ÿWPCô XZX‰9Ìót”íáí‚I±ï¶?cPxÂ' ªâ³›£ôû1yhˆkëê ò6½ó†%v„ú»),»"3u¯("0m92³Kœê{œµLh³aÜeéUÓÓ@Ô3ÆÉå´ÒæÕBI €x„4'ŽèK`ïªÂHnÉéå'M"ƒ› ~'¯.f‡e2r>!ÊŠ¢ GoFE盆SL¶BjWžÓâ~å‡aæÕ ¾WÇÄé-pÕE¥bg2™T)”¦Z7+êÏLXg“ 5þõÊ º@ŽãÔKVr_8‚å†ÄQË‚¤b %\^ b 0ˆnU NöwD4H\ zkÒå· m¹ #ÁÐ ‘ Æ™ Æ_ Æ% Æë 1u±N& 72((EZZZZZ 1\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\béééééééééééééééééééééééééééééééééééé 0ëññññ BÜÜ 0¤ù D3 D-Ð 0Kýý ASHÆ› 0¤a 0D A«I»+¯-s (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularYo†)ê:i¢×+003|x ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0 Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 53#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)(÷ CEMU]emu}AutoList3(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)- ù-(|G2ëz$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¼Uò»»Ô d(|3ÁK$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3ÁK$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ8€XÁXXdì»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îÌî»»ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†»»îîÌá#ԈРÖ& Ðà@x x ìàAssigned€on€Briefs€August€6,€2002ˆÐ üL ÐÌò òà@Z Z ìàSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€DAVID€EARL€PALMERó óˆÐ  p ÐÌÔ€XXÁX»»Ôà@P P ìàò ò€Direct€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Carroll€Countyó óˆÐ F – Ðò òà@x x ìàNo.€01CR„1650€€€€€C.€Creed€McGinley,€JudgeˆÐ 2 ‚ ÐÌÌà@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<õ` A߈Ð öF  ÐÌà@K K ìàNo.€W2001„02515„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€December€13,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ԈРñA  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<È` AßÐ É  Ðó óÌDefendant,€David€Earl€Palmer,€was€convicted€by€a€jury€of€aggravated€burglary€and€aggravated€rape.€Ð Ä ÐThe€trial€court€sentenced€Defendant€to€five€years€for€the€aggravated€burglary€conviction€and€twenty„Ð ° Ðfive€years€for€the€aggravated€rape€conviction.€€In€his€appeal,€Defendant€contends€that€the€evidenceÐ œì Ðpresented€at€trial€was€insufficient€to€sustain€either€conviction.€€After€a€thorough€review€of€the€record,Ð ˆØ Ðwe€affirm€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court.Ð tÄ ÐÌà@ppìàò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3,€Appeal€as€of€Right;€à@@““ìàJudgments€of€the€Circuit€Court€AffirmedˆÐ Lœ Ðó óÌòòThomas€T.€Woodall,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJoseph€M.€Tipton,óó€and€òòJohnÐ $t ÐEverett€Williams,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð ` ÐÌVictoria€Ô_ÔDiBonaventuraÔ_Ô,€Paris,€Tennessee€(at€trial)€and€Guy€T.€Wilkinson,€District€Public€Defender;Ð è8 Ðand€Billy€R.€Roe,€Jr.,€Assistant€Public€Defender,€Camden,€Tennessee€(on€appeal)€for€the€appellant,Ð Ô$ ÐDavid€Earl€Palmer.Ð À ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€J.€Ross€Dyer,€Assistant€Attorney€General;€G.Ð ˜ è ÐRobert€Ô_ÔRadfordÔ_Ô,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Eleanor€Cahill,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,Ð „!Ô  Ðfor€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð p"À! ÐÌà@66'ìàò òOPINIONó óˆÐ H$˜# ÐÌà  àDuring€the€evening€of€October€16,€2000,€the€victim,€Kimberly€Matlock,€fell€asleep€on€theÐ  &p!% Ðcouch€with€her€two„year„old€son€while€watching€television.€€Earlier,€her€husband€had€stopped€by€forÐ  '\"& Ðdinner.€€Though€the€couple€was€separated,€the€victimððs€husband€often€came€by€to€see€the€children.€Ð ø'H#' ÐHe€left€around€7:30€p.m.,€and€the€victim's€roommate€at€the€time€was€out€for€the€evening.€€SometimeÐ ä(4$( Ðlater,€the€victim€woke€up€when€Defendant€covered€her€face€with€a€tee„shirt€and€told€her€to€do€whatÐ Ð) %) Ðhe€wanted€if€she€did€not€want€to€die.€€Defendant€dragged€the€victim€to€her€bedroom,€put€her€on€theÐ ¼* &* Ðbed,€and€tied€her€hands€with€a€cord€cut€from€an€iron.Ð ¨+ø&+ Ðâ âÐ ”,ä',ýà Ðà  àDuring€the€struggle,€the€victim's€son€woke€up€and€began€crying.€€Her€nine„year„old€daughterÐ ° Ðâ âcame€to€the€door€and€asked€the€victim€why€she€did€not€come€get€the€baby.€€Defendant€told€the€victimÐ œì Ðto€quieten€the€children€or€he€would€kill€them.€€The€victim€called€out€for€her€daughter€to€give€the€babyÐ ˆØ Ða€bottle,€and€she€heard€the€children€settle€down€on€the€couch€in€the€living€room.€€Defendant€removedÐ tÄ Ðthe€victim's€shorts€and€performed€oral€sex€on€her,€then€penetrated€her.€€During€this€time,€he€told€herÐ `° Ðhe€knew€her€husband,€and€that€he€had€been€watching€her.€€He€told€the€victim€he€loved€her,€but€knewÐ L œ Ðthat€she€would€not€have€anything€to€do€with€him,€so€he€had€to€rape€her.€€At€some€point,€the€victimÐ 8 ˆ Ðtried€to€loosen€the€tee„shirt€around€her€face€so€she€could€breathe€better,€and€Defendant€struck€her€onÐ $ t Ðthe€jaw.€€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àAfter€he€was€through€raping€her,€Defendant€pulled€the€victim€into€the€bathroom€and€placedÐ è 8  Ðher€in€the€bathtub.€€He€turned€on€the€water€and€attempted€to€wash€her€lower€body.€€When€DefendantÐ Ô$  Ðwas€finished,€he€closed€the€shower€door,€turned€off€the€lights,€and€left€the€room,€telling€the€victimÐ À  Ðhe€would€kill€her€if€she€called€the€police.€€The€victim€waited€a€few€minutes€until€everything€wasÐ ¬ü  Ðquiet,€then€wrapped€a€towel€around€herself.€€She€telephoned€her€mother€and€told€her€she€had€beenÐ ˜è  Ðraped.Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àHer€mother,€Phyllis€Guttilla,€lived€only€a€couple€of€blocks€away€and€arrived€within€a€fewÐ \¬ Ðminutes€to€find€her€daughter€hysterical€and€the€children€upset.€€Ms.€Guttilla€called€911€between€11:30Ð H˜ Ðand€11:45€p.m.€€After€the€police€questioned€the€victim€for€a€few€minutes,€she€was€transported€to€theÐ 4„ Ðhospital€where€a€rape€kit€was€performed€and€a€blood€sample€taken.€€All€the€victim€could€tell€theÐ  p Ðpolice€about€the€rapist€was€that€he€was€an€Afro„American€because€she€saw€his€bare€arm,€and€that€heÐ  \ Ðhad€a€deep€voice.€€The€victim€later€testified€that€she€had€never€met€Defendant.Ð øH ÐÌà  àThe€next€day,€the€victim€returned€to€her€home.€€The€night€before,€she€had€left€her€purse€onÐ Ð  Ðthe€kitchen€table,€and€found€it€that€morning€under€her€bed.€€She€discovered€that€her€checks€andÐ ¼  Ðprescription€medicine€were€missing.€€One€of€her€cordless€telephones€was€discovered€in€the€baby'sÐ ¨ø Ðbed€under€some€blankets€and€pillows.€€At€the€back€of€the€apartment,€a€window€screen€lay€on€theÐ ”ä Ðground,€and€a€rain€bucket€was€turned€upside€down€beneath€her€bedroom€window.€€The€fan€that€hadÐ €Ð Ðpreviously€been€in€her€bedroom€window€now€lay€on€the€floor.€€None€of€the€fingerprints€lifted€at€theÐ l¼ Ðscene€matched€Defendant's.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àAt€trial,€Mr.€Greg€Ô_ÔBookoutÔ_Ô,€a€member€of€the€McKenzie€police€force,€testified€that€the€victimÐ 0"€  Ðwas€crying€and€hysterical€when€he€arrived€in€response€to€the€911€call.€€When€the€victim€entered€theÐ #l! Ðhospital,€the€attending€nurse,€Reba€Montgomery,€noted€that€the€victim€was€crying€when€she€was€firstÐ $X" Ðadmitted,€then€became€quiet€and€withdrawn.€€Mr.€Bookout€and€Ms.€Montgomery€both€noticed€theÐ ô$D # Ðred€marks€around€the€victim's€wrists.€€The€victim's€physician,€€Dr.€Amanda€Reiter,€said€that€theÐ à%0!$ Ðvictim€was€distraught€when€she€sought€attention€for€her€jaw€two€days€later.€€The€swelling€was€visibleÐ Ì&"% Ðfrom€ten€feet€away,€and€Dr.€Reiter€prescribed€Darvocet€to€alleviate€the€pain.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àLt.€Tim€Nanney€€interviewed€Defendant€on€October€19,€and€Defendant€gave€a€statement€asÐ )à$( Ðto€his€activities€on€the€night€of€the€rape.€€In€his€statement,€Defendant€said€that€he€visited€€JaniceÐ |*Ì%) ÐPullum€that€night,€leaving€around€10:15€or€10:30.€€After€he€arrived€home€at€about€11:10,€he€went€toÐ h+¸&* Ðbed€and€did€not€leave€again€until€early€the€next€morning.€€Defendant€consented€to€a€DNA€testing€andÐ ° Ðthe€drawing€of€a€blood€sample.€€The€testing€revealed€that€the€spermatozoa€present€in€the€victim'sÐ œì Ðvaginal€swabbing€belonged€to€Defendant.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àAt€trial,€Janice€Pullum€testified€that€she€had€known€David€Palmer€all€her€life.€€On€the€nightÐ `° Ðof€the€rape,€Defendant€arrived€at€her€house€around€7:30€or€8:00€p.m.€€Although€in€her€testimony,€Ms.Ð L œ ÐPullum€said€that€Defendant€left€between€8:30€and€9:00€p.m.,€she€put€the€time€closer€to€10:00€p.m.Ð 8 ˆ Ðin€a€prior€statement€to€the€police.€€She€ultimately€admitted€at€trial€that€she€was€not€sure€whenÐ $ t ÐDefendant€left.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àAnother€friend€of€Defendant's,€Ronald€Pate,€testified€that€he€arrived€home€from€working€theÐ è 8  Ðlate€shift€around€12:10€a.m.€€Just€as€he€was€settling€down€to€watch€television,€Defendant€knockedÐ Ô$  Ðon€the€door.€€The€two€men€talked€for€a€few€minutes,€and€then€Defendant€left.Ð À  ÐÌà  àDefendant€took€the€stand€in€his€own€defense€at€trial,€and€drew€a€completely€different€pictureÐ ˜è  Ðof€the€events€occurring€on€October€16,€2000.€€According€to€Defendant,€he€first€met€the€victim€someÐ „Ô  Ðtime€in€late€August€or€early€September.€€One€day,€while€he€was€standing€on€a€street€corner,€the€victimÐ pÀ Ðdrove€by,€stopped,€and€asked€Defendant€if€he€had€any€drugs.€€During€this€time,€Defendant€often€actedÐ \¬ Ðas€a€runner,€or€a€person€who€purchases€drugs€for€buyers€who€do€not€have€a€connection€with€a€drugÐ H˜ Ðdealer.€€Defendant€said€he€did€this€for€sex€or€to€obtain€drugs,€but€not€for€money.Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àDuring€his€first€contact€with€the€victim,€Defendant€directed€her€toward€a€park€where€heÐ  \ Ðpurchased€cocaine€from€James€Haines.€€The€victim€gave€him€a€small€amount€of€drugs€as€payment,Ð øH Ðand€they€smoked€the€drugs€together.€€The€victim€told€him€her€name€was€Candy.€€A€couple€of€weeksÐ ä4 Ðlater,€the€victim€drove€by€Defendantððs€street€corner,€this€time€accompanied€by€a€female€friend,€and,Ð Ð  Ðonce€again,€Defendant€procured€drugs€for€her.€€On€one€of€their€encounters,€the€victim€stopped€by€herÐ ¼  Ðapartment€while€Defendant€waited€in€the€car.€€Around€the€first€of€October,€however,€Mr.€HainesÐ ¨ø Ðrefused€to€sell€any€more€drugs€to€the€victim,€because€he€did€not€know€her.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àOn€October€16,€2000,€the€victim€stopped€Defendant€as€he€was€walking€home€from€Ms.Ð l¼ ÐPullumððs€house.€€She€asked€him€if€he€had€any€drugs.€€When€he€said€he€did€not,€the€victim€told€himÐ X ¨ Ðto€come€over€to€her€house€if€he€was€able€to€purchase€any€drugs.€€After€she€left,€Defendant€securedÐ D!” Ðsome€drugs€from€Mr.€Haines,€and€went€to€the€victimððs€apartment.€€When€he€knocked€on€the€backÐ 0"€  Ðdoor,€the€victim€let€him€in,€and€he€followed€her€into€the€living€room€where€she€had€been€sitting€withÐ #l! Ðher€son.€€They€talked€for€a€few€minutes,€and€Defendant€gave€her€a€small€piece€of€cocaine.€€She€askedÐ $X" Ðfor€more,€but€Defendant€replied€that€he€would€not€give€her€any€more€until€she€had€sex€with€him.Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àThe€victim€and€Defendant€went€into€her€bedroom€where€they€first€had€oral€sex€and€thenÐ Ì&"% Ðintercourse.€€When€they€were€finished,€the€victim€yelled€at€her€daughter€to€bring€her€cigarettes€to€theÐ ¸'#& Ðbedroom€door.€€The€victim€opened€the€door€wide€enough€to€retrieve€the€cigarettes,€and€then€wentÐ ¤(ô#' Ðinto€the€bathroom€to€wash.€€Defendant€got€ready€to€leave€and€admitted€he€did€not€have€any€moreÐ )à$( Ðdrugs.€€The€victim€became€very€angry.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àDefendant€testified€that€he€did€not€know€the€victimððs€real€name€until€he€saw€it€written€on€theÐ ° Ðarrest€warrant.€€When€asked€whether€anyone€had€seen€him€with€the€victim,€Defendant€said€that€Mr.Ð œì ÐHaines€had€seen€the€victim€and€her€friend€with€Defendant€one€night.€€However,€Mr.€Haines€did€notÐ ˆØ Ðtestify€at€trial.€€Defendant€felt€that€the€victim€had€accused€him€of€rape€because€she€was€mad€that€heÐ tÄ Ðreneged€on€his€promise€to€give€her€drugs€in€exchange€for€sex.€€Ð `° ÐÌà  àIn€rebuttal,€Joy€Alexander,€Shamira€Taylor€and€the€victimððs€husband€all€testified€that€theyÐ 8 ˆ Ðhad€know€the€victim€for€years€and€had€never€known€the€victim€to€use€drugs€or€leave€her€childrenÐ $ t Ðalone€in€the€apartment€at€night.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€testimony,€the€jury€convicted€Defendant€of€aggravated€burglary€andÐ è 8  Ðaggravated€rape.Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àIn€his€appeal,€Defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€sustain€his€convictionsÐ ¬ü  Ðbecause€the€jury€entirely€disregarded€Defendantððs€testimony.€€A€rational€jury,€the€Defendant€argues,Ð ˜è  Ðwould€not€have€found€him€guilty€of€the€charges€in€the€face€of€so€many€other€viable€alternatives.€€WeÐ „Ô  Ðdisagree.Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àOn€challenges€to€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€our€standard€of€review€is€whether€a€rationalÐ H˜ Ðtrier€of€fact€could€have€found€all€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€whenÐ 4„ Ðviewing€the€evidence€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution.€€òòState€v.€Jacksonóó€52€S.W.3d€661,Ð  p Ð666€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2001),€òòciting€Jackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.307,€319,€99€S.Ct.€2781,€2789,Ð  \ Ð61€L.Ed.2d€560€(1979).€€A€jury€verdict€is€accorded€great€weight€in€criminal€trials.€€Once€a€jury€findsÐ øH Ða€defendant€guilty,€his€presumption€of€innocence€is€removed€and€replaced€with€a€presumption€ofÐ ä4 Ðguilt.€€òòState€v.€Blackóó,€815€S.W.2d€166,€175€(Tenn.€1991).€€The€defendant€has€the€burden€ofÐ Ð  Ðovercoming€this€presumption,€and€the€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€theÐ ¼  Ðevidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€that€evidence.€€òòId.;€State€v.€Tuggleóó,Ð ¨ø Ð639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€€The€jury€is€presumed€to€have€resolved€all€conflicts€and€drawnÐ ”ä Ðany€reasonable€inferences€in€favor€of€the€State.€€òòState€v.€Sheffield,óó€676€S.W.2d€542,€547€(Tenn.Ð €Ð Ð1984).Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àDefendant€essentially€asks€us€to€reevaluate€and€reweigh€the€credibility€of€his€and€the€victimððsÐ D!” Ðtestimony.€€However,€questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€afforded€theÐ 0"€  Ðevidence,€and€the€resolution€of€factual€issues€are€left€to€the€jury.€€òòState€v.€Keoughóó,€18€S.W.2d€175,Ð #l! Ð180„81€(Tenn.€2000),€òòcert.€denied€óó531€U.S.€886,€121€S.Ct.€205,€148€L.Ed.2d€144€(2000).€€AÐ $X" Ðconviction€may€be€supported€by€the€testimony€of€the€victim€alone.€òòMontgomery€v.€Stateóó,€556€S.W.2dÐ ô$D # Ð559€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1977),òò€perm.€to€appeal€denied€óó(Tenn.€1997);€òòLetner€v.€Stateóó,€512€S.W.2d€643,Ð à%0!$ Ð649€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1974);òò€see€also€State€v.€McKnightóó,€900€S.W.2d€36,€48€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð Ì&"% Ð1994),€òòperm.€to€appeal€denied€óó(Tenn.€1995).€€This€Court€will€only€displace€the€juryððs€assessment€ofÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€witnessðð€credibility€if€the€testimony€is€entirely€irreconcilable€with€the€physical€evidence,€or€ð ðsoÐ ¤(ô#' Ðindefinite,€contradictory€or€unreliable€that€it€would€be€unsafe€to€rest€a€conviction€thereon.ðð€€òòState€v.Ð )à$( ÐHornsbyóó,€858€S.W.2d€892,€894„95€(Tenn.€1993);€òòLetneróó,€512€S.W.2d€at€649.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Їà  àDefendant€was€convicted€of€aggravated€rape€which,€as€charged€in€this€case,€is€the€unlawfulÐ ° Ðsexual€penetration€of€a€victim€during€which€the€defendant€causes€bodily€injury€to€the€victim.€€Tenn.Ð œì ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„502(a)(2).€€ð ðSexual€penetrationðð€includes€sexual€intercourse€and€cunnilingus.€Ð ˆØ ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„501(7).€€Defendant€was€also€convicted€of€aggravated€burglary€which€isÐ tÄ Ðthe€nonconsensual€entry€into€a€habitation€with€the€intent€to€commit€a€felony,€in€this€case,€aggravatedÐ `° Ðrape.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„14„402(a)(1)€and€39„14„403.€€We€conclude€that€the€victimððs€testimonyÐ L œ Ðat€trial€set€forth€the€essential€elements€of€both€offenses.€€Moreover,€the€victimððs€testimony€wasÐ 8 ˆ Ðcorroborated€through€medical€testimony€and€the€investigations€conducted€by€the€police.€€There€wasÐ $ t Ðsufficient€evidence€to€prove€Defendantððs€guilt€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Defendant€and€the€victimÐ  ` Ðclearly€presented€the€jury€with€two€completely€different€versions.€€Obviously,€the€jury€accredited€theÐ ü L  Ðvictimððs€testimony€and€discredited€Defendantððs.€Ð è 8  ÐÌà@FF%ìàò òCONCLUSIONó óˆÐ À  ÐÌà  àAfter€a€thorough€review€of€the€record,€we€affirm€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court.Ð ˜è  ÐÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð \¬ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àTHOMAS€T.€WOODALL,€JUDGE