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A«8"˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 6ČČČČČČČČ0»±ru-s (`£Ŗ$””Ń€.ŃŃ8€½­»»d»»d8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  Ó(ķ€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularYo†)¢Ų+00 ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|x’U‹’ĄĄĄ(5hCEKQW]cioAutoList1I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(ČhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(ČhH  Z‹(Times New Roman 3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(;3£$““Ō2#ŌŚ  Ś0Ś  Ś.Ō3  Ōą0  ą 0Ż ƒRņ$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŌ€ōą­ņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ō€Crime€scene€photographs€reveal€that€the€š šcomplexšš€referred€to€by€Rogers,€comprising€1185€and€1187€Aubra,Š ° Šis€a€one„story€duplex€with€a€long€front€porch.(#Ć$ņņŚ  Ś0Ś  Śóó fŻ ƒRņ$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś3Ś  ŚóóŌ€ōą­ņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ō€The€record€contains€the€following€jury€instruction:€Š ° ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą ø ąThe€state€must€prove€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€the€culpable€mental€stateŠ 8ˆ Šof€the€accused.€€Culpable€mental€state€means€the€state€of€mind€of€the€accused€at€theŠ üL Štime€of€the€offense.€€This€means€that€you€must€consider€all€of€the€evidence€toŠ Ą Šdetermine€the€state€of€mind€of€the€accused€at€the€time€of€the€commission€of€theŠ „Ō Šoffense.€€The€state€of€mind€which€the€state€must€prove€is€contained€in€the€elementsŠ H ˜ Šof€the€offense(s)€as€outlined€in€these€instructions€[above][below].Š \` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą€ą ø ąIn€this€case,€you€have€heard€evidence€that€the€defendant€might€haveŠ Š  Šsuffered€from€a€mental€[defect][condition]€which€could€have€affected€[his][her]Š ” ä  Šcapacity€€to€form€the€culpable€mental€state€required€to€commit€a€particular€offense.ŠX Ø ` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą ø ąIf€you€find€from€the€evidence€that€the€defendantššs€capacity€to€form€aŠ  l  Šculpable€mental€state€may€have€been€affected,€then€you€must€determine€beyond€aŠ ą 0  Šreasonable€doubt€what€the€mental€state€of€the€defendant€was€at€the€time€of€theŠ ¤ō  Šcommission€of€the€offense€to€determine€of€which,€if€any,€offense€[he]€is€guilty.Šhø ` x` x Ši) BeasleySkahanBoucekPritchardlimineGuntherwound[sAubraPremoEzellf]lashing ChamHelldorfer neurobiologist t]henanomoleshad had fdsmoke[ddr[a]nka]bout MMHIHughlettm]anyGillilandCautherne]vidence Evid I]fyallLequireOnealSherrodMabonedeclarantPappasBolinTuggleBelserGoodeLiakas reaa]ctsa]ccomplishedw]hereAshby CmtsImfeldlos[sc]learlyRossby LŻ ƒRņ$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŌ€ōą­ņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌWhile€Phillips€testified€that€the€defendant€shot€the€victim€three€times,€it€is€not€clear€as€to€whether€he€watchedŠ ° Šas€all€three€shots€were€fired,€or€watched€two€shots€and€heard€the€third.- ł-(|G2ņ$¤¤Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€JU»»dXXdģ8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Żą  ąņņŚ  Ś0Ś  ŚóóŌ€ōą­ņ»»Ō d(|3‰V$££Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€JU»»dXXdģ8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻVVVV'’’dxd)!ČČČČdxdx( ±ž$’’ņ ņFigure€Ś  Ś1Ś  Śó ó^_X`YEž’<<C’’ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3‰V$¢¢Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€JU»»dXXdģ8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Ż($$””ņ ņŚ  Ś1Ś  Śó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8’’’’’’’’’’C’’ HKKKKŻ ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€JU»»ddČ8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŌ_ŌŃ  ŃŃ  ŃŌ€¼JU»»»ŌŃ8€ XXdģ»»d8Ńą@ttģąŌ‡īV„JUŌIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆŠ ° Šą@õõ%ģąAT€JACKSONŌ#†¼JU»īīV„#ԈŠ Ö& ŠÓ  Óą @ ąą @` ąMay€7,€2002€SessionŠ üL ŠŌ‡X X»¼JUŌĢņ ņŌ#†¼JU»XX #ŌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEņņóó€v.€DEREK€T.€PAYNEŌ‡X X»¼JUŌó óŠ śJ ŠĢą@@½½ģąņ ņDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyŠ ś J Šą@@ųųģąNos.€97„06900,€01€€€€€€James€C.€Beasley,€Jr.,€JudgeŠ ę 6 ŠĢĢą@@ģģ*ģąßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` Aߊ Ŗś  ŠĢą@@TTģąNo.€W2001„00532„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€November€20,€Ō_Ō2002Ō_ŌŠ „õ  ŠĢßA€V) °°` dE<|` Aߊ }Ķ  Šó óĢÓ  ÓThe€defendant,€Derek€T.€Payne,€was€convicted€by€a€Shelby€County€Criminal€Court€jury€of€secondŠ xČ  Šdegree€murder,€a€Class€A€felony,€and€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery,€a€Class€B€felony,€andŠ d“ Šwas€sentenced€by€the€trial€court€to€an€effective€sentence€of€thirty„seven€years€in€the€Department€ofŠ P  ŠCorrection.€€In€this€appeal€as€of€right,€he€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€in€support€of€hisŠ <Œ Šconvictions,€the€sentences€imposed,€and€the€trial€courtššs€evidentiary€rulings.€€We€affirm€theŠ (x Šjudgments€of€the€trial€court.Ō#†¼JU»XX #ŌŌ‡X X»¼JUŌŠ d ŠÓĀÓĢņ ņTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óŠ ģ< ŠĢņņÓ  ÓŌ#†¼JU»ąX c#ŌŌ‡X X.¼JUŌAlan€E.€Glenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€ņņDavid€G.€Hayesóó€and€ņņŠ Ä ŠJerry€L.€Smith,€JJ.óó,€joined.Š ° ŠĢWilliam€D.€Massey€(at€trial€and€on€appeal)€and€Gerald€D.€Skahan€(at€trial),€Memphis,€Tennessee,Š ˆŲ Šfor€the€appellant,€Derek€T.€Payne.Š tÄ ŠĢPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Braden€H.€Boucek,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Š L œ ŠWilliam€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€Karen€Cook€and€Reginald€R.€Henderson,€AssistantŠ 8!ˆ  ŠDistrict€Attorneys€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Š $"t! ŠÓÓĢą@@OO&ģąņ ņOPINIONó óŌ#†¼JU»XX E#ŌŌ‡X X»¼JUŌŠ ü#L# ŠĢņņóóŌ#†¼JU»XX G #ŌŌ€X X»¼JUŌņ ņņņÓ  ÓÓ  ÓFACTSóóó óą @` ąŠ Ō%$!% ŠĢÓÖ Óą  ąOn€July€1,€1997,€the€Shelby€County€Grand€Jury€returned€indictments€against€the€defendant,Š ¬'ü"' Šcharging€himŌ‡X XXX Ō€in€a€one„count€indictment€with€criminal€attempt€to€commit€especially€aggravatedŠ ˜(č#( Šrobbery,€and€in€a€two„count€indictment€with€first€degree€premeditated€murder€and€first€degree€felonyŠ „)Ō$) ŠmurderŌ#†X XXX „ #Ō,€for€the€November€24,€1996,€killing€and€attempted€robbery€of€the€twenty„three„year„oldŠ p*Ą%* Švictim,€Brian€Pritchard.€€The€defendant€was€subsequently€convicted€by€a€jury€of€second€degreeŠ \+¬&+ Šmurder€and€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€He€was€sentenced€by€the€trial€court€to€theŠ H,˜', Šmaximum€terms€of€twelve€years€as€a€Range€I,€standard€offender€for€the€attempted€especiallyŠ 4-„(-ż÷ ŠŌ_Ōaggravated€robbery€conviction€and€twenty„five€years€as€a€violent€offender€for€the€second€degreeŠ ° Šmurder€conviction,€with€the€sentences€to€be€served€consecutively,€for€an€effective€sentence€of€thirty„Š œģ Šseven€years.€€Following€the€denial€of€his€motion€for€a€new€trial,€he€filed€a€timely€appeal,€presentingŠ ˆŲ Šthe€following€issues€for€our€review:Š tÄ ŠĢÓ*°ŲXƒX" –X°œX*Óą8  ąą8` Š Š ąI.ą8" ` x` xąDid€the€trial€court€err€by€overruling€the€defense€motion€inŠ L œ Šlimine€and€permitting€Eric€Rogers€to€testify€that€he€wasŠ 8 ˆ Šbeing€robbed€at€gunpoint€by€Keith€Brown€just€before€theŠ $ t Šshooting€of€[the€victim]€by€the€defendant?Š `" ¶" ¶ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąII.ą8" ` x` xąDid€the€trial€court€err€by€overruling€the€defense€motion€inŠ č 8  Šlimine€and€permitting€Eric€Rogers€to€testify€that€KeithŠ Ō$  ŠBrown€said€š šDonššt€shoot€him,€Derek,€donššt€shoot€himšš€inŠ Ą  Šviolation€of€the€hearsay€rule€and€in€violation€of€theŠ ¬ü  Šdefendantššs€right€of€confrontation?Š˜č " ¶" ¶ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąIII.ą8" ` x` xąIs€the€evidence€sufficient€to€negate€the€existence€of€self„Š pĄ Šdefense€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt?Š\¬" ¶" ¶ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąIV.ą8" ` x` xąIs€the€evidence€sufficient€to€negate€beyond€reasonableŠ 4„ Šdoubt€that€the€killing€was€accomplished€in€a€state€ofŠ  p Špassion€produced€by€adequate€provocation?Š \" ¶" ¶ ŠĢӁ€ (5h83ÓŲ! !ŲŻ"‚3£"ŻŻ  Żą8  ąą8` Š Š ąŻ‚3£ŻŌ25hŌŚ  ŚVŚ  Ś.Ō3  Ōą0" ` x` xąŻ  ŻIs€the€evidence€sufficient€to€sustain€the€verdict€of€guilt€ofŠ ä4 Šattempted€especially€aggravated€robbery?Żƒ3£`݌ŠŠ " x" x ŠŒŻ  ŻĢŻ"‚3£"ŻŻ  Żą8  ąą8` Š Š ąŻ‚3£ŻŌ25hŌŚ  ŚVIŚ  Ś.Ō3  Ōą0" ` x` xąŻ  ŻDid€the€trial€court€err€by€applying€the€enhancement€factor€forŠ Øų Šcommitting€a€crime€under€circumstances€under€which€theŠ ”ä Špotential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€was€great€to€the€attemptedŠ €Š Šespecially€aggravated€robbery€conviction?Żƒ3£Ģ݌Šl¼" x" x ŠŒŻ  ŻĢŻ"‚3£"ŻŻ  Żą8  ąą8` Š Š ąŻ‚3£ŻŌ25hŌŚ  ŚVIIŚ  Ś.Ō3  Ōą0" ` x` xąŻ  ŻDid€the€trial€court€err€in€sentencing€the€defendant€to€theŠ D!” Šmaximum€term€of€25€years€for€second€degree€murder€and€to€theŠ 0"€  Šmaximum€term€of€12€years€for€attempted€especially€aggravatedŠ #l! Šrobbery?Żƒ3£Ż݌Š$X"" x" x ŠŒŻ  ŻĢą@ÅÅ$ģąņņņ ņStateššs€ProofˆŠ ą%0!$ Šó óóóĢą  ąAt€the€defendantššs€trial,€Dr.€Wendy€Gunther,€the€forensic€pathologist€who€performed€theŠ ø'#& Šautopsy€of€the€victimššs€body,€testified€that€the€victim€died€from€a€gunshot€wound€to€the€head€inŠ ¤(ō#' Šwhich€the€bullet€entered€in€front€of€his€left€ear,€traveled€through€his€head,€and€lodged€in€the€skullŠ )ą$( Šbone€behind€and€below€his€right€ear.€€In€addition€to€the€gunshot€wound€to€the€head,€which€wouldŠ |*Ģ%) Šhave€been€immediately€fatal,€the€victim€also€suffered€what€Dr.€Gunther€characterized€as€š šfleshŠ h+ø&* Šwound[s]šš€to€both€legs,€caused€by€bullets€that€traveled€through€the€š šdeep€meatšš€of€his€thighs€but€didŠ ° Šnot€hit€any€blood€vessels,€bones,€or€major€nerves.€€She€testified€that€she€found€three€gunshot€woundsŠ œģ Šin€the€victimššs€right€leg,€consisting€of€one€entrance€wound€and€two€exit€wounds€in€the€thigh€thatŠ ˆŲ Šwere€caused€by€either€a€single€bullet€that€broke€into€two€pieces€or€two€bullets€that€entered€at€the€sameŠ tÄ Šplace,€and€two€gunshot€wounds€in€his€left€leg,€consisting€of€an€entrance€wound€and€an€exit€woundŠ `° Šin€the€thigh.€€The€gunshot€wounds€in€both€legs€occurred,€roughly,€from€the€back€to€the€front€of€theŠ L œ Švictimššs€thighs.€€The€wounds€to€the€victimššs€legs€would€not€have€prevented€him€from€standing€orŠ 8 ˆ Šrunning.€€Dr.€Gunther€could€not€determine€at€what€distance€the€fatal€gunshot€was€fired,€what€positionŠ $ t Šthe€victim€was€in€when€shot,€or€whether€the€gunshot€wounds€were€inflicted€by€one€or€two€guns.€€SheŠ  ` Šsaid€that€the€victimššs€blood„alcohol€level€was€0.11€grams€per€deciliter,€and€that€his€toxicology€reportŠ ü L  Šrevealed€no€drugs€of€any€kind€in€his€system.Š č 8  ŠĢą  ąThomas€Hughlett€testified€that€the€defendant€was€formerly€his€uncleššs€stepson€and€was€š šlikeŠ Ą  Ša€cousin.šš€€On€November€24,€1996,€he€was€barbequing€at€his€motherššs€house€in€Memphis€when€theŠ ¬ü  Šdefendant€came€by€and€asked€him€š što€take€him€on€Aubra€Street.šš€When€he€refused,€the€defendantŠ ˜č  Špulled€two€guns€out€of€his€clothing€and€said,€š šIššm€going€to€kill€me€a€motherfucker€and€I€ainššt€goingŠ „Ō  Šback€to€jail.€€Iššm€going€to€hell.šš€€Hughlett€agreed€on€cross„examination€that€the€defendant€was€notŠ pĄ Šš šacting€right,šš€testifying€that€his€eyes€looked€š šglossyšš€and€he€appeared€to€be€under€the€influence€ofŠ \¬ Šsome€kind€of€drug.€€He€was€aware€that€the€defendant€had€been€snorting€powder€cocaine€for€a€numberŠ H˜ Šof€months,€but€did€not€know€if€he€had€used€any€that€day.€€He€conceded,€however,€that€he€had€toldŠ 4„ Špolice€officers€that€the€defendant€became€š šcrazyšš€and€š ša€whole€different€personšš€when€he€was€onŠ  p Šcocaine.Š  \ ŠĢą  ąEric€Rogers,€a€friend€of€the€victim,€testified€that€the€victim€was€with€him€on€the€evening€ofŠ ä4 ŠNovember€24,€1996,€as€he€responded€to€a€page€he€had€received€from€someone€at€a€residence€onŠ Š  ŠAubra€Street.€€He€said€that€when€he€pulled€his€car€into€the€driveway,€he€saw€the€defendantššs€face€atŠ ¼  Šthe€upstairs€window€of€an€apartment€belonging€to€a€woman€named€Nicole.€€Leaving€the€victim€inŠ Øų Šhis€car,€he€got€out€and€went€up€to€the€apartment€to€find€out€who€had€paged€him.€€On€his€way€up,€heŠ ”ä Šsaw€the€defendant€sitting€on€the€hallway€stairs€with€Keith€Brown.€€When€told€by€the€apartmentššsŠ €Š Šoccupants€that€no€one€there€had€paged€him,€he€headed€back€out€to€his€car.€€He€had€paused€to€talkŠ l¼ Šdownstairs€with€a€woman€named€Christine€when€Brown€asked€if€he€had€a€light.€€Rogers€said€that€heŠ X Ø Šgave€Brown€a€book€of€matches,€and€then€started€toward€his€car.€€He€did€not€see€the€victim.€Š D!” ŠĢą  ąRogers€testified€that€as€he€was€walking€to€the€car,€Brown€pulled€a€gun€on€him€and€orderedŠ #l! Šhim€to€š šdrop€it€off.šš€€He€said€that€he€threw€his€arm€up€and€ran€around€the€car.€€He€slipped€and€fell,Š $X" Šand€Brown€pulled€him€up€by€his€shirt€and€demanded€again€that€he€š šdrop€it€off.šš€€After€Rogers€hadŠ ō$D # Šgiven€Brown€$142,€Brown€asked€where€his€car€keys€were€and€was€told€they€were€in€the€car.€€At€thatŠ ą%0!$ Špoint,€he€heard€Brown€repeatedly€say,€€š šDerek,€donššt€shoot.€€Derek,€donššt€shoot,šš€and€looked€aroundŠ Ģ&"% Što€see€the€victim€and€the€defendant€on€the€front€porch€of€the€š šcomplexšš€next€door.׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€He€then€heardŠ ø'#& Štwo€or€three€gunshots.€€In€response€to€the€gunshots,€he€ran€around€Nicoleššs€building.€€He€next€sawŠ ¤(ō#' ŠBrown€get€into€his€car€and€pull€out€into€the€street,€the€defendant€run€off€the€front€porch€of€the€duplexŠ ° Šand€jump€into€the€car,€and€both€men€drive€off.€€He€later€identified€Brown€and€the€defendant€fromŠ œģ Šphotographic€spreadsheets€shown€to€him€by€the€police.€Š ˆŲ ŠĢą  ąRogers€testified€on€cross„examination€that€he€had€known€the€defendant€for€about€fifteenŠ `° Šyears,€but€they€were€not€friends.€€He€said€that€the€defendant€had€known€his€pager€number,€althoughŠ L œ Šacknowledging€he€had€told€police€two€days€after€the€shooting€that€the€defendant€did€not.€€In€additionŠ 8 ˆ Što€Nicole,€men€he€knew€as€š šHeadšš€and€š šTwinšš€were€in€Nicoleššs€apartment€when€he€arrived.€€He€didŠ $ t Šnot€see€the€defendant€with€a€gun€when€he€went€up€to€the€apartment,€and€saw€Brown,€but€not€theŠ  ` Šdefendant,€when€he€came€back€outside€the€building.€€He€testified€that€he€saw€the€defendant€and€theŠ ü L  Švictim€on€the€porch€after€Brown€yelled€to€the€defendant€not€to€shoot,€and€that€he€thought€he€saw€theŠ č 8  Šdefendant€standing€over€the€victim.€€He€said€that€the€two€or€three€gunshots€he€heard€from€the€porch,Š Ō$  Šthe€last€of€which€may€have€occurred€after€a€slight€pause,€š šhad€to€come€from€[the€defendant].ššŠ Ą  ŠHowever,€he€acknowledged€that€he€did€not€see€the€victim€get€shot,€did€not€see€the€defendant€withŠ ¬ü  Ša€gun,€and€did€not€see€what€transpired€between€the€victim€and€the€defendant€before€the€shooting.€€Š ˜č  ŠĢą  ąRogers€admitted€that€it€was€dark€at€the€time€of€the€shooting€and€that€he€had€testified€duringŠ pĄ Šthe€preliminary€hearing€that,€although€he€had€seen€someone€standing€on€the€porch,€he€had€not€beenŠ \¬ Šable€to€see€who€it€was.€€He€acknowledged€that€he€went€to€his€motherššs€house€after€the€shooting€andŠ H˜ Šthat€later€he,€š šPremo,šš€and€š šTamšš€had€gone€armed€with€pistols€to€the€West€Memphis€trailer€homeŠ 4„ Šof€the€defendantššs€girlfriend,€where€they€had€kicked€in€the€door€and€demanded€to€know€theŠ  p Šdefendantššs€whereabouts.€€He€also€acknowledged€that€both€he€and€the€victim€had€both€been€involvedŠ  \ Šwith€drugs€at€the€time€of€the€shooting.Š ųH ŠĢą  ąKenneth€Ezell,€who€was€14€when€the€shooting€occurred,€testified€that€he€was€on€the€frontŠ Š  Šporch€of€a€duplex€at€1185€Aubra€Street€at€about€6:30€or€7:00€p.m.€on€November€24,€1996,€when€heŠ ¼  Šsaw€the€victim€and€Rogers€pull€up€in€a€car.€€Ezell€said€that€the€next„door€neighbor,€Roger€Lee,€wasŠ Øų Šon€the€porch€with€him€at€the€time,€as€well€as€š šTwin,šš€whose€real€name,€he€believed,€was€KevinŠ ”ä ŠPhillips.€€Rogers€went€next€door,€and€the€victim€came€up€onto€the€porch€of€1185€Aubra€and€beganŠ €Š Štalking€with€Lee.€€Ezell€said€that€the€victim€stood€talking€on€the€porch€for€about€thirty€minutes€untilŠ l¼ Šthey€heard€š ša€commotionšš€next€door€from€the€house€he€had€seen€Rogers€enter,€which€causedŠ X Ø Ševeryone€to€turn€around€and€look.€€When€they€did€so,€š šthere€was€a€guy€with€two€(2)€guns€saying€dropŠ D!” Šit€off.šš€€According€to€Ezell,€the€man€was€pointing€his€guns€at€the€entire€group€on€the€duplexššs€porch,Š 0"€  Šand€was€not€directing€his€words€to€any€particular€person.€€He€said€that€when€he€saw€the€guns€andŠ #l! Šheard€the€command€to€š šdrop€it€off,šš€he€ran€into€the€house.€€Two€or€three€seconds€later,€he€heard€threeŠ $X" Šor€four€gunshots.€€After€approximately€twenty€minutes,€he€went€back€outside€and€saw€the€victimŠ ō$D # Šlying€on€the€porch.€€Ezell€identified€the€defendant€as€the€man€he€had€seen€with€the€two€guns.€€HeŠ ą%0!$ Štestified€that€he€did€not€see€the€victim,€š šTwin,šš€or€Lee€with€a€gun€that€evening,€and€that€he€had€notŠ Ģ&"% Šhad€a€gun€either.Š ø'#& ŠĢą  ąEzell€testified€on€cross„examination€that€he€had€seen€the€defendant€around€the€neighborhoodŠ )ą$( Šprior€to€November€24,€1996,€but€the€first€time€he€saw€him€on€the€day€of€the€shooting€was€at€aboutŠ |*Ģ%) Š7:30€p.m.€€He€did€not€remember€telling€the€police€after€the€shooting€that€he€was€not€on€the€porchŠ h+ø&* Šwhen€the€defendant€arrived,€or€telling€an€investigator€in€an€August€26,€1999,€telephone€conversationŠ ° Šthat€he€did€not€come€through€the€area€until€after€everything€had€already€happened.€€He€also€did€notŠ œģ Šremember€having€said€that€he€and€Lee€were€the€only€ones€on€the€porch€that€evening.€€He€testified€thatŠ ˆŲ Šhe€was€on€the€porch€immediately€before€the€shooting,€and€that€Lee,€š šTwin,šš€and€š šMugšš€were€on€theŠ tÄ Šporch€with€him.€€The€š šTwinšš€on€the€porch€with€him€was€not€Kevin€Phillips,€as€he€had€suggestedŠ `° Šduring€his€direct€examination€testimony,€but€instead€was€š šanother€twin€out€of€Hilltop,€right€downŠ L œ Šthe€street.šš€€However,€Phillips€had€been€š šout€there€for€a€minutešš€before€walking€to€a€store.€€He€didŠ 8 ˆ Šnot€recall€any€drug€activity€that€night,€denied€any€knowledge€about€any€drug€sales€that€might€haveŠ $ t Šbeen€taking€place€on€the€street,€and€was€not€aware€of€what€the€victim€and€Rogers€did€for€a€living.€Š  ` ŠHe€acknowledged€that€he€heard€someone€yell,€š šTheyššre€fightingšš€just€before€he€went€into€the€house.€Š ü L  ŠHe€testified€on€redirect,€however,€that€the€defendant€and€the€victim€had€not€been€fighting.Š č 8  ŠĢą  ąAn€eyewitness€to€the€shooting,€Kevin€Phillips€(š šTwinšš),€testified€that€he€had€been€in€the€areaŠ Ą  Šall€day.€€The€victim€was€talking€to€Robert€Lee€when€Phillips€left€to€go€to€the€store.€€When€he€returnedŠ ¬ü  Šfrom€the€store,€he€saw€Keith€Brown€chasing€Eric€Rogers€around€a€car.€€At€the€same€time,€theŠ ˜č  Šdefendant€ran€up,€grabbed€the€victim,€and€slung€him€facedown€onto€his€stomach€with€his€hands€outŠ „Ō  Što€his€sides.€€The€defendant€told€the€victim€to€give€him€his€money.€€The€victim€replied€that€he€didŠ pĄ Šnot€have€any,€and€was€š špulling€his€pockets€out€trying€to€show€him€he€didnššt€have€[any]€moneyšš€whenŠ \¬ Šthe€defendant€š šall€of€a€suddenšš€shot€him.€€The€victim€said,€€š šI€ainššt€got€no€money,€donššt€shoot€me.ššŠ H˜ ŠThe€defendant€shot€him€again.€€The€victim€said,€š šPlease€donššt€kill€me.šš€€The€defendant€then€shot€himŠ 4„ Šagain.׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€During€the€shooting,€Brown€asked€the€defendant€what€he€was€doing€and€told€him€not€toŠ  p Šshoot€or€kill€the€victim.€Š  \ ŠĢą  ąTwo€days€after€the€shooting,€he€identified€the€defendant€from€a€photographic€lineup€as€theŠ ä4 Švictimššs€shooter.€€Phillips€also€made€a€positive€courtroom€identification€of€the€defendant€as€theŠ Š  Šshooter.€€He€testified€that€the€defendant€had€two€guns€at€the€time€of€the€shooting,€and€that€he€had€alsoŠ ¼  Šseen€the€weapons€earlier€that€day€when€the€defendant€was€š š[f]lashing€them€around.šš€€As€far€as€heŠ Øų Šknew,€the€victim€did€not€have€a€weapon.€€On€cross„examination,€Phillips€acknowledged€that€theŠ ”ä Švictim€and€Rogers€were€both€friends€of€his,€and€conceded€that€the€defendant€š šprobablyšš€was€š šstrungŠ €Š Šon€crack€cocainešš€that€night.€€He€insisted,€however,€that€he€knew€nothing€about€any€drug€activity€onŠ l¼ Šthe€street.€Š X Ø ŠĢą  ąOfficer€Cham€Payne€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department€Crime€Response€Unit€testified€thatŠ 0"€  Šhe€and€his€partner€received€a€call€about€the€shooting€at€6:45€p.m.€€When€they€arrived€at€the€scene,Š #l! Š1185€and€1187€Aubra,€which€was€a€duplex,€they€found€the€victim€lying€on€his€back€on€the€frontŠ $X" Šporch€in€front€of€the€door€to€1185.€€Sergeant€Thomas€Helldorfer,€a€homicide€investigator€with€theŠ ō$D # ŠMemphis€Police€Department,€testified€that,€as€part€of€his€investigation€of€the€crime,€he€searched€forŠ ą%0!$ Šthe€defendant€at€various€locations,€including€the€Aubra€neighborhood€and€his€grandmotherššs€houseŠ Ģ&"% Šon€New€York,€but€was€unable€to€find€him.€Š ø'#& ŠŠ ¤(ō#' Šą@˜˜$ģąņ ņņņDefense€Proofóóó óˆŠ ° ŠĢą  ąThe€first€defense€witness€was€Steven€Paul€Rossby,€Ph.D.,€a€molecular€neurobiologist€on€theŠ ˆŲ Šfaculty€of€Vanderbilt€University€School€of€Medicine,€who€was€allowed€to€offer€expert€testimony€onŠ tÄ Šserotonin€and€its€relationship€to€human€behavior.€€Dr.€Rossby€testified€that€serotonin€is€one€of€aŠ `° Šnumber€of€naturally€occurring€chemicals€in€the€brain€known€as€neurotransmitters,€which€fall€into€oneŠ L œ Šof€two€categories:€excitatory€neurotransmitters,€or€chemicals€that€cause€the€nerve€cells€to€fireŠ 8 ˆ Šimpulses,€and€inhibitory€neurotransmitters,€or€chemicals€that€inhibit€or€prevent€the€nerve€cells€fromŠ $ t Šfiring.€€Serotonin,€which€acts€to€inhibit€the€firing€of€nerve€impulses,€has€been€the€subject€of€extensiveŠ  ` Šresearch€for€over€twenty€years€because€it€appears€not€only€to€be€an€inhibitory€neurotransmitter,€butŠ ü L  Šalso€to€control€or€orchestrate€other€inhibitory€systems€in€the€brain.€€Dr.€Rossby€explained€that€theŠ č 8  Švarious€inhibitory€systems€in€the€human€brain€have€evolvedŠ Ō$  ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąso€that€we€donššt€act€on€every€impulse,€so€that€we€may€get€angry€butŠ ¬ü  Šwe€donššt€go€beyond€it,€we€control€our€anger,€or€we€„„€we€donšštŠ ˜č  Šrespond€to€everything€thatššs€happening€impulsively,€that€we€„„€weŠ „Ō  Šhave€a€chance€„„€we€have€some€control€within€the€limbic€system.€Š pĄ ŠThis€has€evolved€over€„„€I€donššt€know€how€many€millions€of€yearsŠ \¬ Šthese€systems€have€evolved€to€protect€us€from€just€acting€purelyŠ H˜ Šimpulsively.€€Š4„` x` x ŠĢą  ąDr.€Rossby€testified€that€the€research€in€the€field€has€consistently€shown€a€link€between€lowŠ  \ Šserotonin€levels€and€š šexplosive€impulsive€violence.šš€€In€addition,€scientists€have€discovered€thatŠ ųH ŠType€II€alcoholism€and€intermittent€explosive€disorder€are€both€linked€to€low€levels€of€serotonin.€Š ä4 ŠHe€described€a€Type€II€alcoholic€as€š šthe€mean€drunk,šš€š š[t]he€person€who€has€a€couple€of€drinks€and,Š Š  Šthen,€becomes€suddenly€violent€and€angry,šš€and€testified€that€intermittent€explosive€disorder€isŠ ¼  Šcharacterized€by€a€š šsudden€loss€of€control€and€an€explosive€violent€behavior€that€seems€to€have€beenŠ Øų Štriggered€by€little€or€nothing€at€all.šš€€He€explained€the€relationship€between€low€serotonin€and€violentŠ ”ä Šbehavior€as€follows:Š €Š ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąLow€serotonin,€in€itself,€does€not€cause€violence.€€Low€serotonin€onlyŠ X Ø Šindicates€your€capacity€for€dealing€with€your€anger,€.€.€.€yourŠ D!” Šbiological€capacity€to€control€yourself.€€But€it€doesnššt€actually€„„Š 0"€  ŠSerotonin€does€not€produce€violence.€€I€mean,€many€people€have€lowŠ #l! Šserotonin€and€they€are€depressed€all€of€the€time.€€And€€many€peopleŠ $X" Šhave€low€serotonin€and€they€canššt€stop€gambling.€€But€it€depends€onŠ ō$D # Ša€personššs€early€childhood€experiences€and€a€lot€of€other€factors.€€ButŠ ą%0!$ Šwith€low€serotonin,€once€the€impulsive€behavior€has€been€„„€has€beenŠ Ģ&"% Šreleased,€the€low€serotonin€indicates€your€„„€your€ability€to€take€itŠ ø'#& Šback€or€control€it.€€And€many€people€who€have€low€serotonin€areŠ ¤(ō#' Švirtually€incapable€of€controlling€their€impulsive€behavior.€Š)ą$(` x` x Šā āŠ |*Ģ%) ŠAlthough€he€agreed€that€cocaine€was€a€stimulant,€he€testified€that€scientific€studies€have€not€shownŠ ° Šā āa€link€between€serotonin€levels€and€cocaine€use.€€Therefore,€he€could€not€say€whether€chronicŠ œģ Šcocaine€use€by€an€individual€with€low€serotonin€would€exacerbate€the€lack€of€inhibition.€Š ˆŲ ŠĢą  ąDr.€Rossby€testified€that€he€determined€the€defendantššs€serotonin€level€was€low€byŠ `° Šperforming€a€statistical€comparison€of€his€average€serotonin€level€to€the€average€levels€of€thirty„fourŠ L œ Šcontrols€š!š€men€who€were€diagnosed€by€Vanderbilt€psychiatrists€to€be€š šnormalšš;€ņņi.e.óó,€with€no€mentalŠ 8 ˆ Šillnesses€and€no€family€history€of€mental€illnesses.€€The€defendantššs€average€serotonin€level€was€78.5Š $ t Šnanomoles.€€The€thirty„four€controls€had€average€serotonin€levels€ranging€from€a€low€of€87.5Š  ` Šnanomoles€to€a€high€of€250€nanomoles,€with€the€average€or€mean€at€142.1€nanomoles.€€UsingŠ ü L  Šstatistical€tests€and€the€data€from€the€controls,€he€concluded€that€89%€of€the€males€in€the€totalŠ č 8  Špopulation€have€higher€serotonin€levels€than€the€defendant.€€The€defendantššs€serotonin€level,€in€fact,Š Ō$  Šwas€š šamong€the€lowestšš€he€had€seen.€€Since€the€studies€indicate€that€a€manššs€serotonin€level€willŠ Ą  Šremain€stable€throughout€his€life€until€he€reaches€the€age€of€about€50€or€60,€when€serotonin€levelsŠ ¬ü  Štend€to€rise,€he€could€assume€that€the€defendantššs€serotonin€level€at€the€time€he€conducted€his€tests,Š ˜č  Šin€1999,€was€reflective€of€his€serotonin€level€at€the€time€of€the€shooting,€in€1996.€€Dr.€RossbyŠ „Ō  Štestified€that€his€opinion,€š šgiven€the€level€of€[the€defendantššs]€serotonin€and€given€the€scientificŠ pĄ Šliterature€and€all€of€the€studies,šš€was€that€the€defendantššs€š šcapacity€to€control€[an]€impulse€once€itŠ \¬ Šhas€occurred€is€virtually€non„existent.šš€€€Š H˜ ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€Dr.€Rossby€acknowledged€that€in€order€for€serotonin€to€be€related€toŠ  p Ša€crime,€the€crime€would€have€to€be€impulsive.€€He€further€acknowledged€that€the€FinnishŠ  \ Šresearchers€who€conducted€the€watershed€study€on€the€subject,€a€study€to€which€he€had€referred€Š ųH Šnumerous€times€during€his€testimony,€had€not€included€crimes€in€which€the€perpetrator€had€had€aŠ ä4 Špotential€monetary€motive,€or€had€known€his€victim,€in€the€group€of€crimes€they€consideredŠ Š  Šimpulsive.€€He€said,€however,€that€those€criteria€were€merely€used€by€the€original€researchers€as€š šaŠ ¼  Šconvenience€.€.€.€to€try€to€roughly€separate€the€prisoners€into€two€(2)€groups€so€they€could€study€theŠ Øų Šdifferencesšš;€under€the€current€scientific€knowledge,€a€crime€could€be€considered€impulsive€even€ifŠ ”ä Šcommitted€for€potential€monetary€gain,€or€against€someone€known€to€the€perpetrator.Š €Š ŠĢą  ąThe€twenty„five„year„old€defendant€also€testified€in€his€own€defense.€€He€said€that€at€the€timeŠ X Ø Šof€the€incident€he€was€making€his€living€by€selling€drugs€and€gambling€and€had€been€engaging€inŠ D!” Šthose€activities€since€he€was€15.€€He€often€went€to€the€Aubra€Street€neighborhood€to€sell€š šdope,šš€andŠ 0"€  Šwas€there€selling€drugs€at€the€time€the€shooting€occurred.€€He€was€armed€with€a€.22€pistol,€which€heŠ #l! Šalways€carried€with€him,€due€to€the€nature€of€his€business€and€the€neighborhood€which€he€frequented.€Š $X" ŠThe€defendant€testified€that€it€is€common€for€people€in€the€drug€trade€to€be€armed.€€He€said€that€heŠ ō$D # Šknew€both€Rogers€and€the€victim€from€the€neighborhood,€and€knew€that€they€were€also€involved€inŠ ą%0!$ Šthe€drug€trade.€€He€testified€that€Rogers€was€the€supplier€of€most,€if€not€all,€of€the€drugs€sold€in€theŠ Ģ&"% Šneighborhood€and€that€the€victim€was€one€of€his€sellers.€€Although€Rogers€attempted€to€control€allŠ ø'#& Šthe€drug€activity€in€the€area,€the€defendant€did€not€work€for€him.€€Š ¤(ō#' ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€testified€that€he€was€smoking€a€marijuana€cigarette€and€urinating€against€theŠ |*Ģ%) Šside€of€the€house€when€the€victim€and€Rogers€pulled€up.€€He€saw€the€victim€get€out€of€the€car€andŠ h+ø&* Šthen€heard€him€arrange€to€sell€a€š šdudešš€$100€worth€of€cocaine.€€When€the€victim€ran€upstairs€to€getŠ ° Šthe€drugs,€he€stepped€forward€and€š šgave€Dude€a€better€deal.šš€€The€victim€came€back€down,€learnedŠ œģ Šfrom€the€drug€buyer€that€the€defendant€had€already€sold€him€the€drugs,€became€angry,€and€accusedŠ ˆŲ Šthe€defendant€of€stealing€his€sale.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€answered€by€telling€the€victim,€inŠ tÄ Šeffect,€that€he€was€just€out€there€to€make€a€living€like€everybody€else.€€The€victim€responded€byŠ `° Štelling€him€that€he€should€not€be€selling€drugs€in€his€area.€€The€defendant€said€that€he€took€offenseŠ L œ Šand€told€the€victim,€š šYou€have€me€fššd€up.šš€€Next,€the€victim€acted€as€if€he€were€going€to€walk€away,Š 8 ˆ Šbut€then€turned€and€reached€for€his€gun.€€Š $ t ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€testified€that€when€he€saw€the€victim€reach€for€his€gun,€he€grabbed€the€victimššsŠ ü L  Šhand€and€the€two€began€š štussling.šš€€During€the€struggle,€he€picked€the€victim€up€and€slung€him€downŠ č 8  Šon€the€porch,€causing€the€victimššs€gun€to€slide€out€of€his€hand.€€After€he€threw€the€victim€down,€heŠ Ō$  Šbrought€his€gun€out€and€shot€him€twice€in€rapid€succession.€€When€the€victim€began€crawling€towardŠ Ą  Šhis€gun,€he€ran€forward,€grabbed€the€victimššs€gun,€and€shot€him€again.€€According€to€the€defendant,Š ¬ü  Šthe€entire€episode€occurred€within€the€space€of€seconds€or,€in€his€words,€š šall€at€once.šš€€He€could€notŠ ˜č  Šclearly€remember€everything€that€had€occurred,€but€knew€that€he€ran€to€the€corner€after€the€victimŠ „Ō  Šfell.€€When€asked€if€he€had€intended€to€rob€the€victim,€the€defendant€answered,€š šNo,€sir.€€I€had€tooŠ pĄ Šmuch€money€in€my€pocket.€€I€had€over€fifteen€hundred€(1,500).šš€€He€said€that€he€threw€the€victimššsŠ \¬ Šgun,€along€with€his€own,€into€the€river€as€he€drove€across€the€bridge€into€Arkansas.€Š H˜ ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€further€testified€that€he€had€been€using€large€amounts€of€marijuana,€cocaine,Š  p Šand€alcohol,€and€was€under€the€influence€of€both€cocaine€and€alcohol€at€the€time€the€shootingŠ  \ Šoccurred.€€He€said€that€he€š šsmoke[d]€weed€like€cigarettes,šš€š šdr[a]nk€wine€like€water€.€.€.€all€day€everyŠ ųH Šday,šš€and€snorted€š š[a]bout€half€an€ounce€a€dayšš€of€cocaine.€€He€began€drinking€and€using€drugs€atŠ ä4 Šthe€age€of€4,€when€his€uncles€started€giving€him€alcohol€and€marijuana€to€amuse€themselves€byŠ Š  Šwatching€him€get€high.€€Later,€when€they€tried€to€get€him€to€quit,€it€was€too€late.€€He€said€that€he€hadŠ ¼  Šlived€in€two€treatment€facilities€as€a€child:€€MMHI,€where€he€lived€when€he€was€9€or€10,€and€SequoiaŠ Øų ŠCenter,€where€he€lived€for€about€two€years.€€At€both€facilities,€he€was€prescribed€š ša€lot€of€drugs,ššŠ ”ä Šwhose€names€he€could€not€remember.€€He€first€heard€the€term€š šintermittent€explosive€disorderšš€whenŠ €Š Šhe€was€about€5€or€6€and€was€put€into€treatment.€€Although€he€did€not€understand€what€the€termŠ l¼ Šmeant,€he€remembered€that€he€used€to€lose€his€temper€almost€every€day,€and€that€he€would€get€soŠ X Ø Šupset€that€he€would€š šblank€out.šš€€When€he€came€to,€he€could€not€always€remember€what€he€had€doneŠ D!” Šwhile€he€was€š šblanked€out.šš€Š 0"€  ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€the€defendant€denied€having€had€two€guns€when€he€went€to€HughlettššsŠ $X" Šhouse,€or€having€been€with€Brown€at€the€Aubra€Street€location.€€He€admitted€that€he€had€acceptedŠ ō$D # Ša€ride€from€Brown€after€the€shooting,€but€said€that€he€had€not€known€anything€about€BrownššsŠ ą%0!$ Šrobbery€of€Rogers€at€the€time.€€He€testified€that€he€had€been€around€the€corner€using€a€pay€phoneŠ Ģ&"% Šwhen€Brown€pulled€up€and€offered€him€the€ride.€€He€said€that€he€had€š šsnappedšš€when€the€victimŠ ø'#& Špulled€the€gun€on€him,€but€acknowledged€that€he€did€not€say€anything€in€his€statement€to€the€police,Š ¤(ō#' Šwhen€they€located€him€several€months€later,€about€the€victimššs€having€pulled€a€gun.€€He€explainedŠ )ą$( Šthis€omission€by€testifying€that€he€had€told€the€police€only€what€he€š šfelt€that€they€needed€to€know,ššŠ |*Ģ%) Šthat€he€had€killed€the€victim€but€had€not€robbed€him.€€He€admitted€that€his€memory€of€the€eventsŠ h+ø&* Šsurrounding€the€shooting€was€not€perfect,€and€that€some€of€what€he€remembered€might€have€occurredŠ ° Šin€his€dreams.€€On€redirect,€he€testified€that€he€had€told€the€same€story€he€was€telling€in€court€to€hisŠ œģ Šdefense€counsel€and€their€investigators€š š[m]any,€many€times.šš€Š ˆŲ ŠĢą  ąAfter€deliberating,€the€jury€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€second€degree€murder€and€attemptedŠ `° Šespecially€aggravated€robbery.€€Finding€several€enhancement€factors€applicable,€and€no€strong€factorsŠ L œ Šin€mitigation,€the€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€to€the€maximum€terms€of€twelve€years€as€aŠ 8 ˆ ŠRange€I,€standard€offender€for€the€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery€conviction,€and€twenty„Š $ t Šfive€years€as€a€violent€offender€for€the€second€degree€murder€conviction.€€The€sentences€were€orderedŠ  ` Što€be€served€consecutively,€for€a€total€effective€sentence€of€thirty„seven€years.€Š ü L  ŠĢą@ņņ&ģąņ ņņņANALYSISą@@ģģ*ģąóóó óˆŠ Ō$  Šņ ņó óĢą@ ģąņ ņI.€€Admissibility€of€Evidence€of€Brownššs€Robbery€of€RogersˆŠ ¬ü  Šó óĢą  ąAs€his€first€issue,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€Eric€RogersŠ „Ō  Što€testify€that€he€was€being€robbed€by€Keith€Brown€just€prior€to€the€shooting€of€the€victim.€€Š pĄ ŠĢą  ąThe€admission€of€evidence€generally€lies€within€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trial€court€andŠ H˜ Šwill€not€be€reversed€on€appeal€absent€a€showing€of€an€abuse€of€discretion.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Gillilandóó,€22Š 4„ ŠS.W.3d€266,€270€(Tenn.€2000);€ņņState€v.€Edisonóó,€9€S.W.3d€75,€77€(Tenn.€1999);€ņņState€v.€Cauthernóó,Š  p Š967€S.W.2d€726,€743€(Tenn.€1998).€€As€our€supreme€court€has€explained:Š  \ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąBecause€the€term€š šdiscretionšš€essentially€š šdenotes€the€absence€of€aŠ ä4 Šhard€and€fast€rule,šš€we€will€reverse€a€decision€to€admit€evidence€š šonlyŠ Š  Šwhen€the€ššcourt€applied€an€incorrect€legal€standard,€or€reached€aŠ ¼  Šdecision€which€is€against€logic€or€reasoning€that€caused€an€injusticeŠ Øų Što€the€party€complaining.ššššŠ”ä` x` x ŠĢņņGillilandóó,€22€S.W.3d€at€270€(quoting€ņņState€v.€Shirleyóó,€6€S.W.3d€243,€247€(Tenn.€1999)).€€We€reviewŠ l¼ Šthis€issue,€therefore,€under€an€abuse€of€discretion€standard.€Š X Ø ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€contends€that€evidence€that€Brown€was€robbing€Rogers€should€have€beenŠ 0"€  Šexcluded€either€under€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€401€on€the€basis€that€it€was€irrelevant€to€any€issueŠ #l! Šat€trial,€or€under€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€404(b)€on€the€basis€that€its€probative€value€wasŠ $X" Šoutweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice.€€With€respect€to€the€latter,€he€argues€that€the€jury€couldŠ ō$D # Šhave€inferred€from€the€testimony€that€he€and€Brown€were€partners€in€crime,€and€thus€attributedŠ ą%0!$ ŠBrownššs€actions€to€him.€€The€State€responds€that€the€trial€court€properly€found€the€evidence€to€beŠ Ģ&"% Šrelevant€in€order€to€establish€the€contextual€framework€for€Rogersššs€testimony,€and€that€Rule€404(b)Š ø'#& Šis€inapplicable€because€the€challenged€š šother€crimešš€was€committed€by€Brown,€not€the€defendant.€Š ¤(ō#' ŠThe€State€further€argues€that€any€prejudicial€effect€created€by€the€evidence€was€slight,€pointing€outŠ )ą$( Šthat€Rogersššs€testimony€did€not€directly€implicate€the€defendant€in€the€crime,€and€that€the€trial€courtŠ |*Ģ%) Šinstructed€the€jury€that€the€defendant€was€not€charged€with€the€robbery€of€Rogers€and€it€was€not€toŠ h+ø&* Šconsider€evidence€of€that€robbery€when€making€its€determination€of€the€defendantššs€guilt€of€theŠ ° Šoffenses€with€which€he€was€charged.€€We€agree€with€the€State.€Š œģ ŠĢą  ąTennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€404(b)€which,€with€certain€exceptions,€prohibits€š š[e]vidence€ofŠ tÄ Šother€crimes,€wrongs,€or€acts€.€.€.€to€prove€the€character€of€a€person€in€order€to€show€action€inŠ `° Šconformity€with€the€character€traitšš€is€inapplicable€in€this€situation,€since€the€crime€at€issue€wasŠ L œ Šcommitted€by€Brown,€and€the€State€presented€no€direct€evidence€that€the€defendant€was€involved.€Š 8 ˆ ŠThe€appropriate€analysis€of€this€issue,€therefore,€is€under€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence€401€and€403.€Š $ t ŠRule€401€provides€that€relevant€evidence€is€š ševidence€having€any€tendency€to€make€the€existenceŠ  ` Šof€any€fact€that€is€of€consequence€to€the€determination€of€the€action€more€probable€or€less€probableŠ ü L  Šthan€it€would€be€without€the€evidence.šš€€Rule€403€provides€that€relevant€evidence,€which€under€RuleŠ č 8  Š402€is€generally€admissible,€may€be€excluded€if€š šits€probative€value€is€substantially€outweighed€byŠ Ō$  Šthe€danger€of€unfair€prejudice,€confusion€of€the€issues,€misleading€the€jury,€or€by€considerations€ofŠ Ą  Šundue€delay,€waste€of€time,€or€needless€presentation€of€cumulative€evidence.šš€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€403.€Š ¬ü  ŠĢą  ąThe€trial€court€found€that€Rogers€and€Brown€were€both€š šan€integral€part€of€[the]€wholeŠ „Ō  Šscenariošš€and€that€there€was€no€meaningful€way€for€the€State€to€present€Rogersššs€testimony€withoutŠ pĄ Šintroducing€evidence€that€he€was€being€robbed€by€Brown.€€Consequently,€the€court€ruled€that€theŠ \¬ Ševidence€was€relevant€in€order€to€establish€the€context€for€Rogersššs€testimony,€including€theŠ H˜ Šconditions€that€existed€at€the€time€he€heard€Brownššs€statement€to€the€defendant.€€The€court€stated,Š 4„ Šhowever,€that€it€would€instruct€the€jury€that€it€was€not€to€hold€the€defendant€accountable€for€theŠ  p Šrobbery€of€Rogers:Š  \ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ą[I]f€there€is€circumstantial€evidence€that€Mr.€Rogers€and€[the€victim]Š ä4 Šwere€connected,€if€there€is€circumstantial€evidence€that€this€is€anŠ Š  Šoverall€combination€of€interest€by€[the€defendant]€and€Mr.€Brown,Š ¼  Šthose€are€issues€for€the€jury€to€decide.€€But€I€can€tell€the€jury€that€theyŠ Øų Šare€not€to€hold€[the€defendant]€accountable€for€what€happened€to€Mr.Š ”ä ŠRogers.€€Thatššs€the€only€way€I€know€how€to€do€that.Š€Š` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą " ąI€donššt€believe€you€can€exclude€the€facts€of€whatššs€going€on€atŠ X Ø Šthe€same€time€under€the€scenario€yššall€are€giving€me.€€I€donššt€see€anyŠ D!” Šway€to€do€that€at€all.€€So€Iššll€deny€that€motion.€Š0"€ ` x` x ŠĢą  ąWe€find€no€abuse€of€discretion€by€the€trial€court€in€this€matter.€€The€evidence€was€relevantŠ $X" Što€show€the€context€in€which€Rogers€heard€Brownššs€statement€and€witnessed€some€of€the€events€thatŠ ō$D # Štranspired€on€the€porch€of€the€duplex.€€Moreover,€its€probative€value€was€not€substantiallyŠ ą%0!$ Šoutweighed€by€the€danger€that€it€would€unfairly€prejudice€the€defendant.€€In€fact,€that€Rogers€wasŠ Ģ&"% Šbeing€robbed€as€the€victim€was€being€robbed€and€shot€would€appear€relevant€to€explain€why€RogersŠ ø'#& Šwas€not€more€attentive€to€the€victimššs€plight€and€did€not€try€to€aid€him.€€To€minimize€the€evidenceššsŠ ¤(ō#' Šprejudicial€effect,€the€trial€court€twice€instructed€the€jury,€at€the€time€the€testimony€was€presented,Š )ą$( Šthat€the€defendant€was€not€being€charged€with€the€robbery€of€Rogers€and€it€should€not€consider€anyŠ |*Ģ%) Ševidence€of€that€robbery€in€its€determination€of€the€defendantššs€guilt.€€Furthermore,€the€trial€courtŠ h+ø&* Šrepeated€the€same€instruction€to€the€jury€at€the€conclusion€of€the€trial,€providing€the€following€signed,Š ° Šhandwritten€instruction:€€š šMembers€of€the€Jury,€there€was€some€testimony€presented€about€a€RobberyŠ œģ Šof€Eric€Rogers€by€Keith€Brown.€[The€defendant]€has€not€been€charged€with€that€offense€and€you€areŠ ˆŲ Šnot€to€decide€this€case€based€upon€any€crime€that€may€have€been€committed€against€Eric€Rogers.šš€Š tÄ ŠWe,€therefore,€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€admitting€the€evidence.€€Š `° ŠĢą@##ģąņ ņII.€€€Admissibility€of€Keith€Brownššs€Statement,€š šDerek,€donššt€shoot,šš€to€Defendant€ˆŠ 8 ˆ ŠĢą  ąó óThe€defendant€next€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€Eric€Rogers€to€testify€thatŠ  ` Šhe€heard€Keith€Brown€call€out,€š šDerek,€donššt€shoot.€€Derek,€donššt€shoot,šš€just€before€the€victim€wasŠ ü L  Šshot,€arguing€the€statement€was€inadmissible€hearsay€that€violated€his€right€to€confrontation.€€TheŠ č 8  ŠState€contends,€ņņinter€aliaóó,€that€the€trial€court€properly€admitted€the€statement€under€the€excitedŠ Ō$  Šutterances€exception€to€the€rule€against€hearsay.Š Ą  Š€€Š ¬ü  Šą  ąA€hearsay€statement€is€š ša€statement,€other€than€one€made€by€the€declarant€while€testifyingŠ ˜č  Šat€the€trial€or€hearing,€offered€in€evidence€to€prove€the€truth€of€the€matter€asserted.šš€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.Š „Ō  Š801(c).€€As€a€general€rule,€hearsay€is€not€admissible€at€trial€unless€it€falls€under€one€of€the€exceptionsŠ pĄ Što€the€rule€against€hearsay.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€802.€€š šThe€determination€of€whether€a€statement€isŠ \¬ Šhearsay€and€whether€it€is€admissible€through€an€exception€to€the€hearsay€rule€is€left€to€the€soundŠ H˜ Šdiscretion€of€the€trial€court.šš€€ņņState€v.€Stoutóó,€46€S.W.3d€689,€697€(Tenn.),€ņņcert.€deniedóó,€534€U.S.€998,Š 4„ Š122€S.€Ct.€471,€151€L.€Ed.€2d€386€(2001).€€As€such,€we€will€not€reverse€the€trial€courtššs€ruling€absentŠ  p Ša€showing€that€it€abused€its€discretion.€€ņņId.óóŠ  \ ŠĢą  ąThe€trial€court€ruled€the€statement€admissible€under€the€excited€utterances€exception€to€theŠ ä4 Šrule€against€hearsay,€which€provides€that€an€otherwise€inadmissible€hearsay€statement€is€admissibleŠ Š  Šif€shown€to€be€š šrelating€to€a€startling€event€or€condition€made€while€the€declarant€was€under€theŠ ¼  Šstress€of€excitement€caused€by€the€event€or€condition.šš€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€803(2).€€Were€we€toŠ Øų Šdetermine€that€Brownššs€words€constituted€hearsay,€we€would€conclude€that€the€events€that€transpiredŠ ”ä Šimmediately€before€he€spoke€were€sufficiently€startling€to€warrant€admission€of€the€statement€as€anŠ €Š Šexcited€utterance.€€However,€commands,€instructions,€and€questions€often€are€not€hearsay€becauseŠ l¼ Šthey€are€not€offered€to€prove€the€truth€of€their€content.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Lequireóó,€634€S.W.2d€608,€612Š X Ø Š(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981);€€ņņState€v.€Oneal€Sanfordóó,€No.€E1999„02089„CCA„R3„CD,€2001€Tenn.Š D!” ŠCrim.€App.€LEXIS€440,€at€**19„20€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€June€18,€2001),€ņņperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó€(Tenn.Š 0"€  ŠNov.€5,€2001);€ņņState€v.€Lucien€Samuel€Sherrodóó,€No.€01C01„9505„CR„00157,€1997€Tenn.€Crim.€App.Š #l! ŠLEXIS€89,€at€*19€n.5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Jan.€30,€1997);€ņņState€v.€Reginald€S.€Maboneóó,€No.€02C01„Š $X" Š9203„CR„00054,€1993€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€LEXIS€462,€at€*3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€July€21,€1993),€ņņperm.Š ō$D # Što€appeal€deniedóó€(Tenn.€Oct.€4,€1993).€€Thus,€this€court€has€previously€held€that€a€declarantššsŠ ą%0!$ Šinstruction€to€š šshoot€this€mother„fuckeršš€did€not€qualify€as€hearsay€because€it€was€not€offered€toŠ Ģ&"% Šprove€the€truth€of€the€matter€asserted.€€ņņMaboneóó,€1993€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€LEXIS€462,€at€*2.€€In€thisŠ ø'#& Šcase,€we€likewise€conclude€that€Brownššs€command€to€the€defendant€not€to€shoot€the€victim€does€notŠ ¤(ō#' Šqualify€as€hearsay.€Therefore,€although€the€trial€court€erred€in€finding€the€statement€admissible€underŠ )ą$( Šthe€excited€utterances€exception€to€the€rule€against€hearsay,€it€did€not€err€in€admitting€the€statement.€Š |*Ģ%) Šą  ąą ` ąŠ h+ø&* Šą  ąņ ņņņóóó óą@©©ģąņ ņIII.€€Sufficiency€of€the€EvidenceˆŠ ° ŠĢó óą  ąThe€defendantššs€third,€fourth,€and€fifth€issues€involve€challenges€to€the€sufficiency€of€theŠ ˆŲ Ševidence.€€In€considering€these€issues,€we€apply€the€familiar€rule€that€where€sufficiency€of€theŠ tÄ Šconvicting€evidence€is€challenged,€the€relevant€question€of€the€reviewing€court€is€š šwhether,€afterŠ `° Šviewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€ņņanyóó€rational€trier€of€fact€couldŠ L œ Šhave€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.šš€€ņņJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443Š 8 ˆ ŠU.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789,€61€L.€Ed.€2d€560,€573€(1979);€ņņsee€alsoóó€ņņState€v.€Evansóó,€838Š $ t ŠS.W.2d€185,€190„92€(Tenn.€1992);€ņņState€v.€Andersonóó,€835€S.W.2d€600,€604€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Š  ` Š1992)ņņóó;€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e)€(š šFindings€of€guilt€in€criminal€actions€whether€by€the€trial€court€orŠ ü L  Šjury€shall€be€set€aside€if€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€findings€by€the€trier€of€fact€of€guiltŠ č 8  Šbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.šš).€€Š Ō$  ŠĢą  ąAll€questions€involving€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€theŠ ¬ü  Ševidence,€and€all€factual€issues€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Pappasóó,€754€S.W.2dŠ ˜č  Š620,€623€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987)ņņóó.€€š šA€guilty€verdict€by€the€jury,€approved€by€the€trial€judge,Š „Ō  Šaccredits€the€testimony€of€the€witnesses€for€the€State€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€theoryŠ pĄ Šof€the€State.šš€€ņņState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973).€€Our€supreme€court€stated€theŠ \¬ Šrationale€for€this€rule:Š H˜ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą " ąThis€well„settled€rule€rests€on€a€sound€foundation.€€The€trialŠ  p Šjudge€and€the€jury€see€the€witnesses€face€to€face,€hear€their€testimonyŠ  \ Šand€observe€their€demeanor€on€the€stand.€€Thus€the€trial€judge€andŠ ųH Šjury€are€the€primary€instrumentality€of€justice€to€determine€the€weightŠ ä4 Šand€credibility€to€be€given€to€the€testimony€of€witnesses.€€In€the€trialŠ Š  Šforum€alone€is€there€human€atmosphere€and€the€totality€of€theŠ ¼  Ševidence€cannot€be€reproduced€with€a€written€record€in€this€Court.ŠØų` x` x ŠĢņņBolin€v.€Stateóó,€219€Tenn.€4,€11,€405€S.W.2d€768,€771€(1966)€(citing€ņņCarroll€v.€Stateóó,€212€Tenn.€464,Š €Š Š370€S.W.2d€523€(1963)).€€A€jury€conviction€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€with€which€aŠ l¼ Šdefendant€is€initially€cloaked€and€replaces€it€with€one€of€guilt,€so€that€on€appeal,€a€convictedŠ X Ø Šdefendant€has€the€burden€of€demonstrating€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639Š D!” ŠS.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).Ō‡X XXX ŌŠ 0"€  ŠĢą@yyģąņ ņA.€€Second€Degree€MurderˆŠ $X" ŠĢó óą  ąThe€defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€negate€beyond€a€reasonableŠ ą%0!$ Šdoubt€that€he€acted€either€in€self„defense,€which€would€make€him€not€guilty€of€the€offense,€or€in€aŠ Ģ&"% Šstate€of€passion€produced€by€adequate€provocation,€which€would€make€him€guilty€of€voluntaryŠ ø'#& Šmanslaughter€rather€than€second€degree€murder.€€As€support€for€his€claim€of€self„defense,€he€arguesŠ ¤(ō#' Šthat€the€juryššs€failure€to€find€him€guilty€of€either€premeditated€or€felony€murder€makes€it€š šapparentŠ )ą$( Šthat€the€jury€accredited€[his]€testimony€on€the€material€events€leading€up€to€this€killingšš;€namely,€thatŠ |*Ģ%) Šhe€shot€the€victim,€after€a€struggle,€as€the€victim€was€reaching€for€his€gun.€€As€support€for€his€claimŠ h+ø&* Šof€voluntary€manslaughter,€he€argues€that€his€low€serotonin€level,€which€severely€impairs€his€abilityŠ ° Što€resist€impulses,€combined€with€evidence€the€victim€confronted€him€over€the€š šstolenšš€drug€sale€andŠ œģ Šthat€they€engaged€in€a€struggle,€provides€š šcompelling€evidence€that€[he]€acted€in€a€state€of€passionŠ ˆŲ Šproduced€by€adequate€provocation.ššŠ tÄ ŠĢą  ąThe€State€responds€that€the€evidence€was€more€than€sufficient€to€support€the€defendantššsŠ L œ Šconviction€for€second€degree€murder.€€Citing€ņņWiggins€v.€Stateóó,€498€S.W.2d€92,€93€(Tenn.€1973),€theŠ 8 ˆ ŠState€argues€that€the€seemingly€inconsistent€verdicts,€in€which€the€jury€found€the€defendant€not€guiltyŠ $ t Šof€felony€murder€but€guilty€of€second€degree€murder€and€criminal€attempt€to€commit€especiallyŠ  ` Šaggravated€robbery,€do€not€permit€the€defendant€to€infer€that€the€jury€did€not€accredit€the€testimonyŠ ü L  Šof€the€Stateššs€witnesses.€€The€State€asserts€that€the€evidence€at€trial,€taken€in€the€light€most€favorableŠ č 8  Što€the€State,€was€more€than€sufficient€for€the€jury€to€reject€the€defendantššs€claim€of€self„defense€andŠ Ō$  Šfind€that€he€committed€a€knowing€killing€of€the€victim.€€Regarding€the€defendantššs€claim€that€theŠ Ą  Šshooting€constituted€voluntary€manslaughter€instead€of€second€degree€murder,€the€State€argues€thatŠ ¬ü  Šthe€evidence€did€not€show€the€defendant€was€provoked,€the€jury€was€entitled€to€reject€his€diminishedŠ ˜č  Šcapacity€defense,€and€his€subjective€serotonin€level€was€irrelevant€to€the€determination€of€whetherŠ „Ō  Šhe€was€in€a€state€of€passion€sufficient€to€lead€a€reasonable€person€to€act€in€an€irrational€manner.Ō#†X XXX Å#ŌŌ‡X XXX ŌŠ pĄ ŠĢą  ąSecond€degree€murder€is€defined€as€š š[a]€knowing€killing€of€another.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„Š H˜ Š13„210(a)€(1997).€€Voluntary€manslaughter€is€defined€as€š šthe€intentional€or€knowing€killing€ofŠ 4„ Šanother€in€a€state€of€passion€produced€by€adequate€provocation€sufficient€to€lead€a€reasonable€personŠ  p Što€act€in€an€irrational€manner.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„211(a)€(1997).€€Tennessee€Code€AnnotatedŠ  \ Šsection€39„11„611€provides,€in€pertinent€part:ą8 @Ņ ąą8 @Ņ ąŠ ųH ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąņ ņą " ąSelf„defense.€„„€ó ó(a)€A€person€is€justified€in€threatening€or€usingŠ Š  Šforce€against€another€person€when€and€to€the€degree€the€personŠ Ą Šreasonably€believes€the€force€is€immediately€necessary€to€protectŠ ¬ü Šagainst€the€otherššs€use€or€attempted€use€of€unlawful€force.€€TheŠ ˜č Šperson€must€have€a€reasonable€belief€that€there€is€an€imminent€dangerŠ „Ō Šof€death€or€serious€bodily€injury.€€The€danger€creating€the€belief€ofŠ pĄ Šimminent€death€or€serious€bodily€injury€must€be€real,€or€honestlyŠ \ ¬ Šbelieved€to€be€real€at€the€time,€and€must€be€founded€upon€reasonableŠ H!˜ Šgrounds.€€There€is€no€duty€to€retreat€before€a€person€threatens€or€usesŠ 4"„  Šforce.ņ ņ€ó óŠ #p!` x` x ŠĢTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„11„611(a)€(1997).€€Š ü$L # ŠĢņ ņó óą  ąThe€defendant€first€contends€that€the€State€failed€to€refute€the€existence€of€self„defenseŠ Ō&$"% Šbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€Ō#†X XXX aŠ#ŌSince€the€defense€of€self„defense€was€fairly€raised€by€the€evidence,€theŠ Ą'#& ŠState€carried€the€burden€of€proof€to€negate€the€defense€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€CodeŠ ¬(ü#' ŠAnn.€šš€39„11„201(a)(3)€(1997);€ņņState€v.€Belseróó,€945€S.W.2d€776,€782€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996).€Š ˜)č$( ŠHowever,€whether€or€not€a€defendant€acted€in€self„defense€is€a€question€of€fact€for€the€jury€toŠ „*Ō%) Šdetermine.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Goodeóó,€956€S.W.2d€521,€527€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997);€ņņState€v.€Ivyóó,€868Š p+Ą&* ŠS.W.2d€724,€727€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€The€jury€was€instructed€on€the€defense€of€self„defense.€Š ° ŠBy€finding€the€defendant€guilty€of€second€degree€murder,€it€obviously€rejected€the€defendantššs€claimŠ œģ Šthat€he€shot€the€victim€in€self„defense,€choosing€instead€to€accredit€the€testimony€of€the€witnessesŠ ˆŲ Šfor€the€State.€€This€was€its€prerogative.€Š tÄ ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€Ō‡X XXX Ōargues,€nonetheless,€that€the€juryššs€failure€to€convict€him€of€eitherŠ L œ Špremeditated€or€felony€murder€demonstrates€that€it€could€not€have€accepted€the€Stateššs€theory€of€theŠ 8 ˆ Šcase€or€accredited€the€testimony€of€the€Stateššs€witnesses.€€According€to€his€reasoning,€had€the€juryŠ $ t Šaccredited€the€testimony€of€the€Stateššs€witnesses,€š šthe€verdict€would€of€necessity€have€been€guiltyŠ  ` Šof€premeditated€murder€or€murder€in€the€perpetration€of€a€felony.šš€€However,€he€concedes€that€Ō#†X XXX oŪ#ŌŌ‡X XXX ŌthereŠ ü L  Šis€š šdecided€authority€contrary€to€[his]€position.šš€Š č 8  ŠĢą  ąThe€š šdecided€authorityšš€the€defendant€recognizes,€ņņWiggins€v.€Stateóó,€498€S.W.2d€92,€93Š Ą  Š(Tenn.€1973)Ō#†X XXX åŻ#ŌŌ‡X XXX Ō,Ō#†X XXX ß#ŌŌ‡X XXX Ō€holds€Ō#†X XXX aß#ŌŌ‡X XXX Ōthat€there€is€no€requirement€for€consistency€between€verdicts€on€separate€countsŠ ¬ü  Šof€an€indictment.€ņņŌ#†X XXX Ŗß#ŌŌ‡X XXX Ōóó€In€ņņWigginsóó,€our€supreme€court€adopted€the€reasoning€used€by€the€United€StatesŠ ˜č  ŠSupreme€Court€in€ņņDunn€v.€United€Statesóó,€284€U.S.€390,€52€S.€Ct.€189,€76€L.€Ed.€356€(1932),Š „Ō  Šconcluding€that€š šconsistency€in€the€verdicts€is€not€necessary€as€each€count€of€an€indictment€is€to€beŠ pĄ Šregarded€as€a€separate€indictment.šš€€498€S.W.2d€at€93.€€An€Ō#†X XXX fą#ŌŌ‡X XXX Ōappellate€court€should€not,€therefore,Š \¬ Šš šupset€a€seemingly€inconsistent€verdict€by€speculating€as€to€the€juryššs€reasoningšš€if€it€is€š šsatisfiedŠ H˜ Šthat€the€evidence€establishes€guilt€of€the€offense€upon€which€the€conviction€was€returned.šš€€ņņId.óó€at€94.Ō#†X XXX Dā#ŌŌ‡X XXX ԀР4„ ŠĢą  ąThe€evidence€here,€viewed€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€was€sufficient€for€the€juryŠ  \ Što€reject€the€defendantššs€claim€of€self„defense.€Ō#†X XXX øć#ŌŌ‡X XXX Ō€Ō#†X XXX Åä#ŌŌ‡X XXX ŌConflicts€in€the€trial€testimony€are€resolved€by€theŠ ųH Štrier€of€fact,€not€this€court.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(Tenn.€1956).Ō#†X XXX å#ŌŌ‡X XXX Ō€€The€defendantššsŠ ä4 Štestimony€that€he€shot€the€victim€during€a€struggle€that€was€precipitated€by€the€victimššs€having€pulledŠ Š  Ša€gun€on€him€was€contradicted€by€the€witnesses€who€testified€on€the€Stateššs€behalf.€€Kenneth€EzellŠ ¼  Štestified€that€he€did€not€see€anyone€other€than€the€defendant€with€a€gun,€and€that€the€victim€and€theŠ Øų Šdefendant€were€not€fighting.€€Eric€Rogers€testified€that€he€heard€Brown€yell€š šDerek,€donššt€shoot,ššŠ ”ä Šand€that€he€saw€the€defendant€and€the€victim€together€on€the€porch.€€Although€he€was€uncertain,Š €Š ŠRogers€thought€he€saw€the€defendant€standing€over€the€victimššs€body.€€Kevin€Phillips,€an€eyewitnessŠ l¼ Što€the€shooting,€testified€that€the€defendant€grabbed€the€victim,€threw€him€down€onto€the€porch,€andŠ X Ø Šdemanded€his€money.€€The€victim€told€the€defendant€he€did€not€have€any€money,€and€pulled€hisŠ D!” Špockets€out€to€demonstrate€that€they€were€empty.€€The€defendant€then€shot€the€victim€as€the€victimŠ 0"€  Šlay€facedown€on€the€porch€with€his€hands€out€to€his€sides,€pleading€not€to€be€shot€or€killed.€€PhillipsŠ #l! Šdid€not€see€the€victim€with€a€gun.€€As€the€defendant€was€shooting€the€victim,€Brown€was€yelling€toŠ $X" Šhim,€š šDonššt€shoot€himšš€and€š šDonššt€kill€him.ššŌ#†X XXX õå#ŌŌ‡X XXX Ō€Ō#†X XXX Ōė#ŌŌ‡X XXX Ō€This€evidence€was€more€than€sufficient€for€a€rationalŠ ō$D # Štrier€of€fact€to€conclude€that€the€shooting€did€not€occur€in€self„defense.€Š ą%0!$ Šą@ģģ*ģąņ ņó óˆĢą  ąThe€defendant€next€contends€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€show€that€he€was€capableŠ ø'#& Šof€forming€the€knowing€ņņmens€reaóó€required€for€second€degree€murder.€€ņņóóHe€argues€that€evidence€thatŠ ¤(ō#' Šhis€low€serotonin€level€impairs€his€ability€to€resist€impulses,€combined€with€evidence€that€the€victimŠ )ą$( Šprovoked€him€by€confronting€him€about€the€stolen€drug€sale,€supports€the€conclusion€that€his€ņņóóŠ |*Ģ%) Šš šreason€was€obscured€to€the€point€that€he€acted€in€the€heat€of€passion€engendered€by€adequateŠ h+ø&* Šprovocation.šš€€He€further€argues€that€š š[t]he€testimony€of€Dr.€Rossby€renders€[his]€mental€state€at€theŠ ° Štime€of€the€encounter€with€[the€victim]€objectively€reasonable,šš€sufficient€to€support€a€convictionŠ œģ Šfor€voluntary€manslaughter,€rather€than€second€degree€murder.€ņņóó€We€respectfully€disagree.Š ˆŲ ŠĢŌ#†X XXX ģ#ŌŌ‡X XXX Ōą  ąThe€concept€of€diminished€capacity€recognizes€that€a€defendant€may€present€expert,Š `° Špsychiatric€testimony€š šššaimed€at€negating€the€requisite€culpable€mental€state.šššš€€ņņState€v.€Perryóó,€13Š L œ ŠS.W.3d€724,€734€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999)€(quoting€ņņState€v.€Hallóó,€958€S.W.2d€679,€688€(Tenn.Š 8 ˆ Š1997)).€Ō#†X XXX ņš#ŌŌ‡X XXX Ōņņóó€Ō#†X XXX Æņ#ŌŌ‡X XXX Ōš šWhile€diminished€capacity€is€not€an€excuse€or€justification€for€committing€the€offense,€itŠ $ t Šcontemplates€an€acquittal€of€the€indicted€offense€and€a€conviction€for€a€lesser€included€offense.šš€€ņņId.óóŠ  ` Š(citing€€ņņHallóó,€958€S.W.2d€at€688Ō#†X XXX ųņ#ŌŌ‡X XXX Ō).€€The€jury€heard€Dr.€Rossbyššs€exhaustive€testimony€on€serotonin,Š ü L  Šas€well€as€the€defendantššs€testimony€regarding€his€long€history€of€chronic€drug€and€alcohol€abuse,Š č 8  Šhis€childhood€treatment€for€intermittent€explosive€disorder,€and€his€heavy€drug€and€alcohol€use€atŠ Ō$  Šthe€time€of€the€shooting.€€Before€deliberating,€the€jury€received€appropriate€instructions€on€theŠ Ą  Šelements€required€to€prove€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€first€degree€felony€murder,€secondŠ ¬ü  Šdegree€murder,€and€voluntary€manslaughter,€including€the€requisite€ņņmens€reaóó€for€each€offense.€€ItŠ ˜č  Šalso€received€an€instruction€on€diminished€capacity.׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś3Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€By€finding€the€defendant€guilty€of€secondŠ „Ō  Šdegree€murder,€the€jury€obviously€rejected€his€claim€that€he€was€incapable€of€forming€a€knowingŠ pĄ Šmental€state€at€the€time€of€the€shooting,€or€that€the€shooting€occurred€in€a€state€of€passion€producedŠ \¬ Šby€adequate€provocation.€€This€was€within€its€province.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Johnsonóó,€909€S.W.2d€461,€464Š H˜ Š(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)€(š šWhether€the€acts€constitute€a€ššknowing€killingšš€(second€degree€murder)Š 4„ Šor€a€killing€due€to€ššadequate€provocationšš€(voluntary€manslaughter)€is€a€question€for€the€jury.šš).€€TheŠ  p Ševidence€in€this€case,€viewed€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€was€sufficient€for€a€rationalŠ  \ Štrier€of€fact€to€reject€the€defendantššs€claim€of€self„defense,€and€to€conclude€that€the€defendant€wasŠ ųH Šaware€of€his€conduct€and€its€likely€results€at€the€time€the€shooting€occurred.€€We,€therefore,€concludeŠ ä4 Šthat€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€sustain€the€defendantššs€conviction€for€second€degree€murder.€Š Š  Š€€€€Ō#†X XXX Xō#ŌŌ‡X XXX Ō€€ą  ąŠ ¼  ŠĢŠ ”ä Šą  ąŌ#†X XXX vü#Ōą@  ģąņ ņB.€€Criminal€Attempt€to€Commit€Especially€Aggravated€RobberyˆŠ ° ŠĢą  ąó óThe€defendant€also€contends€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€his€conviction€forŠ ˆŲ Šattempted€especially€aggravated€robbery,€again€arguing€that€the€inconsistent€verdicts€demonstrateŠ tÄ Šthat€the€jury€could€not€have€accredited€the€witnesses€for€the€State.€€However,€as€we€have€previouslyŠ `° Šdiscussed,€consistency€between€verdicts€on€separate€counts€of€an€indictment€or€indictments€is€notŠ L œ Šrequired€in€Tennessee.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņWigginsóó,€498€S.W.2d€at€93.€€A€person€commits€criminal€attempt€who,Š 8 ˆ Šš šacting€with€the€kind€of€culpability€otherwise€required€for€the€offense:€.€.€.€[a]cts€with€intent€toŠ $ t Šcomplete€a€course€of€action€or€cause€a€result€that€would€constitute€the€offense,€under€theŠ  ` Šcircumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€as€the€person€believes€them€to€be,€and€the€conduct€constitutesŠ ü L  Ša€substantial€step€toward€the€commission€of€the€offense.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39-12-101(a)(3)Š č 8  Š(1997).€€Especially€aggravated€robbery€is€defined€as€a€robbery€š š[a]ccomplished€with€a€deadlyŠ Ō$  Šweapon;€and€[w]here€the€victim€suffers€serious€bodily€injury.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39-13-403(a)Š Ą  Š(1997).€€Robbery€is€defined€as€š šthe€intentional€or€knowing€theft€of€property€from€the€person€ofŠ ¬ü  Šanother€by€violence€or€putting€the€person€in€fear.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.šš€39-13-401(a)€(1997).Š ˜č  ŠĢą  ąThe€evidence€at€trial,€viewed€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€establishes€that€theŠ pĄ Šdefendant,€armed€with€two€guns,€approached€the€group€in€which€the€victim€was€standing€and€orderedŠ \¬ Šhim€to€š šdrop€it€off.šš€€He€then€threw€the€victim€face€down€on€the€porch€and€demanded€his€money.€AsŠ H˜ Šthe€victim€was€pulling€his€pockets€out€and€protesting€that€he€had€no€money,€the€defendant€shot€himŠ 4„ Šin€the€legs€and€then€in€the€head,€causing€his€death.€€This€evidence€was€sufficient€for€a€rational€trierŠ  p Šof€fact€to€find€the€defendant€guilty€of€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery€beyond€a€reasonableŠ  \ Šdoubt.Š ųH ŠĢą@FF"ģąņ ņIV.€€Sentencing€ˆŠ Š  ŠĢą  ąó óThe€defendantššs€final€two€issues€involve€challenges€to€the€trial€courtššs€sentencingŠ Øų Šdeterminations.€€Ō‡X XXX ŌWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length€and€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€it€isŠ ”ä Šthe€duty€of€this€court€to€conduct€a€ņņóóņņde€novoóó€review€on€the€record€with€a€presumption€that€š štheŠ €Š Šdeterminations€made€by€the€court€from€which€the€appeal€is€taken€are€correct.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ššŠ l¼ Š40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption€is€š šconditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€theŠ X Ø Štrial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.šš€€ņņState€v.Š D!” ŠAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).Š 0"€  ŠĢą  ąIn€conducting€a€ņņóóņņde€novoóó€review€of€a€sentence,€this€court€must€consider€(a)€any€evidenceŠ $X" Šreceived€at€the€trial€and/or€sentencing€hearing,€(b)€the€presentence€report,€(c)€the€principles€ofŠ ō$D # Šsentencing,€(d)€the€arguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencing€alternatives,€(e)€the€nature€andŠ ą%0!$ Šcharacteristics€of€the€offense,€(f)€any€mitigating€or€enhancement€factors,€(g)€any€statements€made€byŠ Ģ&"% Šthe€accused€in€his€own€behalf,€and€(h)€the€accused's€potential€or€lack€of€potential€for€rehabilitationŠ ø'#& Šor€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šššš€40„35„103,€„210;€€ņņState€v.€Scottóó,€735€S.W.2d€825,€829€(Tenn.Š ¤(ō#' ŠCrim.€App.€1987)ņņóó.Š )ą$( Šā āŠ |*Ģ%) Šą  ąThe€party€challenging€the€sentences€imposed€by€the€trial€court€has€the€burden€of€establishingŠ ° Šā āthat€the€sentence€is€erroneous.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„401,€Sentencing€Commission€Cmts.;€Š œģ ŠņņAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169ņņóó.€€In€this€case,€the€defendant€has€the€burden€of€illustrating€the€sentencesŠ ˆŲ Šimposed€by€the€trial€court€are€erroneous.Ō#†X XXX >#ŌŠ tÄ ŠĢą@ģąņ ņA.€€Enhancement€Factor€(16)ˆŠ L œ ŠĢą  ąó óThe€defendant€first€contends€that€the€trial€court€erroneously€applied€enhancement€factor€(16),€Š $ t Šš š[t]he€crime€was€committed€under€circumstances€under€which€the€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€aŠ  ` Švictim€was€great,šš€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(16)€(1997€&€Supp.€2002),€to€enhance€his€sentenceŠ ü L  Šfor€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€He€argues€that€the€factor€was€inappropriate€becauseŠ č 8  Ša€potential€for€bodily€injury€is€inherent€in€the€offense.€€The€State€responds€that€the€trial€courtŠ Ō$  Šappropriately€applied€enhancement€factor€(16)€based€on€the€risk€of€bodily€injury€to€individuals,€otherŠ Ą  Šthan€the€victim,€who€were€on€the€porch€at€the€time€of€the€offense.€€The€State€further€argues€that,€evenŠ ¬ü  Šif€enhancement€factor€(16)€was€erroneously€applied,€the€remaining€enhancement€factors€foundŠ ˜č  Šapplicable€by€the€trial€court€support€the€enhanced€sentence.Š „Ō  ŠĢą  ąEnhancement€factors€may€be€applied€š šonly€when€the€factors€are€ššappropriate€for€the€offenseššŠ \¬ Šand€ššnot€themselves€essential€elements€of€the€offense.šššš€€ņņState€v.€Lewisóó,€44€S.W.3d€501,€504€(Tenn.Š H˜ Š2001)€(quoting€ņņState€v.€Pooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€93,€95€(Tenn.€1997)).€€Since€serious€bodily€injury€is€anŠ 4„ Šessential€element€of€especially€aggravated€robbery,€enhancement€factor€(16)€may€not€be€applied€onŠ  p Šthe€basis€of€the€great€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€the€victim€of€the€offense.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Nixóó,€922Š  \ ŠS.W.2d€894,€903€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€Here,€the€trial€court€applied€enhancement€factor€(16)Š ųH Šbased€not€on€the€risk€of€bodily€injury€to€the€victim,€but€on€the€risk€of€injury€to€the€several€individualsŠ ä4 Špresent€on€the€porch€at€the€time€the€defendant€committed€the€offense.€€However,€our€supreme€courtŠ Š  Šhas€recently€held€that€enhancement€factor€(16)€may€not€be€based€on€the€risk€of€injury€to€individualsŠ ¼  Šother€than€the€victim€of€the€crime.ņņóó€€ņņState€v.€Imfeldóó,€70€S.W.3d€698,€706€(Tenn.€2002).€€Therefore,Š Øų Šthe€trial€court€erred€by€applying€this€enhancement€factor€to€the€defendantššs€sentence€for€attemptedŠ ”ä Šespecially€aggravated€robbery.€€Š €Š ŠĢą  ąNonetheless,€we€agree€with€the€State€that€the€other€enhancement€factors€applied€by€the€trialŠ X Ø Šcourt,€combined€with€the€absence€of€mitigating€factors,€justify€the€maximum€sentence€that€wasŠ D!” Šimposed€for€the€offense.€€In€addition€to€enhancement€factor€(16),€the€trial€court€found€the€followingŠ 0"€  Šenhancement€factors€applicable€to€this€offense:€Š #l! ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(1)€The€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€orŠ ō$D # Šcriminal€behavior€in€addition€to€those€necessary€to€establish€theŠ ą%0!$ Šappropriate€range;ŠĢ&"%` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(5)€The€defendant€treated€or€allowed€a€victim€to€be€treated€withŠ ¤(ō#' Šexceptional€cruelty€during€the€commission€of€the€offense;А)ą$(` x` x Šā āŠ |*Ģ%) Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(8)€The€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€unwillingness€to€comply€Š ° Šā āwith€the€conditions€of€a€sentence€involving€release€in€the€community;€Š œģ ŠŠ ` x` x Š€ą8  ąą8` Š Š ą(10)€The€defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€whenŠ tÄ Šthe€risk€to€human€life€was€high.Š`°` x` x ŠĢTenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(1),€(5),€(8),€(10)€(1997).€€In€addition,€the€trial€court€foundŠ 8 ˆ Šenhancement€factor€(9),€the€defendant€possessed€or€employed€a€firearm€during€the€commission€ofŠ $ t Šthe€offense,€ņņseeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(9),€applicable€to€the€second€degree€murder€conviction.€Š  ` ŠThe€defendant€does€not€contest€these€factors,€and€the€record€supports€their€application.€€Š ü L  ŠĢą@ģąņ ņB.€€Excessive€SentencesˆŠ Ō$  ŠĢó óą  ąAs€his€final€issue,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€imposing€excessiveŠ ¬ü  Šsentences€for€both€offenses.€€Specifically,€he€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€apply€hisŠ ˜č  Šlow€serotonin€level€as€a€mitigating€factor.€€The€defendant€asserts€that€evidence€that€his€serotoninŠ „Ō  Šlevel€š šplainly€rendered€him€unable€to€restrain€impulsesšš€should€have€operated€to€reduce€his€sentencesŠ pĄ Šfrom€the€maximum€in€the€range.€€The€State€contends€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€by€failing€to€applyŠ \¬ Šthe€defendantššs€low€serotonin€level€as€a€mitigating€factor,€since€the€evidence€at€trial€showed€that€theŠ H˜ Šdefendant€did€not€act€impulsively€when€he€committed€the€crimes.€€We€agree€with€the€State.€Š 4„ ŠĢą  ąAs€a€standard€offender€convicted€of€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery,€a€Class€BŠ  \ Šfelony,€the€defendant€was€subject€to€a€sentence€ranging€from€eight€to€twelve€years.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€CodeŠ ųH ŠAnn.€šš€40„35„112(a)(2)€(1997).€€His€conviction€for€second€degree€murder,€a€Class€A€felony,€carriedŠ ä4 Ša€sentence€ranging€from€fifteen€to€twenty„five€years.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņid.ó󀚚€40„35„112(a)(1).€€The€sentence€to€beŠ Š  Šimposed€for€a€Class€A€felony€is€presumptively€the€midpoint€in€the€range€when€there€are€noŠ ¼  Šenhancement€or€mitigating€factors€present.€€ņņId.ó󀚚€40-35-210(c).€€For€a€Class€B€felony,€theŠ Øų Špresumptive€sentence€is€the€minimum€in€the€range€when€no€enhancement€or€mitigating€factors€areŠ ”ä Špresent.€€ņņId.óó€€For€both€Class€A€and€Class€B€felonies,€the€procedure€is€for€the€trial€court€to€increaseŠ €Š Šthe€sentence€within€the€range€based€upon€the€existence€of€enhancement€factors€and€then€reduce€theŠ l¼ Šsentence€as€appropriate€for€any€mitigating€factors.€€ņņId.ó󀚚€40-35-210(d),€(e).€€The€weight€to€be€affordedŠ X Ø Šan€enhancement€or€mitigating€factor€is€left€to€the€trial€court's€discretion€so€long€as€it€complies€withŠ D!” Šthe€purposes€and€principles€of€the€1989€Sentencing€Act,€and€its€findings€are€adequately€supportedŠ 0"€  Šby€the€record.€€ņņId.ó󀚚€40-35-210,€Sentencing€Commission€Cmts.;€ņņState€v.€Mossóó,€727€S.W.2d€229,€237Š #l! Š(Tenn.€1986).Š $X" ŠĢą  ąAt€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€trial€court€found€that€evidence€of€the€defendantššs€background,Š ą%0!$ Šincluding€Dr.€Rossbyššs€testimony€regarding€his€low€serotonin€level€and€the€problems€it€had€causedŠ Ģ&"% Šhim,€was€a€slight€factor€in€mitigation€but€entitled€to€very€little,€if€any,€weight€and,€thus,€did€notŠ ø'#& Šš šmitigate[]€the€enhancement€factorsšš€in€the€case.€€The€trial€court€rejected€the€defendantššs€proposedŠ ¤(ō#' Šmitigating€factor€that€he€acted€under€strong€provocation.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„113(2).€€TheŠ )ą$( Štrial€court€also€declined€to€apply€the€defendantššs€serotonin€level€as€a€mitigating€factor€under€eitherŠ |*Ģ%) Šsubsection€(3)€or€(8)€of€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„113,€finding€that€it€constitutedŠ h+ø&* Šneither€substantial€grounds€tending€to€excuse€or€justify€his€conduct,ņņóó€ņņseeóó€ņņid.ó󀚚€40„35„113(3),€nor€aŠ ° Šmental€or€physical€condition€that€significantly€reduced€his€culpability€for€the€offenses.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņid.ó󀚚€40„Š œģ Š35„113(8).€€The€trial€court€first€explained€its€reasoning€when€it€rejected€the€defendantššs€serotoninŠ ˆŲ Šlevel€as€a€š šsubstantial€groundšš€that€excused€his€conduct€for€the€attempted€especially€aggravatedŠ tÄ Šrobbery:€€€Š `° ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą " ąWith€regard€to€the€issue€of€[the€defendantššs]€serotonin€levels,Š 8 ˆ Šmy€recollection€of€the€testimony€of€the€doctor€was€that€even€with€hisŠ $ t Šlow€serotonin€levels,€he€may€have€an€inability€to€control€his€impulsesŠ  ` Šonce€they€fired€up€or€if€a€situation€arose.€€But€in€this€case,€the€proofŠ ü L  Šthat€was€presented€in€this€case,€was€that€it€appears€[the€defendant]€hadŠ č 8  Šthe€intent€to€commit€an€armed€robbery€and€was€not€acting€underŠ Ō$  Šimpulse€but€was€acting€with€a€cool,€collective€intent€to€commit€anŠ Ą  Šarmed€robbery,€and€during€the€course€of€that€armed€robbery€shot€andŠ ¬ü  Škilled€somebody.€€And€for€those€reasons,€this€court€doesnššt€find€thatŠ ˜č  Š[the€defendantššs]€low€serotonin€level€affected€his€ability€to€commitŠ „Ō  Šthe€crime€of€an€aggravated€robbery€or€attempted€aggravated€robberyŠ pĄ Š[sic],€and€then€during€the€course€of€that€he€killed€[the€victim].€€Š\¬` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą " ąSo€I€donššt€find€that€there€are€any€substantial€grounds,€and€theŠ 4„ Škey€word€there€being€substantial€grounds,€that€excuse€or€justify€hisŠ  p Šconduct.Š \` x` x ŠĢą  ąIn€rejecting€the€defendantššs€serotonin€level€as€a€physical€or€mental€condition€that€reduced€hisŠ ä4 Šculpability€for€the€crime,€the€trial€court€stated:€Š Š  ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą " ąAgain,€even€though€understanding€and€accepting€the€testimonyŠ Øų Šof€the€doctor€in€this€case€about€the€low€serotonin€level,€I€donššt€findŠ ”ä Šthat€was€a€factor€that€affected€or€entered€into€the€commission€of€thisŠ €Š Šoffense,€based€on€the€proof€that€was€presented,€that€there€wasŠ l¼ Šanything€that€caused€„„€from€his€low€serotonin€level€that€caused€himŠ X Ø Što€commit€the€offense€of€an€attempted€especially€aggravated€robberyŠ D!” Šand€the€murder.€€I€just€donššt€find€from€the€proof€that€was€sufficientlyŠ 0"€  Šshown,€so€Iššm€not€going€to€consider€that.Š#l!` x` x ŠĢą  ąThe€trial€court€used€similar€reasoning€to€reject€the€serotonin€evidence€as€either€a€substantialŠ ō$D # Šground€that€excused€the€defendantššs€conduct,€or€a€mental€condition€that€significantly€reduced€hisŠ ą%0!$ Šculpability€for€second€degree€murder,€finding€that€the€defendantššs€actions€in€shooting€the€victim€firstŠ Ģ&"% Šin€one€leg,€then€in€the€other€leg,€and€finally€in€the€head,€did€š šnot€appear€to€.€.€.€€be€impulse€actions,ššŠ ø'#& Šor€a€killing€committed€in€a€š šlos[s]€of€control€manner,šš€but€appeared€instead€to€be€š ša€planned,€albeitŠ ¤(ō#' Šmaybe€short,€but€calculated€effort,€knowing€killing,€if€you€will,€of€an€individual.šš€Š )ą$( Šā āŠ |*Ģ%) Šą  ąThe€defendant€contends€that€by€finding€he€committed€the€offenses€in€a€cool€and€calculatedŠ ° Šā āmanner€rather€than€impulsively,€the€trial€court€contradicted€the€verdict€of€the€jury€which,€byŠ œģ Šacquitting€him€of€premeditated€and€felony€murder,€š š[c]learly€.€.€.€found€that€[his]€actions€were€notŠ ˆŲ Šcool,€calculated,€deliberate€and€premeditated.šš€€We€disagree.€€Nothing€in€the€juryššs€verdictsŠ tÄ Šcontradicts€the€trial€courtššs€finding€that€the€crimes€were€not€impulsive,€and€that€the€defendantššsŠ `° Šserotonin€level€therefore€played€no€role€in€their€commission.€€Although€the€jury€rejectedŠ L œ Špremeditated€or€felony€murder,€they€convicted€the€defendant€of€second€degree€murder,€š ša€knowingŠ 8 ˆ Škilling€of€another,šš€rejecting€his€claim€that€the€killing€occurred€in€a€state€of€passion€produced€byŠ $ t Šadequate€provocation.€€The€trial€court€correctly€noted€that€the€evidence€at€trial€did€not€show€theŠ  ` Šcrimes€to€have€been€committed€on€impulse,€as€well€as€Dr.€Rossbyššs€testimony€that€a€crime€must€beŠ ü L  Šimpulsive€in€order€for€an€individualššs€serotonin€level€to€have€played€any€role€in€its€commission.€€We,Š č 8  Štherefore,€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€by€failing€to€apply€evidence€of€the€defendantššs€lowŠ Ō$  Šserotonin€level€as€a€mitigating€factor€to€reduce€the€defendantššs€sentences€from€the€maximum€in€theŠ Ą  Šrange.€€€€Š ¬ü  ŠĢą  ąIn€sum,€we€conclude€that,€although€the€trial€court€erroneously€applied€enhancement€factorŠ „Ō  Š(16)€to€the€defendantššs€sentence€for€attempted€especially€aggravated€robbery,€it€did€not€err€in€failingŠ pĄ Što€apply€the€defendantššs€serotonin€level€as€a€factor€in€mitigation.€€We€further€conclude€that€theŠ \¬ Šremaining€enhancement€factors€that€were€appropriately€applied,€combined€with€the€absence€ofŠ H˜ Šmitigating€factors,€justify€the€maximum€sentences€imposed€in€this€case.€Š 4„ ŠĢą@FF%ģąņ ņņņCONCLUSIONˆŠ  \ ŠĢą  ąó óóóBased€on€the€foregoing€authorities€and€reasoning,€we€affirm€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court.€Š ä4 ŠĢĢĢĢą  ąą ` ąą " ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ą___________________________________€Š €Š Šą  ąą ` ąą " ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGE