€he€changed€clothes€and€then€went€to€a€friendððs€house.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€admitted€to€the€officers€that€he€had€killed€Becky€Roberts€in€May€1978€in€Pearl,Ð è 8  ÐMississippi,€and€that€he€was€ð ðserving€time€for€that€until€[he]€escaped€two€months€ago.ðð€€He€said€heÐ Ô$  Ðhad€come€to€Memphis€immediately€after€escaping€from€the€Simpson€County€Jail€in€Mendenhall,Ð À  ÐMississippi.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àSergeant€McWilliams€testified€that€the€defendantððs€Mississippi€identifications€were€recoveredÐ „Ô  Ðfrom€his€room€at€the€Admiral€Benbow€Inn,€and€his€bloody€clothes€were€recovered€from€theÐ pÀ Ðabandoned€motel€on€Lamar€Avenue.€€McWilliams€spent€about€five€hours€interviewing€the€defendantÐ \¬ Ðand€recalled€that€the€defendant€was€calm€and€ð ð[o]pen€to€conversation.ðð€€The€defendant€did€not€seemÐ H˜ Ðremorseful;€in€fact,€McWilliams€ð ðfelt€like€he€was€kind€of€bragging€a€little€bit€about€the€situation.ðð€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àDuring€cross„examination,€McWilliams€testified€that€the€defendantððs€fingerprint€wasÐ  \ Ðrecovered€from€the€seatbelt€inside€the€victimððs€car.€€He€conceded€that€the€defendantððs€oral€statementÐ øH Ðwas€not€a€verbatim€statement€of€what€the€defendant€had€said.€€Once€the€officers€told€the€defendantÐ ä4 Ðabout€the€fingerprint€recovered€from€the€victimððs€car,€the€defendant€ð ðtold€his€side€of€the€storyðð€andÐ Ð  Ðadmitted€that€he€had€committed€a€rape€and€a€murder.€€The€defendant€told€the€officers€that€he€knewÐ ¼  Ðhe€needed€help€ð ðmentallyð!ðpsychologically.ðð€McWilliams€denied€coercing€or€threatening€theÐ ¨ø Ðdefendant€into€giving€his€statements.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àLillian€Hammond€testified€that€on€May€8,€1991,€she€was€working€late€at€Shelby€StateÐ l¼ ÐCommunity€College€on€Union€Avenue€in€Memphis.€€She€left€her€office€at€approximately€7:00€p.m.Ð X ¨ Ðand€walked€to€her€car€which€was€parked€ð ðright€outside€of€the€building.ðð€€As€she€proceeded€to€unlockÐ D!” Ðher€car€door,€the€defendant€approached€her,€saying,€ð ðDonððt€make€any€noise€or€Iððll€kill€you.€€Give€meÐ 0"€  Ðyour€purse.ðð€€She€asked€the€defendant€what€he€wanted,€and€he€said,€ð ðI€want€you.ðð€€The€defendantÐ #l! Ðgrabbed€her€left€arm,€and€she€fell€to€the€ground€by€her€car.€€The€defendant€repeatedly€told€her€ð ðdonððtÐ $X" Ðmake€a€sound€or€Iððll€hurt€you.ðð€€The€defendant€took€her€purse€and€suddenly€backed€away,€againÐ ô$D # Ðtelling€her,€ð ðYou€better€not€make€a€sound.ðð€€Ms.€Hammond€said€that€the€defendant€did€not€sexuallyÐ à%0!$ Ðassault€her€during€the€encounter,€but€he€was€ð ðsexually€abusive€in€the€language€that€he€used€.€.€.€it€wasÐ Ì&"% Ðvery€vulgar.ððÐ ¸'#& ÐÌà  àHeather€Cook€of€the€Shelby€County€Criminal€Court€Clerkððs€office€testified€that,€on€JanuaryÐ )à$( Ð21,€1992,€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€the€robbery€of€Lillian€Hammond.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àTerri€Roberts,€the€daughter€of€Becky€Roberts,€testified€she€was€17€years€old€in€1978€whenÐ ° Ðher€mother€was€murdered.€€Ms.€Roberts€admitted€that€she€had€been€convicted€of€strong„armedÐ œì Ðrobbery€in€1981.€Ô#†X ùXXX ùÉ!#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔ€In€May€1978,€her€parents€lived€in€a€trailer€at€the€Showtown€Drive„In€in€Pearl,Ð ˆØ ÐMississippi,€where€her€mother€was€the€manager.€€Roberts€said€that,€when€talking€on€the€telephone,Ð tÄ Ðher€mother€always€sat€in€the€ð ðtanish„reddish€brownðð€recliner€which€she€kept€against€the€wallÐ `° Ðunderneath€the€telephone€in€the€living€room.Ð L œ ÐÌà  àErnest€Simmons€testified€that€on€May€4,€1978,€while€employed€by€the€Pearl,€Mississippi,Ð $ t ÐPolice€Department,€he€responded€to€a€call€at€the€Showtown€Drive„In.€€As€he€entered€the€front€doorÐ  ` Ðof€the€Robertsðð€trailer,€he€saw€Becky€Roberts€ð ðsitting€in€a€recliner,€facing€the€door€.€.€.€slumped€overÐ ü L  Ðin€a€recliner,€dead.ðð€€The€recliner€had€been€moved€approximately€nine€feet€away€from€the€wall€whereÐ è 8  Ðthe€telephone€was€located€and€had€been€placed€two€steps€from€the€front€door.€€Simmons€describedÐ Ô$  ÐMrs.€Robertsðð€injuries:Ð À  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àI€observed€what€appeared€to€be€two€gunshot€wounds€to€her€eye,Ð ˜è  Ðher€forehead,€some€knife€wounds€to€her€neck€and€upper€chest,€andÐ „Ô  Ðthatððs€all€I€could€see€because€clothing€covered€the€rest.€€SomeÐ pÀ Ðlacerations€on€her€arms,€lacerations€on€her€hands.€[]€[S]he€had€someÐ \¬ Ðfixed€bridge€work;€it€had€been€broken€out€from€the€force€of€a€blow.€Ð H˜ ÐAnd€thatððs€what€I€observed€when€I€saw€the€body€the€first€time.€Ð4„` x` x ÐÌà  àSimmons€said€a€bloody€hand€towel€and€glass€were€found€beside€a€sink€in€the€bathroom€ofÐ  \ Ðthe€trailer.€€Bloodstains€and€a€ð ðstainless€steel€Army€mess„kit€knifeðð€with€the€blade€ð ðbent€at€almostÐ øH Ða€90„degree€angleðð€were€found€on€the€bed€in€the€back€bedroom.€€Blood€smears€were€found€on€a€wallÐ ä4 Ðon€the€back€side€of€the€trailer,€and€a€bloody,€serrated„edge€steak€knife€was€found€in€the€hallway.Ð Ð  ÐSimmons€said€that€the€living€room,€ð ðwhere€the€victim€bled€until€she€couldnððt€bleed€any€more,ðð€hadÐ ¼  Ðthe€most€blood€of€all€the€rooms€in€the€trailer,€and€the€telephone€had€been€ð ðripped€out€of€the€wall.ððÐ ¨ø ÐTwo€.22„caliber€bullet€casings€were€recovered,€one€from€the€floor€in€front€of€the€victimððs€feet.€Ð ”ä ÐSimmons€explained€that€the€murder€weapon€was€a€.22„caliber€bolt„action€rifle,€which€requiredÐ €Ð Ðreloading€between€shots.€€Inside€the€concession€stand€of€the€drive„in,€officers€discovered€that€the€safeÐ l¼ Ðhad€been€ð ðrifled€throughðð€and€found€three€drops€of€blood€on€the€floor.€Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àSimmons€testified€that€John€Roberts,€Becky€Robertsðð€husband,€gave€him€the€defendantððsÐ 0"€  Ðname€for€the€interview€list€because€the€defendant€had€worked€at€the€drive„in.€€When€the€officers€wentÐ #l! Ðto€the€defendantððs€home€to€interview€him€on€May€9,€1978,€they€ð ðnoticed€enough€evidence€to€ask€forÐ $X" Ðpermission€to€search;€and€upon€what€[they]€found€there,€an€arrest€was€made.ðð€€Simmons€explainedÐ ô$D # Ðthat€a€tennis€shoe€print€had€been€found€on€a€white€bedsheet€in€the€Robertsðð€bedroom,€as€well€as€twoÐ à%0!$ Ðred€buttons€on€the€bed€and€floor.€€While€talking€to€the€defendant,€who€was€a€juvenile,€and€JimmyÐ Ì&"% ÐOdom,€his€legal€guardian,€officers€noticed€a€pair€of€tennis€shoes€on€the€porch.€€Inspection€of€the€soleÐ ¸'#& Ðof€the€tennis€shoe€revealed€a€strong€similarity€to€the€shoe€print€found€on€the€bedsheet.€€After€JimmyÐ ¤(ô#' ÐOdom€consented€to€a€search,€officers€observed€a€red,€flowered„print€shirt€with€missing€buttonsÐ )à$( Ðhanging€on€a€clothesline.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àSimmons€testified€that€the€defendant,€after€being€advised€of€his€òòMirandaóó€rights,€gave€a€tape„Ð ° Ðrecorded€statement,€which€was€later€reduced€verbatim€to€writing,€at€approximately€6:00€p.m.€on€MayÐ œì Ð9,€1978.€€Simmons€then€recited€the€defendantððs€statement€wherein€the€defendant€admitted€he€hadÐ ˆØ Ðgone€to€the€Showtown€Drive„In€to€ð ðsee€about€a€jobðð€and€because€Mrs.€Roberts€owed€him€money.€TheÐ tÄ Ðdefendant€said€he€and€Mrs.€Roberts€argued€and€Mrs.€Roberts€tried€to€hit€him€with€a€clay€flower€pot,Ð `° Ðbut€he€took€it€away€from€her€and€hit€her€in€the€face€with€it.€€They€continued€fighting€in€the€backÐ L œ Ðbedroom,€and€the€defendant€stabbed€her€with€a€knife.€€The€defendant€forced€Mrs.€Roberts€to€openÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€safe€inside€the€concession€stand,€and€then€the€two€returned€to€the€trailer€where€the€defendant€heldÐ $ t Ða€gun€on€her.€€When€Mrs.€Roberts€pleaded€with€the€defendant€not€to€kill€her,€he€told€her,€ð ðShut€up,Ð  ` ÐIððm€trying€to€think.ðð€€The€defendant€said€Mrs.€Roberts€grabbed€the€barrel€of€the€gun€and€it€dischargedÐ ü L  Ðaccidentally.€€He€shot€her€a€second€time€because€he€was€scared€and€ð ðwanted€to€make€sure€she€wasÐ è 8  Ðdeadðð€because€she€knew€him.€€He€then€took€approximately€$255€from€the€safe€and€two€guns€and€fledÐ Ô$  Ðð ðthrough€the€swampðð€because€it€was€the€shortest€route€to€his€house.€€He€threw€the€ð ðmetalðð€gun€intoÐ À  Ðthe€swamp€and€hid€the€other€gun€and€some€of€the€money€in€a€car€parked€near€his€house.€€TheÐ ¬ü  Ðdefendant€said€he€ð ðbought€some€dopeðð€with€the€money.Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€also€told€the€officers€that€ð ðRodney€Reed€and€some€old€gray„headed€manðð€wereÐ pÀ Ðinvolved€in€the€murder.€€However,€Simmons€was€able€to€verify€that€Reed€was€at€a€doctorððsÐ \¬ Ðappointment€at€the€time€of€the€murder.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àSimmons€said€he€had€been€unaware€of€the€defendantððs€background€but€later€discovered€thatÐ  p Ðhe€had€been€institutionalized€at€the€Columbia€Training€School.€€However,€he€said€the€defendantÐ  \ Ðseemed€ð ðlike€a€nice,€normal€person€.€.€.€very€street„wise.ðð€€He€described€the€defendantððs€demeanorÐ øH Ðat€the€time€of€his€statement€as€ð ðvery€calm€.€.€.€kind€of€like€a€deliberate€thinking€of€what€he€wantedÐ ä4 Ðto€say,€but€he€had€an€extraordinary€calmness€about€him.ðð€€Simmons€said€the€defendant€neverÐ Ð  Ðexpressed€any€remorse.€€During€subsequent€interviews,€the€defendant€contradicted€his€originalÐ ¼  Ðstatement€by€implicating€only€himself€in€the€murder.€€Simmons€said€the€defendant€was€convicted€ofÐ ¨ø Ðthe€murder€of€Becky€Roberts€in€Rankin€County,€Mississippi.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àDr.€George€M.€Sturgis€testified€that€he€performed€the€autopsy€on€Becky€Roberts.€€HeÐ l¼ Ðdescribed€the€two€gunshot€wounds€inflicted€upon€Mrs.€Roberts:Ð X ¨ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àShe€had€one€gunshot€wound€to€the€left€eye,€destroyed€the€leftÐ 0"€  Ðeye,€penetrated€through€the€bony€orbit€of€the€eye€on€the€left,€crossedÐ #l! Ðthe€midline,€fracturing€the€sphenoid€bone,€lacerated€the€optic€chiasma,Ð $X" Ðwhich€is€where€the€two€optic€nerves€cross€at€the€base€of€the€brain,€andÐ ô$D # Ðpenetrated€through€the€left€cerebral€hemisphere,€exited€.€.€.€the€rightÐ à%0!$ Ðcerebral€hemisphere€and€exited€through€the€right€side€of€the€brain.€€SoÐ Ì&"% Ðit€entered€the€left,€exited€the€right.и'#&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à.€.€.€.Ð)à$(` x` x Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " à[The€second€gunshot]€entered€the€right€forehead,€just€below€theÐ ° Ðâ âhairline,€penetrated€the€bony€calvarium€(phonetic)€and€the€rightÐ œì Ðfrontal€bone,€entered€the€right€frontal€lobe€of€the€brain,€crossed€theÐ ˆØ Ðmidline,€lacerating€the€corpus€callosum,€and€penetrated€through€theÐ tÄ Ðleft€cerebellar€hemisphere€posteriorly.€€The€missile€bounced€off€theÐ `° Ðinside€of€the€occipital€skull€and€lodged€itself€in€the€left€cerebellarÐ L œ Ðhemisphere.Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌMrs.€Roberts€also€had€a€critical€stab€wound€to€the€chest€which€penetrated€her€left€lung€to€a€depth€ofÐ  ` Ðapproximately€one€centimeter.€€Dr.€Sturgis€determined€that€Mrs.€Roberts€was€still€alive€when€theÐ ü L  Ðgunshot€wounds€and€stab€wound€were€inflicted€on€her.€€In€addition€to€these€wounds,€Mrs.€RobertsÐ è 8  Ðalso€had€a€ð ðlaceration€that€began€in€the€.€.€.€left€lateral€neck€and€extended€across€the€midline€to€theÐ Ô$  Ðright,ðð€several€minor€stab€wounds€on€the€anterior€chest,€a€laceration€on€the€lower€right€lip,€andÐ À  Ðbruises€on€her€neck€suggesting€that€she€may€have€been€strangled.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àDuring€cross„examination,€Dr.€Sturgis€said€he€was€unable€to€determine€at€what€distance€theÐ „Ô  Ðgun€was€fired,€but€the€gunshot€wound€to€Mrs.€Robertsðð€forehead€was€at€short€range.€€From€theÐ pÀ Ðtrajectory€of€the€bullets€that€entered€her€brain,€Dr.€Sturgis€was€able€to€determine€that€the€gun€wasÐ \¬ Ðfired€from€different€angles.€€One€small€caliber€bullet€was€lodged€in€Mrs.€Robertsðð€brain.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àMary€Jane€Lemon,€an€assistant€district€attorney€general€in€Rankin€County,€Mississippi,€Ð  p Ðtestified€that€she€was€the€prosecutor€in€the€defendantððs€July€1998€retrial€for€the€murder€of€BeckyÐ  \ ÐRoberts.€€The€jury€again€convicted€the€defendant€of€murder.€€During€the€course€of€the€case,€neitherÐ øH Ðthe€trial€court,€defense€counsel,€nor€the€State€requested€that€the€defendant€undergo€mental€evaluation.Ð ä4 ÐLemon€said€the€defendant€never€displayed€any€signs€of€mental€illness€or€psychosis€during€his€retrial.€Ð Ð  ÐÌò òÓ  ÓB.€€Defendantððs€ProofÐ ¨ø ÐÌÓ  Óó óà  àGlori€Shettles€Johnson,€a€private€investigator€whose€work€mostly€involved€capital€cases€forÐ €Ð Ðdefense€attorneys,€testified€that€she€obtained€personal€records€and€a€social€history€of€the€defendantððsÐ l¼ Ðchildhood.€€Her€research€established€that€the€defendantððs€biological€parents,€Richard€Norman€SmithÐ X ¨ Ðand€Nellie€Ruth€Holley€Henry,€married€in€1958€when€Mr.€Smith€was€18€years€old€and€Ms.€Henry€wasÐ D!” Ð15.€€The€defendant€was€born€in€Mississippi€on€August€13,€1960,€and€was€named€Richard€LloydÐ 0"€  ÐSmith.€€He€had€an€older€sister,€born€in€1959,€and€a€younger€sister,€born€in€1962.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€lived€with€his€parents€until€they€abandoned€him€at€the€age€of€two€and€a€half.Ð ô$D # ÐThe€defendant€never€saw€his€mother€again€and€did€not€see€his€father€again€except€for€a€briefÐ à%0!$ Ðencounter€when€he€was€13.€€The€defendantððs€father€reported€that€he€drank€heavily€as€a€young€manÐ Ì&"% Ðand€was€often€away€from€home.€€He€said€that€the€defendantððs€mother€was€young,€did€not€want€theÐ ¸'#& Ðchildren,€and€did€not€care€for€them€properly.€€The€defendantððs€parents€often€fought€and€left€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðchildren€at€a€day€care€center€in€Jackson,€Mississippi,€ð ðfor€days€at€a€time.ðð€€Shirley€and€Jimmy€OdomÐ )à$( Ðlived€near€the€day€care€center€and€adopted€the€defendant€in€1963.€€Other€members€of€the€OdomÐ |*Ì%) Ðfamily€adopted€the€defendantððs€sisters.€€Ð h+¸&* Їà  àThe€Odoms€already€had€three€children€of€their€own,€Cindy,€Larry,€and€Jimmy,€when€theyÐ ° Ðadopted€the€defendant.€€The€defendantððs€adoptive€father€was€not€physically€abusive€but€was€ð ðveryÐ œì Ðsternðð€and€ð ðvery€loud.ðð€€By€the€time€the€defendant€was€five€years€old,€the€Odoms€had€divorced€andÐ ˆØ ÐMrs.€Odom€had€remarried.€€She€married€Marvin€Bruce,€and€they€had€three€children€of€their€own.€Ð tÄ ÐMr.€Bruce€was€ð ðmeanðð€and€ð ðcruel€to€the€children.ðð€€Mr.€Bruce€sexually€abused€the€defendant€andÐ `° ÐLarry€Odom€and€threatened€to€kill€them€and€their€mother€if€they€told€anyone€about€the€abuse.€Ð L œ ÐÌà  àThe€defendantððs€adoptive€grandmother€never€accepted€the€defendant€and€was€ð ðvery,€veryÐ $ t Ðphysically€abusiveðð€to€him.€€The€grandmother€once€whipped€the€defendant€ð ðso€much€that€her€son€hadÐ  ` Ðto€literally€pull€her€off€because€he€was€afraid€of€what€she€was€doing.ðð€€Many€reports€also€surfacedÐ ü L  Ðof€the€defendant€being€burned€with€cigarettes€on€his€feet,€but€Johnson€was€unable€to€verify€this€withÐ è 8  Ðmedical€documentation.€€Family€members€reported€that€the€defendant€was€always€hungry,€andÐ Ô$  ÐMarvin€Bruce€often€gave€the€defendant€his€food€after€deliberately€putting€hot€sauce€on€it€and€in€theÐ À  Ðdefendantððs€mouth.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€also€wet€his€bed€from€the€time€he€came€into€the€Odom€home€until€his€earlyÐ „Ô  Ðteens.€€Mr.€Bruce€berated€the€defendant€for€this,€saying,€ð ðWhy€are€you€doing€this,€why€canððt€youÐ pÀ Ðgrow€up,€why€canððt€you€be€a€man[?]ðð€€The€defendant€also€had€a€problem€with€sleepwalking€andÐ \¬ Ðonce,€while€sleepwalking,€urinated€in€Mr.€Bruceððs€car€and€in€the€refrigerator€on€more€than€oneÐ H˜ Ðoccasion.€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€did€not€learn€he€was€adopted€until€he€was€about€12€years€old.€€He€beganÐ  \ Ðrunning€away€from€home€and€was€charged€with€larceny€in€the€juvenile€system€at€age€13.€€He€wasÐ øH Ðinstitutionalized€at€the€Columbia€Training€School€at€age€13€and€was€evaluated€by€a€psychologist,€Dr.Ð ä4 ÐCox,€who€described€the€defendant€as€ð ð[s]chizoidðð€and€opined€that€he€was€ð ðincorrigible€.€.€.€brainÐ Ð  Ðdamaged€.€.€.€not€fit€for€society€at€age€thirteen.ðð€€Two€years€later,€as€the€defendant€continued€to€haveÐ ¼  Ðproblems€in€the€juvenile€system,€Dr.€Cox€evaluated€him€again,€finding€that€he€ð ðcaused€a€lot€of€hisÐ ¨ø Ðown€problem[s]€and€that€he€would€probably€be€destined€for€a€life€of€institutionalization.ðð€€At€age€16,Ð ”ä Ðthe€defendant€was€placed€on€juvenile€parole€and€released€into€the€community.Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àDuring€cross„examination,€Johnson€said€that€further€research€revealed€that€the€defendantððsÐ X ¨ Ðadoptive€brother,€Larry€Odom,€had€a€criminal€record€and€was€incarcerated€for€approximately€tenÐ D!” Ðyears.€€She€believed€that€the€defendantððs€other€adoptive€brother,€Jimmy€Odom,€had€a€juvenile€recordÐ 0"€  Ðbut€was€unable€to€verify€it.€€No€reports€of€any€of€the€Bruce€children€having€a€criminal€historyÐ #l! Ðsurfaced€during€Johnsonððs€investigation.Ð $X" ÐÌà  àWhile€imprisoned€in€Mississippi€for€his€conviction€for€the€murder€of€Becky€Roberts,€theÐ à%0!$ Ðdefendant€had€behaved€well€enough€to€be€transferred€from€Parchman€State€Penitentiary€to€the€SouthÐ Ì&"% ÐMississippi€Correctional€Center€in€Green€County€and€then€to€the€Simpson€County€Jail,€where€he€wasÐ ¸'#& Ða€trustee.€€Since€being€incarcerated€in€the€Tennessee€Department€of€Correction,€the€defendant€hadÐ ¤(ô#' Ðreceived€a€correspondence€paralegal€degree€from€the€Professional€Career€Development€Institute,Ð )à$( Ðscoring€100%€in€criminal€law€and€between€90€and€100%€in€each€of€the€other€legal€areas.€€TheÐ |*Ì%) Ðdefendant€also€had€received€good€reports€from€the€Department€of€Correction,€indicating€that€he€wasÐ h+¸&* Ðnot€having€difficulties€in€prison€and€had€been€able€to€conform€his€behavior€to€the€mandates€of€theÐ ° Ðprison.Ð œì ÐÌà  àDr.€Dennis€Earl€Schmidt,€a€neuropharmacologist€and€neurochemist€at€Vanderbilt€UniversityÐ tÄ ÐSchool€of€Medicine,€testified€that€he,€Dr.€Steven€Rossby,€and€Dr.€Benjamin€Johnson€performed€aÐ `° Ðspinal€tap€on€the€defendant€in€prison€during€the€summer€of€1999.€€Dr.€Johnson€actually€performedÐ L œ Ðthe€procedure,€withdrawing€six€one„milliliter€samples€of€fluid€from€the€defendantððs€spinal€canal.€€Dr.Ð 8 ˆ ÐSchmidt€carried€the€samples€to€his€laboratory€at€Vanderbilt€for€analysis.€€Each€sample€ofÐ $ t Ðcerebrospinal€fluid€was€analyzed€in€triplicate€using€a€technique€called€ð ðhigh„performance€liquidÐ  ` Ðchromatography,ðð€which€utilizes€a€machine€to€separate€and€quantitate€the€amount€of€the€differentÐ ü L  Ðcomponents€of€the€fluid.€€The€results€of€the€analysis€revealed€that€the€defendant€had€very€low€levelsÐ è 8  Ðof€serotonin€in€his€brain,€less€than€half€of€normal€levels.€€Dr.€Schmidt€provided€the€results€of€hisÐ Ô$  Ðanalysis€in€writing€to€Dr.€Rossby.Ð À  ÐÌà  àDr.€Steven€Paul€Rossby,€a€molecular€neurobiologist€and€a€professor€at€Vanderbilt€UniversityÐ ˜è  ÐSchool€of€Medicine,€testified€that€he€statistically€analyzed€Dr.€Schmidtððs€results€and€concluded€thatÐ „Ô  Ðthe€defendantððs€serotonin€function€was€ð ðseverely,€extremely€abnormal€.€.€.€the€lowest€level€weððveÐ pÀ Ðever€seen€in€our€lab.ðð€€Dr.€Rossby€explained€that€brain€chemistry€research€performed€on€inmates€inÐ \¬ ÐFinland€and€Sweden€showed€a€very€strong€link€between€low€serotonin€and€impulsive€behavior,Ð H˜ Ðincluding€unrestrained€aggression,€violence,€and€rage.€€However,€the€research€did€not€indicate€thatÐ 4„ Ðlow€serotonin€makes€a€person€aggressive€but€did€indicate€low€self„control.€€The€impulses€releasedÐ  p Ðby€the€low€self„control€depends€on€individual€factors,€such€as€heredity€and€early€childhoodÐ  \ Ðexperiences.€€Dr.€Rossby€opined€that€if€a€person€has€a€low€serotonin€level,€ð ðany€kind€of€excitatoryÐ øH Ðstimulus€or€trigger€or€occurrence€would€not€be€as€controlled€as€a€normal€person.€€The€capacity€toÐ ä4 Ðcontrol€these€impulsive€behaviors€is€diminished€by€low€serotonin.ððÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àDr.€Rossby€testified€that€the€defendantððs€control€of€anger€could€ð ðrapidly€be€lost,ðð€triggeringÐ ¨ø Ðrage€which€could€ð ðrapidly€escalate€into€full„blown€rage,ðð€as€a€result€of€his€serotonin€level.€€WhenÐ ”ä Ðquestioned€about€the€victim€using€the€word€ð ðsonðð€when€the€defendant€attacked€her,€Dr.€RossbyÐ €Ð Ðrelated:Ð l¼ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThe€use€of€the€word€ð ðson,ðð€.€.€.€in€my€expert€opinion,€could€haveÐ D!” Ðserved€as€trigger€to€release€the€rage€that€he€felt€toward€his€mother€orÐ 0"€  Ðmother€figures€or€any€women€who€were€in€his€life€in€a€motherÐ #l! Ðcapacity€who€didnððt€protect€him€or€who€rejected€him.€€The€wordÐ $X" Ðð ðsonðð€could€function€as€a€trigger€to€cause€an€ensemble€of€neurons€toÐ ô$D # Ðfire,€resulting€in€a€rage€reaction€which€is€not€effectively€opposed€byÐ à%0!$ Ðhis€serotonin€levels€and€essentially€is€discontrolled.ÐÌ&"%` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àBut€Iððm€not€saying€thatððs€what€happened.€€Iððm€saying€that,€basedÐ ¤(ô#' Ðon€what€Iððve€read€and€based€on€the€scientific€evidence,€.€.€.€that€couldÐ )à$( Ðexplain€ð!ð€biologically€could€explain€how€it€escalated€to€the€point€thatÐ |*Ì%) Ðit€did.€€And€I€also€feel€that€the€humiliating€position€that€he€placed€[theÐ h+¸&* Ðvictim]€in€is€also€an€expression€of€rage.€€And€in€reading€his€lifeÐ ° Ðhistory€and€learning€that€he€was€abandoned€around€two€years€old€andÐ œì Ðthen€the€succession€of€circumstances€in€his€life,€I€think€itððs€quiteÐ ˆØ Ðplausible€that€his€control€mechanisms€did€not€develop€normally.€€ÐtÄ` x` x ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Dr.€Rossby€admitted€that€he€was€a€doctor€of€philosophy,€not€a€medicalÐ L œ Ðdoctor,€and€that€he€was€being€paid€$150€per€hour€for€his€time€in€court€and€$100€per€hour€for€his€timeÐ 8 ˆ Ðout€of€court.€€He€conceded€that€no€studies€exist€to€support€that€low€serotonin€causes€violent€behavior,Ð $ t Ðand€could€not€say€that€the€defendantððs€low€serotonin€caused€him€to€murder€Becky€Roberts€or€rapeÐ  ` Ðand€murder€the€victim.Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àIn€rebuttal,€the€State€presented€Dr.€John€Robert€Hutson,€a€clinical€psychologist,€who€alsoÐ Ô$  Ðtestified€regarding€serotonin:Ð À  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àYou€canððt€say€that€serotonin€causes€anything.€.€.€.€€There€seemsÐ ˜è  Ðto€be€a€relationship€between€serotonin€ð!ð€and€we€donððt€even€know€veryÐ „Ô  Ðmuch€about,€as€I€understand€it,€what€levels€and€what€emotional€states,Ð pÀ Ðlet€alone,€anything€about€what€behaviors.€€But€what€that€relationshipÐ \¬ Ðis,€whether€it€is€a€causal€one,€thatððs€ð!ð€I€donððt€know€anyone€that€knowsÐ H˜ Ðthat€at€this€point.Ð4„` x` x ÐÌDr.€Hutson€said€he€was€not€aware€of€any€literature€indicating€a€causal€effect€between€serotonin€andÐ  \ Ðviolent€behavior,€obesity,€depression,€or€suicide€attempts.€€On€cross„examination,€Dr.€HutsonÐ øH Ðadmitted€that€this€was€the€first€time€he€had€testified€specifically€on€the€subject€of€serotonin.Ð ä4 Ðò òó óÔ#†X ùXXX ùTn#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔÌòòóóà  àAt€the€close€of€the€proof,€the€jury€was€instructed€on€the€following€statutory€aggravatingÐ ¼  Ðcircumstance:Ð ¨ø ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThe€defendant€was€previously€convicted€of€one€(1)€or€more€felonies,Ð €Ð Ðother€than€the€present€charge,€the€statutory€elements€of€which€involveÐ l¼ Ðthe€use€of€violence€to€the€person.€€The€state€is€relying€upon€the€crimesÐ X ¨ Ðof€Murder€and€Robbery,€which€are€felonies€involving€the€use€ofÐ D!” Ðviolence€to€the€person.Ð0"€ ` x` x ÐÌòòSee€generallyóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(2)€(Supp.€1990).€€The€jury€was€also€instructed€thatÐ $X" Ðit€should€consider€any€mitigating€circumstances€supported€by€the€proof.€€The€trial€court€instructed,Ð ô$D # Ðbut€did€not€limit,€the€jury€as€to€all€mitigating€circumstances€delineated€in€section€39„13„204(j)(1)„(9).Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àAfter€deliberations,€the€jury€found€that€the€State€had€proven€the€aggravating€circumstanceÐ ¸'#& Ð(i)(2)€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€and€that€the€aggravating€circumstance€outweighed€the€mitigatingÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcircumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€In€accordance€with€their€verdict,€the€jury€sentenced€theÐ )à$( Ðdefendant€to€death€for€the€murder€of€Mina€Ethel€Johnson.òòÐ |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* ЇÓ  Óò òòòóóANALYSISòòóóó óÐ ° ÐÓÎËÓÌà@    ìàò òóóI.€€Failure€of€Indictment€to€Allege€Capital€OffenseˆÐ ˆØ ÐÔ#†X ùXXX ù Æ#ÔÑ€Oa ÑÑ8€ ùXdìXXdì8ÑòòóóÌà  àó óThe€defendant€asserts€that,€ð ðpursuant€to€òòApprendi€v.€New€Jerseyóó,€530€U.S.€466,€120€S.€Ct.Ð `° Ð2348,€147€L.€Ed.€2d€435€(2000),€the€indictment€against€him€did€not€charge€a€capital€offense€and€thatÐ L œ Ðhe€cannot,€therefore,€be€sentenced€to€more€than€life€imprisonment.ðð€€He€grounds€his€argument€on€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðpremise€that€first€degree€murder€is€not€a€capital€offense€unless€aggravating€circumstances€are€allegedÐ $ t Ðin€the€indictment,€and€the€indictment€upon€which€he€was€tried€did€not€so€allege.€òòóóThus,€by€hisÐ  ` Ðargument,€the€State€then€was€precluded€from€filing€a€Rule€12.3(b),€Tennessee€Rules€of€CriminalÐ ü L  ÐProcedure,€notice€of€intent€to€seek€the€death€penalty€because€this€rule€provides€that€such€notice€mayÐ è 8  Ðbe€filed€only€ð ð[w]here€a€capital€offense€is€charged€in€the€indictment€or€presentment.ððÐ Ô$  ÐÌà  àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„202(b)€provides€that€ð ð[a]€person€convicted€of€firstÐ ¬ü  Ðdegree€murder€shall€be€punished€by€death€or€by€imprisonment€for€life.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„Ð ˜è  Ð202(b)€(Supp.€1990).€€Tennessee€Rule€of€Criminal€Procedure€Rule€12.3(b)€establishes€the€procedureÐ „Ô  Ðfor€the€Stateððs€seeking€a€sentence€of€death:€Ð pÀ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " à(b)€Notice€in€Capital€Cases.€ð!ð€Where€a€capital€offense€isÐ H˜ Ðcharged€in€the€indictment€or€presentment€and€the€district€attorneyÐ 4„ Ðintends€to€ask€for€the€death€penalty,€written€notice€thereof€shall€beÐ  p Ðfiled€not€less€than€thirty€(30)€days€prior€to€trial.€€If€the€notice€is€filedÐ  \ Ðlater€than€this€time,€the€trial€judge€shall€grant€the€defendant€upon€hisÐ øH Ðmotion€a€reasonable€continuance€of€the€trial.€€The€notice€shall€specifyÐ ä4 Ðthat€the€State€intends€to€seek€the€death€penalty€and€the€notice€shallÐ Ð  Ðspecify€those€aggravating€circumstances€the€State€intends€to€rely€uponÐ ¼  Ðat€a€sentence€hearing.€€Specification€may€be€complied€with€by€aÐ ¨ø Ðreference€to€the€citation€of€the€circumstance.Дä` x` x ÐÌà  àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204(a)€provides€for€a€separate€sentencing€hearingÐ l¼ Ðin€a€capital€prosecution:Ð X ¨ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àUpon€a€trial€for€first€degree€murder,€should€the€jury€find€theÐ 0"€  Ðdefendant€guilty€of€first€degree€murder,€it€shall€not€fix€punishment€asÐ #l! Ðpart€of€the€verdict,€but€the€jury€shall€fix€the€punishment€in€a€separateÐ $X" Ðsentencing€hearing€to€determine€whether€the€defendant€shall€beÐ ô$D # Ðsentenced€to€death€or€life€imprisonment.€€The€separate€sentencingÐ à%0!$ Ðhearing€shall€be€conducted€as€soon€as€practicable€before€the€same€juryÐ Ì&"% Ðthat€determined€guilt,€subject€to€the€provisions€of€subsection€(k)Ð ¸'#& Ðrelating€to€certain€retrials€on€punishment.Ф(ô#'` x` x ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(a)€(Supp.€1990).Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Їà  àWe€will€now€review€the€holding€in€òòApprendióó,€upon€which€the€defendant€relies€for€thisÐ ° Ðassignment.€€Apprendi€was€convicted,€on€a€plea€of€guilty,€of€using€a€firearm€for€an€unlawful€purpose,Ð œì Ða€second€degree€offense€under€New€Jersey€law€that€carried€a€sentence€range€of€five€to€ten€years€inÐ ˆØ Ðprison.€€There€was€evidence,€although€disputed€by€Apprendi,€that€his€offense,€shooting€into€the€homeÐ tÄ Ðof€an€African„American€family,€was€racially€motivated.€New€Jersey€had€a€separate€ð ðhate€crimeððÐ `° Ðstatute€that€increased€the€punishment€for€a€second€degree€offense€to€a€prison€term€of€ten€to€twentyÐ L œ Ðyears€if€the€judge€found,€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence,€that€the€defendant€committed€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðunderlying€offense€with€a€purpose€to€intimidate€an€individual€or€group€because€of€race,€color,€gender,Ð $ t Ðhandicap,€religion,€sexual€orientation,€or€ethnicity.€€Apprendi€was€not€charged€under€the€hate€crimeÐ  ` Ðlaw,€and,€though€pleading€guilty€to€the€underlying€offense,€he€objected€to€the€sentence€enhancementÐ ü L  Ðunder€that€law.€€The€judge€rejected€the€challenge,€applied€the€sentence€enhancement,€and€sentencedÐ è 8  ÐApprendi€to€twelve€years.Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àOn€appeal,€the€Supreme€Court€concluded€that€the€fact€that€the€underlying€offense€wasÐ ¬ü  Ðcommitted€with€a€purpose€to€intimidate€an€individual€or€group€because€of€race,€color,€gender,Ð ˜è  Ðhandicap,€religion,€sexual€orientation,€or€ethnicity,€was€a€necessary€element€for€increasing€theÐ „Ô  Ðpunishment.€€òòApprendióó,€530€U.S.€at€501,€120€S.€Ct.€at€2369,€147€L.€Ed.€2d€at€462.€€Specifically,€theÐ pÀ ÐSupreme€Court€held:Ð \¬ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àOther€than€the€fact€of€a€prior€conviction,€any€fact€that€increases€theÐ 4„ Ðpenalty€for€a€crime€òòbeyond€the€prescribed€statutory€maximumóó€mustÐ  p Ðbe€submitted€to€a€jury,€and€proved€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€WithÐ  \ Ðthat€exception,€we€endorse€the€statement€of€the€rule€set€forth€in€theÐ øH Ðconcurring€opinions€in€[òòJones€v.€United€Statesóó,€526€U.S.€227,€119€S.Ð ä4 ÐCt.€1215€(1999)]:€€ð ðIt€is€unconstitutional€for€a€legislature€to€removeÐ Ð  Ðfrom€the€jury€the€assessment€of€facts€that€increase€the€prescribedÐ ¼  Ðrange€of€penalties€to€which€a€criminal€defendant€is€exposed.€€It€isÐ ¨ø Ðequally€clear€that€such€facts€must€be€established€by€proof€beyond€aÐ ”ä Ðreasonable€doubt.ðð€€526€U.S.€at€252„53€(opinion€of€Stevens,€J.);€òòseeÐ €Ð Ðalsoóó€526€U.S.€at€253€(opinion€of€Scalia,€J.).Ðl¼` x` x ÐÌòòId.óó€at€490,€120€S.€Ct.€at€2362„63,€147€L.€Ed.€2d€at€455€(emphasis€added)€(footnote€omitted).Ð D!” ÐÌà  àSubsequent€to€the€oral€arguments€in€the€instant€appeal,€our€supreme€court€resolved€theÐ #l! Ðquestion€of€whether€the€òòApprendióó€holding€is€applicable€to€Tennesseeððs€capital€sentencing€procedure.Ð $X" ÐIn€òòState€v.€Dellingeróó,€79€S.W.3d€458,€466„67€(Tenn.€2002),€òòpetition€for€cert.€filedóó€(U.S.€Sept.€9,Ð ô$D # Ð2002)€(No.€02„6354),€the€court€explained€why€òòApprendióó€is€not€applicable€to€a€capital€case:Ð à%0!$ ÐÌÓ6°,XƒXŒ –X°,XƒX" ¸ —X6Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð à1.à Œ àÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔThe€òòApprendióó€holding€applies€to€enhancement€factors€other€thanÐ ¸'#& Ðprior€convictions.€Ô#†X ùXXX ùè#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔà h àФ(ô#'` x` x ÐòòóóÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à2.à Œ àÔ#†X ùXXX ùÂè#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔThe€death€penalty€is€within€the€statutory€range€of€punishmentÐ |*Ì%) Ðò òó óprescribed€by€the€legislature€for€first€degree€murder.€€Tenn.€CodeÐ h+¸&* ÐAnn.€ðð€39„13„202(c)(1).€The€òòApprendióó€holding€applies€only€toÐ ° Ðenhancement€factors€used€to€impose€a€sentence€above€the€statutoryÐ œì Ðmaximum.€€òòApprendióó,€530€U.S.€at€481.Ô#†X ùXXX ùdé#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔЈØ` x` x Ðà8  àÐ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à3.à Œ àÔ#†X ùXXX ù/ë#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔDistrict€attorneys€in€Tennessee€are€required€to€notify€capitalÐ `° Ðdefendants€no€less€than€thirty€days€before€trial€of€the€intent€to€seek€theÐ L œ Ðdeath€penalty€and€must€specify€the€aggravating€circumstances€uponÐ 8 ˆ Ðwhich€the€State€intends€to€rely€during€sentencing.€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.Ð $ t Ð12.3(b).€Rule€12.3(b)€ò òó ótherefore€satisfies€the€requirements€of€dueÐ  ` Ðprocess€and€notice.Ô#†X ùXXX ùáë#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔÐü L ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à4.à Œ àÔ#†X ùXXX ùóí#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔTennessee's€capital€sentencing€procedure€requires€that€a€jury€makeÐ Ô$  Ðfindings€regarding€the€statutory€aggravating€circumstances.€€Tenn.Ð À  ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€€39„13„204(f)(1),€(i).€€The€òòApprendióó€holding€applies€onlyÐ ¬ü  Ðto€sentencing€procedures€under€which€judges€sentence€the€defendants.€Ð ˜è  ÐòòApprendióó,€530€U.S.€at€476.׃h×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†X ùXXX ùƒî#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔÐ„Ô ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à5.à Œ àÔ#†X ùXXX ù£ð#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔTennessee's€capital€sentencing€procedure€requires€that€the€juryÐ \¬ Ðfind€any€statutory€aggravating€circumstance€beyond€a€reasonableÐ H˜ Ðdoubt.€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€€39„13„204(f)(1),€(i).€The€TennesseeÐ 4„ Ðstatutes€therefore€comply€with€the€"beyond€a€reasonable€doubt"Ð  p Ðstandard€required€by€òòApprendióó.€€òòApprendióó,€530€U.S.€at€476.Ô#†X ùXXX ù3ñ#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔÐ \` x` x ÐÌòòà  àóóApplying€the€holding€in€òòDellingeróó,€we€conclude€that€this€assignment€is€without€merit.Ð ä4 Ðò òÌà@ìàII.€€Denial€of€Continuance€to€Complete€Psychiatric€and€Neuropsychological€TestingˆÐ ¼  ÐÌà  àó óOn€appeal,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€his€motions€seeking€aÐ ”ä Ðcontinuance€of€the€September€27,€1999,€setting€for€the€resentencing€hearing:Ð €Ð ÐÌÓ6°,XƒX" –X°,XƒXŒ –X6Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àThe€refusal€of€the€court€to€grant€a€continuance€in€order€to€allowÐ X ¨ Ðthe€defense€adequate€time€for€preparation€for€trial€was€an€abuse€ofÐ D!” Ðdiscretion€and€resulted€in€the€denial€of€the€defendantððs€constitutionalÐ 0"€  Ðright€to€due€process€and€assistance€of€counsel.€United€StatesÐ ° ÐConstitution,€Amendments€VI,€and€XIV;€Tennessee€Constitution,€Art.Ð œì ÐI,€ðððð€8,€9€and€17.ò òЈØ` x` x ÐÌà  àó óAdditionally,€the€defendant€argues€in€his€reply€brief€that€ð ðthe€inability€of€the€defense€to€beÐ `° Ðready€as€anticipated€was€due,€in€part,€to€a€delay€by€the€State€in€approving€additional€funds€toÐ L œ Ðcomplete€the€Defendantððs€mitigation€investigation€and€the€psychological€and€psychiatricÐ 8 ˆ Ðexaminations.ððò òÐ $ t ÐÌà  àó óIn€view€of€the€nature€and€substance€of€this€assignment,€we€will€set€out€in€full€the€trial€courtððsÐ ü L  ÐOctober€12,€1999,€ð ðOrder€on€òòEx€Parte€óóMatters€and€Denial€of€Motion€for€Continuanceðð€which€detailsÐ è 8  Ðthe€complicated€and€lengthy€chronology€of€this€matter,€as€well€as€the€courtððs€reasons€for€the€denial:Ð Ô$  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àThis€cause€came€on€to€be€heard€on€the€various€òòex€parteóó€motionsÐ ¬ü  Ðfiled€by€defendant,€and€the€record€as€a€whole,Иè ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àFROM€ALL€OF€WHICH€THE€COURT€FINDS€that€defendantððsÐ pÀ Ðcase€was€remanded€back€to€this€Court€for€resentencing€after€theÐ \¬ ÐStateððs€petition€to€rehear€was€denied€October,€1996,€and€was€set€forÐ H˜ Ðresentencing€on€January€27,€1997,€by€agreement€of€all€parties.€€OnÐ 4„ ÐDecember€20,€1996,€this€Court€granted€a€continuance€at€the€requestÐ  p Ðof€the€state,€the€defendantððs€attorneys,€and€the€defendant,€acting€òòproÐ  \ Ðseóó,€and€because€a€conflict€of€interest€had€arisen€between€defendantÐ øH Ðand€the€Office€of€the€Public€Defender.€€The€circumstances€of€thisÐ ä4 Ðconflict€are€set€out€in€this€Courtððs€order€entered€June€4,€1997,Ð Ð  Ðcontinuing€the€resentencing€hearing,€relieving€his€former€attorneys€ofÐ ¼  Ðrepresentation€and€appointing€his€present€attorneys,€Robert€BrooksÐ ¨ø Ðand€Ed€Chandler.€€Not€set€out€in€that€order,€as€the€matter€was€heardÐ ”ä Ðòòex€parteóó,€was€the€request€of€defendantððs€assistant€public€defendersÐ €Ð Ðthat€they€needed€a€continuance€because€they€had€not€had€time€to€findÐ l¼ Ðan€expert€who€would€testify€in€mitigation€concerning€the€defendantððsÐ X ¨ Ðmental€condition.€€Filed€in€the€original€court€jacket€of€this€case€is€aÐ D!” Ðreport€by€the€Mississippi€State€Hospital€of€the€results€of€theirÐ 0"€  Ðevaluation€of€defendant€in€1978€that€ð ðIt€was€the€unanimous€opinionÐ #l! Ðof€the€professional€staff€of€the€forensic€unit€that€Mr.€Odom€wasÐ $X" Ðwithout€psychosis,€responsible€and€competent€to€stand€trial[.]ðð€.€.€.€Dr.Ð ô$D # ÐJohn€Hutson€had€also€been€privately€hired€by€the€Public€DefenderððsÐ à%0!$ ÐOffice€to€examine€the€defendant€for€purposes€of€mitigation€in€hisÐ Ì&"% Ðoriginal€trial,€and€although€this€Court€has€not€been€made€privy€to€theÐ ¸'#& Ðreport€of€his€examination,€he€did€testify€in€defendantððs€firstÐ ¤(ô#' Ðsentencing€hearing€that€he€examined€the€defendant€May€19th,€1991,Ð )à$( ÐMay€31,€1991,€December€30,€1991,€April€10,€1992,€and€duringÐ |*Ì%) Ðdefendantððs€original€trial.€€Although€the€trial€judge€in€that€first€trialÐ h+¸&* Ðcommitted€reversible€error€in€not€allowing€Dr.€Hutson€to€testify€toÐ ° Ðdefendantððs€social€history,€the€defense€never€attempted€to€ask€himÐ œì Ðabout€any€mental€problems€he€might€have€found€in€his€examinationÐ ˆØ Ðof€the€defendant.€€He€read€from€his€findings€from€his€examination€onÐ tÄ Ðcross„examination,€however,€thatÐ`°` x` x ÐÌÓ- °,X›X°,XƒX" –X-Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàIn€regards€to€his€sanity€at€the€time€of€his€allegedÐ 8 ˆ Ðoffense€Mr.€Odom€has€never€been€diagnosed€with€anyÐ $ t Ðsignificant€psychiatric€disorder,€such€as€would€beÐ  ` Ðlikely€to€impair€his€ability€to€appreciate€theÐ ü L  Ðwrongfulness€of€his€actions,€or€to€impair€his€ability€toÐ è 8  Ðconform€his€behavior€to€the€requirements€of€the€law.€Ð Ô$  ÐHe€likely€can€be€diagnosed€as€a€personality€disorder,Ð À  Ðbut€that€is€not€particularly€relevant€to€his€defense.€Ð ¬ü  ÐFurthermore,€his€description€of€his€behavior€just€priorÐ ˜è  Ðto€and€at€the€time€of€his€alleged€actions€on€or€about€10Ð „Ô  ÐMay,€1991,€although€indicative€of€some€desperationÐ pÀ Ðwith€regard€to€finding€food€and€shelter,€does€notÐ \¬ Ðindicate€any€significant€impairment€of€his€abilities.ÐH˜¸ ¸  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à.€.€.€He€had€also€indicated€in€his€evaluation€and€report€that€thereÐ  p Ðð ðappears€to€be€a€paucity€of€mitigating€circumstances.ðð€€On€remand,Ð  \ Ðdefendantððs€resentencing€attorneys€therefore€asked€this€Court€inÐ øH Ðchambers€to€grant€them€funds€to€hire€another€expert,€which€this€CourtÐ ä4 Ðstated€would€be€granted€when€the€expert€was€chosen,€and€a€properÐ Ð  Ðmotion€and€affidavit€were€filed.€€This€expert€had€not€been€found€byÐ ¼  Ðthe€December€20,€1996,€motion€hearing,€and€was€an€additional€reasonÐ ¨ø Ðthis€Court€granted€the€continuance€of€the€January€27,€1997Ð ”ä Ðresentencing€hearing,€as€the€defense€needed€additional€time.ЀÐ` x` x ÐÌÓ-°,XƒX" –X°,X›X-Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àAfter€new€attorneys€were€appointed€in€the€above„mentionedÐ X ¨ ÐJune€4,€1997€order,€defendant€filed€on€August€1,€1997,€a€ð ðMotion€toÐ D!” ÐSet€Resentencing,ðð€suggesting€a€resentencing€date€of€December€1997Ð 0"€  Ðor€January€1998,€to€give€the€attorneys€several€months€to€ð ðconductÐ #l! Ðsuch€further€investigation€as€is€necessary€and€to€adequately€prepareÐ $X" Ðfor€the€defendantððs€resentencing€proceeding,ðð€which€was€granted.€Ð ô$D # ÐDue€to€the€failure€of€the€defendant€to€return€from€the€State€ofÐ à%0!$ ÐMississippi€because€of€repeated€resets€of€his€murder€retrial€in€thatÐ Ì&"% Ðstate,€this€Court€was€compelled€to€reset€defendantððs€Tennessee€retrial,Ð ¸'#& Ðand€set€a€status€report€date€of€November€3,€1997,€and€then€FebruaryÐ ¤(ô#' Ð6,€1998.Ð)à$(` x` x Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àIn€January€and€February€of€1998,€defendant€filed€òòex€parteóóÐ ° Ðâ âmotions€for€a€mitigation€specialist,€a€psychologist,€a€ð ðjury€selectionÐ œì Ðand€trial€consultant,ðð€and€a€research€assistant€for€a€motion€for€changeÐ ˆØ Ðof€venue.€€This€Court€granted€the€motion€as€to€the€mitigationÐ tÄ Ðspecialist,€Gloria€Shettles,€and€entered€a€written€order€to€that€effectÐ `° ÐJune€29,€1998.€€The€motion€for€the€jury€consultant/research€assistantÐ L œ Ðwas€denied,€as€there€was€no€showing€of€particularized€need.€€òòState€v.Ð 8 ˆ ÐBlackóó,€815€S.W.2d€166,€179„80€(Tenn.€1991).€€This€Court€also€feltÐ $ t Ðthere€would€be€no€problem€with€pretrial€publicity.€€In€the€pretrial€juryÐ  ` Ðquestionnaire€and€individual€voir€dire€on€pretrial€publicityÐ ü L  Ðadministered€at€the€resentencing€hearing,€only€one€juror,€a€televisionÐ è 8  Ðnews€reporter,€was€exposed€to€any€prejudicial€pretrial€publicity,€andÐ Ô$  Ðshe€was€excused€for€cause.ÐÀ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àThe€motion€for€a€psychologist€stated€that€ð ðCounsel€has€recentlyÐ ˜è  Ðlearned€of€possible€indications€in€the€defendantððs€behavior€of€anÐ „Ô  Ðintermittent€explosive€disorderðð€due€to€a€prison€guardððs€tellingÐ pÀ Ðcounsel€that€the€defendant€had€a€violent€temper.€€It€was€alsoÐ \¬ Ðsupported€by€an€affidavit€from€Dr.€John€Hutson,€defendantððs€originalÐ H˜ Ðpsychologist,€who€referenced€the€1978€Mississippi€exam€and€his€ownÐ 4„ Ðexam€of€defendant€in€1991,€and€stated€he€felt€a€new€exam€wasÐ  p Ðwarranted,€as€7€years€had€passed€since€the€original€trial.€€He€did€not,Ð  \ Ðhowever,€note€any€finding€at€any€time€of€any€new€mental€problemsÐ øH Ðpossessed€by€the€defendant.€€This€Court€told€defendantððs€attorneys€theÐ ä4 Ðmotion€would€be€granted€once€a€psychologist€was€chosen€and€theÐ Ð  Ðproper€motion€and€affidavits€were€filed.€€Between€further€status€datesÐ ¼  Ðof€February€27,€1998,€March€26,€1998,€May€29,€1998,€and€August€28,Ð ¨ø Ð1998,€this€Court€received€nothing€from€defendant€requesting€anyÐ ”ä Ðfunds€for€any€mental€health€experts€or€examinations.€€Defendant€wasÐ €Ð Ðagain€convicted€of€the€1978€murder€in€Mississippi€in€July€of€1998.€Ð l¼ ÐThis€Court,€on€August€28,€1998,€set€an€additional€status€report€dateÐ X ¨ Ðfor€November€30,€1998,€giving€defendant€an€additional€four€monthsÐ D!” Ðto€complete€any€investigation€necessitated€by€the€Mississippi€murderÐ 0"€  Ðretrial€and€conviction,€which€the€state€was€using€as€an€aggravatingÐ #l! Ðcircumstance.€€During€this€additional€four€month€delay€nothing€wasÐ $X" Ðheard€from€defendantððs€attorneys€òòex€parteóó€regarding€funds€for€aÐ ô$D # Ðpsychologist.€€On€November€30,€1998€the€resentencing€hearing€wasÐ à%0!$ Ðthen€set€for€retrial€May€10,€1999,€by€agreement€of€all€parties,€givingÐ Ì&"% Ðdefendant€more€than€5€additional€months€to€complete€any€neededÐ ¸'#& Ðmitigation€investigation.€€Motions€were€heard€February€26,€1999,€andÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthis€Court€allowed€òòex€parteóó€funds€that€same€day€for€copies€ofÐ )à$( Ðpleadings€from€two€other€capital€cases€recently€tried.€€No€mentionÐ |*Ì%) Ðwas€made€during€these€discussions€of€a€need€for€a€psychologist,€andÐ h+¸&* Ðthis€Court€assumed€that€since€10€months€had€passed€since€the€òòex€parteóóÐ ° Ðrequest€for€a€psychologist,€the€defense€was€not€going€to€proceed€withÐ œì Ða€mental€defense,€given€the€lack€of€any€support€for€one€in€theÐ ˆØ Ðpleadings€and€record€before€this€Court.ÐtÄ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àOn€March€2,€1999,€a€ð ðMotion€for€Continuance€of€Jury€Trial€SetÐ L œ ÐMay€10,€1999,ðð€was€filed€by€the€defendant.€€An€additional€ð ðMotionÐ 8 ˆ Ðto€Continue€Motion€Hearing€and€Jury€Trialðð€was€filed€March€25,Ð $ t Ð1999,€by€the€defendant.€€At€the€hearing€on€these€two€motions€forÐ  ` Ðcontinuance,€defendantððs€attorneys€revealed€in€open€court€that€theirÐ ü L  Ðmitigation€expert,€Gloria€Shettles,€for€which€this€Court€had€allowedÐ è 8  Ðfunds€òòex€parteóó,€had€not€completed€the€mitigation€investigation,€andÐ Ô$  Ðthat€the€attorneys€had€just€recently€discovered€this€fact,€and€could€notÐ À  Ðbe€ready€for€trial€May€10th.€€The€State,€understandably€aggrieved,Ð ¬ü  Ðobjected€to€the€continuance€and€asked€this€Court€to€order€theÐ ˜è  Ðdefendant€to€reveal€the€nature€of€the€mitigation€proof€so€that€the€StateÐ „Ô  Ðwould€not€be€handicapped€in€opposing€the€motions€for€continuance.€Ð pÀ ÐThis€Court€denied€this€request,€granting€over€the€Stateððs€strenuousÐ \¬ Ðobjection€the€motions€to€continue,€resetting€the€resentencing€hearingÐ H˜ Ðfor€September€27,€1999,€to€give€the€defense€more€than€five€additionalÐ 4„ Ðmonths€to€prepare.Ð p` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àAfter€the€continuance€was€granted,€another€òòex€parteóó€motion€forÐ øH Ða€psychiatrist€was€filed€April€23,€1999,€requesting€Dr.€Kenner,€aÐ ä4 ÐNashville€expert,€and€a€supplemental€motion€requested€a€spinal€tap€ofÐ Ð  Ðthe€defendant€and€a€serotonin€study€by€Dr.€Rossby,€also€fromÐ ¼  ÐNashville.€€These€were€both€granted€in€orders€entered€by€this€CourtÐ ¨ø Ðon€April€27,€1999,€approved€by€Chief€Justice€Riley€Anderson,€andÐ ”ä Ðreturned€to€this€Court€June€15,€1999.€€Also€approved€were€additionalÐ €Ð Ðfunds€for€Gloria€Shettles.€€Other€motions€were€filed€and€heard€MayÐ l¼ Ð28,€1999.€€This€Court€also€approved€in€òòex€parteóó€hearings€a€spinal€tapÐ X ¨ Ðof€the€defendant€on€July€15,€1999,€an€Order€for€Jail€Records€onÐ D!” ÐAugust€6,€1999,€funds€for€a€transcript€of€the€Mississippi€trial€onÐ 0"€  ÐAugust€30,€1999,€and€funds€for€a€glucose€tolerance€test€on€SeptemberÐ #l! Ð16,€1999.Ð$X"` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àOn€August€10,€1999,€another€motion€for€continuance€was€filedÐ à%0!$ Ðby€the€defendant,€stating€that€a€mitigation€witness€(later€found€to€beÐ Ì&"% ÐGloria€Shettles)€had€a€conflict€with€the€September€27th€date.€€InÐ ¸'#& Ðdiscussing€a€hearing€date€on€the€motion€in€court€with€Mr.€Brooks,€heÐ ¤(ô#' Ðinformed€me€that€only€a€one€week€continuance€would€be€requested,Ð )à$( Ðand€I€asked€him€to€get€with€Mr.€Harris€(one€of€the€prosecutors)€andÐ |*Ì%) Ðagree€on€a€date€to€hear€the€motion€as€soon€as€possible.€€This€motionÐ h+¸&* Ðwas€then€withdrawn€by€defendant€off€the€record,€during€aÐ ° Ðconversation€between€Mr.€Brooks€and€Mr.€Harris,€in€which€Mr.Ð œì ÐBrooks€told€Mr.€Harris€to€inform€me€that€the€motion€would€beÐ ˆØ Ðwithdrawn€and€would€not€need€a€hearing€date,€as€the€witness€conflictÐ tÄ Ðhad€been€resolved.€€This€Court€was€so€informed,€and€this€motion€isÐ `° Ðhereby€shown€withdrawn.€€No€mention€was€ever€made€at€any€timeÐ L œ Ðduring€these€discussions€that€the€defense€might€not€otherwise€beÐ 8 ˆ Ðready€for€trial.Ð$ t` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àMr.€Brooks€next€came€to€see€me€in€chambers€on€September€14,Ð ü L  Ð1999,€less€than€two€weeks€before€trial€date,€with€an€òòex€parteóó€writtenÐ è 8  Ðrequest€for€expert€services€to€be€performed€beginning€November€1,Ð Ô$  Ð1999,€which€stated€that€ð ðDr.€Kenner€has€requested€that€a€neuro„Ð À  Ðpsychological€evaluation€of€the€defendant€be€performed€by€Dr.Ð ¬ü  ÐPamela€Auble€.€.€.€in€order€that€he€may€complete€his€evaluation.ðð€Ð ˜è  ÐThis€request€was€being€made€almost€five€months€after€the€order€wasÐ „Ô  Ðentered€for€funds€for€Dr.€Kenner,€and€three€months€after€receipt€ofÐ pÀ Ðthose€approved€orders€from€the€Supreme€Court.€€I€denied€that€request,Ð \¬ Ðstating€that€there€could€be€no€specialized€need€for€services€performedÐ H˜ ÐNovember€1st,€as€that€would€be€after€the€resentencing€hearing,€whichÐ 4„ Ðwas€to€begin€September€27th.€€Defendant€then€filed€another€MotionÐ  p Ðfor€Continuance€on€September€16,€1999,€which€was€heard€that€sameÐ  \ Ðday,€and€denied.€€This€Court€finds€that€defendantððs€attorneys€haveÐ øH Ðbeen€given€more€than€enough€time€to€prepare€a€mitigation€defense.€Ð ä4 ÐAlthough€the€delay€of€the€resentencing€from€the€first€setting€ofÐ Ð  ÐJanuary€27,€1997,€was€in€part€caused€by€the€defendantððs€being€inÐ ¼  ÐMississippi,€there€is€absolutely€no€excuse€for€the€mitigationÐ ¨ø Ðinvestigation€not€to€have€been€completed€during€this€period€of€time,Ð ”ä Ðprior€to€November€30,€1998.€€The€defendant€had€different€attorneysÐ €Ð Ðappointed€to€represent€him€in€Mississippi,€and€that€trial€in€no€wayÐ l¼ Ðprevented€his€present€attorneys€from€their€trial€preparation€of€hisÐ X ¨ ÐTennessee€resentencing€hearing.€€After€defendantððs€conviction€inÐ D!” ÐMississippi€in€July,€1998,€he€was€returned€to€Tennessee,€and€had€anÐ 0"€  Ðadditional€4€months€to€prepare€for€his€status€report€date€of€NovemberÐ #l! Ð30,€1998.€€After€November€30th,€he€was€granted€an€additional€5Ð $X" Ðmonths€to€prepare€before€his€resentencing€hearing,€set€May€10,€1999.€Ð ô$D # ÐBecause€this€Court€felt€constitutionally€compelled€to€grant€yet€anotherÐ à%0!$ Ðcontinuance€of€the€May€10€resentencing€hearing,€as€the€attorneysÐ Ì&"% Ðadmitted€on€the€record€their€mitigation€investigation€was€still€notÐ ¸'#& Ðcomplete,€this€Court€gave€them€an€additional€5€months€from€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðgranting€of€the€continuance€until€the€new€date€of€September€27,€1999.€Ð )à$( ÐThis€period€of€time€is€much€more€than€sufficient€to€have€prepared€anyÐ |*Ì%) Ðmitigation€defense,€no€matter€how€involved,€intricate€or€complex.Ðh+¸&*` x` x Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àThis€Court€also€considered€the€nature€of€the€expert€servicesÐ ° Ðrequested,€a€neuro„psychological€exam,€and€felt€that€defendant€couldÐ œì Ðhave€those€services€performed€prior€to€September€27th€by€someoneÐ ˆØ Ðelse.€€The€day€after€the€September€16th€motion€for€continuance€wasÐ tÄ Ðdenied,€this€Court€in€fact€entered€an€òòex€parteóó€order€at€the€request€ofÐ `° Ðthe€defense€authorizing€the€neuro„psychological€evaluation,€to€beÐ L œ Ðperformed€immediately€by€a€Dr.€Alison€Kirk€in€Nashville.Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àOn€September€22,€1999,€the€defendant€filed€yet€another€motionÐ  ` Ðto€continue,€òòex€parteóó,€which€stated€that€after€Dr.€Kirk€talked€to€Dr.Ð ü L  ÐKenner,€she€changed€her€mind€about€performing€the€evaluation.€€ThisÐ è 8  Ðmotion€was€supported€by€an€affidavit€from€Dr.€Kenner€that€stated€thatÐ Ô$  Ðunless€this€evaluation€were€done€(presumably€by€Dr.€Auble)€he€couldÐ À  Ðnot€in€good€conscience€continue€his€work€on€defendantððs€case.€€ThisÐ ¬ü  Ðmotion€was€argued€in€open€court,€as€this€Court€cannot€hear€motionsÐ ˜è  Ðto€continue€òòex€parteóó,€with€the€State€being€present,€but€not€beingÐ „Ô  Ðallowed€to€see€the€motion.€€This€Court€denied€that€motion,€for€theÐ pÀ Ðreasons€stated€on€the€record€at€the€time,€stating€also€that€the€CourtÐ \¬ Ðwould€enter€this€order€additionally€setting€out€òòex€parteóó€reasons.€€ThereÐ H˜ Ðis€still€nothing€on€the€record€that€would€support€any€mental€illness€orÐ 4„ Ðdefect€possessed€by€the€defendant€which€could€be€used€in€mitigation,Ð  p Ðand€the€nature€of€the€additional€services€requested,€for€which€theÐ  \ Ðcontinuance€was€sought,€are€merely€exploratory€in€nature.€€AlthoughÐ øH Ðthe€defense€desires€that€these€services€be€performed,€a€showing€ofÐ ä4 Ðparticularized€need€for€funds€for€these€services€has€not€been€shown,Ð Ð  Ðand€they€are€not€so€material€to€mitigation€that€ð ðthe€failure€to€grant€aÐ ¼  Ðcontinuance€denied€defendant€a€fair€trial€or€that€it€could€be€reasonablyÐ ¨ø Ðconcluded€that€a€different€result€would€have€followed€had€theÐ ”ä Ðcontinuance€been€granted.ðð€€òòState€v.€Hinesóó,€919€S.W.2d€573,€579Ð €Ð Ð(Tenn.€1995).Ðl¼` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àOn€September€23rd,€1999,€another€òòex€parteóó€motion€was€filed,Ð D!” Ðseeking€this€Court€to€authorize€additional€funds€for€Dr.€Kenner€toÐ 0"€  Ðtravel€to€Memphis€to€testify,€supported€by€an€affidavit€from€Dr.Ð #l! ÐKenner€signed€September€21st,€which€shows€2ðð€hours€ofÐ $X" Ðexamination€of€the€defendant€and€7ðð€hours€review€of€records,€and€aÐ ô$D # Ðbill€for€$2,000.€€He€asked€for€an€additional€$10,000€limit€to€travel€toÐ à%0!$ ÐMemphis€and€testify,€although€stating€no€conclusions€that€he€foundÐ Ì&"% Ðanything€concerning€the€defendantððs€mental€state€the€defendant€couldÐ ¸'#& Ðuse€in€mitigation.€€This€Court,€in€deference€to€the€right€of€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdefendant€to€put€on€mitigation,€authorized€the€funds.Ð)à$(` x` x Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àOn€the€day€of€trial,€the€defense€informed€this€Court€in€openÐ ° Ðâ âcourt€that€Dr.€Kenner€was€refusing€to€come€to€Memphis€to€testify,Ð œì Ðbecause€this€Court€would€not€allow€a€continuance€so€that€Dr.€AubleÐ ˆØ Ðcould€perform€additional€tests.€€This€Court,€feeling€that€it€should€notÐ tÄ Ðallow€the€Criminal€Justice€System€to€be€held€hostage€by€aÐ `° Ðpsychiatrist,€offered€to€compel€the€attendance€of€Dr.€Kenner,€whichÐ L œ Ðoffer€was€declined€by€the€defense,€presumably€because€Dr.€KennerÐ 8 ˆ Ðwould€have€had€nothing€to€offer.€€The€òòex€parteóó€order€previouslyÐ $ t Ðentered€on€April€27,€1999,€authorizing€funds€for€Dr.€Kenner€isÐ  ` Ðtherefore€rescinded,€and€it€is€hereby€ordered€that€Dr.€Kenner€not€beÐ ü L  Ðreimbursed€by€the€Administrative€Office€of€the€Courts€for€anyÐ è 8  Ðservices€performed€by€him€in€connection€with€this€case,€due€to€hisÐ Ô$  Ðwillful€refusal€to€testify€in€defendantððs€resentencing€hearing.ÐÀ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àThis€Court€has€done€everything€in€its€power€to€allow€theÐ ˜è  Ðdefendant€to€produce€every€bit€of€proof€he€could€muster€in€hisÐ „Ô  Ðresentencing,€allowing€many€continuances€over€a€period€of€two€yearsÐ pÀ Ðand€eight€months€from€the€first€resentencing€hearing€set€January€27,Ð \¬ Ð1997,€and€has€allowed€funds€for€numerous€experts€wheneverÐ H˜ Ðrequested.€€The€defendant€had€a€fair€trial€and€presented€an€effective,Ð 4„ Ðalthough€not€victorious,€defense.€€To€have€permitted€yet€anotherÐ  p Ðcontinuance€to€allow€the€defendant€to€conduct€last€minute€exploratoryÐ  \ Ðexaminations,€for€which€no€basis€had€been€shown€in€the€record,€at€theÐ øH Ðlast€minute€whim€of€a€petulant€expert€witness,€would€have€been€inÐ ä4 Ðthis€Courtððs€opinion€extremely€improper,€and€would€be€a€gross€abuseÐ Ð  Ðof€the€judicial€process.м ` x` x ÐÌà  àWe€now€will€consider€the€defendantððs€claim€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€byÐ ”ä Ðdenying€the€motion€to€continue€the€resentencing€hearing€from€September€27,€1999.Ð €Ð Ðò òÌà  àó óÔ#†X ùXXX ù ó#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔThe€decision€to€grant€or€deny€a€request€for€a€trial€continuance€rests€within€the€sole€discretionÐ X ¨ Ðof€the€trial€court.€€òòState€v.€Mannóó,€959€S.W.2d€503,€524€(Tenn.€1997)€(citing€òòState€v.€Morganóó,€825Ð D!” ÐS.W.2d€113,€117€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991)).€We€will€reverse€the€trial€court's€denial€of€a€continuanceÐ 0"€  Ðonly€upon€a€showing€that€the€denial€was€an€abuse€of€discretion,€and€the€defendant€was€prejudicedÐ #l! Ðby€the€denial,€in€that€there€is€a€reasonable€probability€that,€had€the€continuance€been€granted,€theÐ $X" Ðresult€of€the€proceeding€would€have€been€different.€€òòId.óó€(citing€ò òó ó€òòState€v.€Dykesóó,€803€S.W.2d€250,€257Ð ô$D # Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990));€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€261€(Tenn.€1994).Ô#†X ùXXX ù­T#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùԀРà%0!$ ÐÌà  àOn€appeal,€this€issue€is€presented€with€the€defendantððs€claim€that€the€trial€court,€by€denyingÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€motions€for€continuance,€did€not€allow€him€time€ð ðto€complete€psychiatric€and€neuropsychologicalÐ ¤(ô#' Ðâ âtesting.ðð€€The€matter€of€such€additional€testing€appears€first€to€have€been€presented€to€the€trial€courtÐ )à$( Ðin€the€defendantððs€ð ðEx€Parte€Sealed€Motion€for€Psychologistððòòóó€filed€in€January€1998,׃"×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€to€which€wasÐ ° Ðâ âattached€a€January€27,€1998,€affidavit€of€clinical€psychologist€Dr.€John€Hutson,€which€suggested€thatÐ œì Ðfurther€testing€was€appropriate€because€the€defendantððs€last€psychological€evaluation€was€in€1991Ð ˆØ Ðand€his€last€neurological€examination,€as€best€could€be€determined,€was€in€1978:Ð tÄ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àI€originally€examined€the€defendant,€Richard€Odom[,]€in€midÐ L œ Ð1991,€in€connection€with€this€case;Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àAt€the€request€of€his€present€counsel€I€have€reviewed€my€file€onÐ  ` Ðhim€and€it€is€my€professional€opinion€that€a€further€psychologicalÐ ü L  Ðevaluation€of€Richard€Odom€would€be€prudent€at€this€time€because€ofÐ è 8  Ðthe€age€of€the€prior€evaluation,€new€information€which€has€developed,Ð Ô$  Ðand€the€limited€scope€of€the€prior€evaluation.€€I€believe€a€thoroughÐ À  Ðnew€evaluation€is€necessary€in€order€for€Odomððs€psychological€profileÐ ¬ü  Ðto€be€fully€developed€and€considered€for€mitigation€purposes.€€TheÐ ˜è  Ðlast€evaluation€is€nearly€seven€years€old€and€further€psychological€andÐ „Ô  Ðlegal€developments€have€taken€place€in€the€interim€that€should€beÐ pÀ Ðconsidered€by€the€sentencing€jury;Ð\¬` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àA€further€neurological€exam€is€also€indicated.€The€only€previousÐ 4„ Ðexam€which€we€could€find€was€conducted€in€1978€and€not€for€theÐ  p Ðpurpose€of€this€case.€€Like€the€psychological€evaluation,€theÐ  \ Ðneurological€examination€also€was€less€comprehensive€than€would€beÐ øH Ðindicated€and€expected€for€a€case€such€as€this.€€In€my€professionalÐ ä4 Ðopinion,€a€current€and€in„depth€neurological€examination€is€necessaryÐ Ð  Ðto€fully€explore€any€possible€neurological€factors€that€should€be€takenÐ ¼  Ðinto€consideration€by€the€sentencing€jury.Шø` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€defendantððs€motion€to€retain€a€psychologist€concluded€with€the€request€that:Ð €Ð ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àthe€Court€authorize€the€defendant€to€retain€the€services€of€clinicalÐ X ¨ Ðpsychologist€John€Hutson€to€update€and€expand€his€previousÐ D!” Ðpsychological€evaluation€and€the€previous€neurological€evaluation€ofÐ 0"€  Ðthe€defendant,€and€prays€that€this€motion,€any€order€entered€thereon,Ð #l! Ðand€the€record€of€any€hearing€be€sealed.Ð$X"` x` x ÐÌà  àAccording€to€the€trial€courtððs€order€of€November€10,€1999,€reciting€the€chronology€of€thisÐ à%0!$ Ðmatter,€counsel€who€represented€the€defendant€at€the€resentencing€hearing€had€been€appointed€onÐ Ì&"% ÐNovember€30,€1998;€and€the€hearing€itself€was€set€for€May€10,€1999.€€However,€on€March€2,€AprilÐ ¸'#& Ð16,€and€May€10,€1999,€defense€counsel€filed€motions€to€continue€the€resentencing€hearing,€the€latterÐ ¤(ô#' Ðof€these€motions€stating€that€ð ð[c]onsidering€the€time€necessary€to€complete€his€preparations€for€saidÐ )à$( Ðhearing€and€the€schedules€of€the€lawyers€and€witnesses€involved[,]€the€time€period€most€propitiousÐ ° Ðfor€scheduling€the€hearing€is€the€second€half€of€August,€1999.ðð€€Over€the€spirited€objection€of€theÐ œì ÐState,€the€resentencing€hearing€subsequently€was€reset€until€September€27,€1999.€€Ô#†X ùXXX ù)X#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔÐ ˆØ ÐÌà  àThe€defense€had€filed€an€òòex€parteóó€motion€on€April€23,€1999,€with€a€request€identical€as€to€thatÐ `° Ðfor€Dr.€Hutson,€but€this€time€requesting€that€psychiatrist€William€D.€Kenner,€M.D.,€be€employed€ð ðtoÐ L œ Ðupdate€and€expand€his€previous€psychological€evaluation€and€the€previous€neurological€evaluationÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€the€defendant.ðð€That€same€day,€defense€counsel€filed€an€additional€òòex€parteóó€motion€to€retain€S.Ð $ t ÐPaul€Rossby,€Ph.D.,€who,€according€to€the€motion,€ð ðstrongly€recommends€that€the€defendant€beÐ  ` Ðevaluated€for€serotonin€function€to€determine€whether€his€capacity€to€control€his€impulsive/violentÐ ü L  Ðbehavior€is€organically€impaired.ðð€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àIn€sealed€orders€entered€on€April€27,€1999,€the€trial€court€authorized€that€the€defendant€beÐ À  Ðexamined€and€evaluated€by€Drs.€Kenner€and€Rossby.€€In€a€related€òòex€parteóó€order€entered€on€July€15,Ð ¬ü  Ð1999,€the€trial€court€ordered€that€the€State€transport€the€defendant€on€July€25,€1999,€to€the€RiverbendÐ ˜è  ÐMaximum€Security€Institution€infirmary€for€a€spinal€tap€to€obtain€samples€of€his€cerebrospinal€fluid€Ð „Ô  Ðfor€serotonin€level€analysis.Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àDefense€counsel€then€filed€an€òòex€parteóó€motion€on€September€14,€1999,€stating€that€Dr.Ð H˜ ÐKenner€was€ð ðcurrently€in€the€process€of€evaluating€the€defendant€in€preparation€for€his€sentencingÐ 4„ Ðhearingðð€and€had€ð ðrequested€that€a€neuro„psychological€evaluation€of€the€defendant€be€performedÐ  p Ðby€Dr.€Pamela€Auble€.€.€.€in€order€that€he€may€complete€his€evaluation.ðð€€The€motion€stated€furtherÐ  \ Ðthat€ð ðDr.€Auble€has€agreed€to€perform€said€evaluation€and€is€scheduled€to€do€so€on€November€1,Ð øH Ð1999,€her€first€available€date.ðð€€Additionally,€the€motion€advised€that,€at€the€request€of€Dr.€Rossby,Ð ä4 Ðwho€also€was€ð ðcurrently€in€the€process€of€evaluating€the€defendant€in€preparation€for€his€sentencingÐ Ð  Ðhearing,ðð€a€glucose€tolerance€test€would€be€performed€on€the€defendant.€€By€sealed€order€entered€onÐ ¼  ÐSeptember€16,€1999,€the€trial€court€authorized€payment€for€this€test€and€transportation€of€theÐ ¨ø Ðdefendant€to€the€Nashville€Memorial€Hospital€so€that€it€would€be€done€ð ðon€a€mutually€convenientÐ ”ä Ðtime€and€date.ðð€€€Another€sealed€order€was€entered€the€next€day€authorizing€a€neuropsychologicalÐ €Ð Ðevaluation€by€Dr.€Alison€Kirk.€Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àOn€September€16,€1999,€the€trial€court€had€a€hearing€on€the€defendantððs€motion€to€continueÐ D!” Ðthe€resentencing€hearing.€€The€State€strenuously€objected€to€a€resetting,€reciting€arrangements€madeÐ 0"€  Ðby€certain€of€its€witnesses€to€be€present€on€the€date€scheduled€for€the€hearing,€including€one€returningÐ #l! Ðfrom€a€sailing€trip€in€the€Atlantic€Ocean€and€three€witnesses€coming€from€Mississippi.€€Additionally,Ð $X" Ðthe€State€advised€the€court€that€the€State€had€expended€$1200€for€the€May€setting€for€jurors€to€comeÐ ô$D # Ðearly€and€complete€juror€questionnaires,€and€had€expended€an€additional€sum€for€questionnaires€forÐ à%0!$ Ðthe€September€27€setting.€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€hearing,€the€trial€court€denied€the€continuanceÐ Ì&"% Ðmotion.€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àOn€September€22,€1999,€defense€counsel€filed€an€òòex€parte€óóaffidavit€in€support€of€the€motionÐ )à$( Ðfor€continuance€of€the€resentencing€hearing€from€its€September€27,€1999,€setting.€€The€affidavitÐ |*Ì%) Ðrecited€that€ð ð[s]ubsequent€to€the€denial€of€the€defendantððs€motion€for€a€continuance€to€allow€him€toÐ h+¸&* Ðobtain€the€services€of€Dr.€Pamela€Auble,ðð€counsel€ð ðattempted€to€locate€someone€who€was€able€toÐ ° Ðperform€the€evaluation€prior€to€the€date€set€for€sentencing,€September€21,€1999€[sic].ðð€€The€affidavitÐ œì Ðstated€further€that€ð ð[t]he€only€board€certified€neuro„psychologist€counsel€could€locate€who€wasÐ ˆØ Ðavailable€was€Dr.€Alison€Y.€Kirk.€€Dr.€Kirk,€however,€has€no€forensic€experience€and€is€unwillingÐ tÄ Ðto€testify€in€court.ðð€Thus,€according€to€counselððs€affidavit,€Dr.€Kirk€concluded€that€ð ðit€would€beÐ `° Ðprofessionally€inappropriate€for€her€to€conduct€the€neuro„psychological€evaluation€in€the€case.ðð€Ð L œ ÐAttached€to€the€affidavit€of€counsel€was€a€copy€of€a€September€21,€1999,€affidavit€of€Dr.€Kenner,Ð 8 ˆ Ðwhich€stated€in€part:Ð $ t ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIn€Mr.€Odemððs€[sic]€case,€I€performed€a€psychiatric€evaluation€onÐ ü L  ÐSeptember€17,€1999.€€As€a€result€of€that€examination,€I€haveÐ è 8  Ðrecommended€that€Mr.€Odem€[sic]€have€a€neuropsychologicalÐ Ô$  Ðevaluation.€€Those€neuropsychologist[s]€in€the€mid„state€area€whoÐ À  Ðhave€forensic€experience€were€unable€to€schedule€the€examination€inÐ ¬ü  Ðtime€to€be€finished€for€the€trial€that€starts€on€Monday,€September€27òòthóó.€Ð ˜è  ÐMy€understanding€is€that€the€neuropsychologists€in€the€western€partÐ „Ô  Ðof€the€state€are€similarly€busy.ÐpÀ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àIn€my€professional€opinion,€that€neuropsychologicalÐ H˜ Ðexamination€is€required€in€order€to€adequately€prepare€my€testimonyÐ 4„ Ðin€this€case.€€For€me€to€go€ahead€and€testify€without€thatÐ  p Ðneuropsychological€examination€would€mean€that€my€work€in€Mr.Ð  \ ÐOdemððs€€[sic]€case€would€fall€below€the€standard€of€care€in€theÐ øH Ðcommunity€for€a€forensic€examination€in€a€capital€case.€€I€cannot€inÐ ä4 Ðgood€conscience€continue€my€work€in€Mr.€Odemððs€[sic]€case.€€SinceÐ Ð  ÐI€will€be€unable€to€complete€my€work€in€the€case,€I€will€not€bill€theÐ ¼  ÐState€for€the€ten€hours€of€my€time€invested€to€date.Шø` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àIn€my€professional€opinion,€to€adequately€defend€Mr.€OdemÐ €Ð Ð[sic],€his€defense€team€will€require€both€psychiatric€andÐ l¼ Ðneuropsychological€testimony.€€€ÐX ¨` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€held€a€hearing€on€the€continuance€motion€on€September€22,€1999,€the€sameÐ 0"€  Ðday€that€it€was€filed.€€The€State€again€strongly€opposed€the€continuance€motion,€advising€the€courtÐ #l! Ðof€the€efforts€already€made€by€its€witnesses€to€be€present€at€the€resentencing€hearing.€€The€trial€courtÐ $X" Ðdenied€the€continuance€motion.Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àDefense€counsel€then€filed€an€òòex€parte€óómotion€on€September€23,€1999,€reciting€that€the€trialÐ Ì&"% Ðcourt€previously€had€authorized€payment€of€$5000€to€Dr.€Kenner€and€stating€that€ð ðDr.€Kenner€hasÐ ¸'#& Ðadvised€counsel€for€the€defendant€that€he€will€require€up€to€an€additional€$10,000.00€for€hisÐ ¤(ô#' Ðtestimony€at€the€defendantððs€sentencing€hearing.ðð€€Attached€to€that€motion€was€an€affidavit€of€Dr.Ð )à$( ÐKenner,€dated€September€21,€1999,€as€had€been€his€affidavit€attached€to€the€continuance€motion€filedÐ |*Ì%) ÐSeptember€22,€1999,€and€stating€as€follows:Ð h+¸&* ÐÑOaÑâ âѰ°Ñâ âÑ  ÑÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àBeing€duly€sworn,€William€D.€Kenner,€M.D.€deposes€asÐ œì Ðfollows:ЈØ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àIn€the€above€styled€case,€I€have€been€asked€to€examine€theÐ `° Ðdefendant,€Richard€Odom.€If,€after€a€review€of€the€records€andÐ L œ Ðneuropsychological€evaluation,€I€find€mitigating€factors;€then€I€willÐ 8 ˆ Ðbe€asked€to€testify€in€his€resenting€[sic]€hearing€in€Memphis.€€At€thisÐ $ t Ðpoint,€I€have€been€approved€for€five€thousand€dollars€through€the€trialÐ  ` Ðcourt€and€the€AOC.€€€I€have€spend€[sic]€ten€hours€in€the€case€(my€billÐ ü L  Ðto€date€is€included)€and€I€anticipate€that€considerably€more€time€willÐ è 8  Ðbe€needed€through€trial.€€Before€trial€I€anticipate€re„reviewing€the€fileÐ Ô$  Ðand€calling€significant€witnesses€who€were€mentioned€in€theÐ À  Ðmitigation€material.€€I€may€re„interview€the€defendant€and€talk€withÐ ¬ü  Ðhis€family.€€In€complex€cases€such€as€this,€consultation€with€theÐ ˜è  Ðdefense€attorneys€often€takes€considerable€time.€€Travel€time€betweenÐ „Ô  ÐNashville€and€Memphis€adds€to€my€time.€€Another€factor€that€arisesÐ pÀ Ðfrom€the€distance€involves€the€economic€use€of€time.€€In€cases€withinÐ \¬ Ðdriving€time€from€Nashville,€I€can€wait€for€a€telephone€call€from€theÐ H˜ Ðcourt€to€leave€my€office.€€In€that€way,€my€time€spent€waiting€isÐ 4„ Ðminimal.€€In€distant€cases,€I€need€a€nightððs€rest€before€I€make€theÐ  p Ðjourney.€€As€a€result,€I€have€at€times€been€left€waiting€for€hours€toÐ  \ Ðdays€before€I€could€testify€and€return€home.ÐøH` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àFor€the€above€reasons,€I€have€asked€that€the€trial€court€approveÐ Ð  Ðadditional€funds€to€finish€this€case.€€In€order€to€be€safe,€I€have€askedÐ ¼  Ðfor€an€additional€ten€thousand€dollars.€€I€am€certain€that€my€bill€willÐ ¨ø Ðnot€be€that€much€but€I€would€prefer€to€be€safe€rather€than€sorry.Дä` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` àà " àà  àà h àà À àà  àWILLIAM€D.€KENNER,€M.D.Ð l¼ ÐÌThe€trial€court€entered€an€order€on€that€same€day€approving€the€additional€expenditure€requested€byÐ D!” ÐDr.€Kenner€in€his€affidavit.€Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àOn€September€27,€1999,€the€morning€that€jury€selection€was€to€begin€for€the€resentencingÐ $X" Ðhearing,€the€defense€made€an€oral€motion€to€continue€the€matter,€stating€as€follows:Ð ô$D # ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àAs€we€indicated€to€you€ð!ð€I€believe€it€was€an€ex€parteÐ Ì&"% Ðcommunication,€but€Iððm€not€sure.€€I€know€Mr.€Brooks€has€notified€theÐ ¸'#& Ðcourt€that€last€week,€much€to€our€shock€and€surprise,€one€of€our€keyÐ ¤(ô#' Ðwitnesses,€Dr.€Kenner,€a€child€psychiatrist€in€Nashville€that€we€hadÐ )à$( Ðemployed,€and€had€ex€parte€order€awarding€him€monies,€called€me€onÐ |*Ì%) ÐWednesday,€I€believe€it€was,€about€8:00€oððclock€in€the€morning€ð!ðÐ h+¸&* Ð8:30€ð!ð€and€said€he€was€not€coming.€€This€was€a€bombshell€to€usÐ ° Ðbecause€if€youððll€notice€from€my€notice€of€intent€to€mental€condition,Ð œì Ðheððs€one€half€of€our€defense.ЈØ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àNow,€let€me€try€to€explain€that.€€For€mitigation,€weððre€going€toÐ `° Ðcall€a€Dr.€Rossby,€with€regard€to€the€spinal€tap€and€the€brainÐ L œ Ðchemistry,€which€I€think€is€sufficient€to€mitigate€this€case.€€But€weÐ 8 ˆ Ðhad€a€double€blow€ð!ð€kind€of€like€a€shotgun€ð!ð€we€had€two€shots.€€TheÐ $ t Ðother€half€was€Dr.€Kenner.€€Now,€let€me€explain€to€Your€Honor€whatÐ  ` Ðð!ð€there€are€some€facts€you€need€to€be€aware€of.€€My€client€was€bornÐ ü L  Ðin€1960,€and€in€1963€he€was€adopted,€and€he€was€abandoned€by€hisÐ è 8  Ðparents.€€He€was€subjected€to€child€abuse,€such€as€cigarette€burns€andÐ Ô$  Ðsexual€abuse.€€And€we€need€Dr.€Kenner,€who€is€a€child€psychiatrist,Ð À  Ðto€explain€to€the€jury€all€these€environmental€factors€which€go€to€thisÐ ¬ü  Ðissue.€€Now€weððre€not€capable€of€doing€that.Иè ` x` x ÐÌà  àDefense€counsel,€later€in€the€hearing,€detailed€his€conversation€with€Dr.€Kenner:Ð pÀ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àNext€is€I€wrote€Dr.€Kenner€on€March€1,€1999,€asking€him€to€beÐ H˜ Ða€witness€in€this€case,€which€he€agreed€to.€€Okay.€€Now€thatððs€March,Ð 4„ ÐApril,€May,€June,€and€July€and€August,€Iððm€thinking€heððs€doingÐ  p Ðwhatever€has€to€be€done.€€Okay.€€Nowð!ðand€Iððll€be€very€frank€with€theÐ  \ Ðcourt.€€When€he€called€me€on€the€phone€and€says€I€want€thisÐ øH Ðneuropsychological,€it€caught€me€by€surprise.€€It€may€not€have,€but€itÐ ä4 Ðdid.€ÐÐ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àNow,€the€rest€of€it€Iððll€have€to€discuss€ex€parte.€€But,€for€theÐ ¨ø Ðrecord,€he€calls€me.€€We€were€not€able€to€arrange€that€to€hisÐ ”ä Ðsatisfaction,€and€so€he€says,€look,€ð ðIððm€not€coming€down€there€andÐ €Ð Ðtestifying€in€[a]€death€penalty€case;€you€get€it€continued,ðð€which€weÐ l¼ Ðcame€in€and€told€the€court,€and€the€court€said€no.€€I€called€him€backÐ X ¨ Ðand€said,€ð ðLook,€we€canððt€get€it€continued.€€Come€down€and€do€theÐ D!” Ðbest€you€can.ðð€€A€few€days€later€he€calls€up€and€says,€ð ðIððm€not€goingÐ 0"€  Ðto€do€that.€€Iððm€not€going€to€come€down€and€give€observations€andÐ #l! Ðopinions€that€I€have€no€basis€for.ððÐ$X"` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àNow,€I€sent€him€ð!ð€this€is€very€important.€€I€sent€him€the€entireÐ à%0!$ Ðsocial€history,€which€is€a€stack€of€papers€about€[a€foot]€high.€€Okay.€ÐÌ&"%` x` x ÐÌà  àIn€response€to€a€question€from€the€trial€court,€defense€counsel€said€that€Dr.€Kenner€had€notÐ ¤(ô#' Ðbeen€served€with€a€subpoena€for€the€trial€and€counsel€did€not€ð ðthink€that€would€be€wise€because€itÐ )à$( Ðcost[s]€money€and€heððs€not€prepared€to€give€an€opinion.ðð€€After€further€extended€argument€on€thisÐ |*Ì%) Ðmatter,€the€trial€court€denied€the€defendantððs€motion€to€continue€the€resentencing€hearing.€Ð h+¸&* Їà  àConcluding€his€argument€that€the€trial€court€committed€reversible€error€in€refusing€toÐ ° Ðcontinue€the€resentencing€from€the€September€27,€1999,€setting,€the€defendant€states€in€his€brief:Ð œì ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThe€denial€of€a€continuance€in€order€to€complete€psychiatric€andÐ tÄ Ðneuro„psychological€evaluations€resulted€in€the€defendant€having€noÐ `° Ðpsychological€proof,€other€than€the€exceedingly€limited€subject€of€hisÐ L œ Ðserotonin€levels,€available€for€his€capital€sentencing€hearing€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðviolated€his€rights€to€due€process€and€assistance€of€counsel€under€theÐ $ t Ðconstitutions€of€the€United€States€of€America€and€the€State€ofÐ  ` ÐTennessee.€Ðü L ` x` x ÐÌà  àUtilizing€language€from€òòUngar€v.€Sarafiteóó,€376€U.S.€575,€589,€84€S.€Ct.€841,€849,€11€L.€Ed.Ð Ô$  Ð2d€921€(1964),€the€defendant€describes€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€continuance€motion€by€sayingÐ À  Ðthat€ð ða€myopic€insistence€upon€expeditiousness€in€the€face€of€a€justifiable€request€for€delay€canÐ ¬ü  Ðrender€the€right€to€defend€with€counsel€an€empty€formality.ðð€€òòóóAgain€citing€òòUngaróó,€as€interpreted€byÐ ˜è  Ðthis€court€in€òòState€v.€Charles€Edwin€Lambóó,€No.€03C01„9701„CR„00010,€1998€Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð „Ô  ÐLEXIS€235,€at€*21€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Feb.€20,€1998),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó€(Tenn.€Nov.€2,€1998),Ð pÀ Ðthe€defendant€poses€the€issue€as€ð ðwhether€the€trial€court€acted€in€such€a€manner€as€to€prohibit€trialÐ \¬ Ðcounselððs€preparation€of€a€defense.ðð€€However,€we€note€that€in€òòLambóó€the€error€occurred€when€theÐ H˜ Ðtrial€court€required€counsel€to€begin€trial€in€a€murder€and€conspiracy€case€on€January€23,€1996,Ð 4„ Ðalthough€counsel€had€been€appointed€only€on€January€8,€1996,€the€trial€being€scheduled€before€heÐ  p Ðwas€appointed.€€òòId.óó€at€*22.€€Thus,€the€situation€presented€to€the€trial€court€in€òòLambóó€was€vastlyÐ  \ Ðdifferent€than€that€in€the€instant€case.€Ô#†X ùXXX ù:i#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔÐ øH ÐÌà  àThe€defendantððs€analysis,€arguing€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€the€continuance,€glossesÐ Ð  Ðover€several€important€facts.€€First,€the€record€is€silent€as€to€why€the€psychiatrist€retained€by€theÐ ¼  Ðdefense,€and€approved€by€the€trial€court€on€April€27,€1999,€and€by€the€then€chief€justice€of€ourÐ ¨ø Ðsupreme€court€on€June€15,€1999,€did€not€meet€with€the€defendant€to€perform€a€psychiatric€evaluationÐ ”ä Ðuntil€September€17,€or€review€the€records€sent€to€him€until€September€18,€1999.€€According€to€theÐ €Ð Ðrecord€on€appeal,€it€appears€that€Dr.€Kenner€waited€three€months€after€he€had€been€approved,€andÐ l¼ Ðuntil€a€little€more€than€a€week€before€the€resentencing€hearing€was€to€begin,€to€first€meet€with€theÐ X ¨ Ðdefendant,€perform€the€evaluation,€and€determine€that€he€needed,€also,€a€neuropsychologicalÐ D!” Ðevaluation€of€the€defendant.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€We€note€the€payment€for€psychological€and€neurological€examinationsÐ 0"€  Ðof€the€defendant€had€been€approved€in€the€same€April€27,€1999,€order€of€the€trial€court.€€The€recordÐ #l! Ðdoes€not€explain€how€Dr.€Kenner,€given€the€lengthy€list€of€tasks€he€intended€to€perform€in€order€toÐ $X" Ðcomplete€his€evaluation,€anticipated€doing€so€when€he€began€working€on€the€matter€only€ten€daysÐ ô$D # Ðprior€to€when€the€hearing€was€to€begin.Ð à%0!$ ÐÐ Ì&"% Ðà  àWe€further€note€that€the€resentencing€hearing€had€been€reset,€at€the€defendantððs€request,€fromÐ ° Ðits€earlier€setting,€May€10,€1999,€because€his€mitigation€expert€had€not€completed€her€investigationÐ œì Ðas€of€March€2,€1999,€the€day€the€continuance€motion€was€filed.€€However,€according€to€the€affidavitÐ ˆØ Ðof€the€mitigation€expert€dated€April€12,€1999,€and€filed€with€the€defendantððs€òòex€parteóó€motion€filedÐ tÄ ÐApril€21,€1999,€seeking€additional€funds€for€the€expert,€she€estimated€that€the€additional€timeÐ `° Ðrequired€to€complete€all€of€her€tasks,€including€the€preparation€for€and€testifying€at€the€trial,€was€onlyÐ L œ Ð18.5€hours.€€The€trial€court€approved€her€request€for€additional€funds€on€April€27,€1999,€and,Ð 8 ˆ Ðaccording€to€the€defendantððs€reply€brief,€the€Chief€Justice€of€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€didÐ $ t Ðlikewise€on€May€28,€1999.€€Therefore,€assuming€that€the€mitigation€investigation€was€not€completedÐ  ` Ðuntil€after€the€approval€of€the€funds€to€do€so,€so€little€additional€time€was€required€to€complete€theÐ ü L  Ðreport,€it€would€not€appear€that€this€matter€would€have€prevented€Dr.€Kenner€from€evaluating€theÐ è 8  Ðdefendant€until€ten€days€before€the€resentencing€was€to€begin.Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àHowever,€aside€from€the€delay€attributable€to€the€expert€witness,€the€defendant€has€an€evenÐ ¬ü  Ðmore€basic€problem€in€establishing€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€in€refusing€to€continueÐ ˜è  Ðagain€the€resentencing€hearing.€€The€record€is€silent,€also,€as€to€what€conclusions€Dr.€Kenner€wouldÐ „Ô  Ðhave€reached€had€the€matter€again€been€reset€for€a€neuropsychological€evaluation€of€the€defendant.€Ð pÀ ÐIn€the€trial€courtððs€òòex€parteóó€order€of€October€12,€1999,€the€court€found€that€ð ð[t]here€is€still€nothingÐ \¬ Ðon€the€record€that€would€support€any€mental€illness€or€defect€possessed€by€the€defendant€which€couldÐ H˜ Ðbe€used€in€mitigation,€and€the€nature€of€the€additional€services€requested,€for€which€the€continuanceÐ 4„ Ð[from€September€27,€1999]€was€sought,€are€merely€exploratory€in€nature.ðð€€Attached€to€that€orderÐ  p Ðis€a€copy€of€an€August€9,€1978,€letter€from€Dr.€Robert€L.€McKinley,€Jr.,€of€the€Mississippi€StateÐ  \ ÐHospital€to€Judge€Rufus€H.€Broome,€advising€as€to€the€defendant:€€ð ðThe€professional€staff€met€today,Ð øH ÐAugust€9,€1978,€after€evaluating€the€[defendant].€€It€was€the€unanimous€opinion€of€the€professionalÐ ä4 Ðstaff€of€the€forensic€unit€that€Mr.€Odom€was€without€psychosis,€responsible€and€competent€to€standÐ Ð  Ðtrial.ððÐ ¼  ÐÌà  àAs€we€have€stated,€Dr.€Kenner€was€brought€into€the€matter€only€after€a€letter€from€Dr.€JohnÐ ”ä ÐHutson€stating€that€there€should€be€an€updated€psychiatric€evaluation€of€the€defendant.€€However,Ð €Ð ÐDr.€Hutson€did€not€opine€that€such€an€evaluation€necessarily€would€be€beneficial€to€the€defense.€€OurÐ l¼ Ðsupreme€court€described€the€testimony€of€Dr.€John€Hutson€in€the€first€trial€of€this€defendant:Ð X ¨ Ðà8  àÐ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " à€In€mitigation,€John€Hutson,€Ph.D.,€a€practicing€clinicalÐ 0"€  Ðpsychologist€since€1975,€testified€for€the€defendant.€€He€stated€that€heÐ #l! Ðhad€interviewed€the€defendant€on€five€occasions.€€From€theseÐ $X" Ðmeetings,€Hutson€gleaned€that€the€defendant's€first€twelve€years€hadÐ ô$D # Ðbeen€chaotic.€€He€opined€that€the€defendant€harbored€much€angerÐ à%0!$ Ðtoward€parental€figures€in€general€and€toward€mothers€in€particular.€Ð Ì&"% ÐHe€found€it€significant€that€the€victim€had€addressed€the€defendant€asÐ ¸'#& Ð"son."Ф(ô#'` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àHutson€related€that€the€defendant€had€become€progressively€lessÐ |*Ì%) Ðhostile,€defensive,€sullen,€and€arrogant€over€the€course€of€theÐ h+¸&* Ðevaluation€process.€€Concerning€the€defendant's€mental€state,€HutsonÐ ° Ðtestified€that€the€defendant€"has€never€been€diagnosed€with€anyÐ œì Ðsignificant€psychiatric€disorder,€such€as€would€be€likely€to€impair€hisÐ ˆØ Ðability€to€appreciate€the€wrongfulness€of€his€actions,€or€to€impair€hisÐ tÄ Ðability€to€conform€his€behavior€to€the€requirements€of€the€law."€€Ð `° ÐHutson€opined€further€that€the€defendant€"likely€can€be€diagnosed€asÐ L œ Ða€personality€disorder."Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌòòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€27€(Tenn.€1996).Ð  ` ÐÌà  àBefore€we€may€conclude€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€in€refusing€to€reset€theÐ è 8  Ðresentencing€hearing,€we€must€find€that€there€exists€a€reasonable€probability€that,€had€theÐ Ô$  Ðcontinuance€motion€been€granted,€the€results€of€the€resentencing€hearing€would€have€been€different.€Ð À  ÐSince€the€record€is€silent€as€to€whether€Drs.€Kenner€and€Auble,€ultimately,€would€have€providedÐ ¬ü  Ðfindings€or€testimony€helpful€to€the€defendant,€we€would€be€engaging€in€rank€speculation€to€concludeÐ ˜è  Ðthat€the€results€of€the€resentencing€hearing€would€have€been€different€had€it€again€been€reset.€Ð „Ô  ÐFurther,€we€note€that€Glori€Shettles€Johnson,€the€defendantððs€mitigation€expert,€testified€extensivelyÐ pÀ Ðas€to€the€defendantððs€abusive€early€years€and€that€Dr.€Rossby€testified€as€to€the€defendantððs€difficultyÐ \¬ Ðin€controlling€himself,€as€a€result€of€his€low€serotonin€level,€and€that€the€victimððs€use€of€the€wordÐ H˜ Ðð ðsonðð€might€ð ðhave€served€as€[a]€trigger€to€release€the€rage€that€he€felt€toward€his€mother€or€motherÐ 4„ Ðfigures€or€any€women€who€were€in€his€life€in€a€mother€capacity€who€didnððt€protect€him€or€whoÐ  p Ðrejected€him.ðð€€Ð  \ ÐÌà  àWe€disagree€with€the€defendantððs€claim€in€his€reply€brief€that€ð ðthe€inability€of€the€defense€toÐ ä4 Ðbe€ready€as€anticipated€was€due,€in€part,€to€a€delay€by€the€State€in€approving€additional€funds€toÐ Ð  Ðcomplete€the€Defendantððs€mitigation€investigation€and€the€psychological€and€psychiatricÐ ¼  Ðexaminations.ðð€€Given€the€three„month€lapse€between€the€defense€psychiatric€expertððs€receiving€finalÐ ¨ø Ðapproval€to€proceed€and€his€evaluation€of€the€defendant€occurring,€by€his€affidavit,€only€ten€daysÐ ”ä Ðbefore€the€resentencing€hearing€was€to€begin,€it€is€difficult€to€understand€how€the€evaluation€wasÐ €Ð Ðdelayed€by€the€State.€€Additionally,€we€disagree€with€the€defendantððs€characterization€of€the€trialÐ l¼ Ðcourtððs€denial€of€his€continuance€request,€ð ð[t]he€court,€drawing€an€analogy€between€a€neurologicalÐ X ¨ Ðevaluation€of€the€defendant€and€his€horoscope,€and€making€reference€to€a€ððTwinkie€defenseðð€andÐ D!” Ðððsome€kind€of€thing€having€to€do€with€the€Van€Allen€Belt,ðð€denied€the€request€for€a€continuanceÐ 0"€  Ðsimply€finding€that€the€defense€had€enough€time€to€prepare€without€reference€to€the€particularÐ #l! Ðcircumstances€of€the€case.ðð€€By€this€reference,€the€trial€court€was€responding€to€the€defenseððs€havingÐ $X" Ðadvised,€thirteen€days€prior€to€the€resentencing€hearing,€that€their€psychiatric€expert€had€justÐ ô$D # Ðdetermined€that€a€neuropsychological€evaluation€was€needed€and€that€it€could€not€be€performed€untilÐ à%0!$ Ðafter€the€next€setting,€necessitating€another€continuance.€€The€trial€court€made€these€now€criticizedÐ Ì&"% Ðreferences€in€observing€that€the€defendant€had€not€proved€that€these€evaluations,€for€which€theÐ ¸'#& Ðcontinuance€motion€was€sought,€ultimately€would€be€of€any€benefit€to€the€defense.€à0 Ð àÔ#†X ùXXX ùë«#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔФ(ô#'Ð (#Ð (# ÐÌà  àContrary€to€the€defendantððs€argument€that€his€continuance€request€was€denied€because€of€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðtrial€courtððs€ð ðmyopic€insistenceðð€in€proceeding€with€the€resentencing€hearing€as€scheduled,€we€findÐ h+¸&* Ðfair€and€thoughtful€the€courtððs€reasons€for€denying€the€continuance.€€While€a€defendant€certainly€isÐ ° Ðentitled€to€due€process€in€his€trial€preparation,€this€mantle€cannot€automatically€trump€the€trialÐ œì Ðcourtððs€authority€to€control€the€€proceedings.€€If€we€were€to€conclude€that,€under€these€circumstances,Ð ˆØ Ða€defendantððs€due€process€rights€were€violated€by€the€courtððs€adhering€to€the€setting€for€the€matterÐ tÄ Ðto€commence,€we€would€allow€a€due€process€claim€automatically€to€override€the€trial€courtððsÐ `° Ðauthority€to€control€the€judicial€process.€€The€practical€effect€of€our€so€holding€in€this€matter€wouldÐ L œ Ðbe€that€the€setting€date€is€merely€a€goal,€which€evaporates€when€a€defense€expert,€without€a€showingÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€any€conclusions,€beneficial€or€otherwise,€delays€an€evaluation€to€such€a€degree€as€to€makeÐ $ t Ðimpossible€its€timely€completion.€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àWe€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€in€denying€the€motion€forÐ è 8  Ðcontinuance€and,€consequently,€that€this€assignment€is€without€merit.€€€€Ô#†X ùXXX ùXÓ#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔÐ Ô$  ÐÌÔ#†X ùXXX ù~Ù#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔ€à  àò òó ó€ò òà@I I ìàIII.€€Sentencing€Pursuant€to€Statute€in€Effect€at€Time€of€OffenseˆÐ ¬ü  ÐÌà  àó óThe€defendant€explainedò ò€ó óin€his€brief€the€basis€for€this€assignment:ò ò€€Ð ˆØ  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àó óThe€proof€introduced€by€the€State€as€to€the€facts€andÐ d´ Ðcircumstances€of€the€prior€crime€of€violence€of€murder€[was]€graphicÐ P  Ðand€gruesome.€€The€only€other€aggravator€introduced€by€the€State€wasÐ <Œ Ða€robbery,€the€facts€and€circumstances€of€which€were€also€improperlyÐ (x Ðintroduced,€which€was€inconsequential€in€comparison€to€the€murderÐ d Ðcase.€ÐP` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àThe€defendant€had€a€statutory€right€to€sentencing€without€theÐ Ø( Ðintroduction€of€the€facts€underlying€the€aggravating€offenses€or€ofÐ Ä Ðvictim€impact€evidence.€€The€denial€of€that€statutory€right€constitutesÐ ° Ðprejudice€to€the€judicial€process€and€is€reversible€error€under€Tenn.€R.Ð œì ÐApp.€P.€36(b).ЈØ` x` x ÐÌà  àThis€matter€first€arose€prior€to€the€resentencing€hearing€when€the€defense€filed€its€ð ðMotionÐ ` ° Ðto€Apply€T.C.A.€ðð€39„13„204€As€Of€The€Date€Of€The€Offense,ðð€based€upon€the€holdings€of€ourÐ L!œ Ðsupreme€court€in€òòState€v.€Brimmeróó,€876€S.W.2d€75€(Tenn.€1994),€and€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€893€S.W.2dÐ 8"ˆ  Ð908€(Tenn.€1994).€€The€State€opposed€the€motion,€citing€òòState€v.€Pikeóó,€978€S.W.2d€904€(Tenn.€1998),Ð $#t! Ðto€argue€that€the€changes€in€the€statute€subsequent€to€the€offense€modified€only€certain€rules€ofÐ $`" Ðevidentiary€admissibility€and€thus€were€procedural,€rather€than€substantive.Ð ü$L # ÐÌà  àThe€defendantððs€brief€does€not€identify€the€specific€witnesses€or€testimony€to€which€thisÐ Ô&$"% Ðassignment€is€directed,€or€any€objections€made€by€the€defense€and€overruled€by€the€trial€court.€Ð À'#& ÐRather,€in€his€reply€brief,€the€defendant€explains€that€his€complaint€in€this€regard€is€as€to€the€trialÐ ¬(ü#' Ðcourtððs€pretrial€ruling€that,€as€to€the€resentencing€hearing,€the€court€would€apply€the€version€ofÐ ˜)è$( ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204€in€existence€at€the€time€of€the€hearing,€rather€than€theÐ „*Ô%) Ðversion€at€the€time€of€the€crime.Ð p+À&* Ðò òÌó óà  àAt€the€time€of€the€1991€offense,€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204(c)€providedÐ œì Ðsubstantial€leeway€to€the€trial€court€as€to€the€admission€of€relevant€evidence:Ð ˆØ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àIn€the€sentencing€proceeding,€evidence€may€be€presented€as€toÐ `° Ðany€matter€that€the€court€deems€relevant€to€the€punishment€and€mayÐ L œ Ðinclude,€but€not€be€limited€to,€the€nature€and€circumstances€of€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðcrime;€the€defendantððs€character,€background€history,€and€physicalÐ $ t Ðcondition;€any€evidence€tending€to€establish€or€rebut€the€aggravatingÐ  ` Ðcircumstances€enumerated€in€subsection€(i);€and€any€evidence€tendingÐ ü L  Ðto€establish€or€rebut€any€mitigating€factors.€€Any€such€evidence€whichÐ è 8  Ðthe€court€deems€to€have€probative€value€on€the€issue€of€punishmentÐ Ô$  Ðmay€be€received€regardless€of€its€admissibility€under€the€rules€ofÐ À  Ðevidence;€provided,€that€the€defendant€is€accorded€a€fair€opportunityÐ ¬ü  Ðto€rebut€any€hearsay€statements€so€admitted.€€However,€thisÐ ˜è  Ðsubsection€shall€not€be€construed€to€authorize€the€introduction€of€anyÐ „Ô  Ðevidence€secured€in€violation€of€the€constitution€of€the€United€StatesÐ pÀ Ðor€of€the€state€of€Tennessee.Ð\¬` x` x ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(c)€(Supp.€1990).€€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àAt€the€time€of€the€defendantððs€1999€resentencing€hearing,€section€39„13„204(c)€had€beenÐ  \ Ðamended€to€include€specific€provisions€as€to€a€prior€conviction€of€a€felony€involving€violence€as€anÐ øH Ðaggravating€factor:Ð ä4 ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIn€all€cases€where€the€state€relies€upon€the€aggravating€factor€that€theÐ ¼  Ðdefendant€was€previously€convicted€of€one€(1)€or€more€felonies,€otherÐ ¨ø Ðthan€the€present€charge,€whose€statutory€elements€involve€the€use€ofÐ ”ä Ðviolence€to€the€person,€either€party€shall€be€permitted€to€introduceÐ €Ð Ðevidence€concerning€the€facts€and€circumstances€of€the€priorÐ l¼ Ðconviction.€€Such€evidence€shall€not€be€construed€to€pose€a€danger€ofÐ X ¨ Ðcreating€unfair€prejudice,€confusing€the€issues,€or€misleading€the€juryÐ D!” Ðand€shall€not€be€subject€to€exclusion€on€the€ground€that€the€probativeÐ 0"€  Ðvalue€of€such€evidence€is€outweighed€by€prejudice€to€either€party.€Ð #l! ÐSuch€evidence€shall€be€used€by€the€jury€in€determining€the€weight€toÐ $X" Ðbe€accorded€the€aggravating€factor.€€The€court€shall€permit€a€memberÐ ô$D # Ðor€members,€or€a€representative€or€representatives€of€the€victimððsÐ à%0!$ Ðfamily€to€testify€at€the€sentencing€hearing€about€the€victim€and€aboutÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€impact€of€the€murder€on€the€family€of€the€victim€and€otherÐ ¸'#& Ðrelevant€persons.€€Such€evidence€may€be€considered€by€the€jury€inÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdetermining€which€sentence€to€impose.€€The€court€shall€permitÐ )à$( Ðmembers€or€representatives€of€the€victimððs€family€to€attend€the€trial,Ð |*Ì%) Ðand€those€persons€shall€not€be€excluded€because€the€person€or€personsÐ h+¸&* Ðshall€testify€during€the€sentencing€proceeding€as€to€the€impact€of€theÐ ° Ðoffense.Мì` x` x ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(c)€(Supp.€1999).ò ò€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  à€ó óDuring€the€resentencing€hearing€in€this€matter,€the€State€presented€testimony€from€LillianÐ P   ÐHammond,€who€testified€that€the€defendant€robbed€her€on€May€8,€1991;€from€Heather€Cook,€of€theÐ @  ÐShelby€County€Criminal€Court€Clerkððs€office,€who€testified€that€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€thisÐ , | Ðrobbery€on€January€21,€1992;€from€Terri€Roberts,€who€testified€that€her€mother,€Becky€Roberts,€wasÐ  h Ðkilled€in€1978,€in€Pearl,€Mississippi;€from€Ernest€Simmons,€of€the€Pearl,€Mississippi,€PoliceÐ  T  ÐDepartment,€who€testified€as€to€his€investigation€of€the€murder€of€Becky€Roberts;€Mary€Jane€Lemon,Ð ð @  Ðthe€Mississippi€Assistant€District€Attorney€General€who€prosecuted€the€defendant€in€the€retrial€ofÐ Ü,  Ðthe€Roberts€homicide;€and€Dr.€George€Sturgis,€who€performed€the€autopsy€and€testified€as€to€theÐ È  Ðinjuries€to€Becky€Roberts.€€The€defendant€has€not€cited€in€his€brief,€and€we€have€not€located€duringÐ ´  Ðour€review,€any€objections€made€by€the€defense€on€a€relevance€or€related€basis,€and€overruled€by€theÐ  ð  Ðtrial€court,€as€to€any€of€the€testimony€of€the€fact€and€impact€of€his€convictions€for€the€robbery€ofÐ ŒÜ  ÐLillian€Hammond€and€the€murder€of€Becky€Roberts.€€The€State€argues€that,€since€specific€objectionsÐ xÈ Ðwere€not€made€to€this€testimony,€this€issue€has€been€waived.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(a).€€Ð d´ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€argues€on€appeal€that€the€trial€court€erroneously€applied€the€amendedÐ <Œ Ðprovisions€of€section€39„13„204(c)€at€the€resentencing€hearing,€and€that€he€was€entitled€to€beÐ (x Ðsentenced€under€the€law€as€it€existed€at€the€time€of€the€offense,€citing€Tennessee€Code€AnnotatedÐ d Ðsection€39-11-112,€which€provides€as€follows:Ð P ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àWhenever€any€penal€statute€or€penal€legislative€act€of€the€stateÐ Ø( Ðis€repealed€or€amended€by€a€subsequent€legislative€act,€any€offense,Ð Ä Ðas€defined€by€the€statute€or€act€being€repealed€or€amended,€committedÐ ° Ðwhile€such€statute€or€act€was€in€full€force€and€effect€shall€beÐ œì Ðprosecuted€under€the€act€or€statute€in€effect€at€the€time€of€theÐ ˆØ Ðcommission€of€the€offense.ÐtÄ` x` x ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„112€(Supp.€1990).Ð L!œ ÐÌà  àOur€supreme€court€has€determined€that€a€resentencing€hearing€must€be€conducted€inÐ $#t! Ðaccordance€with€the€law€in€effect€at€the€time€of€the€offense.€€òòState€v.€Cauthernóó,€967€S.W.2d€726,€732Ð $`" Ð(Tenn.€1998)€(citing€òòState€v.€Brimmeróó,€876€S.W.2d€75,€82€(Tenn.€1994))òòóó.€€òòóóHowever,€laws€which€alterÐ ü$L # Ðan€evidentiary€rule,€Ð è%8!$ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àbut€do€not€increase€the€punishment€nor€change€the€elements€of€theÐ À'#& Ðoffense€or€the€ultimate€facts€necessary€to€establish€guilt,€but€onlyÐ ¬(ü#' Ðremove€existing€restrictions€on€the€competency€of€certain€classes€ofÐ ˜)è$( Ðevidence€or€of€persons€as€witnesses€do€not€constitute€ex€post€factoÐ „*Ô%) Ðlaws.€€òòState€v.€Braganóó,€920€S.W.2d€227,€241€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)Ð p+À&* Ð(citations€omitted).€€In€òòDobbert€v.€Floridaóó,€432€U.S.€282,€293,€97€S.Ð ° ÐCt.€2290€(1977),€the€Supreme€Court€held€that€the€prohibition€of€exÐ œì Ðpost€facto€laws€does€not€extend€to€every€change€of€law€that€"mayÐ ˆØ Ðwork€to€the€disadvantage€of€a€defendant."€€òòòòóóóóInstead,€it€is€intended€toÐ tÄ Ðsecure€"substantive€personal€rights"€from€retroactive€deprivation€andÐ `° Ðdoes€not€"limit€the€legislative€control€of€remedies€and€modes€ofÐ L œ Ðprocedure€which€do€not€affect€matters€of€substance."€€òòId.òòóó€óó€Thus,€lawsÐ 8 ˆ Ðwhich€change€rules€of€procedure€but€which€do€not€affect€anyÐ $ t Ðsubstantial€right€of€a€defendant€are€not€ex€post€facto€laws.€€òòÐ `` x` x ÐÌState€v.€Pikeóó,€978€S.W.2d€904,€926€(Tenn.€1998).Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àIn€determining€the€defendantððs€motion€to€apply€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„Ð À  Ð204,€as€of€the€date€of€the€offense,€the€trial€court€entered€findings€of€fact€and€conclusions€of€law,Ð ¬ü  Ðwhich€we€summarize€as€follows:Ð ˜è  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à1.€€A€defendant€does€not€have€ð ða€vested€right€in€evidentiary€rules€inÐ pÀ Ðplace€at€the€time€of€the€offense,€or€to€the€proof€the€State€could€offer.ðð€Ð\¬` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à2.€€ð ðWhether€a€statute€applies€retroactively€depends€on€whether€itsÐ 4„ Ðcharacter€is€ððsubstantiveðð€or€ððprocedural.ðð€€If€ððsubstantive,ðð€it€is€notÐ  p Ðapplied€retroactively€because€to€do€so€would€ððdisturb€a€vested€right€orÐ  \ Ðcontractual€obligation.ðð€€On€the€other€hand,€ðð[r]emedial€or€proceduralÐ øH Ðstatutes€apply€retrospectively€not€only€to€causes€of€action€arisingÐ ä4 Ðbefore€such€acts€become€law,€but€also€to€all€suits€pending€when€theÐ Ð  Ðlegislation€takes€effect,€unless€the€legislature€indicates€that€a€contraryÐ ¼  Ðintention€or€immediate€application€would€produce€an€unjust€result.ðððð€Ð ¨ø ÐòòKuykendall€v.€Wheeleróó,€890€S.W.2d€785,€787€(Tenn.€1994)€(internalÐ ”ä Ðcitations€omitted).ЀÐ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à3.€€ð ðIt€is€clear€that€the€two€1998€amendments€are€procedural€in€nature,Ð X ¨ Ðand€may€therefore€be€applied€retroactively,€for€the€same€reason€thatÐ D!” Ðthe€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence€are€applied€in€criminal€casesÐ 0"€  Ðwithout€regard€to€the€date€of€the€offense€or€the€enactment€of€anyÐ #l! Ðamendment€to€the€Rules.ðð€Ð$X"` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à4.€€The€amendments€in€the€present€case€(a)€ð ðonly€remove[]€an€existingÐ à%0!$ Ðrestriction€on€the€competency€of€a€certain€class€of€evidence,€that€ofÐ Ì&"% Ðnot€allowing€proof€of€circumstances€surrounding€prior€violent€crimesððÐ ¸'#& Ðand€(b)€ð ðcodif[y]€existing€case€law€on€victim€impact€evidence,€andÐ ¤(ô#' Ðallow[]€persons€as€witnesses€who€otherwise€might€be€excluded€underððÐ )à$( ÐòòóóTenn.€R.€Evid.€615.€Ð|*Ì%)` x` x ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð à5.€€ð ðThe€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€has€consistently€held€that€theÐ ° Ðcapital€sentencing€law€in€effect€at€the€time€an€offense€was€committedÐ œì Ðis€applicable€to€any€trial€or€retrial€that€may€occur€after€amendmentsÐ ˆØ Ðto€the€statute€are€made.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253€(Tenn.Ð tÄ Ð1994);€òòState€v.€Bigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2d€[797],€814€(Tenn.€1994);€òòState€v.Ð `° ÐSmithóó,€893€S.W.2d€908€(Tenn.€1994);€òòState€v.€Hutchisonóó,€898€S.W.2dÐ L œ Ð161€(Tenn.€1994);€òòState€v.€Bushóó,€942€S.W.2d€489€(Tenn.€1997);€òòStateÐ 8 ˆ Ðv.€Cauthernóó,€967€S.W.2d€726€(Tenn.€1998).ðð€€However,€theseÐ $ t Ðdecisionsòò€óóall€involved€changes€in€substantive€law.Ð `` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à6.€€The€changes€made€by€the€amendments€challenged€by€theÐ è 8  Ðdefendant€did€not€change€substantive€statutory€law,€but€were€enactedÐ Ô$  Ðin€reaction€to€judicial€opinion.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Bigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2dÐ À  Ð797,€811€(Tenn.€1994)€(facts€of€crime€involving€violence);€òòState€v.Ð ¬ü  ÐNesbitóó,€978€S.W.2d€872€(Tenn.€1998)€(victim€impact€evidence).Иè ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à7.€€The€rule€in€òòBrimmeróó€is€only€meant€to€apply€to€substantive€changesÐ pÀ Ðin€the€law,€not€procedural€ones.Ð\¬` x` x Ðà8  àòòóóÐ Ð Ð  Ðà  àWe€find€the€trial€courtððs€conclusions€well€reasoned€and€logical.€€Indeed,€this€case€is€similarÐ 4„ Ðto€òòPikeóó,€978€S.W.2d€at€907,€whereinòòóó€the€defendant€objected€to€the€trial€courtððs€allowing€the€StateÐ  p Ðfifteen€peremptory€challenges€in€her€capital€murder€trial,€when€at€the€time€of€the€offense€the€RulesÐ  \ Ðof€Criminal€Procedure€and€the€statute€allowed€only€eight€challenges.€€òòId.óó€at€925.€€The€court€foundÐ øH Ðthe€change€procedural€and,€as€such,€the€defendant€could€not€show€that€a€substantive€right€wasÐ ä4 Ðimpaired€by€the€amended€procedural€rule.€€òòId.óó€at€926.€€Accordingly,€the€court€held€that€applying€theÐ Ð  Ðamended€rule€was€not€error.Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àWhether€a€statute€applies€retroactively€depends€on€whether€its€character€is€ð ðsubstantiveðð€orÐ ”ä Ðð ðprocedural.ðð€€òòKuykendall€v.€Wheeleróó,€890€S.W.2d€785,€787€(Tenn.€1994).€ð ððð[R]emedial€orÐ €Ð Ðprocedural€statutes€apply€retrospectively€not€only€to€causes€of€action€arising€before€such€acts€becomeÐ l¼ Ðlaw,€but€also€to€all€suits€pending€when€the€legislation€takes€effect,€unless€the€legislature€indicates€thatÐ X ¨ Ða€contrary€intention€or€immediate€application€would€produce€an€unjust€result.ðð€òòóó€A€statute€isÐ D!” Ðprocedural€if€it€defines€ðð[t]he€mode€or€proceeding€by€which€a€legal€right€is€enforced,€as€distinguishedÐ 0"€  Ðfrom€the€law€which€gives€or€defines€the€right.€.€.€.ðððð€€òòId.óó€(quoting€òòSaylors€v.€Riggsbeeóó,€544€S.W.2dÐ #l! Ð609,€610€(Tenn.€1976)).€òò€òòóóóóThe€amendments€to€section€39„13„204(c)€are€clearly€procedural.€Ð $X" ÐAccordingly,€the€amendments€were€properly€applied€in€the€present€case.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ð ô$D # Ðà  àÌòòóóò òà@ì ì ìàIV.€€Introduction€of€Photographs€of€Homicide€VictimsˆÐ Ì&"% ÐÌó óà  àThe€defendant€explained€in€his€brief€this€assignment€of€error:Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àIn€the€instant€case,€it€was€unnecessary€to€introduce€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðphotographs€of€the€victims€of€the€two€homicides€(Exhibits€4,€5€andÐ h+¸&* Ð15)€in€order€to€give€the€jury€sufficient€evidence€relating€to€theÐ ° Ðcircumstances€of€the€crime€so€that€it€would€have€essential€backgroundÐ œì Ðinformation€to€ensure€that€it€acted€from€a€base€of€knowledge€inÐ ˆØ Ðsentencing€the€defendant.€€The€testimonial€evidence€introduced€wouldÐ tÄ Ðhave€been€entirely€sufficient€to€serve€this€purpose.€€On€the€other€handÐ `° Ðthe€danger€of€shocking€and€horrifying€the€jury€by€the€introduction€ofÐ L œ Ðthese€unnecessarily€inflammatory€photographs€was€great.€€TheÐ 8 ˆ Ðdepictions€of€the€victims€in€these€photographs€were€particularlyÐ $ t Ðrepulsive€and€likely€to€inflame€the€passions€of€the€jury.€€The€probativeÐ  ` Ðvalue€of€the€photographs€in€the€context€of€a€resentencing€wasÐ ü L  Ðminimal.€€Indeed€the€trial€court€had€a€great€deal€of€difficulty€inÐ è 8  Ðverbalizing€a€compelling€reason€why€these€highly€inflammatoryÐ Ô$  Ðphotographs€needed€to€be€introduced€at€all.ÐÀ ` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€admissibility€of€the€two€photographs€showing€the€dead€body€of€Mina€Ethel€Johnson€was€Ð ˜è  Ðdiscussed€after€the€selection€of€the€jury€but€before€witnesses€had€been€presented.€€The€State€soughtÐ „Ô  Ðto€utilize€in€its€proof€two€three„by„five„inch€photographs,€one€apparently€taken€from€the€right€rearÐ pÀ Ðdoor€of€the€victimððs€automobile,€with€the€second€photograph€apparently€taken€from€the€open€left€rearÐ \¬ Ðdoor€of€the€victimððs€automobile.€€The€first€photograph€depicts€Ms.€Johnson€in€the€backseat€of€herÐ H˜ Ðcar€on€the€floorboard€with€her€head€behind€the€driverððs€seat,€turned€back€toward€the€left,€and€showsÐ 4„ Ðmultiple€stab€wounds€to€the€back€and€bleeding€from€the€anal€and€vaginal€areas.€€The€secondÐ  p Ðphotograph€depicts€Ms.€Johnson€in€the€backseat€of€her€car,€her€head€on€the€floorboard€turned€towardÐ  \ Ðthe€back€of€the€car,€and€holding€a€rolled„up€check€in€her€left€hand.€€€Ð øH ÐÌÔ#†X ùXXX ùÖÙ#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔà  àAs€to€the€admissibility€of€these€photographs,€the€State€asserted€that€these€two€photographsÐ Ð  Ðhad€been€entered€into€evidence€in€the€defendantððs€first€trial€and€were€admissible€in€the€resentencingÐ ¼  Ðhearing€ð ðto€show€the€facts€of€the€crime,€to€show€the€savagery€of€it.ðð€€As€the€trial€court€reviewed€theÐ ¨ø Ðphotographs,€they€were€described€as€showing€ð ða€small€amount€of€blood€on€[the€victimððs]€rear€endÐ ”ä Ðand€blood€on€the€seat€to€the€left.ðð€€The€court€said€that€ð ðthere€is€not€any€goriness€about€it€at€all.ðð€Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àThe€defense€argued€that€since€the€rehearing€was€to€fix€punishment€rather€than€to€determineÐ X ¨ Ðguilt€or€innocence,€the€probative€value€of€the€photographs€was€ð ðgreatly€lessened.ðð€€The€State€thenÐ D!” Ðshowed€the€trial€court€other€crime€scene€photographs€which€the€State€was€not€seeking€to€be€admitted.Ð 0"€  ÐWe€have€reviewed€these€additional€photographs€and€agree€that€the€two€which€were€admitted€intoÐ #l! Ðevidence€at€the€resentencing€hearing€were€the€least€shocking€of€the€group.Ð $X" ÐÌà  àIn€admitting€the€photographs€of€Mina€Ethel€Johnson,€the€trial€court€found:Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[T]his€picture€shows€that€she€wasnððt€raped€on€the€hood€of€a€car;€thatÐ ¸'#& Ðshe€was€placed€in€the€back€seat€of€the€car.€€She€was€disrobed€fromÐ ¤(ô#' Ðbehind€and€positioned€to€be€raped.€€And€so€ð!ð€I€mean,€itððs€probative€inÐ )à$( Ðthe€sense€that€the€state€has€to€rebut€the€mitigators€that€this€was€someÐ |*Ì%) Ðkind€of€uncontrollable€rage.€€Weððve€had€to€address€this€in€other€casesÐ h+¸&* Ðwhere€thereððs€been€a€defense€that€the€person€just€impulsively€justÐ ° Ðwent€off€and€has€no€memory€of€what€happened.€€Yet,€for€instance,€inÐ œì ÐòòState€v.€Victor€Cazesóó,€yet,€in€that€case€ð!ð€in€the€proof€of€that€case,€heÐ ˆØ Ðhad€gone€up€to€the€porch€and€unscrewed€the€light€bulb€so€that€it€wasÐ tÄ Ðdark€when€he€went€in.€€Okay.€€That€was€used€by€the€state€to€rebut€theÐ `° Ðdefense€in€the€post„conviction€that€it€was€because€he€had€thisÐ L œ Ðuncontrollable€black„out€rage.Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àSo€the€fact€that€the€body€was€positioned€in€the€back€of€the€carÐ  ` Ðð!ð€I€mean,€itððs€probative€is€what€Iððm€saying.€€Given€the€defense,€itððsÐ ü L  Ðprobative,€and€so€for€that€ð!ð€and€I€just€donððt€see€anything€ð!ð€this€isÐ è 8  Ðprejudicial,€no€question.€€I€donððt€see€anything€unfairly€prejudicial.€.€.Ð Ô$  Ð.€€I€just€donððt€see€anything€wrong€with€this€picture.€.€.€.€What€IððmÐ À  Ðsaying€is€there€is€not€anything€ð!ð€itððs€prejudicial€but€itððs€not€unfairlyÐ ¬ü  Ðprejudicial€as€I€see€it.à8h` x` xàà8ÀhphpàИè ÀÀ ÐÌà  àà ` à.€.€.€.Ð pÀ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à.€.€.€[T]hey€showed,€although€that€he€got€mad,€from€his€confession€andÐ H˜ Ðeverything€else,€the€proof€at€that€time€was€that€he€did€throw€her€overÐ 4„ Ðthe€seat€into€the€back€seat€of€the€car.€€It€would€have€been€kind€of€hardÐ  p Ðð!ð€I€mean,€there€was€some€thought€to€it.€.€.€.€€€Ð \` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` à.€.€.€.Ð ä4 ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIððm€just€saying€that€the€position€of€the€body€is€probative€to€someÐ ¼  Ðextent.Шø` x` x ÐÌà  àAdditionally,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€should€not€have€allowed€into€evidenceÐ €Ð Ða€photograph€showing€Becky€Roberts,€as€her€body€was€leaning€across€the€right€arm€of€a€chair€andÐ l¼ Ðwith€substantial€blood€on€her€face,€neck,€and€right€arm.€€Addressing€the€admissibility€of€theÐ X ¨ Ðphotograph€of€Mrs.€Roberts,€the€court€stated:Ð D!” ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àOkay.€€Iððm€going€to€allow€these€[multiple€photographs€of€the€RobertsÐ #l! Ðcrime€scene].€€Let€me€say€this.€€From€these€pictures,€looking€at€theÐ $X" Ðsafe€and€everything,€it€also€shows€that€this€robbery€ð!ð€that€this€killingÐ ô$D # Ðwas€done€in€the€perpetration€of€a€robbery,€which€shows€some€motiveÐ à%0!$ Ðother€than€rage.ÐÌ&"%` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àAlthough€your€mitigating€circumstances€ð!ð€youððve€already€toldÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€jury€basically€that€he€was€born€this€way,€he€canððt€help€it,€that€heÐ )à$( Ðdoes€these€things€out€of€rage.€€These€pictures,€especially€of€the€safeÐ |*Ì%) Ðand€things,€they€go€to€show€that€these€crimes€happen€other€than€forÐ h+¸&* Ðrage.€€These€pictures€go€directly€to€the€mitigator,€even€if€they€had€notÐ ° Ðchanged€the€law€on€allowing€proof€of€aggravating€circumstances.€€Ðœì` x` x ÐÌà  àReferring€then€to€the€photograph€of€Becky€Robertsðð€body€in€a€chair,€the€trial€court€stated:Ð tÄ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThe€only€one€I€find€any€unfair€prejudice€is€this€body€sitting€in€theÐ L œ Ðchair,€and€itððs€got€blood,€and€itððs€somewhat€gruesome,€but€the€bloodÐ 8 ˆ Ðð!ð€the€streaks€of€blood€are€probative€and€ð!ð€and€I€donððt€think€that€ð!ðÐ $ t Ðsince€thereððs€no€dismemberment,€I€donððt€think€that€the€prejudiceÐ  ` Ðsubstantially€outweighs€the€blood.€€And€I€just€donððt€think€the€jury€isÐ ü L  Ðgoing€to€be€swayed€or€go€crazy€because€they€see€blood.Ðè 8 ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àSometimes€when€you€talk€about€how€somebody€is€killed€andÐ À  Ðtheir€eye€being€shot€out€or€something,€Iððve€thought€of€some€kind€ofÐ ¬ü  Ðhorrifying€thing€with€parts€of€eyes€and€brain€matter,€and€itððs€not€onÐ ˜è  Ðthis€picture.€€So€what€Iððm€saying€I€think€maybe€the€jury€will€probablyÐ „Ô  Ðhave€an€even€more€horrible€idea€of€this€other€than€the€picture,€so€forÐ pÀ Ðthat€reason,€I€donððt€see€a€problem€with€it.Ð\¬` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€admissibility€of€photographs€generally€lies€within€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€court,Ð 4„ Ðand€will€not€be€overturned€on€appeal€absent€a€showing€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion.€€òòStateÐ  p Ðv.€Banksóó,€564€S.W.2d€947,€949€(Tenn.€1978).€€"Tennessee€courts€follow€a€policy€of€liberality€in€theÐ  \ Ðadmission€of€photographs€in€both€civil€and€criminal€cases."€€òòState€v.€Morrisóó,€24€S.W.3d€788,€810Ð øH Ð(Tenn.€2000),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€531€U.S.€1082,€121€S.€Ct.€786,€148€L.€Ed.€2d€682€(2001).€€In€determiningÐ ä4 Ðwhether€a€photograph€is€admissible,€the€trial€court€must€first€determine€whether€it€is€relevant€to€aÐ Ð  Ðmatter€at€issue€in€the€case.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401Ô#†X ùXXX ù%#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔ;€òòState€v.€Vannóó,€976€S.W.2d€93,€102€(Tenn.€1998),Ð ¼  Ðòòcert.€deniedóó,€526€U.S.€1071,€119€S.€Ct.€1467,€143€L.€Ed.€2d€551€(1999);€òòBanksóó,€564€S.W.2d€at€949.Ð ¨ø ÐThe€court€must€next€consider€whether€the€probative€value€of€the€photograph€is€"substantiallyÐ ”ä Ðoutweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice,€confusion€of€the€issues,€or€misleading€the€jury."€€Ð €Ð ÐTenn.€R.€Evid.€403.€€Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àPhotographs€of€a€corpse€are€admissible€in€murder€prosecutions€if€they€are€relevant€to€theÐ D!” Ðissues€at€trial,€notwithstanding€their€gruesome€and€horrifying€character.€€Additionally,€theÐ 0"€  Ðadmissibility€of€evidence€at€a€capital€sentencing€hearing€is€controlled€by€Tennessee€Code€AnnotatedÐ #l! Ðsection€39„13„204(c),€which€allows€the€admission€of€any€evidence€ð ðthe€court€deems€relevant€to€theÐ $X" Ðpunishment€.€.€.€regardless€of€its€admissibility€under€the€rules€of€evidence.ðð€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Hallóó,€8Ð ô$D # ÐS.W.3d€593,€602€(Tenn.€1999),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€531€U.S.€837,€121€S.€Ct.€98,€148€L.€Ed.€2d€57€(2000).€Ð à%0!$ ÐIn€essence,€section€39„13„204(c)€permits€introduction€of€any€evidence€relevant€to€sentencing€in€aÐ Ì&"% Ðcapital€case,€subject€only€ð ðto€a€defendantððs€opportunity€to€rebut€any€hearsay€statements€and€toÐ ¸'#& Ðconstitutional€limitations.ðð€€òòId.óó€(footnote€omitted).Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àNotwithstanding€this€broad€interpretation€of€admissibility,€evidence€that€is€not€relevant€toÐ |*Ì%) Ðprove€some€part€of€the€prosecutionððs€case€should€not€be€admitted€solely€to€inflame€the€jury€andÐ h+¸&* Ðprejudice€the€defendant.€€òòBanksóó,€564€S.W.2d€at€950„51.€€Additionally,€the€probative€value€of€theÐ ° Ðphotograph€must€outweigh€any€unfair€prejudicial€effect€that€it€may€have€upon€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòVannóó,Ð œì Ð976€S.W.2d€at€103;€òòState€v.€Bradenóó,€867€S.W.2d€750,€758€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993);€òòsee€alsoóó€Tenn.Ð ˆØ ÐR.€Evid.€403.€€Excluded€is€evidence€which€is€ð ðunfairly€prejudicial,ðð€in€other€words,€that€evidenceÐ tÄ Ðwhich€has€ð ððð[a]n€undue€tendency€to€suggest€a€decision€on€an€improper€basis,€commonly,€though€notÐ `° Ðnecessarily,€an€emotional€one.ðððð€€òòVannóó,€976€S.W.2d€at€103€(quoting€òòState€v.€Duboseóó,€953€S.W.2dÐ L œ Ð649,€654€(Tenn.€1997)).Ð 8 ˆ Ðà  àÌà  àThe€defendant€had€previously€been€convicted€of€first€degree€murder€and€sentenced€to€death.€Ð  ` ÐBecause€this€was€the€resentencing€phase,€the€previous€jury€having€determined€the€defendantððs€guilt,Ð ü L  Ðthis€jury€was€without€benefit€of€the€proof€introduced€during€the€guilt€phase€hearing€as€to€theÐ è 8  Ðcircumstances€of€the€offense.€€In€such€cases,€our€supreme€court€has€advised€that,€although€the€proofÐ Ô$  Ðneed€not€be€as€detailed€as€that€offered€at€the€guilt-innocence€phase€of€the€trial,€some€proof€is€essentialÐ À  Ðto€ensure€both€individualized€sentencing€by€the€jury€and€effective€comparative€proportionality€reviewÐ ¬ü  Ðby€the€appellate€courts.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Nicholsóó,€877€S.W.2d€722,€731€(Tenn.€1994),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€513Ð ˜è  ÐU.S.€1114,€115€S.€Ct.€909,€130€L.€Ed.€2d€791€(1995)€(rejecting€a€defendant's€claim€that€proofÐ „Ô  Ðregarding€the€circumstances€of€the€offense€is€not€admissible€at€resentencing€hearing€and€holding€thatÐ pÀ Ðsuch€proof€is€necessary€to€provide€individualized€sentencing);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€993€S.W.2dÐ \¬ Ð6,€44€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€528€U.S.€1023,€120€S.€Ct.€536,€145€L.€Ed.€2d€415€(1999);€òòState€v.€Odomóó,Ð H˜ Ð928€S.W.2d€18,€31€(Tenn.€1996).€€As€a€general€rule,€the€introduction€of€photographs€helps€the€trierÐ 4„ Ðof€fact€see€for€itself€what€is€depicted€in€the€photographs.€€òòState€v.€Griffisóó,€€964€S.W.2d€577,€594Ð  p Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997)òòóó.€€The€photographs€of€Mina€Ethel€Johnson€show€the€position€of€her€bodyÐ  \ Ðwhere€the€homicide€occurred€and€relate€the€circumstances€of€the€offense.€€Additionally,€because€theÐ øH Ðdefense€relied€upon€the€theory€that€the€defendant€acted€on€impulse€or€rage,€the€photographs€wereÐ ä4 Ðrelevant€to€show€that€the€defendant€purposefully€forced€the€victim€into€the€back€of€the€car€andÐ Ð  Ðpositioned€her€where€he€could€disrobe€and€rape€her€from€behind.€€Similarly,€the€photograph€of€BeckyÐ ¼  ÐRoberts€is€admissible.€€The€defendant€presented€evidence€that€he€suffered€from€low€serotonin€levelsÐ ¨ø Ðand€could€not€control€his€actions,€and€the€photograph€of€Becky€Roberts€depicted€the€methodicalÐ ”ä Ðmanner€in€which€the€defendant€perpetrated€the€murder.€€Their€admission€was€appropriate€under€theÐ €Ð Ðcriteria€set€out€by€the€court€in€òòBanksóó,€564€S.W.2d€at€951.òòóóÐ l¼ ÐÌà  àThe€photographs€are€relevant€and€are€not€so€unfairly€prejudicial€as€to€bar€their€admission.€Ð D!” ÐAccordingly,€we€cannot€conclude€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€by€admitting€theseÐ 0"€  Ðphotographs.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.Ð #l! ÐÌò òÓ  ÓV.€€Denial€of€Defendantððs€Motion€to€Allow€Jury€Ð ô$D # Ðto€Return€Sentence€of€Life€Without€ParoleÐ à%0!$ ÐÌÓXÓà  àó óIn€1993,€the€General€Assembly€amended€the€capital€sentencing€statutes€to€provide€for€theÐ ¸'#& Ðsentence€of€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€of€parole.€€òòState€v.€Keenóó,€31€S.W.3d€196,€213Ð ¤(ô#' Ð(Tenn.€2000)€(citing€1993€Tenn.€Pub.€Acts€ch.€473)Ô#†X ùXXX ùB#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔ,€òòcert.€deniedóó,€532€U.S.€907,€121€S.€Ct.€1233,€149Ð )à$( ÐL.€Ed.€2d€142€(2001).€€Prior€to€1993,€the€only€punishments€available€for€a€person€convicted€of€firstÐ |*Ì%) Ðdegree€murder€were€life€imprisonment€and€death.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó;€òòState€v.€Cauthernóó,€967€S.W.2d€726,€735Ð h+¸&* Ð(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€525€U.S.€967,€119€S.€Ct.€414,€142€L.€Ed.€2d€336€(1998).€€In€òòKeenóó,€our€supremeÐ ° Ðcourt€held€that€neither€the€state€nor€federal€constitution€required€that€a€jury€be€allowed€to€considerÐ œì Ðlife€without€parole€for€offenses€committed€prior€to€July€1,€1993.€€31€S.W.3d€at€217€n.7.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àThe€defendantððs€offense€was€committed€in€1991,€over€two€years€before€the€passage€of€theÐ `° Ð1993€Act,€and€his€resentencing€hearing€was€conducted€six€years€after€the€Actððs€effective€date.€€HeÐ L œ Ðasserts€that€he€was€constitutionally€entitled€to€have€the€jury€provided€the€option€of€imposing€aÐ 8 ˆ Ðsentence€of€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole,€and€that€òòò òóóó óthe€legislatureððs€action€in€limiting€theÐ $ t Ðapplication€of€the€1993€Act€to€crimes€committed€on€or€after€July€1,€1993,€violates€both€federal€andÐ  ` Ðstate€constitutions.€€However,€the€defendant€acknowledges€that€these€arguments€have€been€rejectedÐ ü L  Ðby€our€supreme€court€in€òòKeenóó,€31€S.W.3d€at€213„19.€€Since€this€court€is€bound€by€the€precedentÐ è 8  Ðestablished€by€our€supreme€court,€we€find€it€unnecessary€to€review€the€propriety€of€its€holdings.€€ThisÐ Ô$  Ðclaim€is€without€merit.ò òÐ À  ÐÌà@¾¾ìàVI.€€Death€Penalty€Violates€United€States€Treaties€and€International€LawˆÐ ˜è  ÐÌà  àó óThe€defendant€asserts€on€appeal€that€Tennesseeððs€imposition€of€the€death€penalty€violates€theÐ pÀ Ðfollowing€treaties€of€the€United€States:€€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights;€theÐ \¬ ÐInternational€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination;€and€theÐ H˜ ÐConvention€Against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment.€€ByÐ 4„ Ðhis€argument,€the€disregard€of€these€treaties€violated€the€Supremacy€Clause€of€the€United€StatesÐ  p ÐConstitution.€€These€claims€are€based€upon€two€primary€grounds:€€(1)€customary€international€lawÐ  \ Ðand€specific€international€treaties€prohibit€capital€punishment;€and€(2)€customary€international€lawÐ øH Ðand€specific€international€treaties€prohibit€reinstatement€of€the€death€penalty€once€it€has€beenÐ ä4 Ðabolished.€€In€his€reply€brief,€the€defendant€presents€the€additional€claim€that€the€Stateððs€response,Ð Ð  Ðthat€the€United€States€became€a€party€to€these€treaties€ð ðwith€reservationsðð€that€capital€punishmentÐ ¼  Ðstill€could€be€imposed,€is€without€merit€because€the€United€States€Constitution€does€not€permit€suchÐ ¨ø Ðreservations.€€Ð ”ä Ðà  àò òÌà  àó óInitially,€we€note€that€the€defendant€has€cited€no€decision€of€any€court€accepting€hisÐ l¼ Ðarguments€that,€because€of€treaty€obligations€of€the€United€States,€the€death€penalty€cannot€beÐ X ¨ Ðimposed€in€this€country.ò ò€€ó óIn€fact,€the€Sixth€Circuit€Court€of€Appeals,€in€òòBuell€v.€Mitchellóó,€274€F.3d€Ð D!” Ð337€(6th€Cir.€2001),€dismissed€similar€claims€that€the€Ohio€death€penalty€scheme€violated€bothÐ 4"„  Ðinternational€laws€and€treaties.€€òòóóòòóóIn€òòBuellóó,€as€in€the€present€case,€the€defendant€argued€that€OhioððsÐ  #p! Ðdeath€penalty€statute€violated€the€Supremacy€Clause€by€not€complying€with€(1)€the€AmericanÐ  $\" ÐDeclaration€of€the€Rights€and€Duties€of€Men€and€(2)€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÐ ø$H # ÐPolitical€Rights€and€that€ð ðthe€prohibition€of€executions€is€not€only€a€customary€norm€of€internationalÐ ä%4!$ Ðlaw,€but€rather,€a€peremptory€norm€of€international€law,€or€òòjus€cogensóó,€that€is€accepted€andÐ Ð& "% Ðrecognized€by€the€international€community€and€that€cannot€be€derogated.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€370€(citationsÐ ¼' #& Ðomitted).€€Ð ¨(ø#' ÐÌà  àThe€court€rejected€the€defendantððs€contention€that€ð ðthe€abolition€of€the€death€penalty€has€beenÐ €*Ð%) Ðaccepted€by€international€agreement€and€as€a€form€of€customary€law,ðð€€òòid.óó€€at€371,€€finding€(1)€to€theÐ l+¼&* Ðextent€that€the€agreements€relied€upon€by€the€defendant€ban€cruel€and€unusual€punishment,€theÐ ° ÐUnited€States€had€included€express€reservations€preserving€the€right€to€impose€the€death€penaltyÐ œì Ðwithin€the€limits€of€the€United€States€Constitution,€and€(2)€the€agreements€were€not€binding€on€courtsÐ ˆØ Ðof€the€United€States.€€òòId.óó€at€372.€€In€so€holding,€the€court€reasoned:Ð tÄ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThese€agreements€[the€American€Declaration€of€the€Rights€and€DutiesÐ L œ Ðof€Men€and€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights]Ð 8 ˆ Ðdo€not€prohibit€the€death€penalty€.€.€.€.€€Moreover,€the€United€StatesÐ $ t Ðhas€approved€each€agreement€with€reservations€that€preserve€theÐ  ` Ðpower€of€each€of€the€several€states€and€of€the€United€States,€under€theÐ ü L  ÐConstitution.Ðè 8 ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àNeither€the€OAS€Charter€[Charter€of€the€Organization€ofÐ À  ÐAmerican€States]€nor€the€American€Declaration€specifically€prohibitÐ ¬ü  Ðcapital€punishment.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Phillipsóó,€656€N.E.2d€643,€671€(OhioÐ ˜è  Ð1995).€€Furthermore,€the€United€States€Senate€approved€the€OASÐ „Ô  ÐCharter€with€the€reservation€that€ð ðððnone€of€its€provisions€shall€beÐ pÀ Ðconsidered€as€.€.€.€limiting€the€powers€of€the€several€states€.€.€.€withÐ \¬ Ðrespect€to€any€matters€recognized€under€the€Constitution€as€beingÐ H˜ Ðwithin€the€reserved€powers€of€the€several€states.ðððð€€Charter€of€theÐ 4„ ÐOrganization€of€American€States,€1951,€2€U.S.T.€2394,€2484.Ð p` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àThe€International€Covenant€.€.€.€does€not€require€its€memberÐ øH Ðcountries€to€abolish€the€death€penalty.€€Article€7€of€the€InternationalÐ ä4 ÐCovenant€prohibits€cruel,€inhumane,€or€degrading€punishment.€.€.€.Ð Ð  ÐThe€United€States€agreed€to€abide€by€this€prohibition€only€to€theÐ ¼  Ðextent€that€the€Fifth,€Eighth,€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€ban€cruelÐ ¨ø Ðand€unusual€punishments.€€òòSeeóó€138€Cong.€Rec.€S„4781„01,€S4783Ð ”ä Ð(1992)€(ð ðThat€the€United€States€considers€itself€bound€by€article€7€toÐ €Ð Ðthe€extent€that€ððcruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishmentððÐ l¼ Ðmeans€the€cruel€and€unusual€treatment€or€punishment€prohibited€byÐ X ¨ Ðthe€Fifth,€Eighth,€and/or€Fourteenth€Amendments€to€the€ConstitutionÐ D!” Ðof€the€United€States.ðð);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòJamison€v.€Collinsóó,€100€F.€Supp.€2dÐ 0"€  Ð647,€766€(S.D.€Ohio€2000)€(citing€Christy€A.€Short,€Comment,€òòTheÐ #l! ÐAbolition€of€the€Death€Penaltyóó,€6€Ind.€J.€Global€Legal€Stud.€721,€725„Ð $X" Ð26,€730€(1999)).Ðô$D #` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àMoreover,€the€International€Covenant€specifically€recognizesÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€existence€of€the€death€penalty.€.€.€.€Ð¸'#&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àFinally,€we€note€that€even€if€the€agreements€were€to€ban€theÐ )à$( Ðimposition€of€the€death€penalty,€neither€is€binding€on€federal€courts.€Ð |*Ì%) Ðð ðCourts€in€the€United€States€are€bound€to€give€effect€to€internationalÐ h+¸&* Ðlaw€and€to€international€agreements,€except€that€a€ððnon„self„Ð ° Ðexecutingðð€agreement€will€not€be€given€effect€as€law€in€the€absenceÐ œì Ðof€necessary€authority.ðð€€Restatement€(Third)€of€Foreign€RelationsÐ ˆØ ÐLaw€ðð€111€(1987).€€Neither€the€American€Declaration€nor€theÐ tÄ ÐInternational€Covenant€is€self„executing,€nor€has€Congress€enactedÐ `° Ðimplementing€legislation€for€either€agreement.€€òòSeeóó€òòGarza€v.€Lappinóó,Ð L œ Ð253€F.3d€918,€923€(7th€Cir.€2001)€(stating€that€the€ð ðAmericanÐ 8 ˆ ÐDeclaration€.€.€.€is€an€aspirational€document€which€.€.€.€did€not€on€itsÐ $ t Ðown€create€any€enforceable€obligations€on€the€part€of€any€of€the€OASÐ  ` Ðmember€nationsðð);€òòBeazley€v.€Johnsonóó,€242€F.3d€248,€267„68€(5thÐ ü L  ÐCir.€2001)€(citing€cases€and€other€sources€indicating€that€theÐ è 8  ÐInternational€Covenant€is€not€self„executing);€òòHawkinsóó,€33€F.€Supp.Ð Ô$  Ð2d€at€1257€(noting€that€Congress€has€not€enacted€implementingÐ À  Ðlegislation€for€the€International€Covenant).ò òЬü ` x` x ÐÌòòó óBuellóó,€274€F.3d€at€371„72.€€òòò òóóÐ „Ô  Ðà  àÌà  àó óAs€in€the€present€case,€the€defendant€in€òòBuellóó€also€asserted€that€Ohioððs€death€penalty€violatedÐ \¬ Ðcustomary€international€law.€€The€Sixth€Circuit€rejected€this€argument€as€well:Ð H˜ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà " àThe€prohibition€of€the€death€penalty€is€not€so€extensive€andÐ  p Ðvirtually€uniform€among€the€nations€of€the€world€that€it€is€aÐ  \ Ðcustomary€international€norm.€€This€is€confirmed€by€the€fact€that€largeÐ øH Ðnumbers€of€countries€in€the€world€retain€the€death€penalty.€€Indeed,Ð ä4 Ðit€is€impossible€to€conclude€that€the€international€community€as€aÐ Ð  Ðwhole€recognizes€the€prohibition€of€the€death€penalty,€when€as€ofÐ ¼  Ð2001,€147€states€were€parties€to€the€International€Covenant,€whichÐ ¨ø Ðspecifically€recognizes€the€existence€of€the€death€penalty.Дä` x` x ÐÌòòId.óó€at€373€(citations€omitted).Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àThe€court€additionally€advised:Ð D!” ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àWe€believe€that€in€the€context€of€this€case,€where€customaryÐ #l! Ðinternational€law€is€being€used€as€a€defense€against€an€otherwiseÐ $X" Ðconstitutional€action,€the€reactionò ò€ó óto€any€violation€of€customaryÐ ô$D # Ðinternational€law€is€a€domestic€question€that€must€be€answered€by€theÐ ä%4!$ Ðexecutive€and€legislative€branches.€€We€hold€that€the€determinationÐ Ð& "% Ðof€whether€customary€international€law€prevents€a€State€from€carryingÐ ¼' #& Ðout€the€death€penalty,€when€the€State€otherwise€is€acting€in€fullÐ ¨(ø#' Ðcompliance€with€the€Constitution,€is€a€question€that€is€reserved€to€theÐ ”)ä$( Ðâ âexecutive€and€legislative€branches€of€the€United€States€government,Ð €*Ð%) Ðas€it€[is]€their€constitutional€role€to€determine€the€extent€of€thisÐ ° Ðcountryððs€international€obligations€and€how€best€to€carry€them€out.Мì` x` x Ðâ âÌòòId.òòóó€óóat€375„76€(footnote€omitted).ò òÐ tÄ ÐÌó óà  àThe€authorities€appear€to€be€universal€that€no€customary€or€international€law€or€internationalÐ L œ Ðtreaty€prohibits€a€state€from€imposing€the€death€penalty€as€a€punishment€for€certain€crimes.€€òòSeeóóÐ 8 ˆ ÐòòStanford€v.€Kentuckyóó,€492€U.S.€361,€109€S.€Ct.€2969,€106€L.€Ed.€2d€306€(1989);€òòUnited€States€v.Ð $ t ÐDuarte„Aceroóó,€296€F.3d€1277,€1283€(11th€Cir.€2002)€(International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÐ  ` ÐRights€not€binding€on€the€federal€courts€because€it€is€not€self„executing€and€Congress€has€not€passedÐ ü L  Ðlegislation€implementing€it);€òòBuell€v.€Mitchellóó,€274€F.3d€337€(6th€Cir.€2001);€òòUnited€Mexican€StatesÐ è 8  Ðv.€Woodsóó,€126€F.3d€1220,€1223€(9th€Cir.€1997);€òòFaulder€v.€Johnsonóó,€99€F.€Supp.€2d€774,€777€(S.D.Ð Ô$  ÐTex.€1999)òòóó€(In€signing€Convention€Against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman,€or€DegradingÐ À  ÐTreatment€or€Punishment€and€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€United€StatesÐ ¬ü  Ðmade€reservation€stating€that€it€understood€language€to€mean€cruel€and€unusual€punishment€asÐ ˜è  Ðdefined€by€the€Eighth€Amendment,€which€does€not€prohibit€the€death€penalty.);Ô#†X ùXXX ùøY#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔ€òòWorkman€v.Ð „Ô  ÐSundquistóó,€135€F.€Supp.€2d€871€(M.D.€Tenn.€2001);€òòJamison€v.€Collinsóó,€100€F.€Supp.€2d€647,€766Ð pÀ Ð(S.D.€Ohio€2000);Ô#†X ùXXX ù¦#ÔòòÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔóó€òòPeople€v.€Ghentóó,€739€P.2d€1250€(Cal.€1987);€òòÔ#†X ùXXX ù›Ž#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔState€v.€Kleypasóó,€40€P.3d€139€(Kan.Ð \¬ Ð2001),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€__€U.S.€__,€__€S.€Ct.€__,€__€L.€Ed.€2d€__€(2002);€òòDomingues€v.€Stateóó,€961€P.2dÐ H˜ Ð1279€(Nev.€1998);€òòState€v.€Nelsonóó,€715€A.2d€281€(N.J.€1998);€òòState€v.€Phillipsóó,€656€N.E.2d€643,€671Ð 4„ Ð(Ohio€1995);òòóóÔ#†X ùXXX ù#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔ€òòHinojosa€v.€Stateóó,€4€S.W.3d€240,€252€(Tex.€Crim.€App.€1999).€€Ð  p ÐÌà  àIn€his€reply€brief,€the€defendant€presents€the€additional€argument€that€the€United€States€SenateÐ øH Ðcannot€approve€a€treaty€ð ðwith€reservations.ðð€€As€he€states,€ð ð[i]t€€has€been€assumed,€without€analysisÐ ä4 Ðunder€the€separation€of€powers€doctrine,€that€the€Senate€has€the€right€to€place€conditions€andÐ Ð  Ðreservations€on€the€provisions€of€a€treaty€to€which€it€gives€its€ððconsentðð€under€the€Treaty€Clause.ðð€HeÐ ¼  Ðthen€cites€three€decisions€of€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€which,€by€his€interpretation,€compelÐ ¨ø Ðthis€result.€€We€have€carefully€reviewed€these€authorities,€€òòClinton€v.€City€of€New€Yorkóó,€524€U.S.Ð ”ä Ð417,€438,€118€S.€Ct.€2091,€2103,€141€L.€Ed.€2d€393,€414€(1998)€(line€item€veto€held€invalid€becauseÐ €Ð Ðthe€Constitution€does€not€authorize€the€President€ð ðto€enact,€to€amend,€or€to€repeal€statutesðð);Ð l¼ ÐòòBowsher€v.€Synaróó,€478€U.S.€714,€736,€106€S.€Ct.€3181,€3193,€92€L.€Ed.€2d€583,€603€(1986)€Ô#†X ùXXX ù­#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔ(ð ð[T]heÐ X ¨ Ðpowers€vested€in€the€Comptroller€General€under€Ô#†X ùXXX ù‹•#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔðð€Ô#†X ùXXX ù–#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔ251€[of€the€balanced€budget€and€Deficit€ControlÐ D!” ÐAct€of€1985]€violate€the€command€of€the€Constitution€that€the€Congress€play€no€direct€role€in€theÐ 0"€  Ðexecution€of€the€laws.ðð)Ô#†X ùXXX ùb–#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔ;€and€òòINS€v.€Chadhaóó,€462€U.S.€919,€954„55,€103€S.€Ct.€2764,€2785„86,€77Ð #l! ÐL.€Ed.€2d€317,€346„47€(1983)Ô#†X ùXXX ùy—#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔ€(congressional€veto€provision€in€Ô#†X ùXXX ù9˜#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔsection€Ô#†X ùXXX ù˜#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔ244(c)(2)€of€the€ImmigrationÐ $X" Ðand€Nationality€Act,€allowing€one€house€of€Congress€to€invalidate€a€decision€of€the€ExecutiveÐ ô$D # ÐBranch,€determined€to€be€unconstitutionalÔ#†X ùXXX ùç˜#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔ).€Ô#†X ùXXX ùõ™#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔ€While€these€three€decisions€all€deal€with€separation€ofÐ à%0!$ Ðpower€issues,€we€respectfully€disagree€with€the€defendantððs€assertions€that€their€rationales€compelÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€conclusion€that€the€United€States€Senate€cannot€approve€a€treaty€ð ðwith€reservations.ðð€€In€fact,€aÐ ¸'#& Ðdetermination€that€the€Senate€can€do€so€is€implicit€in€the€numerous€other€decisions€consideringÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdefendantsðð€treaty„based€attacks€on€the€imposition€of€capital€punishment.€Ô#†X ùXXX ù:š#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔ€òòSeeóó€òòColeman€v.€Mitchellóó,Ð )à$( Ð268€F.3d€417,€443€n.12€(6th€Cir.€2001),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€__€U.S.€__,€122€S.€Ct.€1639,€152€L.€Ed.€2d€647Ð |*Ì%) Ð(2002)Ô#†X ùXXX ù…œ#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔ€(ð ððð[T]he€United€States€is€not€party€to€any€treaty€that€prohibits€capital€punishment€per€se.ðððð)Ð h+¸&* Ð(quoting€òòUnited€States€v.€Bin€Ladenóó,€126€F.€Supp.€2d€290,€294€(S.D.N.Y.€2001)).Ô#†X ùXXX ù†#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔ€€Ô#†X ùXXX ùž#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔòòóóThus,€weÐ ° Ðrespectfully€disagree€that€the€authorities€cited€by€the€defendant€support€his€claim€Ô#†X ùXXX ùáž#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔthat€the€TreatyÐ œì ÐClause€of€the€United€States€Constitution€prevents€the€Senate€from€approving€a€treaty€withÐ ˆØ Ðreservations.Ô#†X ùXXX ùšŸ#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔÐ tÄ ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€we€conclude€that€this€assignment€is€without€merit.Ð L œ ÐÓ€ d()*+,-/0(ÿÿ03ÓÔ#†X ùXXX ù{ #ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔÌà@  ìàò òVII.€€Constitutionality€of€Tennessee€Death€Penalty€Statutesó óˆÐ $ t ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€raises€numerous€challenges€to€the€constitutionality€of€Tennesseeððs€deathÐ ü L  Ðpenalty€provisions.€€Included€within€his€challenge€that€the€Tennessee€death€penalty€statutes€violateÐ è 8  Ðthe€Fifth,€Sixth,€Eighth,€and€Fourteenth€Amendments€of€the€United€States€Constitution,€and€ArticleÐ Ô$  ÐI,€Sections€8,€9,€16,€and€17,€Article€II,€Section€2,€and€Article€XI,€Section€8,€of€the€TennesseeÐ À  ÐConstitution€are€the€following:Ð ¬ü  ÐÌÓ6°,XƒXŒ –X°,XƒX" –X6Óò òà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à Œ àTennessee's€death€penalty€statutes€fail€to€meaningfullyÐ „Ô  Ðnarrow€the€class€of€death€eligible€defendants;€specifically,€theÐ pÀ Ðstatutory€aggravating€circumstances€set€forth€in€Tennessee€CodeÐ \¬ ÐAnnotated€section€39„13„204(i)(2),€(i)(5),€(i)(6),€and€(i)(7)€haveÐ H˜ Ðbeen€so€broadly€interpreted,€whether€viewed€singly€orÐ 4„ Ðcollectively,€that€they€fail€to€provide€such€a€"meaningful€basis"Ð  p Ðfor€narrowing€the€population€of€those€convicted€of€first€degreeÐ  \ Ðmurder€to€those€eligible€for€the€sentence€of€death.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€ÐøH` x` x Ðó óÌà  àAs€to€this€claim,€the€defendant€asserts€in€his€brief€that€our€supreme€court€ruled€incorrectlyÐ Ð  Ðin€òòState€v.€Caldwellóó,€671€S.W.2d€459€(€Tenn.€1984),€and€òòState€v.€Blouvettóó,€904€S.W.2d€111€(Tenn.Ð ¼  Ð1995),€arguing€that€application€of€these€holdings€results€in€an€overbroad€construction€of€TennesseeÐ ¨ø ÐCode€Annotated€section€39„13„204(i)(2)€and€violates€his€right€to€substantive€due€process.€€Thus,€heÐ ”ä Ðinvites€this€court€to€reconsider€these€decisions.€€However,€this€court,€being€inferior€to€our€supremeÐ €Ð Ðcourt,€is€bound€by€its€decisions€and€must€abide€with€its€ð ðorder,€decrees€and€precedents.ðð€€òòState€v.Ð l¼ ÐIrickóó,€906€S.W.2d€440,€443€(Tenn.€1995).€€Applying€the€holdings€of€our€supreme€court€in€òòCaldwellóóÐ X ¨ Ðand€òòBlouvettóó,€we€conclude€that€this€assignment€is€without€merit.Ð D!” Ѐ€Ð 0"€  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àò òB.à Œ àThe€death€sentence€is€imposed€capriciously€and€arbitrarily€inÐ #l! Ðthat:€Ð$X"` x` x Ðâ âÐ ô$D # Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(1)€unlimited€discretion€is€vested€in€the€prosecutor€as€toÐ ° Ðâ âwhether€or€not€to€seek€the€death€penalty,€and€Ðœì` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(2)€it€is€imposed€in€a€discriminatory€manner€based€uponÐ tÄ Ðeconomics,€race,€geography,€and€gender.€€€ó óÐ`°` x` x ÐÌà  àThese€arguments€have€been€rejected€on€numerous€occasions€by€our€supreme€court.€€òòSeeóó€òòStateÐ 8 ˆ Ðv.€McKinneyóó,€74òòóó€S.W.3d€291,€319€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€__€U.S.€__,€__€S.€Ct.€__,€__€L.€Ed.€2d€__Ð $ t Ð(2002).Ð  ` ÐÌò òà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(3)€€there€are€no€uniform€standards€or€procedures€for€juryÐ è 8  Ðselection€to€insure€open€inquiry€concerning€potentiallyÐ Ô$  Ðprejudicial€subject€matter.€€ó óÐÀ ` x` x ÐÌà  àThis€argument€has€been€rejected€by€our€supreme€court.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Caughronóó,€855€S.W.2dÐ ˜è  Ð526,€542€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€510€U.S.€979,€114€S.€Ct.€475,€126€L.€Ed.€2d€426€(1993).€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌò òà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(4)€€the€death€qualification€process€skews€the€make-up€of€theÐ \¬ Ðjury€and€results€in€a€relatively€prosecution„prone€guilt-proneÐ H˜ Ðjury.€€Ð4„` x` x Ðó óÌà  àThis€argument,€likewise,€has€been€rejected.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Teelóó,€793€S.W.2d€236,€246€(Tenn.),Ð  \ Ðòòcert.€deniedóó,€498€U.S.€1007,€111€S.€Ct.€571,€112€L.€Ed.€2d€577€(1990);€òòState€v.€Harbisonóó,€704€S.W.2dÐ øH Ð314,€318€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€476€U.S.€1153,€106€S.€Ct.€2261,€90€L.€Ed.€2d€705€(1986).€€Ð ä4 ÐÌò òà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(5)€defendants€are€prohibited€from€addressing€jurors'€popularÐ ¼  Ðmisconceptions€about€matters€relevant€to€sentencing,€i.e.,€the€costÐ ¨ø Ðof€incarceration€versus€cost€of€execution,€deterrence,€method€ofÐ ”ä Ðexecution,€and€parole€eligibility.ЀÐ` x` x Ðó óÌà  àThis€argument€has€been€rejected€by€our€supreme€court.€€òòSeeóó€òòTerry€v.€Stateóó,€46€S.W.3d€147,Ð X ¨ Ð170€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€__€U.S.€__,€122€S.€Ct.€553,€151€L.€Ed.€2d€428€(2001);€òòBrimmeróó,€876Ð D!” ÐS.W.2d€at€86-87;€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€268€(Tenn.€1994);€òòState€v.€Blackóó,€815€S.W.2dÐ 0"€  Ð166,€179€(Tenn.€1991).Ð #l! ÐÌò òà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(6)€the€jury€is€instructed€that€it€must€agree€unanimously€inÐ ô$D # Ðorder€to€impose€a€life€sentence,€and€is€prohibited€from€being€toldÐ à%0!$ Ðthe€effect€of€a€nonunanimous€verdict.€€ÐÌ&"%` x` x Ðó óÌà  àThis€argument€has€been€rejected€by€our€supreme€court.€òò€òòóóSeeóó€òòTerryóó,€46€S.W.3d€at€170;Ð ¤(ô#' ÐòòBrimmeróó,€876€S.W.2d€at€87;€òòCazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€at€268;€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€857€S.W.2d€1,€22-23€(Tenn.Ð )à$( Ð1993).Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà8  àò òà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(7)€requiring€the€jury€to€agree€unanimously€to€a€life€verdictÐ ° Ðviolates€òòMills€v.€Maryland׃i×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×óó€and€òòMcKoy€v.€North€Carolinaóó.׃jT×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ðœì` x` x Ðó óÌà  àThis€argument€has€been€rejected€by€our€supreme€court.€€òòSeeóó€òòBrimmeróó,€876€S.W.2d€at€87;Ð tÄ ÐòòState€v.€Thompsonóó,€768€S.W.2d€239,€250€(Tenn.€1989);€òòState€v.€Kingóó,€718€S.W.2d€241,€249€(Tenn.Ð `° Ð1986),€òòsuperseded€by€statute€as€recognized€byóó€òòState€v.€Hutchinsonóó,€898€S.W.2d€161€(Tenn.€1994).€Ð L œ ÐÌò òà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(8)€there€is€a€reasonable€likelihood€that€jurors€believe€theyÐ $ t Ðmust€unanimously€agree€as€to€the€existence€of€mitigatingÐ  ` Ðcircumstances€because€of€the€failure€to€instruct€the€jury€on€theÐ ü L  Ðmeaning€and€function€of€mitigating€circumstances.€€Ðè 8 ` x` x Ðó óÌà  àThis€argument€has€been€rejected.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Keenóó,€31€S.W.3d€196,€233€(Tenn.€2000),€òòcert.Ð À  Ðdeniedóó,€532€U.S.€907,€121€S.€Ct.€1233,€149€L.€Ed.€2d€142€(2001);€òòThompsonóó,€768€S.W.2d€at€251„52.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà8  àò òà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(9)€the€jury€is€not€required€to€make€the€ultimateÐ „Ô  Ðdetermination€that€death€is€the€appropriate€penalty.€€ÐpÀ` x` x Ðó óÌà  àThis€argument€has€been€rejected€by€our€supreme€court.€€òòSeeóó€òòBrimmeróó,€876€S.W.2d€at€87;€Ð H˜ ÐòòSmithóó,€857€S.W.2d€at€22.€€Ð 4„ ÐÌò òà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(10)€the€defendant€is€denied€final€closing€argument€in€theÐ  \ Ðpenalty€phase€of€the€trial.€ÐøH` x` x Ðó óÌà  àThis€argument€has€been€rejected.€€òòSeeóó€òòBrimmeróó,€876€S.W.2d€at€87;€òòCazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€atÐ Ð  Ð269;€òòSmithóó,€857€S.W.2d€at€24;€òòCaughronóó,€855€S.W.2d€at€542.€€Ð ¼  ÐÌò òà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(11)€permitting€a€capital€defendant€to€waive€introduction€ofÐ ”ä Ðmitigation€evidence€without€permitting€such€evidence€to€beÐ €Ð Ðplaced€in€the€record€for€purposes€of€proportionality€reviewÐ l¼ Ðrenders€the€Tennessee€death€penalty€statutes€unconstitutional.€ÐX ¨` x` x Ðó óÌà  àSince€the€defendant€presented€mitigating€evidence€during€the€penalty€phase,€this€claimÐ 0"€  Ðappears€to€be€irrelevant€to€his€appeal.€€The€Supreme€Court€of€the€United€States€does€not€require€aÐ #l! Ðdefendant€to€present€mitigating€evidence;€rather,€statements€by€the€Court€regarding€the€ability€of€aÐ $X" Ðdefendant€to€present€such€evidence€are€phrased€permissively.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòBlystone€v.€Pennsylvaniaóó,Ð ô$D # Ð494€U.S.€299,€307€n.5,€110€S.€Ct.€1078,€1083,€n.5,€108€L.€Ed.€2d€255€(1990);€òòMcCleskey€v.€Kempóó,Ð à%0!$ Ð481€U.S.€279,€305„06,€107€S.€Ct.€1756,€1774„75,€95€L.€Ed.€2d€262€(1987);€òòSkipper€v.€South€Carolinaóó,Ð Ì&"% Ð476€U.S.€1,€8,€106€S.€Ct.€1669,€1672„73,€90€L.€Ed.€2d€1€(1986);€òòEddings€v.€Oklahomaóó,€455€U.S.€104,Ð ¸'#& Ð113„14,€102€S.€Ct.€869,€876„77,€71€L.€Ed.€2d€1€(1982);€òòLockett€v.€Ohioóó,€438€U.S.€586,€604,€98€S.€Ct.Ð ° Ð2954,€2964„65,€57€L.€Ed.€2d€973€(1978).€€Further,€the€Eighth€Amendment€and€evolving€standardsÐ œì Ðof€decency€neither€require€nor€demand€that€an€unwilling€defendant€present€an€affirmative€penaltyÐ ˆØ Ðdefense€in€a€capital€case.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€993€S.W.2d€6,€13„14€(Tenn.€1999).€€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àThis€assignment€is€irrelevant€to€the€defendantððs€case€but,€even€if€it€were€relevant,€it€is€withoutÐ L œ Ðmerit.òòóóÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àò òà Œ à(12)€mandatory€introduction€of€victim€impact€evidence€and€ofÐ  ` Ðother€crime€evidence€upon€prosecutorððs€request€violatesÐ ü L  Ðseparation€of€powers€and€injects€arbitrariness€and€capriciousnessÐ è 8  Ðinto€capital€sentencing.€€ÐÔ$ ` x` x Ðó óÌà  àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204(c)€provides€that€a€trial€court€ð ðshallðð€permit€aÐ ¬ü  Ðvictimððs€representative€to€testify€before€the€jury€in€sentencing,€and€the€defendant€asserts€that€ð ð[t]hisÐ ˜è  Ðlegislation€improperly€infringes€upon€a€trial€courtððs€power€to€conduct€proceedings€and€is€thus€aÐ „Ô  Ðviolation€of€separation€of€powers.ðð€€Additionally,€he€argues€that€the€legislative€mandate€and€theÐ pÀ Ðsupreme€courtððs€decision€in€òòState€v.€Nesbitóó,€978€S.W.2d€872€(Tenn.€1998),€ð ðrender€death€sentencingÐ \¬ Ðin€Tennessee€unconstitutional€since€this€factor€is€rife€with€discrimination€and€violates€equalÐ H˜ Ðprotection€guarantees€of€the€state€and€federal€constitutions.ððÐ 4„ ÐÌà  àInitially,€as€to€the€defendantððs€criticism€of€our€supreme€courtððs€holding€in€òòNesbitóó,€weÐ  \ Ðrespectfully€decline€to€review€this€decision€because,€being€an€intermediate€court,€we€are€withoutÐ øH Ðauthority€to€overturn€it,€as€the€defendant€apparently€invites€us€to€do.€€However,€we€will€review€theÐ ä4 Ðdefendantððs€complaint€as€to€the€language€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„204(c),Ð Ð  Ðpermitting€testimony€at€the€sentencing€hearing€ð ðabout€the€impact€of€the€murder€on€the€family€of€theÐ ¼  Ðvictim€and€other€relevant€persons.ðð€Ð ¨ø Ðà  àÌà  àAs€our€supreme€court€explained€in€òòState€v.€McKinneyóó,€74€S.W.3d€291€(Tenn.€2002),€neitherÐ €Ð Ðthe€United€States€nor€the€Tennessee€Constitution€precludes€the€introduction€of€ð ðvictim€impactððÐ l¼ Ðevidence:Ð X ¨ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ àThe€introduction€of€ð ðvictim€impactðð€evidence€and€prosecutorialÐ 0"€  Ðargument€is€not€precluded€by€either€the€United€States€Constitution€orÐ #l! Ðthe€Tennessee€Constitution€in€a€capital€sentencing€proceeding.€€òòSeeóó€Ð $X" ÐòòPayne€v.€Tennesseeóó,€501€U.S.€808,€827,€111€S.€Ct.€2597,€2609,€115Ð ô$D # ÐL.€Ed.€2d€720€(1991);€òòState€v.€Nesbitóó,€978€S.W.2d€872,€889€(Tenn.Ð à%0!$ Ð1998).€€As€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€has€explained:ÐÌ&"%` x` x ÐÌÓ9°,XƒXŒ ¸ h•X°,XƒXŒ –X9Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8Œ ` x` xàà ¸ àWe€are€now€of€the€view€that€a€State€may€properlyÐ ¤(ô#' Ðconclude€that€for€the€jury€to€assess€meaningfully€theÐ )à$( Ðdefendant's€moral€culpability€and€blameworthiness,€it€shouldÐ |*Ì%) Ðhave€before€it€at€the€sentencing€phase€evidence€of€the€specificÐ h+¸&* Ðharm€caused€by€the€defendant.€€ð ð[T]he€State€has€a€legitimateÐ ° Ðinterest€in€counteracting€the€mitigating€evidence€which€theÐ œì Ðdefendant€is€entitled€to€put€in,€by€reminding€the€sentencer€thatÐ ˆØ Ðjust€as€the€murderer€should€be€considered€as€an€individual,€òòsoÐ tÄ Ðtoo€the€victim€is€an€individual€whose€death€represents€aÐ `° Ðunique€loss€to€society€and€in€particular€to€his€familyóó.ððÐL œŒ LŒ L ÐÌòòId.óó€at€308„09€(quoting€òòPayne€v.€Tennesseeóó,€501€U.S.€at€825,€111€S.€Ct.€at€2608€(alteration€in€original)Ð $ t Ð(emphasis€added)).Ð  ` ÐÌà  àThus,€it€is€clear€that€this€statute€does€not€make€admissible€that€which,€otherwise,€would€beÐ è 8  Ðproscribed.€Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àWe€now€will€review€the€defendantððs€claim€that€this€statute€violates€the€separation€of€powers.€Ð ¬ü  ÐInitially,€we€note€that€the€defendant€has€provided€no€legal€authorities€in€support€of€this€proposition.Ð ˜è  Ðà  àÌà  àIn€òòState€v.€Mallardóó,€40€S.W.3d€473,€481€(Tenn.€2001),€our€supreme€court€discussed€the€rolesÐ pÀ Ðof€the€General€Assembly€and€the€court€regarding€rules€of€evidence€and€procedure€to€be€employedÐ \¬ Ðin€court€proceedings,€recognizing€that€circumstances€arise€where€it€is€impossible€to€perfectlyÐ H˜ Ðpreserve€the€ð ðððtheoretical€lines€of€demarcation€between€the€executive,€legislative€and€judicialÐ 4„ Ðbranches€of€government.ðððð€€òòId.óó€(quoting€òòPetition€of€Bursonóó,€909€S.W.2d€768,€774€(Tenn.€1995)).€Ð  p ÐNoting€the€interdependency€of€the€three€branches€of€government,€the€court€acknowledged€the€ð ðbroadÐ  \ Ðpower€of€the€General€Assembly€to€establish€rules€of€evidence€in€furtherance€of€its€ability€to€enactÐ øH Ðsubstantive€law.ðð€€òòId.óó€(citing€òòDaugherty€v.€Stateóó,€216€Tenn.€666,€393€S.W.2d€739,€743€(1965)).€Ð ä4 ÐHowever,€the€legislatureððs€enactment€of€rules€for€use€in€the€courts€of€this€state€is€confined€to€thoseÐ Ð  Ðareas€that€are€appropriate€to€the€exercise€of€that€power.€€òòId.óó€€Additionally,€the€court€acknowledgedÐ ¼  Ðthe€judiciaryððs€acceptance€of€procedural€or€evidentiary€rules€promulgated€by€the€General€AssemblyÐ ¨ø Ðwhere€the€legislative€enactments€(1)€are€reasonable€and€workable€within€the€framework€alreadyÐ ”ä Ðadopted€by€the€judiciary,€and€(2)€work€to€supplement€the€rules€already€promulgated€by€the€SupremeÐ €Ð ÐCourt.€€òòId.òòóó€óó(citing€òòNewton€v.€Coxóó,€878€S.W.2d€105,€112€(Tenn.€1994)).€€In€so€holding,€the€courtÐ l¼ Ðstated€that€ð ð[t]his€Court€has€long€held€the€view€that€comity€and€cooperation€among€the€branches€ofÐ X ¨ Ðgovernment€are€beneficial€to€all,€and€consistent€with€constitutional€principles,€such€practices€areÐ D!” Ðdesired€and€ought€to€be€nurtured€and€maintained.ðð€€òòId.ó󀀀Р0"€  ÐÌà  àAs€of€the€effective€date€of€the€amendment,€our€supreme€court€had€not€yet€filed€its€decisionÐ $X" Ðin€òòNesbitóó,€which€was€decided€and€released€on€September€28,€1998,€andòòóó€held€that€Tennesseeððs€capitalÐ ô$D # Ðsentencing€statute€authorizes€the€admission€of€victim€impact€evidence€as€ð ðone€of€those€myriadÐ à%0!$ Ðfactors€encompassed€within€the€statutory€language€òònature€and€circumstances€of€the€crimeóó.ðð€€òòóó978Ð Ì&"% ÐS.W.2d€at€890.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àWe€interpret€the€legislatureððs€action€in€amending€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„Ð )à$( Ð204(c)€as€supplementing€the€operation€of€the€Rules€of€Evidence.€€The€use€of€the€word€ð ðshallðð€isÐ |*Ì%) Ðgenerally€mandatory,€but€in€the€present€context€is€not€inflexible.€€The€statute€does€not€indicate€whatÐ h+¸&* Ðweight€should€be€given€to€the€evidence€nor€does€it€indicate€what€sentence€should€be€imposed.€Ð ° ÐMoreover,€regarding€victim€impact,€the€statute€provides€that€the€jury€ð ðmayðð€consider€said€evidence.€Ð œì ÐConsequently,€the€contested€language€does€not€impermissibly€infringe€upon€the€powers€of€the€court.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àOur€conclusion€is€advocated€by€the€position€of€our€supreme€court€which€made€clear€that€ð ðtheÐ `° Ðrules€of€evidence€do€not€limit€the€admissibility€of€evidence€in€a€capital€sentencing€proceeding.ðð€€òòStateÐ L œ Ðv.€Stoutóó,€46€S.W.3d€689,€702€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€__€U.S.€__,€122€S.€Ct.€471,€151€L.€Ed.€2d€386Ð 8 ˆ Ð(2001)Ô#†X ùXXX ù´¡#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔ€(citing€òòVan€Tran€v.€Stateóó,€6€S.W.3d€257,€271€(Tenn.€1999))òòóó.€€The€court€interpreted€sectionÐ $ t Ð39„13„204(c)€as€permitting€ð ðððtrial€judges€wider€discretion€than€would€normally€be€allowed€under€theÐ  ` ÐTennessee€Rules€of€Evidence€in€ruling€on€the€admissibility€of€evidence€at€a€capital€sentencingÐ ü L  Ðhearing.ðððð€€òòId.óó€at€703€(quoting€òòState€v.€Simsóó,€45€S.W.3d€1,€14€(Tenn.€2001)).€€To€further€explain€theÐ è 8  Ðsupreme€courtððs€acceptance€of€the€legislatureððs€action€in€this€area,€we€restate€the€following€principlesÐ Ô$  Ðadopted€by€our€supreme€court€in€òòSimsóó:Ð À  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThe€Rules€of€Evidence€should€not€be€applied€to€preclude€introductionÐ ˜è  Ðof€otherwise€reliable€evidence€that€is€relevant€to€the€issue€ofÐ „Ô  Ðpunishment,€as€it€relates€to€mitigating€or€aggravating€circumstances,Ð pÀ Ðthe€nature€and€circumstances€of€the€particular€crime,€or€the€characterÐ \¬ Ðand€background€of€the€individual€defendant.€€As€our€case€historyÐ H˜ Ðreveals,€however,€the€discretion€allowed€judges€and€attorneys€duringÐ 4„ Ðsentencing€in€first€degree€murder€cases€is€not€unfettered.€€OurÐ  p Ðconstitutional€standards€require€inquiry€into€the€reliability,€relevance,Ð  \ Ðvalue,€and€prejudicial€effect€of€sentencing€evidence€to€preserveÐ øH Ðfundamental€fairness€and€protect€the€rights€of€both€the€defendant€andÐ ä4 Ðthe€victimððs€family.€€The€rules€of€evidence€can€in€some€instances€beÐ Ð  Ðhelpful€guides€in€reaching€these€determinations€of€admissibility.€€TrialÐ ¼  Ðjudges€are€not,€however,€required€to€adhere€strictly€to€the€rules€ofÐ ¨ø Ðevidence.€€These€rules€are€too€restrictive€and€unwieldy€in€the€arena€ofÐ ”ä Ðcapital€sentencing.€€òòóóЀÐ` x` x ÐÌ45€S.W.3d€at€14.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  à€Accordingly,€we€conclude€that€the€1998€amendment€to€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€sectionÐ 0"€  Ð39„13„204(c)€does€not€violate€the€separation€of€powers€clauses€of€either€the€Constitution€of€the€StateÐ #l! Ðof€Tennessee€or€the€Constitution€of€the€United€States€of€America.Ð $X" ÐÌà  àThis€assignment€is€without€merit.Ð à%0!$ ÐÔ#†X ùXXX ùˆè#ÔÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔÌÓ  Óà8 @ àò òC.€€The€appellate€review€process€in€death€penalty€cases€is€constitutionally€inadequate.ó ó€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌÓ‘òÓà  àThis€argument€has€been€rejected€by€our€supreme€court.€€òòSeeóó€òòCazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€at€270-71;€Ð ”)ä$( ÐòòHarrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€at€77.€Ð €*Ð%) ЀÐ l+¼&* Ðò òà@œœìàVIII.€€Review€Pursuant€to€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„206(c)ˆÐ ° ÐÌà  àó óFor€a€reviewing€court€to€affirm€the€imposition€of€a€death€sentence,€the€court€must€determineÐ ˆØ Ðwhether:Ð tÄ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(A)€The€sentence€of€death€was€imposed€in€any€arbitrary€fashion;ÐL œ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(B)€The€evidence€supports€the€juryððs€finding€of€statutoryÐ $ t Ðaggravating€circumstance€or€circumstances;Ð `` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(C)€The€evidence€supports€the€juryððs€finding€that€the€aggravatingÐ è 8  Ðcircumstance€or€circumstances€outweigh€any€mitigatingÐ Ô$  Ðcircumstances;€andÐÀ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà Œ à(D)€The€sentence€of€death€is€excessive€or€disproportionate€to€theÐ ˜è  Ðpenalty€imposed€in€similar€cases,€considering€both€the€nature€of€theÐ „Ô  Ðcrime€and€the€defendant.€€ÐpÀ` x` x ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39-13-206(c)(1)€(1997).Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àThe€sentencing€phase€in€this€matter€proceeded€in€accord€with€the€procedure€established€inÐ  p Ðthe€applicable€statutory€provisions€and€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure.€€We€conclude€that€the€sentenceÐ  \ Ðof€death,€therefore,€was€not€imposed€in€an€arbitrary€fashion.€€Moreover,€the€evidence€indisputablyÐ øH Ðsupports€aggravating€circumstance€(i)(2)€(the€defendant€was€previously€convicted€of€one€or€moreÐ ä4 Ðfelonies€which€involved€the€use€of€violence€to€the€person).€€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(i)(2).Ð Ð  Ðò òÌà  àó óAdditionally,€this€court€is€required€by€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€sectionÐ ¨ø Ð39-13-206(c)(1)(D),€and€under€the€mandates€of€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€661-74€(Tenn.Ð ”ä Ð1997),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€523€U.S.€1083,€118€S.€Ct.€1536,€140€L.€Ed.€2d€686€(1998),€to€determine€whetherÐ €Ð Ðthe€defendantððs€sentence€of€death€is€disproportionate€to€the€penalty€imposed€in€similar€cases.€€òòSeeóóÐ l¼ ÐòòState€v.€Godseyóó,€60€S.W.3d€759,€781€(Tenn.€2001).òòóó€€The€comparative€proportionality€review€isÐ X ¨ Ðdesigned€to€identify€aberrant,€arbitrary,€or€capricious€sentencing€by€determining€whether€the€deathÐ D!” Ðpenalty€in€a€given€case€is€ð ðððdisproportionate€to€the€punishment€imposed€on€others€convicted€of€theÐ 0"€  Ðsame€crime.ðððð€€òòStoutóó,€46€S.W.3d€at€706€(quoting€òòBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€662òòóó).€€ð ðIf€a€case€is€ððplainlyÐ #l! Ðlacking€in€circumstances€consistent€with€those€in€cases€where€the€death€penalty€has€been€imposed,ððÐ $X" Ðthen€the€sentence€is€disproportionate.ðð€€òòId.óó€(quoting€òòBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€668).Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àIn€conducting€our€proportionality€review,€this€court€must€compare€the€present€case€with€casesÐ Ì&"% Ðinvolving€similar€defendants€and€similar€crimes.€€òòSeeóó€òòStoutóó,€46€S.W.3d€at€706;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòTerry€v.Ð ¸'#& ÐStateóó,€46€S.W.3d€147,€163€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€__U.S.€__,€122€S.€Ct.€553,€151€L.€Ed.€2d€428€(2001).€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐWe€consider€only€those€cases€in€which€a€capital€sentencing€hearing€was€actually€conducted€toÐ )à$( Ðdetermine€whether€the€sentence€should€be€life€imprisonment,€life€imprisonment€without€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðpossibility€of€parole,€or€death.€€òòSeeóó€òòGodseyóó,€60€S.W.3d€at€783;€òòState€v.€Carruthersóó,€35€S.W.3d€516,Ð h+¸&* Ð570€(Tenn.€2000),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€533€U.S.€953,€121€S.€Ct.€2600,€150€L.€Ed.€2d€757€(2001)òòóó.€€We€beginÐ ° Ðwith€the€presumption€that€the€sentence€of€death€is€proportionate€with€the€crime€of€first€degreeÐ œì Ðmurder.€€òòSeeóó€òòTerryóó,€46€S.W.3d€at€163€(citing€òòState€v.€Hallóó,€958€S.W.2d€679,€699€(Tenn.€1997)òòóó).€€ThisÐ ˆØ Ðpresumption€applies€only€if€the€sentencing€procedures€focus€discretion€on€the€ð ðððparticularized€natureÐ tÄ Ðof€the€crime€and€the€particularized€characteristics€of€the€individual€defendant.ðððð€òòTerryóó,€46€S.W.3dÐ `° Ðat€163€(quoting€òòMcCleskey€v.€Kempóó,€481€U.S.€279,€308,€107€S.€Ct.€1756,€95€L.€Ed.€2d€262€(1987)).Ð L œ ÐÌà  àApplying€this€approach,€the€court,€in€comparing€this€case€to€other€cases€in€which€theÐ $ t Ðdefendants€were€convicted€of€the€same€or€similar€crimes,€looks€at€the€facts€and€circumstances€of€theÐ  ` Ðcrime,€the€characteristics€of€the€defendant,€and€the€aggravating€and€mitigating€factors€involved.€€òòSeeóóÐ ü L  ÐòòTerryóó,€46€S.W.3d€at€164.€€€Regarding€the€circumstances€of€the€crime€itself,€€numerous€factors€areÐ è 8  Ðconsidered€including:€(1)€the€means€of€death;€(2)€the€manner€of€death;€(3)€the€motivation€for€theÐ Ô$  Ðkilling;€(4)€the€place€of€death;€(5)€the€victimððs€age,€physical€condition,€and€psychological€condition;Ð À  Ð(6)€the€absence€or€presence€of€provocation;€(7)€the€absence€or€presence€of€premeditation;€(8)€theÐ ¬ü  Ðabsence€or€presence€of€justification;€and€(9)€the€injury€to€and€effect€on€non„decedent€victims.€€òòStoutóó,Ð ˜è  Ð46€S.W.3d€at€706€(citing€òòBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€667);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòTerryóó,€46€S.W.3d€at€164.€Ð „Ô  ÐContemplated€within€the€review€are€numerous€factors€regarding€the€defendant,€including:€€(1)€priorÐ pÀ Ðcriminal€record;€(2)€age,€race,€and€gender;€(3)€mental,€emotional,€and€physical€condition;€(4)€role€inÐ \¬ Ðthe€murder;€(5)€cooperation€with€authorities;€(6)€level€of€remorse;€(7)€knowledge€of€the€victimððsÐ H˜ Ðhelplessness;€and€(8)€potential€for€rehabilitation.€€òòStoutóó,€46€S.W.3d€at€706;€òòTerryóó,€46€S.W.3d€at€164.€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àIn€completing€our€review,€we€remain€cognizant€of€the€fact€that€ð ðno€two€cases€involveÐ  \ Ðidentical€circumstances.ðð€€òòSee€generallyóó€òòTerryóó,€46€S.W.3d€at€164.€€There€is€no€mathematical€orÐ øH Ðscientific€formula€to€be€employed.€€òòóóThus,€our€function€is€not€to€limit€our€comparison€to€those€casesÐ ä4 Ðwhere€a€death€sentence€ð ðððis€perfectly€symmetrical,ðððð€but€rather,€our€objective€is€only€to€ð ðððidentify€andÐ Ð  Ðto€invalidate€the€aberrant€death€sentence.ðððð€€òòTerryóó,€46€S.W.3d€at€164€(quoting€òòBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€atÐ ¼  Ð665).Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àThe€circumstances€surrounding€the€murder€in€light€of€the€relevant€and€comparative€factorsÐ €Ð Ðare€that€the€defendant,€armed€with€a€knife,€watched€as€an€elderly€woman€parked€her€car,€alone,€inÐ l¼ Ða€parking€garage.€€Without€provocation,€he€surprised€the€victim€and€overpowered€her€at€knifepoint,Ð X ¨ Ðforcing€her€into€the€backseat€of€her€car.€€When€she€asked€him€what€he€was€doing,€calling€him€ð ðson,ððÐ D!” Ðhe€told€her€he€was€going€to€rape€her,€saying,€ð ðIððll€give€you€your€damn€son.ðð€€Before€raping€her,€theÐ 0"€  Ðdefendant€stabbed€the€victim€in€her€heart,€the€right€lung,€and€the€liver.€€While€she€was€bleeding€toÐ #l! Ðdeath,€he€grabbed€her€from€behind€and€raped€her€so€savagely€that€he€tore€her€vagina€and€causedÐ $X" Ðbleeding€from€her€anal€and€vaginal€openings.€€The€defendant€left€two€bloody€handprints€on€theÐ ô$D # Ðvictimððs€hips.€€Throughout€the€entire€ordeal,€the€elderly€victim€was€alive€and€conscious.€€During€theÐ à%0!$ Ðattack,€the€victim€told€the€defendant€that€ð ðshe€had€never€had€sex€with€a€man€before.ðð€€After€stabbingÐ Ì&"% Ðand€raping€the€victim,€the€defendant€left€her€to€bleed€to€death€in€the€backseat€while€he€rummagedÐ ¸'#& Ðthrough€her€billfold€looking€for€anything€of€value.€€After€searching€through€her€belongings,€he€leftÐ ¤(ô#' Ðher€in€the€car€to€die,€threw€her€car€keys€down€a€stairwell,€and€left€the€scene€to€hide€his€clothes€andÐ )à$( Ðconceal€his€crime.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àThe€defendant€was€previously€convicted€of€robbery€in€1992,€and€he€was€convicted€for€theÐ ° Ð1978€murder€of€Becky€Roberts€in€Pearl,€Mississippi.€€Evidence€was€presented€establishing€that€theÐ œì Ðdefendant€was€neglected€and€then€abandoned€by€his€biological€parents.€€He€was€later€adopted.€€AsÐ ˆØ Ða€child,€the€defendant€was€physically,€emotionally,€and€sexually€abused.€€At€age€13,€the€defendantÐ tÄ Ðwas€institutionalized€where€a€psychologist€found€him€to€be€incorrigible,€brain€damaged,€and€unfitÐ `° Ðfor€society.€€The€defendant€was€released€from€the€institution€at€age€16€and€murdered€Becky€RobertsÐ L œ Ðat€age€17.€€Defense€expert,€Dr.€Steven€Paul€Rossby,€a€molecular€neurobiologist,€testified€that€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðdefendantððs€low€level€of€serotonin€made€it€less€likely€that€he€would€be€able€to€control€feelings€ofÐ $ t Ðrage.€€Ð  ` Ðà  àÌà  àWhile€no€two€capital€cases€and€no€two€capital€defendants€are€alike,€we€have€reviewed€theÐ è 8  Ðcircumstances€of€the€present€case€with€similar€first€degree€murder€cases€and€conclude€that€the€penaltyÐ Ô$  Ðimposed€in€the€present€case€is€not€disproportionate€to€the€penalty€imposed€in€similar€cases.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,Ð À  ÐòòState€v.€Chalmersóó,€28€S.W.3d€913€(Tenn.€2000),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€532€U.S.€925,€121€S.€Ct.€1367,€149€L.Ð ¬ü  ÐEd.€2d€295€(2001)€(finding€(i)(2)€and€(i)(7)€aggravating€circumstances€and€imposing€death€whereÐ ˜è  Ðdefendant€shot€and€robbed€sixty„nine„year„old€victim);€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€993€S.W.2d€6€(Tenn.€1999)Ð „Ô  Ð(twenty„three„year„old€defendant€admitted€to€drinking€alcohol€and€taking€drugs€prior€to€robbery€andÐ pÀ Ðmurder€of€victim€and€cooperated€with€authorities,€death€sentence€upheld€based€upon€(i)(2)Ð \¬ Ðaggravator);€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€979€S.W.2d€276€(Tenn.€1998),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€527€U.S.€1039,€119€S.€Ct.Ð H˜ Ð2402,€144€L.€Ed.€2d€801€€(1999)€(defendant€shot€and€killed€victim€during€course€of€attemptedÐ 4„ Ðrobbery;€evidence€presented€of€defendantððs€religious€faith€and€activities,€death€sentence€upheld€basedÐ  p Ðupon€(i)(5)€aggravator);€òòState€v.€Cribbsóó,€967€S.W.2d€773€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€525€U.S.€932,€119Ð  \ ÐS.€Ct.€343,€142€L.€Ed.€2d€283€(1998)€(twenty„three„year„old€defendant€murdered€female€victimÐ øH Ðduring€robbery€of€victimððs€residence,€death€sentence€upheld€based€upon€(i)(2)€aggravator);€òòState€v.Ð ä4 ÐBushóó,€942€S.W.2d€489€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€522€U.S.€953,€118€S.€Ct.€376€(1997)€(finding€(i)(5)€andÐ Ð  Ð(i)(6)€aggravating€circumstances€and€imposing€death€despite€evidence€that€defendant€had€troubledÐ ¼  Ðchildhood€and€mental€disease€or€defect);€òòState€v.€Howellóó,€868€S.W.2d€238€(Tenn.€1993),€òòcert.€deniedóó,Ð ¨ø Ð510€U.S.€1215,€114€S.€Ct.€1339€(1994)€(twenty-seven-year-old€defendant€shot€clerk€in€the€headÐ ”ä Ðduring€robbery€of€convenience€store,€death€sentence€upheld€based€upon€(i)(2)€aggravator);€òòState€v.Ð €Ð ÐVan€Tranóó,€864€S.W.2d€465€(Tenn.€1993)€(nineteen„year„old€defendant€killed€seventy„four„year„oldÐ l¼ Ðwoman€during€robbery€of€Chinese€restaurant€by€shooting€victim€in€head,€death€sentence€upheldÐ X ¨ Ðbased€upon€(i)(5)€and€(i)(12)€aggravators);òòóó€òòState€v.€Harriesóó,€657€S.W.2d€414€(Tenn.€1983)Ð D!” Ð(thirty-one-year-old€male€defendant€shot€and€killed€clerk€during€robbery€of€convenience€store,€deathÐ 0"€  Ðsentence€upheld€based€upon€(i)(2)€aggravator);€òòState€v.€Colemanóó,€619€S.W.2d€112€(Tenn.€1981)Ð #l! Ð(twenty„two„year„old€defendant€shot€and€killed€sixty„nine„year„old€victim€during€course€of€robbery,Ð $X" Ðdeath€sentence€upheld€based€upon€(i)(2)€aggravator).€€Additionally,€the€sentence€of€death€hasÐ ô$D # Ðconsistently€been€found€proportionate€where€only€one€aggravating€factor€is€found.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòStateÐ à%0!$ Ðv.€Sledgeóó,€15€S.W.3d€93€(Tenn.),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€531€U.S.€889,€121€S.€Ct.€211,€148€L.€Ed.€2d€149Ð Ì&"% Ð(2000)€(prior€violent€felony);€òòHallóó,€8€S.W.3d€at€593€(heinous,€atrocious,€cruel);€òòState€v.Ð ¸'#& ÐMiddlebrooksóó,€995€S.W.2d€550€(Tenn.€1999)€(heinous,€atrocious,€cruel);€òòState€v.€Matsonóó,€666Ð ¤(ô#' ÐS.W.2d€41€(Tenn.€1984)òòóó€(felony€murder);€òòState€v.€Caldwellóó,€671€S.W.2d€459€(Tenn.€1984)€(priorÐ )à$( Ðviolent€felony).Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àOur€review€of€these€cases€demonstrates€that€the€sentence€of€death€imposed€upon€theÐ ° Ðdefendant€is€proportionate€to€the€penalty€imposed€in€similar€cases.€€In€so€concluding,€we€haveÐ œì Ðconsidered€the€entire€record€and€reached€the€decision€that€the€sentence€of€death€was€not€imposedÐ ˆØ Ðarbitrarily,€that€the€evidence€supports€the€finding€of€the€(i)(2)€€aggravator,€that€the€evidence€supportsÐ tÄ Ðthe€juryððs€finding€that€the€aggravating€circumstance€outweighed€mitigating€circumstances€beyondÐ `° Ða€reasonable€doubt,€and€that€the€sentence€is€not€excessive€or€disproportionate.Ð L œ ÐÌò òà@-- ìàIX.€€Cumulative€ErrorˆÐ $ t ÐÌó óà  àThe€defendant€asserts€that€this€court€should€not€consider€in€isolation€any€errors€that€we€deemÐ ü L  Ðharmless.€€He€further€argues€that€the€cumulative€effect€of€such€errors€could€and€did€result€in€theÐ è 8  Ðviolation€of€his€right€to€due€process.€€However,€because€we€do€not€find€multiple€errors€to€beÐ Ô$  Ðcombined€for€consideration,€this€issue€lacks€merit.Ð À  ÐÌò òà@FF%ìàòòCONCLUSIONó óóóˆÐ ˜è  ÐÌà  àWe€have€considered€the€entire€record€in€this€cause€and€find€the€sentence€of€death€was€notÐ pÀ Ðimposed€in€any€arbitrary€fashion,€that€the€evidence€fully€supports€the€juryððs€findings€as€to€theÐ \¬ Ðstatutory€aggravating€circumstance€and€that€the€aggravating€circumstance€outweighed€mitigatingÐ H˜ Ðcircumstances€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€A€comparative€proportionality€review,€considering€bothÐ 4„ Ðð ðthe€nature€of€the€crime€and€the€defendant,ðð€demonstrates€that€the€sentence€of€death€is€neitherÐ  p Ðexcessive€nor€disproportionate€to€the€penalty€imposed€in€similar€cases.€€Accordingly,€we€affirm€theÐ  \ Ðsentence€of€death.Ð øH ÐÌÔ#†X ùXXX ùqò#ÔÌà  àà ` àà Œ àà ¸ àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð ¼  Ðà  àà ` àà Œ àà ¸ àà h àà À àà  àALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGE