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ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òAppeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Putnam€CountyÐ é 9 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€01„0450€€€€€€Leon€Burns,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ Ó # ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` AßÐ ‘á  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2003„00542„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€October€21,€Ô_Ô2004Ô_ÔÐ ŠÚ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<]` AßÐ ^®  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant,€Garner€Dwight€Padgett,€was€convicted€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder.€€The€trialÐ V¦  Ðcourt€imposed€a€sentence€of€life€imprisonment.€€In€this€appeal€of€right,€the€defendant€contends€thatÐ ? Ðthe€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€grant€a€mistrial€after€two€jurors€observed€him€in€custody,€by€failingÐ (x Ðto€instruct€on€the€lesser€included€offenses€of€aggravated€assault€and€assault,€and€by€failing€toÐ a Ðsuppress€his€confession.€€He€also€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€and€argues€that€thereÐ úJ Ðwas€prosecutorial€misconduct€during€closing€argument.€€The€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€Ð ã3 ÐÓ±ÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€Affirmedó óÐ µ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼ˆÉ»àXÀ¿’#ÔÔ‡XÀ¿X.¼ˆÉÔGary€R.€Wade,€P.J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€whichòòóó€òòNorma€McGee€Ogleóó€and€òòRobertÐ ˆØ ÐW.€WedemeyerÔ#†¼ˆÉ»àXÀ¿(#ÔÔ‡XÀ¿X.¼ˆÉÔ,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð qÁ ÐÌDavid€Brady,€District€Public€Defender,€and€John€B.€Nisbet,€III,€Assistant€Public€Defender,€for€theÐ C“ Ðappellant,€Garner€Dwight€Padgett.Ð ,| ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Richard€H.€Dunavant,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð þN ÐWilliam€E.€Gibson,€District€Attorney€General;€and€David€A€Patterson,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ ç 7  ÐGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð Ð! ! ÐÓùÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼ˆÉ»XXÀ¿ù#ÔòòóóÔ‡XÀ¿X»¼ˆÉÔÐ ¢#ò# ÐÓ  ÓÌà  àThe€twenty„six„year„old€victim,€Matthew€Eric€Smith,€who€lived€with€his€parents€inÐ u%Å % ÐCumberland€County,€Ô#†¼ˆÉ»XXÀ¿q #ÔÔ€XÀ¿X»¼ˆÉÔwas€last€seen€alive€at€approximately€7:00€p.m.€on€Friday,€March€2,€2001.€Ð ^&®!& ÐSeveral€days€later,€the€victimððs€father,€Frank€Smith,€saw€the€victimððs€vehicle,€a€red€convertibleÐ G'—"' ÐMustang,€being€driven€by€a€woman€later€identified€as€Vicki׃¡×Ý ƒ¢#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€Eldridge,€the€wife€of€the€defendant.€Ð 0(€#( ÐThe€family€reclaimed€the€vehicle€six€days€after€the€victimððs€disappearance€and€on€the€next€day,Ð )i$) ÐSharon€Smith,€the€victimððs€mother,€reported€to€the€authorities€that€the€victim€was€missing.Ð *R%* ÐÐ ë*;&+ý ÐÔ_Ôà  àThe€body€was€discovered€in€a€remote€wooded€area€known€as€Glade€Creek.€€Officers€foundÐ ° Ðtwo€.22€shell€casings€near€the€body€and€a€bullet€embedded€in€the€left€side€of€the€victimððs€jacket€hood.€Ð ™é ÐDuring€the€course€of€the€investigation,€TBI€Agent€Bob€Krofssik€questioned€the€defendant.€€AfterÐ ‚Ò Ðmaking€several€conflicting€claims,€the€defendant€acknowledged€having€lied€to€the€agent€andÐ k» Ðconfessed€to€the€murder.€€The€defendant€admitted€having€stolen€a€.22€caliber€Browning€pistol€fromÐ T¤ ÐSteve€Golden€approximately€two€weeks€before€the€shooting.€€He€stated€that€he€met€the€victim€atÐ =  ÐVicki€Eldridgeððs€trailer€on€a€Saturday€night€and€initially€introduced€himself€as€her€cousin.€€TheÐ & v Ðdefendant€recalled€that€the€victim,€who€never€identified€himself,€told€him€that€ð ðVicky€had€his€damnÐ  _ Ðcar€and€was€out€running€aroundðð€and€complained€that€he€had€been€abandoned€in€the€woods€by€ð ðoneÐ ø H Ðof€the€Robbins€boys.ðð€€The€defendant€informed€the€officer€that€he€and€the€victim€had€smoked€some€Ð á 1  Ðmethamphetamine€from€a€pipe€and€that€he€later€drove€Ms.€Eldridgeððs€truck€as€the€victim€providedÐ Ê   Ðdirections€to€ð ðsome€[more€methamphetamine]€stashed€in€the€woods.ðð€€The€defendant€told€the€agentÐ ³  Ðthat€the€victim,€who€claimed€to€be€having€a€sexual€relationship€with€Ms.€Eldridge,€ð ðdogg[ed]ðð€herÐ œì  Ðand€described€her€as€a€ð ðwhore.ðð€€The€defendant€contended€that€when€he€then€informed€the€victimÐ …Õ  Ðthat€he€was€Ms.€Eldridgeððs€husband€so€that€ð ðhe€would€shut€up€about€Vicky,ðð€the€victim€continuedÐ n¾  Ðto€ð ðtalk[]€badðð€about€her.€€According€to€the€defendant,€the€two€men€got€out€of€the€truck€and€theÐ W§  Ðvictim€ð ðkick[ed]€leaves€aroundðð€and€ð ðbent€over€at€the€waistðð€to€look€for€the€drugs.€€The€defendantÐ @ Ðinformed€the€officer€that€he€got€ð ðspooked,ðð€pulled€the€gun€from€his€belt,€and€then€shot€the€victimÐ )y Ðabove€the€right€ear.€€The€defendant€recalled€that€he€drove€to€a€friendððs€residence€where€he€admittedÐ b Ðthat€he€had€ð ðkilled€a€boy.ðð€€He€also€informed€Agent€Krofssik€that€several€hours€later€he€called€theÐ ûK Ðsheriffððs€department€and€asked€for€an€officer€to€give€him€a€ride.€€According€to€the€defendant,€he€thenÐ ä4 Ðthrew€the€gun€away€in€a€swampy,€wooded€area€off€the€side€of€a€roadway.€€He€claimed€that€hisÐ Í Ðactions€had€been€motivated€by€his€love€for€Ms.€Eldridge€and€his€fear€of€the€victim.€€Ð ¶ ÐÌà  àAgent€Krofssik€collected€four€.22€caliber€shell€casings€at€the€residence€of€Jack€Baker,€whereÐ ˆØ Ðthe€defendant€claimed€to€have€fired€the€stolen€weapon.€€Although€the€agent€was€unable€to€findÐ qÁ Ðmethamphetamine€near€the€body,€he€confirmed€that€a€glass€pipe€had€been€in€the€victimððs€possessionÐ Zª Ðat€the€time€of€his€death.€€At€trial,€the€agent€testified€that€officers€found€a€Browning€.22€caliberÐ C“ Ðautomatic€pistol€on€the€side€of€Highway€70€in€the€area€where€the€defendant€said€he€had€disposed€ofÐ ,| Ðthe€murder€weapon.Ð e ÐÌà  àCumberland€County€Sheriffððs€Deputy€Scott€Jones,€who€at€2:00€a.m.€on€the€morning€of€theÐ ç 7 Ðshooting€had€been€dispatched€òòóóto€Highway€70€North€in€Cumberland€County€to€assist€a€911€callerÐ Ð!   Ðrequesting€a€ride,€drove€the€defendant€to€Sandy€Creek€Road.€€It€was€his€opinion€that€the€defendant,Ð ¹" ! Ðwho€was€carrying€a€cellular€phone€and€a€duffel€bag,€was€not€under€the€influence€of€any€intoxicants.€Ð ¢#ò" ÐThe€deputy€recalled€that€the€defendant€claimed€to€have€been€involved€in€an€argument€with€his€wifeÐ ‹$Û# Ðand€left€ð ðbefore€things€had€got€too€heated.ðð€€Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌà  àIn€the€two€months€prior€to€the€murder,€the€defendant€had€helped€James€Ralph€Bryant€withÐ F'–"& Ða€construction€project€at€the€residence€of€Steve€Golden,€in€Nashville.€€During€that€time,€theÐ /(#' Ðconstruction€crew€lived€in€the€empty€Golden€residence€and€the€defendant€had€confided€that€heÐ )h$( Ðplanned€to€kill€his€wifeððs€lover,€explaining€that€ð ðhe€wouldnððt€go€to€jail€long€because€heððd€get€out€onÐ *Q%) Ðhis€being€mentally€ill€or€sick.ðð€€According€to€Bryant,€the€defendant€failed€to€report€for€work€duringÐ ê*:&* Ðthe€last€ten€days€to€two€weeks€of€the€job.€€Bryant€identified€the€Browning€.22€recovered€from€theÐ Ó+#'+ Ðside€of€Highway€70€as€being€similar€to€a€gun€that€he€had€purchased€and€then€later€traded€to€SteveÐ ° ÐGolden.Ð ™é ÐÌà  àBryantððs€wife,€Connie€Bryant,€confirmed€that€approximately€three€weeks€before€the€bodyÐ k» Ðwas€found,€the€defendant€told€her€that€his€wife€was€having€an€affair€and€that€he€intended€to€kill€herÐ T¤ Ðlover.€€When€she€counseled€the€defendant€against€his€plan,€he€replied€that€ð ðhe€would€never€go€to€jailÐ =  Ðover€killing€somebody€because€heððd€been€in€Moccasin€Bend€before€and€thatððs€where€they€wouldÐ & v Ðsend€him€again.ððÐ  _ ÐÌà  àAt€trial,€Steve€Golden€testified€that€the€Browning€.22€recovered€from€the€roadside,€which€hadÐ á 1  Ða€distinguishing€yellow€mark,€appeared€to€be€his€gun.€€Two€to€three€weeks€before€the€body€wasÐ Ê   Ðfound,€Jack€Baker€had€seen€the€defendant€with€a€black€semi„automatic€.22€caliber€pistol€with€a€four„Ð ³  Ðto„six„inch€barrel.€€He€remembered€that€he€and€the€defendant€had€fired€the€weapon€and€that€officersÐ œì  Ðlater€collected€the€spent€shells€from€the€Baker€property.Ð …Õ  ÐÌà  àAfter€testing€the€pistol€and€spent€shells,€Agent€Shelly€Betts,€a€firearms€examiner€with€theÐ W§  ÐTBI,€determined€that€the€shells€found€at€the€crime€scene€and€the€Baker€property€were€consistent€withÐ @ ÐWinchester€manufacture€and€had€been€fired€by€the€Browning€pistol.€€Agent€Betts€concluded€that€theÐ )y Ðbullet€recovered€from€the€victimððs€hood€and€the€two€from€the€body€had€the€same€ð ðclassÐ b Ðcharacteristicsðð€as€the€Browning€and€that€they€were€also€consistent€with€Winchester€manufacture.Ð ûK ÐÌà  àDr.€Charles€Harlan,€who€performed€the€autopsy,€testified€at€trial€that€the€victim€had€threeÐ Í Ðgunshot€wounds€to€the€head,€any€one€of€which€would€have€been€fatal.€€Two€of€the€three€bullets€wereÐ ¶ Ðfound€in€the€body.€€Decomposition€of€the€body€was€consistent€with€its€having€been€outdoors€forÐ Ÿï Ðapproximately€one€week€during€the€month€of€March.€€The€blood€tests€indicated€that€the€victim€hadÐ ˆØ Ðused€methamphetamine€before€his€death.Ð qÁ ÐÌà  àThe€defense€did€not€offer€any€testimony€at€the€trial.Ð C“ ÐÌà@ËË*ìàIˆÐ e ÐÌà  àInitially,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€not€granting€a€mistrial€on€the€basisÐ ç 7 Ðthat€two€jurors€saw€him€in€custody€during€the€course€of€the€trial.€€After€a€lunch€break,€one€of€theÐ Ð!   Ðfemale€jurors€asked€the€bailiff€about€a€door€leading€to€the€lock„up€area.€€The€bailiff€answered€thatÐ ¹" ! Ðit€led€to€ð ðwhere€[they]€keep€the€people€that€come[]€up€from€the€jailðð€and€offered€her€and€anotherÐ ¢#ò" Ðjuror€the€opportunity€to€look.€€When€he€opened€the€door,€the€area€was€empty.€€In€the€meantime,€theÐ ‹$Û# Ðelevator€doors€opened€as€a€jailer€was€escorting€the€defendant€to€the€courtroom.€€The€defendant,€whoÐ t%Ä $ Ðwas€dressed€in€a€sport€coat€and€tie,€was€not€handcuffed,€shackled€or€restrained€in€any€way.€€TheÐ ]&­!% Ðjailer€quickly€closed€the€elevator€doors.€€Ð F'–"& ÐÌà  àDue€process€requires€that€the€accused€be€afforded€the€ð ðphysical€indicia€of€innocence.ððÐ )h$( ÐòòKennedy€v.€Cardwellóó,€487€F.2d€101,€104€(6th€Cir.€1973).€€The€use€of€shackles€during€a€trial,€forÐ *Q%) Ðâ âexample,€has€been€specifically€condemned€absent€certain€safeguards€designed€€to€assure€that€itÐ ê*:&* Ðwould€not€influence€the€issue€of€innocence€or€guilt.€€òòWillocks€v.€Stateóó,€546€S.W.2d€819,€822€(Tenn.Ð ° ÐCrim.€App.€1976);€òòsee€generallyóó€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€639€S.W.2d€677€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982).Ð ™é Ðâ âÌà  àð ðThe€entry€of€a€mistrial€is€appropriate€when€the€trial€cannot€continue€for€some€reason,€or€ifÐ k» Ðthe€trial€does€continue,€a€miscarriage€of€justice€will€occur.ðð€€Ô‡X™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔòòState€v.€McPhersonóó,€882€S.W.2d€365,Ð T¤ Ð370€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994)Ô#†XÀ¿X XX™ÕŒ2#ÔÔ‡X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ô.€€The€decision€to€grant€a€mistrial€is€within€the€sound€discretion€of€theÐ =  Ðtrial€court,€and€this€court€will€not€disturb€the€trial€courtððs€determination€unless€a€clear€abuse€ofÐ & v Ðdiscretion€appears€on€the€record.€€òòId.óóÔ#†XÀ¿X XX™Õ'3#ÔÐ  _ ÐÌà  àImmediately€upon€learning€of€the€event€at€issue,€the€trial€court€conducted€a€full€hearing€onÐ á 1  Ðthe€matter.€€The€two€jurors€swore€under€oath€that€their€judgment€would€not€be€affected.€€BecauseÐ Ê   Ðother€jurors€were€aware€that€the€two€jurors€had€seen€the€defendant€in€the€elevator,€the€trial€courtÐ ³  Ðprovided€a€curative€instruction.€€All€of€the€jurors€agreed€to€disregard€the€defendantððs€brief€presenceÐ œì  Ðin€the€lockup€area€and€otherwise€follow€the€instructions€of€the€trial€court.€€Because€there€is€aÐ …Õ  Ðpresumption€that€the€jurors€followed€the€instructions€of€the€trial€court€and€because€the€record€doesÐ n¾  Ðnot€establish€that€the€defendant€was€unduly€prejudiced,€there€was€no€abuse€of€discretion€by€theÐ W§  Ðdenial€of€a€mistrial.Ð @ ÐÌà@©©)ìàIIˆÐ b ÐÌà  àNext,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€not€instructing€the€jury€on€the€lesserÐ ä4 Ðincluded€offenses€of€aggravated€assault€and€assault.€€The€state€asserts€that€the€offenses€are€not€lesserÐ Í Ðincludeds€of€first€degree€murder€and€that€any€error€would€have€been€harmless€beyond€a€reasonableÐ ¶ Ðdoubt.Ð Ÿï ÐÌÔ‡ŸX™Õ XXXÀ¿Ôà  àÔ#†XÀ¿X XŸX™Õµ9#ÔÔ‡X™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔThe€question€of€whether€a€given€offense€should€be€submitted€to€the€jury€as€a€lesser€includedÐ qÁ Ðoffense€is€a€mixed€question€of€law€and€fact.€€òòState€v.€Rushóó,€50€S.W.3d€424,€427€(Tenn.€2001)€(citingÐ Zª ÐòòState€v.€Smileyóó,€38€S.W.3d€521€(Tenn.€2001)).€€The€standard€of€review€for€mixed€questions€of€lawÐ C“ Ðand€fact€is€de€novo€with€no€presumption€of€correctness.€€òòId.óó;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453,Ð ,| Ð461€(Tenn.€1999).Ô#†XÀ¿X XX™Õ:#ÔÔ‡X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ô€€Ô#†XÀ¿X XX™ÕL<#ÔÔ‡ŸX™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔThe€trial€court€has€a€duty€ð ðto€give€a€complete€charge€of€the€law€applicable€to€theÐ e Ðfacts€of€a€case.ðð€€òòState€v.€Harbisonóó,€704€S.W.2d€314,€319€(Tenn.€1986);€òòsee€alsoóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.Ð þN Ð30.€Ð ç 7 ÐÌòòóóà  àIn€òòBurnsóó,€our€supreme€court€adopted€a€modified€version€of€the€Model€Penal€Code€in€orderÐ ¹" ! Ðto€determine€what€constitutes€a€lesser€included€offense:Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌà8  àAn€offense€is€a€lesser€included€offense€if:Ðt%Ä $Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(a)€all€of€its€statutory€elements€are€included€within€the€statutory€elements€of€theÐ ]&­!% Ðoffense€charged;€orÐF'–"&Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(b)€it€fails€to€meet€the€definition€in€part€(a)€only€in€the€respect€that€it€contains€aÐ /(#' Ðstatutory€element€or€elements€establishingÐ)h$(Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(1)€a€different€mental€state€indicating€a€lesser€kind€of€culpability;€and/orÐ*Q%)Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(2)€a€less€serious€harm€or€risk€of€harm€to€the€same€person,€property€or€public€interest,Ð ê*:&* ÐorÐÓ+#'+Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(c)€it€consists€ofаРР Ðà8  à(1)€facilitation€of€the€offense€charged€or€of€an€offense€that€otherwise€meets€theÐ ™é Ðdefinition€of€lesser€included€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b);€orЂÒÐ Ð  Ðà8  à(2)€an€attempt€to€commit€the€offense€charged€or€an€offense€that€otherwise€meets€theÐ k» Ðdefinition€of€lesser€included€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b);€orÐT¤Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(3)€solicitation€to€commit€the€offense€charged€or€an€offense€that€otherwise€meets€theÐ =  Ðdefinition€of€lesser€included€offense€in€part€(a)€or€(b).Ð& vÐ Ð  ÐÌ6€S.W.3d€at€466-67.Ô#†XÀ¿X XŸX™Õ<#ÔÔ‡X™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔÐ ø H ÐÌÔ#†XÀ¿X XX™Õ6D#ÔÔ‡X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ôà  àÔ#†XÀ¿X XX™ÕŽD#ÔÔ‡ŸX™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔThe€trial€court€Ô#†XÀ¿X XŸX™ÕÜD#ÔÔ‡X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ôhas€a€duty€to€instruct€the€jury€as€to€a€lesser€included€offense€if:€(1)€reasonableÐ Ê   Ðminds€could€accept€the€offense€as€lesser€included;€and€(2)€the€evidence€is€legally€sufficient€toÐ ³  Ðsupport€a€conviction€for€the€lesser€included€offense.€€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€469;€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.Ð œì  ÐLangfordóó,€994€S.W.2d€126,€128€(Tenn.€1999).€€Moreover,€our€supreme€court€has€held€thatÔ#†XÀ¿X XX™Õ.E#Ô€trialÐ …Õ  Ðcourts€ð ðmust€provide€an€instruction€on€a€lesser„included€offense€supported€by€the€evidence€even€ifÐ n¾  Ðsuch€instruction€is€not€consistent€with€the€theory€of€the€[s]tate€or€of€the€defense.€€The€evidence,€notÐ W§  Ðthe€parties,€controls€whether€an€instruction€is€required.ðð€òòóó€òòState€v.€Allenóó,€69€S.W.3d€181,€188€(Tenn.Ð @ Ð2002).€€Our€high€court€observed€that€the€ð ðjury€is€not€required€to€believe€any€evidence€offered€by€theÐ )y Ð[s]tate,ðð€and€held€that€the€authority€of€the€jury€to€convict€on€a€lesser„included€offense€may€not€beÐ b Ðtaken€away,€even€when€proof€supporting€the€element€distinguishing€the€greater€offense€from€theÐ ûK Ðlesser€offense€is€uncontroverted.€€òòId.óó€at€189.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àIn€support€of€his€position,€the€defendant€cites€òòState€v.€Paul€Graham€Manningóó,€No.€M2002„Ð ¶ Ð00547„CCA„R3„CD€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Nashville,€Feb.€14,€2003),€òòperm.€app.€deniedóó(Tenn.€Dec.Ð Ÿï Ð15,€2003),€in€which€a€panel€of€this€court€held€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€instruct€the€juryÐ ˆØ Ðon€aggravated€assault€and€assault€as€lesser€included€offenses€of€premeditated€murder.€€While€findingÐ qÁ Ðthe€error€to€be€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€the€court€ruled€in€òòManningóóas€follows:Ð Zª ÐÌà8  àAs€set€forth€above,€first€degree€premeditated€murder€is€the€ð ðpremeditated€andÐ ,| Ðintentional€killing€of€another.ðð€€An€aggravated€assault€is€committed,€on€the€otherÐ e Ðhand,€when€the€accused€intentionally,€knowingly,€or€recklessly€causes€serious€bodilyÐ þN Ðinjury€to€another.€€Similarly,€an€assault€is€committed€when€one€ð ð[i]ntentionally,Ð ç 7 Ðknowingly€or€recklessly€causes€bodily€injury€to€another.ðð€€The€mens€rea€ofÐ Ð!   Ðintentional€includes€the€mens€reas€of€knowing€and€reckless.€€A€killing€certainlyÐ ¹" ! Ðincludes€serious€bodily€injury€(as€well€as€ð ðmereðð€bodily€injury).€€Thus,€all€of€theÐ ¢#ò" Ðstatutory€elements€of€these€forms€of€aggravated€assault€and€assault€are€includedÐ ‹$Û# Ðwithin€the€statutory€elements€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€and€they€areÐ t%Ä $ Ðtherefore€lesser-included€offenses€under€part€(a)€of€the€Burns€test.€€The€trial€courtÐ ]&­!% Ðtherefore€erred€when€it€failed€to€instruct€the€jury€on€these€forms€of€aggravated€assaultÐ F'–"& Ðand€assault.Ð/(#'Ð Ð  ÐÌòòManningóó,€slip€op.€at€7€(citations€and€footnote€omitted).Ð *Q%) Ðâ âÐ ê*:&* Ðà  àThe€majority€of€a€separate€panel€of€this€court,€however,€has€held€that€aggravated€assault€andÐ ° Ðâ âassault€are€not€lesser€included€offenses€of€premeditated€murder.€€In€òòState€v.€John€C.€Walker,€IIIóó,€No.Ð ™é ÐM2003„01732„CCA„R3„CD€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Nashville,€Aug.€11,€2004),€the€rationale€for€theÐ ‚Ò Ðholding€in€òòManningóó€was€rejected:Ð k» ÐÌà8  àà ` àAn€accused€in€a€criminal€prosecution€has€the€right€to€receive€advance€noticeÐ =  Ðof€the€charges€he€or€she€must€defend€upon.€€Tenn.€Const.€art.€1,€Ô‡X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ôðð€Ô#†XÀ¿X XX™ÕnT#Ô9.€€When€aÐ & v Ðdefendant€is€indicted€for€murder,€the€defendant€is€placed€upon€notice€that€he€or€sheÐ  _ Ðwill€be€required€to€answer€to€the€charge€or€some€lesser€degree€of€homicide€as€raisedÐ ø H Ðby€the€proof€at€trial.€€Criminal€homicide€is€defined€as€the€unlawful€killing€of€anotherÐ á 1  Ðperson,€which€may€be€first€degree€murder,€second€degree€murder,€voluntaryÐ Ê   Ðmanslaughter,€criminally€negligent€homicide,€or€vehicular€homicide.€€Tenn.€CodeÐ ³  ÐAnn.€ðð€Ô‡X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ô39„13„201Ô#†XÀ¿X XX™ÕÞV#Ô.€€Aggravated€assault€is€an€assault€accompanied€by€serious€bodilyÐ œì  Ðinjury€or€use€of€a€deadly€weapon.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€Ô‡X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ô39„13„102(a)Ô#†XÀ¿X XX™Õ·W#ÔÔ‡X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ô.€€Ô#†XÀ¿X XX™ÕX#ÔÔ‡X™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔòòBurnsóóÔ#†XÀ¿X XX™ÕJX#Ô€part€(a)Ð …Õ  Ðprovides€that€aggravated€assault€is€a€lesser€if€all€the€ð ðstatutory€elements€are€includedÐ n¾  Ðwithin€the€statutory€elementsðð€of€first€degree€murder.€€òòBurnsóó,€Ô‡X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ô6€S.W.3d€at€466Ô#†XÀ¿X XX™ÕmY#Ô.€€TheÐ W§  Ðindictment€in€this€case€alleges€an€intentional€and€premeditated€killing€of€the€victim.€Ð @ ÐIt€contains€no€reference€to€serious€bodily€injury€or€use€of€a€deadly€weapon.€€Clearly,Ð )y Ðnone€of€the€elements€of€aggravated€assault€are€alleged€in€the€indictment€nor€are€theseÐ b Ðelements€included€within€the€statutory€elements€of€first€degree€murder.€€Likewise,Ð ûK Ðthe€elements€of€the€various€forms€of€assault,€i.e.,€(1)€bodily€injury,€(2)€fear€ofÐ ä4 Ðimminent€bodily€injury€and€(3)€physical€contact€regarded€as€extremely€offensive€orÐ Í Ðprovocative,€are€not€alleged€in€the€indictment€and€are€clearly€not€elements€of€firstÐ ¶ Ðdegree€murder.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€Ô‡X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ô39„13„101€(a)(1)„(3)Ô#†XÀ¿X XX™Õè\#Ô.€€For€this€reason,€weÐ Ÿï Ðconclude€that€neither€aggravated€assault€nor€assault€are€lesser€included€offenses€ofÐ ˆØ Ðfirst€degree€murder€under€òòBurnsóó.€€Thus,€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€failing€to€chargeÐ qÁ Ðthese€crimes€to€the€jury.ÐZªÐ Ð  ÐÌSlip€op.€at€11„12.€€Ð ,| ÐÌà  àWhether€the€rule€in€òòManningóóor€òòWalkeróóis€applicable,€the€defendant€here€would€not€beÐ þN Ðentitled€to€a€new€trial€for€failure€to€charge€aggravated€and€simple€assault.€€If€error€at€all,€the€errorÐ ç 7 Ðwas€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóóòòState€v.€David€Wayne€Smartóó,€No.€M2001„02881„Ð Ð!   ÐCCA„R3„CD€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Nashville,€May€13,€2003)€(holding€that€any€error€by€failing€toÐ ¹" ! Ðcharge€aggravated€assault€and€assault€as€lesser€included€offenses€of€premeditated€murder€wasÐ ¢#ò" Ðharmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt).€€In€this€case,€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€on€the€chargedÐ ‹$Û# Ðoffense€of€premeditated€murder€as€well€as€the€lesser€included€offenses€of€second€degree€murder,Ð t%Ä $ Ðvoluntary€manslaughter,€reckless€homicide,€and€criminally€negligent€homicide.€€Ô‡X™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔBy€finding€theÐ ]&­!% Ðdefendant€guilty€of€premeditated€murder,€the€jury€implicitly€rejected€four€lesser€included€offenses.€Ð F'–"& ÐòòSeeóó€òòAllenóó,€69€S.W.3d€at€189;€òòManningóó,€slip€op.€at€8.Ô#†XÀ¿X XX™ÕBb#Ô€€The€evidence€of€murder€was€simplyÐ /(#' Ðoverwhelming.€€The€proof€established€that€the€defendant€drove€the€victim€to€a€remote€area,€shot€himÐ )h$( Ðin€the€head€three€times,€and€then€abandoned€the€body.€€Under€these€circumstances,€it€is€ourÐ *Q%) Ðâ âconclusion€that€any€error€by€virtue€of€the€failure€to€charge€either€aggravated€assault€or€simple€assaultÐ ê*:&* Ðwas€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.Ð ° ÐÌâ âà@ˆˆ)ìàIIIˆÐ ‚Ò ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€next€argues€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€establish€premeditation.€€Ô‡ŸX™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔOnÐ T¤ Ðappeal,€of€course,€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€allÐ =  Ðreasonable€inferences€which€might€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835Ð & v Ð(Tenn.€1978).€€The€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€to€be€given€their€testimony,€and€theÐ  _ Ðreconciliation€of€conflicts€in€the€proof€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€jury€as€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòByrge€v.Ð ø H ÐStateóó,€575€S.W.2d€292,€295€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€When€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€isÐ á 1  Ðchallenged,€the€relevant€question€is€whether,€after€reviewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorableÐ Ê   Ðto€the€state,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyondÐ ³  Ða€reasonable€doubt.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983).€Ð œì  ÐQuestions€concerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€as€wellÐ …Õ  Ðas€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€199Ð n¾  ÐTenn.€298,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(1956).€€Because€a€verdict€of€guilt€removes€the€presumption€ofÐ W§  Ðinnocence€and€raises€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€convicted€criminal€defendant€bears€the€burden€ofÐ @ Ðshowing€that€the€evidence€was€legally€insufficient€to€sustain€a€guilty€verdict.€€òòState€v.€Evansóó,€838Ð )y ÐS.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992).Ð b ÐÌà  àFirst€degree€murder€is€defined€as:Ð ä4 ÐÌà8  àà ` à(1)€A€premeditated€and€intentional€killing€of€another;жРР Ðà8  àà ` à(2)€A€killing€of€another€committed€in€the€perpetration€of€or€attempt€toÐ Ÿï Ðperpetrate€any€first€degree€murder,€arson,€rape,€robbery,€burglary,€theft,€kidnapping,Ð ˆØ Ðaggravated€child€abuse,€aggravated€child€neglect€or€aircraft€piracy;€orÐqÁÐ Ð  Ðà8  àà ` à(3)€A€killing€of€another€committed€as€a€result€of€the€unlawful€throwing,Ð Zª Ðplacing€or€discharging€of€a€destructive€device€or€bomb.ÐC“Ð Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)€(Supp.€2000).€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„202(d)Ð e Ðprovides€that:Ð þN ÐÌà8  à[P]remeditation€is€an€act€done€after€the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment.€Ð Ð!   Ðð ðPremeditationðð€means€that€the€intent€to€kill€must€have€been€formed€prior€to€the€actÐ ¹" ! Ðitself.€It€is€not€necessary€that€the€purpose€to€kill€pre-exist€in€the€mind€of€the€accusedÐ ¢#ò" Ðfor€any€definite€period€of€time.€€The€mental€state€of€the€accused€at€the€time€theÐ ‹$Û# Ðaccused€allegedly€decided€to€kill€must€be€carefully€considered€in€order€to€determineÐ t%Ä $ Ðwhether€the€accused€was€sufficiently€free€from€excitement€and€passion€as€to€beÐ ]&­!% Ðcapable€of€premeditation.ÐF'–"&Ð Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(d)€(1997).€€Whether€the€evidence€was€sufficient€depends€entirely€onÐ )h$( Ðwhether€the€state€was€able€to€establish€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€the€element€of€premeditation.€€Ô#†XÀ¿X XŸX™Õèe#ÔÔ‡ X™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔòòSeeóóÐ *Q%) ÐòòState€v.€Simsóó,€45€S.W.3d€1,€7€(Tenn.€2001);€òòState€v.€Hallóó,€8€S.W.3d€593,€599€(Tenn.€1999).€Ð ê*:&* ÐÐ Ó+#'+ ÐÔ#†XÀ¿X X X™Õ…s#ÔÔ‡ŸX™Õ XXXÀ¿Ôà  àÔ#†XÀ¿X XŸX™Õvt#ÔÔ‡ X™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔOur€supreme€court€has€held€that€the€presence€of€premeditation€is€a€Ô#†XÀ¿X X X™ÕÄt#ÔÔ‡ŸX™Õ XXXÀ¿Ôquestion€for€the€jury€andÐ ° Ðmay€be€inferred€from€the€manner€and€circumstances€of€the€killing.€Ô#†XÀ¿X XŸX™ÕIu#ÔÔ‡ X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ô€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Suttlesóó,€30€S.W.3dÐ ™é Ð252,€261€(Tenn.€2000);€òòState€v.€Pikeóó,€978€S.W.2d€904,€914€(Tenn.€1998).€€Moreover,€it€is€well„Ð ‚Ò Ðestablished€that€premeditation€may€be€proved€by€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Brownóó,Ð k» Ð836€S.W.2d€530,€541€(Tenn.€1992).€Ô#†XÀ¿X X X™Õûu#ÔÔ‡ X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ô€Our€high€court€has€identified€a€number€of€circumstances€fromÐ T¤ Ðwhich€the€jury€may€infer€premeditation:€(1)€the€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€upon€an€unarmed€victim;Ð =  Ð(2)€the€particular€cruelty€of€the€killing;€(3)€the€defendant's€threats€or€declarations€of€intent€to€kill;Ð & v Ð(4)€the€defendant's€procurement€of€a€weapon;€(5)€any€preparations€to€conceal€the€crime€undertakenÐ  _ Ðbefore€the€crime€is€committed;€(6)€destruction€or€secretion€of€evidence€of€the€killing;€and€(7)€aÐ ø H Ðdefendant's€calmness€immediately€after€the€killing.Ô#†XÀ¿X X X™Õžw#ÔÔ‡ X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ô€€òòSeeóó€òòÔ#†XÀ¿X X X™ÕBz#ÔÔ‡ X™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€660€(Tenn.Ð á 1  Ð1997);€òòPikeóó,€978€S.W.2d€at€914-15Ô#†XÀ¿X X X™Õ“z#ÔÔ‡ X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ô.€€This€list,€however,€is€not€exhaustive€and€serves€only€toÐ Ê   Ðdemonstrate€that€premeditation€may€be€established€by€any€evidence€from€which€the€jury€may€inferÐ ³  Ðthat€the€killing€was€done€ð ðafter€the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgmentÔ#†XÀ¿X X X™Õ>{#ÔÔ‡ X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ô.ðð€€òòóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÐ œì  Ð39-13-202(d);Ô#†XÀ¿X X X™Õ|#ÔÔ‡ X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ô€òòseeóó€òòPikeóó,€978€S.W.2d€at€914-15Ô#†XÀ¿X X X™Õ}#ÔÔ‡ŸX™Õ XXXÀ¿Ô;Ô#†XÀ¿X XŸX™Õ}#ÔÔ‡ X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ô€Ô#†XÀ¿X X X™ÕÄ}#ÔÔ‡ X™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔòòBlandóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€660òòóó.Ð …Õ  ÐÌà  àOne€treatise€suggests€that€premeditation€may€be€inferred€from€events€that€occur€before€andÐ W§  Ðat€the€time€of€the€killing:Ð @ ÐÌà8  àThree€categories€of€evidence€are€important€for€[the]€purpose€[of€inferringÐ b Ðpremeditation]:€€(1)€facts€about€how€and€what€the€defendant€did€prior€to€the€actualÐ ûK Ðkilling€which€show€he€was€engaged€in€activity€directed€toward€the€killing,€that€is,Ð ä4 Ðòòplanning€activityóó;€(2)€facts€about€the€defendant's€prior€relationship€and€conduct€withÐ Í Ðthe€victim€from€which€òòmotiveóó€may€be€inferred;€and€(3)€facts€about€the€òònature€of€theÐ ¶ Ðkillingóó€from€which€it€may€be€inferred€that€the€manner€of€killing€was€so€particular€andÐ Ÿï Ðexacting€that€the€defendant€must€have€intentionally€killed€according€to€aÐ ˆØ Ðpreconceived€design.à8Ð Ð àÐqÁÈÈ ÐÔ#†XÀ¿X X X™Õ~#ÔÔ‡ X™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔÌ2€Wayne€R.€LaFave,€òòSubstantive€Criminal€Lawóó€ðð€14.7(a)€(2d€ed.€2003)€(emphasis€in€original).Ð C“ ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€there€was€evidence€that€the€defendant,€aware€that€his€wife€was€having€an€affair,Ð e Ðhad€voiced€to€both€Ralph€and€Connie€Bryant€that€he€intended€to€kill€her€lover.€€The€BryantsÐ þN Ðattempted€to€dissuade€him€from€his€plans.€€The€was€proof€that€two€or€three€weeks€before€theÐ ç 7 Ðshooting,€the€defendant€stole€the€.22€caliber€Browning€pistol€from€the€Golden€residence€just€beforeÐ Ð!   Ðquitting€a€construction€job€in€Nashville€and€returning€to€Putnam€County.€€The€defendant€admittedÐ ¹" ! Ðshooting€the€victim€and€later€disposing€of€the€murder€weapon€alongside€a€rural€highway.€€That€theÐ ¢#ò" Ðdefendant€had€the€presence€of€mind€to€call€911€for€a€ride€from€a€sheriffððs€deputy€without€arousingÐ ‹$Û# Ðsuspicion€suggests€a€calm€demeanor€after€the€crime.€€In€our€view,€there€is€sufficient€evidence€in€theÐ t%Ä $ Ðrecord€to€support€a€finding€of€premeditation.Ô#†XÀ¿X X X™Õ`‚#ÔÐ  ]&­!% Ðà@ƒƒ)ìàIVˆÐ ° ÐÌà  àNext,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€should€have€suppressed€his€statements€toÐ ‚Ò Ðpolice€because€the€circumstances€establish€that€they€were€coerced.€€The€state€argues€that€theÐ k» Ðdefendant€waived€the€issue€by€failing€to€timely€raise€it€in€a€motion€for€new€trial.Ð T¤ ÐÌà  àTennessee€Rule€of€Criminal€Procedure€33(b),€which€governs€the€time€for€filing€a€motion€forÐ & v Ðnew€trial,€provides€as€follows:Ð  _ ÐÌà8  àà ` àA€motion€for€a€new€trial€shall€be€made€in€writing,€or€if€made€orally€in€openÐ á 1  Ðcourt€shall€be€reduced€to€writing,€within€thirty€days€of€the€date€the€order€of€sentenceÐ Ê   Ðis€entered.€€òòThe€[c]ourt€shall€upon€motion€allow€amendments€liberally€until€the€dayÐ ³  Ðof€the€hearing€of€the€motion€for€a€new€trial.Мì Ð Ð  ÐóóÌà  àThe€record€reflects€that€the€judgment€of€conviction€was€filed€on€October€8,€2002.€€TheÐ n¾  Ðdefendantððs€motion€for€new€trial,€filed€two€days€lateròòóó,€does€not€include€as€a€ground€for€relief€that€theÐ W§  Ðtrial€court€failed€to€suppress€the€statements.€€At€the€hearing€on€the€motion€for€new€trial€some€fourÐ @ Ðmonths€later,€however,€defense€counsel€raised€the€issue€and€the€trial€court€instructed€him€to€amendÐ )y Ðthe€motion€for€new€trial.€€An€amended€motion€was€filed€on€that€date.€€The€state€did€not€object.Ð b ÐÌà  àThere€was€a€full€hearing€on€the€motion€to€suppress.€€Detective€Jerry€Dale€Abston€of€theÐ ä4 ÐPutnam€County€Sheriffððs€Department€testified€that€he€witnessed€statements€taken€from€the€defendantÐ Í Ðby€Agent€Krofssik€on€March€24€and€March€27,€both€of€which€were€made€in€the€conference€room€ofÐ ¶ Ðthe€justice€center.€€He€recalled€that€the€defendant,€who€received€no€promises€of€leniency,€wasÐ Ÿï Ðcooperative,€responding€coherently€and€without€difficulty.€€The€detective€confirmed€that€AgentÐ ˆØ ÐKrofssik€had€provided€the€defendant€with€òòMirandaóó€warnings€and€that€the€defendant€never€indicatedÐ qÁ Ðthat€he€wished€to€stop€the€interviews€or€have€an€attorney€present.€€The€detective€recalled€that€theÐ Zª Ðdefendant€acknowledged€that€he€had€been€drinking€prior€to€the€March€24òòthóó€interview€but€denied€theÐ C“ Ðuse€of€any€drugs.€€It€was€the€detectiveððs€opinion€that€the€defendant€was€not€intoxicated€at€that€time.€Ð ,| ÐDetective€Abston€testified€that€Agent€Krofssik€wrote€out€the€defendantððs€statement€longhand€andÐ e Ðthat€the€statement€was€then€read€back€to€the€defendant,€who€was€given€the€opportunity€to€makeÐ þN Ðcorrections.€€He€had€no€recollection€of€any€request€by€the€defendant€to€tape€the€interviews€andÐ ç 7 Ðinsisted€that€the€defendant€had,€in€fact,€declined€to€be€taped€because€the€recorder€made€himÐ Ð!   Ðuncomfortable.€€The€detective€acknowledged€that€at€the€time€of€the€first€interview,€the€defendantÐ ¹" ! Ðmentioned€that€he€had€bipolar€disorder.€€He€remembered€that€the€defendant€repeatedly€denied€theÐ ¢#ò" Ðneed€for€any€medication€or€treatment.€€Detective€Abston€denied€that€either€he€or€Agent€Krofssik€hadÐ ‹$Û# Ðthreatened€to€throw€the€defendant€down€the€stairwell€at€the€justice€center€or€had€otherwise€coercedÐ t%Ä $ Ðthe€confession.Ð ]&­!% ÐÌà  àAgent€Krofssik€corroborated€the€testimony€of€Detective€Abston.€€He€recalled€that€on€theÐ /(#' Ðsecond€interview€day,€the€defendant€mentioned€that€he€was€not€taking€his€medication€but€ð ðindicatedÐ )h$( Ðthat€it€didnððt€affect€his€understanding€of€what€our€conversation€was€about.ðð€€Ð *Q%) Ðâ âÐ ê*:&* Ðà  àEric€Engum,€a€Ph.D.€psychologist,€performed€psychological€and€neuropsychologicalÐ ° Ðâ âevaluations€of€the€defendant.€€He€determined€that€the€defendant€was€first€treated€for€alcohol€and€drugÐ ™é Ðabuse€in€1994€and€was€hospitalized€on€an€emergency€basis€in€February€of€2000€when€he€beganÐ ‚Ò Ðexperiencing,€among€other€things,€severe€mood€swings,€temper€outbursts,€and€disorganized€thoughtÐ k» Ðprocesses.€€The€medical€history€of€the€defendant€indicated€bipolar€affective€disorder€andÐ T¤ Ðpolysubstance€abuse.€€Engum€testified€that€shortly€after€the€arrest€of€the€defendant,€he€was€diagnosedÐ =  Ðwith€schizo„affective€disorder,€bipolar€type,€and€put€on€a€medication€regiment€consisting€of€Effexor,Ð & v ÐSeroquel,€and€Eskalith,€which€lessened€his€symptoms.€€He€found€the€defendant€had€difficultyÐ  _ Ðsustaining€concentration,€organizing€his€thoughts,€and€engaging€in€abstract€reasoning.€€AccordingÐ ø H Ðto€Engum,€he€diagnosed€the€defendant€as€having€bipolar€disorder€in€partial€remission,€alcoholÐ á 1  Ðdependence€in€early€full€remission,€and€a€mixed€personality€disorder€with€avoidant,€depressive,€andÐ Ê   Ðparanoid€features.€€With€regard€to€the€defendantððs€ability€to€voluntarily€waive€his€rights,€he€testifiedÐ ³  Ðthat€ð ðknowing€what€we€know€about€[bipolar€disorder]€symptoms,€it€would€seriously€raise€a€questionÐ œì  Ðin€my€mind€as€to€whether€he€was€able€to€make€a€voluntary€waiver.€€And€thatððs€as€far€as€I€can€go.ðð€Ð …Õ  ÐDuring€cross„examination,€Engum€acknowledged€that€he€had€found€evidence€of€symptomÐ n¾  Ðmagnification,€or€ð ðreporting€symptoms€.€.€.€in€stronger€terms€than€might€be€uncovered€upon€objectiveÐ W§  Ðreview.ððÐ @ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€testified€at€the€suppression€hearing€that€he€ð ðreally€started€drinking€hardðð€inÐ b Ð1988€and€that€he€first€received€treatment€for€alcoholism€in€1994€at€Plateau€when€he€was€convictedÐ ûK Ðof€third€offense€driving€under€the€influence.€€He€stated€that€although€he€had€also€received€treatmentÐ ä4 Ðat€McFarland€and€New€Life€Lodge,€his€problems€continued€and,€in€February€of€2000,€he€wasÐ Í Ðcommitted€to€Lakeshore€Mental€Heath€Center€in€Knoxville,€where€he€stayed€for€five€days.€€TheÐ ¶ Ðdefendant€contended€that€on€the€day€of€his€arrest,€he€drank€a€gallon€of€whiskey€and€smokedÐ Ÿï Ðmethamphetamine.€€According€to€the€defendant,€when€Detective€Abston€telephoned€him€that€thereÐ ˆØ Ðwas€a€warrant€for€his€arrest,€he€responded€that€he€had€been€drinking€and€would€turn€himself€in€toÐ qÁ ÐOfficer€Bill€Parrott.€€He€claimed€that€the€last€thing€he€recalled€was€getting€into€the€back€seat€ofÐ Zª ÐOfficer€Parrottððs€cruiser,€unable€to€walk,€and€that€the€police€ð ðdidnððt€even€book€[him].ðð€€TheÐ C“ Ðdefendant€testified€that€he€remembered€the€second€set€of€interviews€with€police€ð ðsomewhat,ðð€but€thatÐ ,| Ðhe€was€not€feeling€well€because€he€had€been€hallucinating,€ð ðseeing€snakes€in€[his]€walls€and€spidersÐ e Ðcoming€out€of€[his]€drain.ðð€€He€insisted€that€he€was€afraid€that€Detective€Abston,€and€Agent€KrofssikÐ þN Ðwere€going€to€throw€him€down€the€stairwell€because€one€of€them€had€mentioned€that€ð ð[i]t€was€a€longÐ ç 7 Ðways€down.ðð€€The€defendant€acknowledged,€however,€that€early€in€the€interview€process,€he€tookÐ Ð!   Ðbreaks€in€the€conference€room€rather€than€the€stairwell.€€He€claimed€that€he€had€asked€for€theÐ ¹" ! Ðinterviews€to€be€tape€recorded.€€While€acknowledging€that€he€had€signed€and€initialed€the€writtenÐ ¢#ò" Ðstatements,€he€contended€that€Agent€Krofssik€had€not€read€the€statements€to€him€and€that€theÐ ‹$Û# Ðdocuments€were€only€drafts.€€Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€denied€the€motion€to€suppress,€finding€that€the€defendantððs€statements€wereÐ F'–"& Ðvoluntary€and€ruling€as€follows:Ð /(#' ÐÌà8  à[W]e€are€dealing€with€a€question€of€the€voluntariness€of€a€confession€and€the€totalityÐ *Q%) Ðof€the€circumstances€is€the€standard.€€Under€the€circumstances€of€how€the€statementÐ ê*:&* Ðwas€allegedly€made€on€the€27òòthóó,€there€would€be€nothing€to€indicate€from€theÐ Ó+#'+ Ðtestimony€of€[the€defendant]€or€from€the€testimony€of€the€officers€that€somethingÐ ° Ðtranspired€that€would€over€bear€the€will€of€the€accused€in€this€case€in€some€sort€of€aÐ ™é Ðthreatening€way.ЂÒÐ Ð  Ðà@bbìà*€€€€€€€€€€*€€€€€€€€€€*ˆÐ k» Ðà8  àà ` àI€donððt€think€anybody€can€dispute€the€diagnosis.€.€.€.€€But€that€in€itself€doesÐ T¤ Ðnot€render€any€statement€given€to€be€voluntary€or€any€waiver€to€be€unknowing.Ð= Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àAnd€all€of€the€proof€here€that€Iððve€heard€this€morning€would€indicate€that€theÐ & v Ðdefendant€understood€his€rights.€€He€waived€his€rights.€€And€he€gave€a€statement€thatÐ  _ Ðhe€signed€off€on€those€rights.€.€.€.Ðø HÐ Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àAnd€.€.€.€the€totality€[of€the]€the€circumstances€would€indicate€.€.€.€that€thereÐ á 1  Ðwas€a€voluntary€and€knowing€waiver€of€the€rights€and€a€voluntary€statement€given.Ð Ê   Ð.€.€.г Ð Ð  ÐÌThe€trial€court€also€questioned€the€credibility€of€the€defendant,€observing€that€he€appeared€to€ð ðhaveÐ …Õ  Ðsome€selective€memory€loss.ððÐ n¾  ÐÌà  àIt€is€the€duty€of€the€trial€judge€to€determine€the€voluntariness€and€the€admissibility€of€aÐ @ Ðdefendantððs€pretrial€statement.€€Ô‡X™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔòòState€v.€Pursleyóó,€550€S.W.2d€949,€952€(Tenn.€1977).Ô#†XÀ¿X XX™ÕŒ®#Ô€€The€trialÐ )y Ðcourtððs€determination€that€a€confession€was€given€knowingly€and€voluntarily€is€binding€on€theÐ b Ðappellate€courts€unless€the€evidence€preponderates€otherwise.€€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23Ð ûK Ð(Tenn.€1996).€€Questions€about€witness€credibility€and€ð ðresolution€of€conflicts€in€the€evidence€areÐ ä4 Ðmatters€entrusted€to€the€trial€judge.ðð€€òòId.óó€€Testimony€presented€at€trial€may€be€considered€by€anÐ Í Ðappellate€court€in€deciding€the€propriety€of€the€trial€courtððs€ruling€on€a€motion€to€suppress.€€òòState€v.Ð ¶ ÐHenningóó,€975€S.W.2d€290,€299€(Tenn.€1998).€€If€the€ð ðgreater€weightðð€of€the€evidence€supports€theÐ Ÿï Ðcourtððs€ruling,€it€will€be€upheld.€€òòId.óó€€Yet,€this€court€must€conduct€a€de€novo€review€of€the€trialÐ ˆØ Ðcourtððs€application€of€law€to€fact.€€òòState€v.€Bridgesóó,€963€S.W.2d€487€(Tenn.€1997);€òòState€v.€Yearganóó,Ð qÁ Ð958€S.W.2d€626€(Tenn.€1997).Ô‡X™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔÐ Zª ÐÌÔ#†XÀ¿X XX™Õ7³#Ôà  àIn€òòMiranda€v.€Arizonaóó,€384€U.S.€436€(1966),€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€ruled€thatÐ ,| Ðbefore€a€custodial€interrogation,€police€officers€must€advise€a€defendant€of€the€right€to€remain€silentÐ e Ðand€the€right€to€counsel.€€If€these€warnings€are€not€given,€any€statement€elicited€from€a€defendantÐ þN Ðis€not€admissible€in€trial.€€òòDickerson€v.€United€Statesóó,€530€U.S.€428€(2000);€òòStansbury€v.€Californiaóó,Ð ç 7 Ð511€U.S.€318,€322€(1994).€€A€defendantððs€rights€to€counsel€and€against€self„incrimination€may€beÐ Ð!   Ðwaived€as€long€as€the€waiver€is€made€ð ðvoluntarily,€knowingly,€and€intelligently.ðð€€òòMirandaóó,€384€U.S.Ð ¹" ! Ðat€479;€Ô‡X™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔòòState€v.€Middlebrooksóó,€840€S.W.2d€317,€326€(Tenn.€1992).Ô#†XÀ¿X XX™ÕŒ¶#Ô€€In€order€for€an€accused€to€effectÐ ¢#ò" Ða€waiver,€he€must€be€adequately€appraised€of€his€right€to€remain€silent€and€the€consequence€ofÐ ‹$Û# Ðdeciding€to€abandon€it.€€òòState€v.€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€544€(Tenn.€1994).€€In€determiningÐ t%Ä $ Ðwhether€a€confession€was€voluntary€and€knowing,€the€totality€of€the€circumstances€must€beÐ ]&­!% Ðexamined.€€òòState€v.€Bushóó,€942€S.W.2d€489,€500€(Tenn.€1997).Ô‡X™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔÐ F'–"& ÐÌà  àAlthough€three€handwritten€statements€signed€by€the€defendant€are€in€the€record,€only€theÐ )h$( Ðlast€statement€was€introduced€at€trial.€€The€statement,€which€has€been€summarized€in€this€opinion,Ð *Q%) Ðwas€taken€on€March€27€at€11:38€p.m.,€shortly€after€the€defendant€asked€to€speak€with€the€officersÐ ê*:&* Ðfor€a€second€time€that€evening.€€By€refusing€to€suppress,€the€trial€court€implicitly€accredited€theÐ Ó+#'+ Ðtestimony€of€Detective€Abston€and€Agent€Krofssik€that€the€defendant€was€coherent€and€responsiveÐ ° Ðat€the€time€of€the€interview,€that€he€understood€his€òòMirandaóórights,€and€that€he€knowingly€andÐ ™é Ðvoluntarily€waived€those€rights.€€A€completed€TBI€òòMirandaóówarnings€form€bearing€the€defendantððsÐ ‚Ò Ðsignature€appears€in€the€record.€€The€trial€court€specifically€found€that€the€defendantððs€testimonyÐ k» Ðlacked€credibility,€the€defendant€having€ð ðselective€memory€lossðð€as€to€the€circumstances€surroundingÐ T¤ Ðhis€arrest€and€his€sworn€statements€to€the€officers.€€In€our€view,€the€evidence€does€not€preponderateÐ =  Ðagainst€the€trial€courtððs€determination€that€the€statement€was€knowingly€and€voluntarily€providedÐ & v Ðto€the€interrogating€officers.Ð  _ ÐÌà@¤¤*ìàVˆÐ á 1  ÐÌà  àFinally,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€prosecutor€was€guilty€of€misconduct€during€theÐ ³  Ðclosing€argument.€€He€specifically€complains€about€the€following€comments:Ð œì  ÐÌÔ#†XÀ¿X XX™Õà¸#ÔÔ‡ X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ôà8  àà ` àYou€know€.€.€.€Iððm€looking€at€that€scene€.€.€.€and€I€canððt€think€of€a€better€placeÐ n¾  Ðto€kill€somebody.€€Itððs€ten€miles€from€nowhere,€out€in€the€boonies,€and€then€almostÐ W§  Ð100€yards,€almost€300€feet€down€a€dirt€road€where€thereððs€no€chance€of€being€seen.€Ð @ ÐThereððs€no€chance€of€having€witnesses.€€I€canððt€think€of€a€better€place€in€the€wholeÐ )y Ðwide€world€to€take€somebody€to€kill€them€if€thatððs€what€your€purpose€is.ÐbÐ Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àNot€a€good€place€to€hide€your€dope.€€People€hide€dope€off€of€their€propertyÐ ûK Ðbut€close€to€their€home.€€They€donððt€have€to€drive.€€Ðä4Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àAnd€isnððt€it€interesting€too€who€was€doing€the€driving?€€The€defendant€wasÐ Í Ðdriving€the€truck€that€night€and€his€victim€was€in€the€passenger€seat.€€òòAnd€I€suggestÐ ¶ Ðto€you€that€you€can€assume€that€the€defendant€was€in€there€at€gunpoint€being€drivenÐ Ÿï Ðtoóó€ð!ð€(Interrupted)ЈØÐ Ð  ÐÌ(Emphasis€added.)Ð Zª ÐÔ#†XÀ¿X X X™Õ¤¿#ÔÔ‡X™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔÌÔ#†XÀ¿X XX™Õ–Ä#ÔÔ‡ X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ôà  àTrial€courts€have€substantial€discretionary€authority€in€determining€the€propriety€of€finalÐ ,| Ðargument.€€Although€counsel€is€generally€given€wide€latitude,€courts€must€restrict€any€improperÐ e Ðargument.€€òòSparks€v.€Stateóó,€563€S.W.2d€564€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€Generally€speaking,€closingÐ þN Ðargument€ð ðmust€be€temperate,€must€be€predicated€on€evidence€introduced€during€the€trial€of€the€case,Ð ç 7 Ðand€must€be€pertinent€to€the€issues€being€tried.ðð€€òòState€v.€Suttonóó,€562€S.W.2d€820,€823€(Tenn.€1978).€Ð Ð!   ÐFor€example,€our€supreme€court€has€ruled€that€argument€that€ð ðthat€defense€counsel€was€ððtrying€toÐ ¹" ! Ðthrow€sand€in€the€eyes€of€the€juryðð€and€ððblowing€smoke€in€the€face€of€the€juryðððð€was€improperÐ ¢#ò" Ðargument.€€òòState€v.€Westóó,€767€S.W.2d€387,€395€(Tenn.€1989).€€To€merit€a€new€trial,€however,€theÐ ‹$Û# Ðargument€must€be€so€inflammatory€or€improper€as€to€affect€the€verdict.€€òòHarrington€v.€Stateóó,€215Ð t%Ä $ ÐTenn.€338,€385€S.W.2d€758€(1965).€€In€òòJudge€v.€Stateóó,€539€S.W.2d€340,€344€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ]&­!% Ð1976),€this€court€articulated€the€factors€to€be€considered€in€making€that€determination:Ð F'–"& ÐÌà8  à(1)€the€conduct€complained€of€viewed€in€the€context€and€the€light€of€the€facts€andÐ )h$( Ðcircumstances€of€the€case;Ð*Q%)Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(2)€the€curative€measures€undertaken€by€the€court€and€the€prosecution;Ðê*:&*Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(3)€the€intent€of€the€prosecutor€in€making€the€improper€statements;ÐÓ+#'+Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(4)€the€cumulative€effect€of€the€improper€conduct€and€any€other€errors€in€the€record;Ð ° ÐandЙéÐ Ð  Ðà8  à(5)€the€relative€strength€or€weakness€of€the€case.ЂÒÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àMost€restrictions€during€final€argument€are€placed€upon€the€state.€€That€is€based€in€greatÐ T¤ Ðmeasure€upon€the€role€of€the€prosecutor€in€the€criminal€justice€system:Ð =  ÐÌà8  à[The€prosecutor]€is€the€representative€not€of€an€ordinary€party€to€a€controversy,€butÐ  _ Ðof€a€sovereignty€whose€obligation€to€govern€impartially€is€as€compelling€as€itsÐ ø H Ðobligation€to€govern€at€all;€and€whose€interest,€therefore,€in€a€criminal€prosecutionÐ á 1  Ðis€not€that€it€shall€win€a€case,€but€that€justice€shall€be€done.€€As€such,€he€is€in€aÐ Ê   Ðpeculiar€and€very€definite€sense€the€servant€of€the€law,€the€two€fold€aim€of€which€isÐ ³  Ðthat€guilt€shall€not€escape€or€innocence€suffer.€€He€may€prosecute€with€earnestnessÐ œì  Ðand€vigor,€indeed€he€should€do€so.€But,€while€he€may€strike€hard€blows,€he€is€not€atÐ …Õ  Ðliberty€to€strike€foul€ones.€€It€is€as€much€his€duty€to€refrain€from€improper€methodsÐ n¾  Ðcalculated€to€produce€a€wrongful€conviction€as€it€is€to€use€every€legitimate€means€toÐ W§  Ðbring€about€a€just€one.€€It€is€fair€to€say€that€the€average€jury,€in€a€greater€or€lesserÐ @ Ðdegree,€has€confidence€that€these€obligations,€which€so€plainly€rest€upon€theÐ )y Ðprosecuting€attorney,€will€be€faithfully€observed.€€Consequently,€improperÐ b Ðsuggestions,€insinuations,€and€especially€assertions€of€personal€knowledge€are€apt€toÐ ûK Ðcarry€much€weight€against€the€accused€when€they€should€properly€carry€none.Ðä4Ð Ð  ÐÔ#†XÀ¿X X X™ÕÙÄ#ÔÔ‡ŸX™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔòòÌBerger€v.€United€Statesóó,€295€U.S.€78,€88€(1935);€òòsee€alsoóóÔ#†XÀ¿X XŸX™ÕpÓ#ÔÔ‡ X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ô€òòJudgeóó,€539€S.W.2d€at€344-45.Ô#†XÀ¿X X X™ÕøÓ#ÔÔ‡ X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ôòòóó€€Thus,€theÐ ¶ Ðstate€must€refrain€from€argument€designed€to€inflame€the€jury€and€should€restrict€its€commentary€toÐ Ÿï Ðmatters€in€evidence€or€issues€at€trial.€€The€prosecutor€must€not€express€a€personal€belief€or€opinion,Ð ˆØ Ðbut€whether€that€qualifies€as€misconduct€often€depends€upon€the€specific€terminology€used.€€ForÐ qÁ Ðexample,€argument€predicated€by€the€words€ð ðI€thinkðð€or€ð ðI€submitðð€does€not€necessarily€indicate€anÐ Zª Ðexpression€of€personal€opinion.€€òòUnited€States€v.€Stulgaóó,€584€F.2d€142€(6thòòóó€Cir.€1978).€€TheÐ C“ Ðprosecution€is€not€permitted€to€reflect€unfavorably€upon€defense€counsel€or€the€trial€tactics€employedÐ ,| Ðduring€the€course€of€the€trial.€€òòSeeóó€òòDupree€v.€Stateóó,€219€Tenn.€492,€410€S.W.2d€890€(1967);€òòMooreÐ e Ðv.€Stateóó,€159€Tenn.€112,€17€S.W.€30€(1929);€òòWatkins€v.€Stateóó,€140€Tenn.€1,€203€S.W.€344€(1918);Ð þN ÐòòMcCracken€v.€Stateóó,€489€S.W.2d€48€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1972).€€Although€there€may€be€noÐ ç 7 Ðcommentary€on€the€consequences€of€an€acquittal,€the€prosecution€may€point€out€the€gravity€of€aÐ Ð!   Ðparticular€crime€and€emphasize€the€importance€of€law€enforcement.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Dakinóó,€614€S.W.2dÐ ¹" ! Ð812€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1980);€òòBowling€v.€Stateóó,€3€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€176,€458€S.W.2d€639€(1970).Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌÔ#†XÀ¿X X X™Õ]Ô#ÔÔ‡ X™Õ XXXÀ¿Ôà  àThis€court€has€observed€that€there€are€five€generally€recognized€areas€of€prosecutorialÐ t%Ä $ Ðmisconduct€related€to€closing€argument:Ð ]&­!% ÐÌà8  à1.€It€is€unprofessional€conduct€for€the€prosecutor€intentionally€to€misstate€theÐ /(#' Ðevidence€or€mislead€the€jury€as€to€the€inferences€it€may€draw.Ð)h$(Ð Ð  Ðà8  à2.€It€is€unprofessional€conduct€for€the€prosecutor€to€express€his€personal€belief€orÐ *Q%) Ðopinion€as€to€the€truth€or€falsity€of€any€testimony€or€evidence€or€the€guilt€of€theÐ ê*:&* Ðdefendant.ÐÓ+#'+Ð Ð  Ðà8  à3.€The€prosecutor€should€not€use€arguments€calculated€to€inflame€the€passions€orÐ ° Ðprejudices€of€the€jury.ЙéÐ Ð  Ðà8  à4.€The€prosecutor€should€refrain€from€argument€which€would€divert€the€jury€from€itsÐ ‚Ò Ðduty€to€decide€the€case€on€the€evidence,€by€injecting€issues€broader€than€the€guilt€orÐ k» Ðinnocence€of€the€accused€under€the€controlling€law,€or€by€making€predictions€of€theÐ T¤ Ðconsequences€of€the€juryððs€verdict.Ð= Ð Ð  Ðà8  à5.€It€is€unprofessional€conduct€for€a€prosecutor€to€intentionally€refer€to€or€argue€factsÐ & v Ðoutside€the€record€unless€the€facts€are€matters€of€common€public€knowledge.Ð _Ð Ð  ÐòòÌState€v.€Goltzóó,€111€S.W.3d€1,€6€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2003).Ô#†XÀ¿X X X™Õ†Ú#ÔÔ‡ X™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔÐ á 1  ÐÔ#†XÀ¿X X X™Õ§à#ÔÔ‡ X™Õ XXXÀ¿ÔÌà  àBecause€there€was€no€evidence€that€the€defendant€held€the€victim€at€gunpoint€at€any€time,Ð ³  Ðthe€prosecutorððs€suggestion€that€the€jury€assume€that€fact€was€improper.€€Nevertheless,€it€does€notÐ œì  Ðrequire€the€grant€of€a€new€trial.€€While€overstating€the€supporting€facts,€the€argument€did€not€qualifyÐ …Õ  Ðas€a€gross€exaggeration.€€Defense€counsel€objected€immediately,€interrupting€the€stateððs€attorney,Ð n¾  Ðand€the€trial€court€sustained€the€objection,€instructing€the€jury€to€disregard€the€remark.€€There€is€noÐ W§  Ðindication€that€the€prosecutorsððs€error€was€intentional€or€meant€to€unfairly€prejudice€the€defendant.€Ð @ ÐAn€overzealous€or€overly€partisan€interpretation€of€the€evidence€often€discredits€the€validity€of€theÐ )y Ðargument.€€Evidence€of€guilt€included€confessions€to€the€police€and€others.€€Application€of€theÐ b ÐòòJudgeóófactors€favor€the€state.€€A€new€trial€is€not€warranted€under€these€circumstances.Ô#†XÀ¿X X X™Õþà#ÔÐ ûK ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.Ð Í ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð qÁ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àGARY€R.€WADE,€PRESIDING€JUDGE