ÿWPC¼$ …# VUNa %¯ 0áµw@– 4Ö ê bù 0Oý 0DL 0J 0TÚ 0^. 0hŒU:ô 0r. 0|  0† 0¢ 1u2 0d§ B (U>0bnU*vU * B)ÊDCó D36 AMi¶ 0@F%†í«.˜v~ÆvÓD AO#Æf# 0D,$ D/p$ BŸ$˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX(¹™—$¡¡Ñ€%%ÑÑ7€LžXXdðXXdð7ÑÔ€XÛòXXXÔÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑ LDMDNeOeePQURVSDTÓ€^Ô¡¨ þÿþÿþÿþÿþÿþÿ3|xf ù(ÿ(2ï0$¤¤Ý ƒ™—!ÝÑ€%ÑÑ7€Ü”XXdðdð7ÑÔ€Xë½XXXÔÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÝ  ÝÑ` °ÑÒ4°ÒÒX°Òà Œ àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ d< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman- ù-< Œ 9p`(Times< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d((((7Border 1dd'ÿÿdxd€-)Cþÿ << Gÿÿ †Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€$ÔÑ#€d#ÑÔ€'ÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÝ  ÝÔ€'ÔÓ  Óò òÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€'XÔÌÌNovember€25,€1997ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔ  Ôó ó("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€$ÔÑ#€d#ÑÔ€'ÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÑ ` ÑÒ 4 ÒÒ X Òà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€'ôÔIt€is€the€policy€of€this€court€to€withhold€the€identity€of€children€involved€in€sexual€abuse.€òòStateÏv.€Schimpfóó,€782€S.W.2d€186,€188€n.€1€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1989).Ô€'XÔÌ ãÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€$ÔÑ#€d#ÑÔ€'ÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÑ ` ÑÒ 4 ÒÒ X Òà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€'ôÔBP€was€admitted€to€Vanderbilt€Hospital€for€three€days€in€September,€1993,€because€he€wasÏexperiencing€seizures.Ô€'XÔÌ $Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€$ÔÑ#€d#ÑÔ€'ÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÑ ` ÑÒ 4 ÒÒ X Òà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€'ôÔThe€offense€of€rape€of€a€child,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€€39„13„522€is€the€same€offense€as€thatÏcharged€in€òòHillóó;€it€has€simply€been€recodified.€òòId.óó€slip€op.€at€9,€n.5.€Ô€'XÔÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHØ(d'`Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  ion-F Geneva ÒÒ  ion-F Geneva Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€$ÔÑ#€&&Xd#ÑÑ#€&&Xd#ÑÔ€'ÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÝ  ÝÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÙ€€ÙÑ  ÑÑ ` ÑÑ Ü Ñ›œßR€+,)A1-j|` ç `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌà@ àòòIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEóóÌÌà@ àòòAT€NASHVILLEóóÌÌà@ àAPRIL€1997€SESSIONÌÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà à*à àC.C.A.€NO.€01C01„9606„CR„00241Ìà àà àà àà àà à*à àÌà àAppellee,à àà àà à*à àDAVIDSON€COUNTYÌà àà àà àà àà à*à àÌVS.à àà àà àà àà à*à àHon.€Seth€W.€Norman,€JudgeÌà àà àà àà àà à*à àÌANTWAN€PATTON,à àà à*à à(Rape€of€a€child)Ìà àà àà àà àà à*à àÌà àAppellant.ò òà àà àà à*ÌÌòòÌóóó óÌòòÌÌFor€Appellant:óóà àà àà àà àòòFor€Appellee:óóÌÌJeffrey€A.€DeVasherà à€à àà àCharles€W.€BursonÌSenior€Asst.€Public€Defenderà àà àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌ1202€Stahlman€Buildingà àà àà àÌNashville,€TN€37201à àà àà àJeffrey€L.€HillÌ€€€€€(On€Appeal)à àà àà àà àAsst.€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àCivil€Rights€and€Claims€DivisionÌRalph€W.€Newmanà àà àà àà à404€James€Robertson€Parkway,€SuiteÏ2000ÌAsst.€Public€Defender€à àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0488à àà àà àÌ1202€Stahlman€BuildingÌNashville,€TN€37201à àà àà àLila€StatumÌ€€€€€(At€Trial)à àà àà àà àà àAsst.€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àWashington€Square,€Suite€500ÌRoss€Aldermanà àà àà àà à222€Second€Avenue€NorthÌDeputy€Public€Defenderà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37201„1649ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àWilliam€ReedÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAsst.€District€Attorney€Generalà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àWashington€Square,€Suite€500Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à222€Second€Avenue€NorthÌà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37201„1649ÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:______________________ÌÌÌÌAFFIRMED€AS€MODIFIEDÌÌÌÌGARY€R.€WADE,€JUDGEÇÑ€ %ÑÑ7€Ü”XXdðXXdð7Ñà@ àòòò òOPINIONó óóóÌÌÓÓà àà àThe€defendant,€Antwan€Patton,€was€convicted€of€two€counts€of€rape€ofÏa€child.€€The€trial€court€imposed€Range€I,€eighteen„year€consecutive€sentences€onÏeach€count.€€The€result€is€an€aggregate€sentence€of€thirty„six€years.€€In€this€appealÏof€right,€the€defendant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€attacks€theÏsufficiency€of€the€indictment,€€and€complains€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€imposingÏexcessive€and€consecutive€sentences.€€ÌÌà àà àWe€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€but€modify€each€eighteen€yearÏsentence€to€sixteen€years,€six€months.€€The€effective€sentence€is,€therefore,€thirty„three€years.ÌÌà àà àOn€an€evening€between€September€25€and€30,€1993,€atÏapproximately€5€or€6€p.m.,€the€male€victim,€twelve€year€old€BP,× ƒ. ××  ×€was€playing€hide„and„seek€near€his€residence€in€Preston€Taylor€Homes,€a€public€housing€project€inÏNashville.€€The€defendant€approached€the€victim,€who€was€hiding€behind€a€tree,Ïsaying€he€had€a€birthday€present€for€him.€€The€victim€recognized€the€defendantÏwhose€mother€was€a€friend€of€the€victim's€mother.ÌÌà àà àWhen€the€defendant,€who€was€carrying€a€stick€about€one„and„one„half€feet€in€length,€grabbed€his€arm,€the€victim€attempted€to€resist€and€run€away.€ÏThe€defendant€then€struck€the€victim€with€the€stick,€producing€a€large€bruise€on€hisÏarm,€and€forced€the€victim€into€some€bushes€about€fifty€feet€from€the€street.€€TheÏdefendant€removed€a€roll€of€duct€tape€from€his€back€pocket,€tore€off€a€section€withÏhis€teeth,€and€placed€it€over€the€victim's€mouth.€€The€victim€cried€as€the€defendantÏanally€penetrated€the€victim€with€his€penis.€€Afterward,€the€defendant€removed€theÏtape,€forced€the€victim€to€his€knees,€and€required€him€to€perform€oral€sex.€ÏRevulsed,€the€victim€vomited.€ÌÌà àà àThe€defendant€then€released€the€victim,€threatening€to€kill€the€victimÏand€his€mother€if€he€told€of€the€incident.€€When€he€returned€home,€the€victimÏcomplained€to€his€mother€of€rectal€pain€but€did€not€inform€her€of€the€rape.€€TheÏvictim€took€some€milk€of€magnesia€and€prune€juice€after€which€he€experienced€aÏbowel€movement€and€bleeding.Ìà àÌà àà àOn€October€11,€1993,€about€two€weeks€after€the€rapes,€the€victimÏreceived€a€poor€report€card€from€school€and€was€grounded.€€At€this€point,€the€victimÏinformed€his€mother€about€the€defendant's€assault.€€His€mother€called€the€victim'sÍgrandmother€and€then€the€police.€€Afterward,€the€victim€made€a€statement€to€theÏpolice,€spoke€with€social€worker€at€the€Department€of€Human€Services,€and€wentÏfor€an€evaluation€at€Our€Kids€Clinic€at€Vanderbilt.€ÌÌà àà àThere€were€inconsistencies€in€the€victim's€testimony.€€His€recollectionÏat€trial€of€the€sequence€of€the€sex€acts€differed€from€his€testimony€at€the€preliminaryÏhearing.€€The€victim€explained€that€he€had€misunderstood€the€questions€posed€toÏhim€at€the€preliminary€hearing€and€was€certain€that€the€rapes€occurred€as€heÏtestified€at€trial.€€He€also€testified€that€the€defendant€had€sexually€assaulted€him€onÏeight€other€occasions€in€different€locations.€€The€victim€acknowledged,€however,Ïthat€he€had€not€told€anyone€of€these€other€incidents.€€In€fact,€just€three€days€prior€toÏSeptember€25,€1993,€when€questioned€by€a€doctor€at€Vanderbilt€Hospital,€theÏvictim€denied€that€he€had€ever€been€sexually€abused.× ƒ/ ××  ×ÌÌà àà àPamela€Primm,€the€victim's€mother,€testified€that€in€September,€1993,Ïthe€victim€came€home€complaining€that€his€bottom€hurt.€€She€described€his€eyes€as€Ï"kind€of€watery,"€his€behavior€as€"kind€of€strange,"€and€his€gait€as€"kind€of€hopping."€ÏShe€recalled€having€given€the€victim€some€milk€of€magnesia€and€prune€juice€butÍdid€not€ask€him€about€his€leg.€€She€confirmed€that€when€she€grounded€the€victimÏtwo€weeks€later€for€a€report€card€containing€three€failing€grades,€he€first€told€her€ofÏthe€rapes.€€ÌÌà àà àMs.€Primm€claimed€that€her€son€had€been€adversely€affected€by€theÏincident.€€She€testified€that€he€would€not€play€outside,€and€was€just€"not€the€sameÏlittle€boy€anymore."€€She€also€arranged€counseling€for€him.€€ÌÌà àà àDetective€Harry€Meek€of€the€Metro€Police€Department€testified€that€theÏvictim€showed€him€numerous€locations€where€the€victim€claimed€the€other€assaultsÏhad€occurred.€€Detective€Meek€took€photographs€of€these€locations.ÌÌà àà àJulie€Rosof€of€Our€Kids€Center€at€Vanderbilt,€an€expert€trained€inÏexamination€of€sexually€abused€children,€testified€that€she€examined€the€victim.€ÏAfter€learning€of€the€victim's€account€of€the€rapes,€she€examined€and€found€normalÏthe€victim's€mouth€and€rectal€area.€€Ms.€Rosof€testified€that€it€is€not€unusual€for€smallÏabrasions€or€injuries€in€the€rectal€area€to€heal€"very,€very€quickly€.€.€.€within€24€or€72Ïhours."€€She€saw€no€signs€of€scarring.€€Laboratory€tests€for€sexually€transmittedÏdiseases€were€negative.€ÌÌà àà àCorey€Dewayne€Smith,€thirteen€years€old,€testified€that€he€lived€inÏPreston€Taylor€Homes.€€While€acknowledging€that€he€had€played€with€the€victim€inÏthe€past,€Smith€denied€playing€hide„and„seek€with€the€victim€in€September,€1993.€ÏHe€testified€that€he€stopped€playing€with€the€victim€in€1990€or€1991€because€ofÏrumors€that€the€victim€was€gay.€€ÌÌà àà àThe€defendant,€twenty€years€old€at€the€time€of€trial,€was€eighteen€inÏSeptember€of€1993.€€He€testified€that€he€left€school,€where€he€took€specialÏeducation€classes,€in€the€ninth€grade.€€The€defendant,€who€has€a€three„year„oldÏchild€and€has€worked€off€and€on€since€leaving€school,€testified€that€he€wasÏsometimes€living€with€his€girlfriend's€aunt€and€sometimes€at€his€mother's€homeÏduring€that€time.€€He€acknowledged€knowing€the€victim€but€denied€raping€him.€€ÌÌà àà àAt€trial,€the€defendant€claimed€that€he€worked€for€Labor€World€andÏhad€worked€there€regularly€the€week€before€the€trial.€€The€General€Manager€ofÏLabor€World,€however,€established€that€the€defendant€had€not€worked€at€all€theÏweek€before€trial€and€had€worked€only€one€day€during€the€preceding€week.€€DonÏBlack€of€the€Davidson€County€Sheriff's€office€testified€that€the€defendant€was€in€jailÏfor€approximately€seven€days€during€the€same€time€period.ÌÌà àà àThe€jury€returned€a€verdict€of€guilty€on€both€counts€of€rape€of€a€childÏas€charged€in€the€indictments.€€At€the€sentencing€hearing,€Ms.€Primm€testified€thatÏthe€victim€no€longer€played€outside€in€the€neighborhood€and€had€suffered€recurrentÏnightmares€since€the€rapes.€€She€stated€that€the€victim€had€moved€in€with€hisÏgrandmother€to€escape€the€environment€at€Preston€Taylor€Homes.€€€ÌÌà àà àThe€trial€court€found€the€defendant€to€be€a€Range€I€offender€with€noÏprior€criminal€convictions.€€Without€making€findings€of€fact€on€the€record,€the€trialÏcourt€applied€two€enhancement€factors,€found€no€mitigating€factors,€and€sentencedÏthe€defendant€to€two€consecutive,€eighteen„year€sentences.ÌÌà@ àIÌà àà àThe€defendant€first€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence.€€HeÏasserts€that€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€was€insufficient€to€convince€a€rationalÏtrier€of€fact€that€the€defendant€is€guilty€of€rape€of€a€child€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€ÏThe€defendant's€assertion€is€based€in€the€lack€of€physical€evidence,€lack€ofÏcorroborating€witnesses,€and€the€unreliability€of€the€victim's€testimony.€ÌÌà àà àOn€appeal,€of€course,€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimateÏview€of€the€evidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€which€might€be€drawnÍtherefrom.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€The€credibility€ofÏthe€witnesses,€the€weight€to€be€given€their€testimony,€and€the€reconciliation€ofÏconflicts€in€the€proof€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€jury€as€triers€of€fact.€€òòByrge€v.ÏStateóó,€575€S.W.2d€292,€295€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€When€the€sufficiency€of€theÏevidence€is€challenged,€the€relevant€question€is€whether,€after€reviewing€theÏevidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€haveÏfound€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòState€v.ÏWilliamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€ÌÌà àà àTennessee€Code€Annotated,€Section€39„13„522(a)€defines€theÏoffense€of€rape€of€a€child€as€the€"unlawful€sexual€penetration€of€a€victim€by€theÏdefendant€or€the€defendant€by€a€victim,€if€such€victim€is€less€than€thirteen€(13)€yearsÏof€age."€€Sexual€penetration€is€defined€as€"sexual€intercourse,€cunnilingus,€fellatio,Ïanal€intercourse,€or€any€other€intrusion,€however€slight,€of€any€part€of€a€person'sÏbody€or€of€any€object€into€the€genital€or€anal€openings€of€the€victim's,€theÏdefendant's,€or€any€other€person's€body,€but€emission€of€semen€is€not€required[.]"€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„501(7).€€Rape€of€a€child€is€a€Class€A€felony.€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€39„13„522(b).ÌÌà àà àHere,€the€victim€testified€that€the€defendant€had€anally€penetrated€himÍand€forced€him€to€perform€fellatio.€€The€jury€chose€to€accredit€that€testimony€andÏrejected€the€denials€made€by€the€defendant.€€That€was€their€prerogative.€€BecauseÏa€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime,€theÏevidence€was€legally€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€of€rape€of€a€child.€€òòSeeóóÏòòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307€(1979).ÌÌà@ àIIÌà àà àDuring€the€appeal,€the€defendant€filed€supplemental€authorityÏpursuant€to€Rules€27(d)€and€36(a),€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.,€asserting€as€an€additionalÏground€for€relief€that€the€indictment€was€insufficient€for€failure€to€allege€the€requisiteÏmental€culpability€for€rape€of€a€child.€€The€defendant€did€not€challenge€theÏsufficiency€of€the€indictment€in€his€motion€for€a€new€trial€or€appellate€brief.ÌÌà àà à€Failure€to€raise€objections€to€a€defective€indictment€does€not€result€inÏwaiver.€€òòState€v.€Perkinsonóó,€867€S.W.2d€1€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992).€€Rule€12(b)(2),ÏTenn.€R.€Crim.€P.,€provides€that€either€jurisdictional€defects€or€the€failure€to€properlyÏcharge€an€offense€"shall€be€noticed€by€the€court€at€any€time€during€the€pendency€ofÏthe€proceedings."€€If€the€indictment€does€not€charge€an€offense,€Rule€34,€Tenn.€R.ÏCrim.€P.,€permits€an€arrest€of€the€judgment€if€"filed€within€thirty€days€of€the€date€[of]Ïsentence...."€Moreover,€our€rules€require€that€we€determine€"whether€the€trial€andÍappellate€court€have€jurisdiction€over€the€subject€matter,"€even€though€the€issueÏmight€not€have€been€presented€as€a€ground€for€relief.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(b).€ÌÌà àà àIn€òòState€v.€Roger€Dale€Hillóó,€___€S.W.2d€___,€No.€01S01„9701„CC„00005€(Tenn.,€at€Nashville,€Nov.€3,€1997),€€our€supreme€court€addressed€theÏsufficiency€of€an€indictment€charging€aggravated€rape.€€The€court€ruled€as€follows:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àWe€hold€that€for€offenses€which€neither€expresslyÏrequire€nor€plainly€dispense€with€the€requirement€for€aÏculpable€mental€state,€an€indictment€which€fails€to€allegeÏsuch€mental€state€will€be€sufficient€to€supportÏprosecution€and€conviction€for€that€offense€so€long€asÌÌà8 àà8 àà8 à(1)€the€language€of€the€indictment€isÏsufficient€to€meet€the€constitutionalÏrequirements€of€notice€to€the€accused€ofÏthe€charge€against€which€the€accused€mustÏdefend,€adequate€basis€for€entry€of€aÏproper€judgment,€and€protection€fromÏdouble€jeopardy;ÌÌà8 àà8 àà8 à(2)€the€form€of€the€indictment€meets€theÏrequirements€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€€40„13„202;€andÌÌà8 àà8 àà8 à(3)€the€mental€state€can€be€logicallyÏinferred€from€the€conduct€alleged.ÓÓÌòòHillóó,€slip€op.€at€3.€€ÌÌà àà àIn€òòHillóó,€the€indictment€in€question€charged€that€ð ð[the€defendant]€didÍunlawfully€sexually€penetrate€[the€victim]€a€person€less€than€thirteen€(13)€years€ofÏage,€in€violation€of€òòTennessee€Code€Annotatedóó€39„13„502.€...ðð€òòId.óó,€slip€op.€at€5Ï(alteration€in€original).€€Here,€the€indictment€alleged€as€follows:€ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àAntwan€Patton€...€did€engage€in€unlawful€sexualÏpenetration€with€[BP],€a€child€less€than€thirteen€(13)Ïyears€of€age,€in€violation€of€òòTennessee€Code€AnnotatedóóÏðð39„13„522,€and€against€the€peace€and€dignity€of€theÏState€of€Tennessee.ÌÌÓÓBecause€the€language€of€this€indictment€is€nearly€identical€to€that€in€òòHillóó,× ƒ0 ××  ×€we€mustÏhold€that€its€content€(1)€meets€the€requirements€of€the€Tennessee€and€UnitedÏStates€€Constitutions€for€notice,€judgment€and€protection€from€double€jeopardy,€(2)Ïsatisfies€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€€40„13„202€(statute€setting€forth€requirements€for€anÏindictment)€,€and€(3)€that€the€culpable€mental€state€for€rape€of€a€child€can€beÏlogically€inferred€from€the€conduct€alleged.€ÌÌà@ àIIIÌà àà àThe€defendant€also€contends€that€the€sentences€were€excessive.€€HeÏargues€that€the€trial€court€erroneously€applied€two€statutory€enhancement€factorsÏand€failed€to€apply€two€mitigating€factors€warranted€by€the€proof.€€ÌÌà àà àWhen€there€is€a€challenge€to€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€serviceÏof€a€sentence,€it€is€the€duty€of€this€court€to€conduct€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€with€aÏpresumption€that€the€determinations€made€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption€is€"conditioned€upon€the€affirmativeÏshowing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€andÏall€relevant€facts€and€circumstances."€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.Ï1991);€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597€(Tenn.€1994).€€The€SentencingÏCommission€Comments€provide€that€the€burden€is€on€the€defendant€to€show€theÏimpropriety€of€the€sentence.€ÌÌà àà àOur€review€requires€an€analysis€of€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€atÏthe€trial€and€sentencing€hearing;€(2)€the€presentence€report;€(3)€the€principles€ofÏsentencing€and€the€arguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(4)€theÏnature€and€characteristics€of€the€offense;€(5)€any€mitigating€or€enhancing€factors;Ï(6)€any€statements€made€by€the€defendant€in€his€own€behalf;€and€(7)€theÏdefendant's€potential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„102,€„103,€and€Ì„210;€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€735€S.W.2d€859,€863€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€ÌÌà àà àAt€the€time€of€this€offense,€the€presumptive€sentence€was€theÍminimum€in€the€range€if€there€were€no€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors.€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„210€(amended€in€1995€changing€the€presumptive€sentenceÏfor€a€Class€A€felony€to€the€midpoint€in€the€range).€€Should€the€trial€court€findÏmitigating€and€enhancement€factors,€it€must€start€at€the€minimum€sentence€in€theÏrange€and€enhance€the€sentence€based€upon€any€applicable€enhancementÏfactors,€and€then€reduce€the€sentence€based€upon€any€appropriate€mitigatingÏfactors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210(e).€€The€weight€given€to€each€factor€is€withinÏthe€trial€court's€discretion€provided€that€the€record€supports€its€findings€and€itÏcomplies€with€the€Criminal€Sentencing€Reform€Act€of€1989.€€òòSeeóó€òòAshbyóó,€823ÏS.W.2d€at€169.€€The€trial€court€should,€however,€make€specific€findings€on€theÏrecord€which€indicate€its€application€of€the€sentencing€principles.€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðððð€40„35„209€and€„210.€€Ìà àà àÌà àà àIn€1989,€the€statute€enumerated€sixteen€potentially€applicableÏenhancement€factors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114.€€Since€then,€amendmentsÏhave€established€five€additional€enhancement€factors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(17)€through€(21)€(Supp.€1996).€€The€mitigating€factors€appearing€in€the€1989ÏAct€remain€unchanged.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann€ðð€40„35„113.€€ÌÌà àà àThe€trial€court€found€no€mitigating€factors€but€ruled€that€the€followingÍenhancement€factors€applied:€ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à€€€(16)€€The€crime€was€committed€under€circumstancesÏunder€which€the€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€wasÏgreat;€ÌÌà à€à àà àà àà àà à***ÌÌà8 àà8 à€€€(18)€€A€victim,€under€ðð€39„15„402,€suffered€permanentÏimpairment€of€either€physical€or€mental€functions€as€aÏresult€of€the€abuse€inflicted[.]ÓÓÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114€(16),€and€(18)€(1995).ÌÌà àà à"[L]aws€made€for€the€punishment€of€acts€committed€previous€to€theÏexistence€of€such€laws€...€are€contrary€to€the€principles€of€a€free€Government€...€."ÏTenn.€Const.€art.€I,€ðð11.€€òòSeeóó€òòBeazell€v.€Ohioóó,€269€U.S.€167,€169„70€(1925).€ÏSafeguards€against€òòexóó€òòpostóó€òòfactoóó€laws€also€apply€to€statutory€enhancement€factors:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à[T]he€use€of€this€[enhancement]€factor€violated€the€exÏpost€facto€provision€contained€in€the€TennesseeÏConstitution€because€these€offenses€occurred€prior€toÏthe€effective€date€of€the€Criminal€Sentencing€Reform€ActÏof€1989.ÌÌÓÓòòState€v.€Melvinóó,€913€S.W.2d€195,€204€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)€(citations€omitted).€ÏIn€òòMelvinóó,€the€offenses€were€committed€in€1982,€and€the€enhancement€factorÏapplied€by€the€trial€court€was€not€in€the€1982€Act.€òòId.óó€€Application€of€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„114(18)€(1995)€in€this€case€was€erroneous€because€these€offensesÍoccurred€prior€to€the€1995€amendment€and€the€enhancement€factor€was€not€inÏeffect€at€that€time.€ÌÌà àà àThe€defendant€also€argues€that€application€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(16)€was€erroneous.€He€contends€that€because€rape€of€a€child€is€a€Class€AÏfelony€and€rape€is€a€Class€B€felony,€the€General€Assembly€has€already€enhancedÏthe€penalty€for€this€crime;€€therefore,€the€potential€for€bodily€injury€is€inherent€in€theÏcrime.€€In€òòState€v.€Kissingeróó,€922€S.W.2d€482€(Tenn.€1996),€however,€our€supremeÏcourt€decided€that€this€enhancement€factor€was€potentially€applicable€for€theÏoffense€of€rape€of€a€child.€€ÌÌà àà àIn€òòKissingeróó,€the€defendant€was€found€guilty€of€rape€of€a€nine„year€oldÏboy.€€After€considering€the€circumstances€of€the€crime,€the€court€decided€that€theÏenhancement€factor€concerning€bodily€injury,€while€applicable,€should€be€givenÏlittle€weight€because€the€record€was€devoid€of€evidence€suggesting€"that€[theÏdefendant]€ever€threatened€to€harm€the€boy[]€or€that€[he]€was€fearful€of€[theÏdefendant]."€€òòKissingeróó,€922€S.W.2d€at€488.€€Here,€there€was€proof€that€theÏdefendant€threatened€the€victim€and€his€mother€with€death.€€Thus,€the€potential€forÏbodily€injury€was€great.€€In€our€view,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(16)€wasÏproperly€applied€to€enhance€the€defendant's€sentence.€ÌÌà àà àThe€trial€court€found€no€mitigating€factors€and,€without€explanation,Ïdisregarded€the€two€mitigating€factors€argued€by€the€defendant:€ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à(6)€The€defendant,€because€of€his€youth€or€old€age,Ïòòlacked€substantial€judgmentóó€in€committing€the€offense;ÌÌà8 àà8 à(8)€The€defendant€was€suffering€from€a€mental€orÏphysical€condition€that€òòsignificantly€reduced€hisÏculpabilityóó€for€the€offense[.]€ÌÌÓÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(6)€and€(8)€(emphasis€added).ÌÌà àà àAs€for€the€first€mitigator,€in€òòState€v.€Carteróó,€908€S.W.2d€410€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1995),€this€court€held:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àIn€determining€whether€the€sentence€should€have€beenÏmitigated€because€the€defendant€lacked€substantialÏjudgment€because€of€his€youth,€"courts€should€considerÏthe€concept€of€youth€in€context,€i.e.,€the€defendant's€age,Ïeducation,€maturity,€experience,€mental€capacity€orÏdevelopment,€and€any€other€pertinent€circumstanceÏtending€to€demonstrate€the€defendant's€ability€or€inabilityÏto€appreciate€the€nature€of€his€conduct."€ÌÌÓÓòòCarteróó,€908€S.W.2d€at€413€(quoting€òòState€v.€Adamsóó,€864€S.W.2d€31,€33€(Tenn.Ï1993)).€€In€òòCarteróó,€the€defendant€was€eighteen€years€old€at€the€time€of€sentencing,Ïhad€not€completed€high€school,€and€was€in€good€mental€and€physical€health.€€ThisÏcourt€decided€that€youth€was€not€a€mitigating€factor€in€that€case€because€theÍdefendant€was€"sufficiently€mature€to€understand€the€nature€of€his€conduct."€òòIdóó.€ÌÌà àà àHere,€the€defendant€was€twenty€years€old€at€sentencing€and€eighteenÏyears€old€when€he€raped€the€victim.€€The€defendant€has€an€overall€IQ€of€sixty„fourÏwhich€is€within€the€mildly€mentally€retarded€range,€achieved€only€a€ninth„gradeÏeducation,€and€apparently€cannot€read€or€write.€€The€psychological€examinationÏincluded€in€the€pre„sentencing€report€indicates€that€the€"defendant's€relativeÏweaknesses€include[]€judgment€in€practical€social€situations€and€proper€selection,Ïorganization€and€emphasis€of€facts€and€relationships."€€€Given€the€defendant'sÏmental€ability,€poor€educational€achievement,€and€weak€capacity€for€judgment,€weÏconclude€that€these€shortcomings€may€have€had€some€impact€on€the€defendant'sÏability€to€appreciate€the€nature€of€his€conduct.€€Yet,€we€cannot€conclude€that€theÏdefendant€lacked€"substantial€judgment"€in€committing€this€offense.€ÌÌà àà àAs€for€the€defendant's€mental€condition,€the€pre„sentencing€reportÏpsychological€evaluation€states€that€the€defendant€suffers€from€a€personalityÏdisorder€€with€dependent€and€antisocial€features.€€The€defendant's€mentalÏcondition€may€have€played€a€role€in€his€abuse€of€this€victim,€and€therefore,€thisÏfactor€should€have€been€entitled€to€some€consideration.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Haynesóó,€720ÏS.W.2d€76,€86€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1986)€(low€IQ€considered€as€a€mitigating€factor,Íbut€nonetheless€the€maximum€sentences€were€affirmed);€òòState€v.€Johnny€AlfredÏJunior€Johnsonóó,€C.C.A.€No.€03C01„9105„CR„00157,€Carter€County€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€at€Knoxville,€Apr.€22,€1992).€€In€òòJohnsonóó,€this€court€held€that€low€mental€ability,Ïan€IQ€of€sixty„one,€did€not€significantly€reduce€culpability€because€the€defendantÏ"knew€what€he€was€doing,€knew€it€was€wrong,€and€threatened€the€victim€in€order€forÏher€not€to€divulge€his€wrongdoing."€òòIdóó.,€slip€op.€at€19.€€These€circumstances€are€veryÏsimilar.€The€defendant€understood€the€nature€of€his€actions,€as€evidenced€by€hisÏdirective€to€the€victim€not€to€report€the€incident.€€Thus,€the€mental€condition€of€theÏdefendant€did€not€"significantly€reduce€his€culpability."ÌÌà àà àBecause€the€trial€court€erred€in€its€application€of€one€enhancementÏfactor,€we€modify€each€of€the€eighteen„year€sentences€to€sixteen€years,€six€months.ÌÌà àà àWe€now€address€the€appropriateness€of€consecutive€sentences.€€PriorÏto€the€enactment€of€the€1989€Sentencing€Act,€€the€limited€classifications€for€theÏimposition€of€consecutive€sentences€were€set€out€in€òòGray€v.€Stateóó,€538€S.W.2d€391,Ï393€(Tenn.€1976).€€Later,€in€òòState€v.€Tayloróó,€739€S.W.2d€227€(Tenn.€1987),€the€courtÏestablished€an€additional€category€for€those€defendants€convicted€of€two€or€moreÏstatutory€offenses€involving€sexual€abuse€of€minors.€There€were,€however,Ïadditional€words€of€caution,€"[C]onsecutive€sentences€should€not€routinely€beÍimposed€.€.€.€and€.€.€.€the€aggregate€maximum€of€consecutive€terms€must€beÏreasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses€involved."€òòTayloróó,€739€S.W.2d€atÏ230.€€The€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€adopted€the€cautionary€language.€ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð40„35„115.€€The€1989€Act€is,€in€essence,€the€codification€of€theÏholdings€in€òòGrayóó€and€òòTayloróó;€consecutive€sentences€may€be€imposed€in€theÏdiscretion€of€the€trial€court€upon€a€determination€thatÌÓÓà8 àà8 à(5)€[T]he€defendant€is€convicted€of€two€(2)€or€moreÏstatutory€offenses€involving€sexual€abuse€of€a€minor€withÏconsideration€of€the€aggravating€circumstances€arisingÏfrom€the€relationship€between€the€defendant€and€victimÏor€victims,€the€time€span€of€defendant's€undetectedÏsexual€activity,€the€nature€and€scope€of€the€sexual€actsÏand€the€extent€of€the€residual,€physical€and€mentalÏdamage€to€the€victim€or€victims[.]ÌÌÓÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b).ÌÌà àà àIn€imposing€the€consecutive€sentences€in€this€case,€the€trial€courtÏmade€no€formal€observations.€€Thus,€our€review€of€this€issue€must€be€òòdeóó€òònovoóóÏwithout€a€presumption€of€correctness.€òòSeeóó€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169.€€TheÏdefendant€cites€to€òòState€v.€Hayesóó,€899€S.W.2d€175€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995),€for€theÏproposition€that€consecutive€sentencing€is€inappropriate€in€this€case.€€In€òòHayesóó,€theÏdefendant,€convicted€of€sexual€battery€for€french€kissing€his€daughter,€challengedÏthe€imposition€of€consecutive€sentencing.€€This€court€weighed€the€factors€listed€inÍsubsection€(115)(b)(5)€against€one€another;€whereas€one€factor€weighed€in€favor€ofÏconsecutive€sentencing,€remaining€factors€militated€against€it:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àThe€state€stresses€the€fact€that€the€victim€was€the€Ïdefendant's€daughter.€€However,€the€circumstances€inÏthis€case€relating€to€the€remaining€factors€to€beÏconsidered€militate€against€the€use€of€subsectionÏ115(b)(5).€€There€was€no€significant€time€span€ofÏundetected€sexual€activity,€the€nature€of€the€criminalÏconduct€was€nonaggravated,€and€the€extent€of€residualÏdamage€to€the€victim€caused€by€the€conduct€is€notÏsufficiently€shown.ÌÌÓÓòòIdóó.€at€187.€€Thus,€the€court€modified€to€provide€for€concurrent€sentencing.€€òòIdóó.€òòButÏseeóó€òòState€v.€Woodcockóó,€922€S.W.2d€904€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).ÌÌà àà àIn€our€view,€the€reliance€on€òòHayesóó€is€misplaced.€€As€applied€in€thisÏcase,€the€factors€listed€in€subsection€115(b)(5)€do€not€militate€against€consecutiveÏsentencing;€they€weigh€in€favor€of€it.€€Here,€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€"two€orÏmore€statutory€offenses€involving€sexual€abuse€of€a€minor."€€There€was€evidence€atÏtrial€that€the€defendant€had€sexually€abused€the€victim€eight€times€over€a€one„and„one„half€to€three„year€period.€€Emotional€damage€to€the€victim€was€significant.€€WeÏfind€that€the€trial€court€properly€imposed€consecutive€sentences.€ÌÌà àà àAccordingly,€the€convictions€and€sentences,€as€modified,€are€affirmed.€€ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà àà à_____________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àGary€R.€Wade,€JudgeÌÇCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ____________________________ÌDavid€H.€Welles,€JudgeÌÌÌÌ_____________________________ÌCurwood€Witt,€Judge