ÿWPCÍ# b %lNr 0ˆtUNü zJÒÄ z–Ò^ âwî4ò Æ ÆÛ Æ¡ Æg - N/ m1 #ÁH E  0D  0JO 0T™ 0^í 0hK 0r³ 0|% 0†¡ 0' 1u· 0d,U*U >º”ø1Œb½v~ÅvÓC 0ë B 0X D3v D-© 0KÖ AS!!Æt! 0¤:" 0DÞ" A«"#»(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt£3+ ÖJ~'Ó¡3|xLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 5eÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô !" ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Times< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman ŠÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€+ÔÔ€+¼ÔÑ#€d#ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÔ€+ôÔÔ_Ô€€Both€Investigator€Ô_ÔBoeringerÔ_Ô€and€Sergeant€Berry€testified€at€the€suppression€hearing€that€they€had€to€parkÏin€the€appellantððs€driveway€behind€a€parked€pickup€truck€that€was€filled€with€garbage.€€From€that€point,€because€thereÏwas€no€walkway€to€the€front€door,€the€officers€ð ðtook€the€shortest€path€from€the€vehicle€to€the€front€door.€.€.€.€€JustÏdiagonally€across€the€yard.ððÌ 'Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€+ÔÔ€+¼ÔÑ#€d#ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÔ€+ôÔÔ_ÔIn€òòState€v.€Downeyóó,€945€S.W.2d€102,€106€(Tenn.€1997)€(citation€omitted),€our€supreme€court€noted€thatÏð ðððarticle€I,€section€7€is€identical€in€intent€and€purpose€with€the€Fourth€Amendment.ðððð€€For€the€purposes€of€thisÏopinion,€we€consider€the€protection€provided€by€these€provisions€to€be€coextensive.Ì- ù-PtPtHHØ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHØ(d'`Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  Serv Geneva ÒÒ  Serv Geneva Ò(|G2ñ?$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€µ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô ½ò»»Ô d(0"ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  ÒÒ  ÒÒ  ÒVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3¿u$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€µ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€+ÔÔ€+¼ÔÑ#€**¼d#ÑÑ#€**¼d#ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÑ  ÑÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ8€L™XXdì»»d8Ñà@ àÔ€+îÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€NASHVILLEÔ€+¼ÔÓ  ÓApril€25,€2001€SessionÌÔ€+XÔÌò òÔ€+¼ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€MORRIS€JASON€PEPPERÔ€+XÔó óÌÌà@ àò ò€Appeal€as€of€Right€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Lincoln€CountyÌNo.€S9900118€€€€€€Charles€Lee,€JudgeÌÌÌà@ àßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÌÌà@ àNo.€M2000„00883„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€September€19,€Ô_Ô2001Ô_ÔÌÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÌó óÌÓ  ÓThe€appellant,€Morris€Jason€Pepper,€was€convicted€by€a€jury€in€the€Lincoln€County€Circuit€Court€ofÏone€count€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder€and€was€sentenced€to€life€imprisonment.€€On€appeal,Ïthe€appellant€raises€the€following€issues€for€our€review:€(1)€whether€the€evidence€is€sufficient€toÏsustain€his€conviction;€and€(2)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€grant€the€appellantððs€motionÏto€suppress.€€Upon€review€of€the€record€and€the€partiesðð€briefs,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trialÏcourt.€€ÌÓ  ÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€is€Affirmed.ó óÌÌÓ  ÓòòNorma€McGee€Ogle,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€H.€Wellesóó€and€òòAlanÏE.€Glenn,€JJ.óó,€joined.ÌÌJohn€B.€Nisbet,€III,€Ô_ÔCookevilleÔ_Ô,€Tennessee;€Donna€Orr€Ô_ÔHargroveÔ_Ô€and€Andrew€Jackson€Ô_ÔDearingÔ_Ô,€III,ÏFayetteville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Morris€Jason€Pepper.ÌÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Jennifer€L.€Ô_ÔBledsoeÔ_Ô,€Assistant€Attorney€General;ÏW.€Michael€Ô_ÔMcCownÔ_Ô,€District€Attorney€General;€Ô_ÔWeakleyÔ_Ô€E.€Barnard€and€Ann€L.€Filer,€AssistantÏDistrict€Attorneys€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.ÌÓ  ÓÌò òOPINIONó óÌÌÓ  Óà@ àòòò òI.€€Factual€Backgroundó óóóÌà àà àOn€November€22,€1998,€Willie€Summers€and€the€victim,€Jamie€Briggs,€were€atÏSummerððs€house€in€Huntsville,€Alabama.€€When€the€appellant€arrived,€he€tried€to€go€inside,€butÏSummerððs€mother,€Virginia€Summers,€refused€to€allow€the€appellant€inside€her€house€because€heÏwas€carrying€a€shotgun€wrapped€in€a€white€sheet.€€The€appellant€put€the€gun€into€Summerððs€car,€andÏthe€appellant,€Summers,€and€Briggs€went€for€a€drive.€€ÌÌà àà àThe€trio€drove€around€Huntsville€looking€for€a€Jeep€Cherokee€to€steal.€€TheyÏplanned€to€sell€the€vehicle€to€a€ð ðchop€shopðð€in€Birmingham,€Alabama.€€After€an€unsuccessfulÏsearch,€the€three€Ô_Ômen€decided€to€drive€to€Tennessee€to€steal€car€tire€rims.€€The€appellant,€whoÏclaimed€that€he€knew€where€they€could€find€the€rims,€drove€to€Carpenter€Hollow€Road€in€Taft,ÏTennessee.€€The€appellant€parked€the€car,€obtained€a€screwdriver€from€the€glove€compartment,€andÏannounced€that€he€and€Briggs€would€go€and€get€the€rims.€€Before€the€appellant€left,€Summers€sawÏhim€remove€something€from€the€trunk€of€the€car.€€Summers€then€moved€from€the€back€seat€of€theÏvehicle€to€the€driverððs€seat.€€As€the€appellant€and€Briggs€walked€off,€Briggs€pulled€the€ski€mask€heÏwas€wearing€down€over€his€face.€€ÌÌà àà àShortly€thereafter,€Summers€heard€four€to€six€gunshots€and€heard€Briggs€scream.€ÏAfter€the€shooting€ceased,€the€appellant€came€back€to€the€car€holding€a€shotgun€and€told€SummersÏthat€he€ð ðkilled€that€punk€son€of€a€bitch.ðð€€Summers€did€not€see€Briggs€again.€€The€next€morning,ÏBriggsðð€body€was€found.€€Briggs€was€wearing€the€same€ski€mask€he€had€worn€the€night€before.€€HeÏhad€been€shot€five€times€and€died€as€a€result€of€shotgun€wounds€to€his€head€and€to€his€left€flank€orÏhip.€€ÌÌà àà àFollowing€the€shooting,€Summers€and€Briggs€drove€back€to€the€appellantððsÏresidence,€where€Summers€witnessed€the€appellant€hide€the€gun€and€the€gloves€he€was€wearingÏunder€the€hood€of€an€old€truck€located€in€the€appellantððs€backyard.€€The€appellant€wiped€theÏshotgun€with€a€rag€before€hiding€the€weapon.€€ÌÌà àà àThe€appellant€was€convicted€by€a€jury€in€the€Lincoln€County€Circuit€Court€of€oneÏcount€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder€and€was€sentenced€to€life€imprisonment€in€the€TennesseeÏDepartment€of€Correction.€€On€appeal,€the€appellant€now€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidenceÏunderlying€his€conviction€and€further€contests€the€admission€into€evidence€at€trial€of€the€spentÏshotgun€shell€found€in€his€yard.€€We€will€address€these€issues€in€reverse€order.ÌÌà@ àòòò òII.€€Analysisó óóóÌà@ àA.€€Suppression€of€the€Spent€Shotgun€ShellÌà àà àThe€appellant€argues€that€ð ð[t]he€trial€court€should€have€excluded€the€shotgun€shellÏfound€in€[the€appellantððs]€front€yard€because€the€shotgun€shell€was€taken€as€a€result€of€aÏwarrantless€search€of€[his]€property€and€the€taking€of€the€shotgun€shell€does€not€fit€any€exceptionÏfor€taking€an€item€while€conducting€a€warrantless€search.ðð€€Our€supreme€court€has€stated€that€"aÏtrial€court's€findings€of€fact€in€a€suppression€hearing€will€be€upheld€unless€the€evidenceÏpreponderates€otherwise."€€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.€1996).€€However,€we€note€thatÏthis€court€will€review€the€trial€court's€application€of€law€to€the€facts€purely€de€novo.€€òòState€v.€Waltonóó,Ï41€S.W.3d€75,€81€(Tenn.€2001).€€Moreover,€ð ðin€evaluating€the€correctness€of€a€trial€court's€rulingÏon€a€pretrial€motion€to€suppress,€appellate€courts€may€consider€the€proof€adduced€both€at€theÏsuppression€hearing€and€at€trial.ðð€€òòState€v.€Henningóó,€975€S.W.2d€290,€299€(Tenn.€1998).ÌÌà àà àThe€facts€underlying€the€seizure€of€the€contested€evidence€are€as€follows:€€OnÏNovember€24,€1998,€Investigator€Boeringer€of€the€Lincoln€County€Sheriffððs€Department€went€toÏHuntsville,€Alabama,€and€enlisted€the€assistance€of€Sergeant€Charles€Berry€of€the€Madison€CountyÏSheriffððs€Department.€€Investigator€Boeringer€and€Sergeant€Berry€then€went€to€the€appellantððsÏresidence€in€Harvest,€Alabama,€to€question€the€appellant€because€he€was€one€of€the€last€people€to€seeÏBriggs€alive.€€Both€officers€testified€at€the€suppression€hearing€that€they€walked€in€the€straightestÏline€possible€to€the€front€door€of€the€residence.€The€appellantððs€father,€Morris€Edward€Pepper,€toldÏthe€officers€that€the€appellant€was€not€home.€€The€officers€left€a€business€card€with€Pepper€andÏasked€Pepper€to€instruct€the€appellant€to€call€them€as€soon€as€possible.€€The€officers€returned€to€theÏpolice€vehicle€by€walking€the€same€path€that€they€had€used€to€get€to€the€front€door.€€At€theÏsuppression€hearing,€Sergeant€Berry€testified€that,€ð ð[a]s€I€left€the€front€door,€walking€back€to€theÏpatrol€vehicle,€I€happened€to€glance€down€and€observed€a€fired,€red€in€color,€shotgun€shell€casing,Ïwhich€I€picked€up.ðð€€At€trial,€the€following€colloquy€occurred€between€the€State€and€SergeantÏBerry:€Ìà8 àà8 àSergeant€Berry:€As€we€were€leaving€the€front€door,€traveling€back€to€Ìà8 àà8 à[Investigator]€Boeringerððs€vehicle,€we€were€traveling€back€across€theÏfront€yard,× ƒ, ××  ×€I€just€happened€to€glance€down€in€my€path€back€to€theÏvehicle€and€seen€a€red€shotgun€shell€that€was€fired€laying€on€theÏground€in€front€of€me.ÌÌà8 àà8 àState:€Now,€.€.€.€why€was€that€of€particular€importance€to€you€at€thatÏtime€in€your€life?ÌÌà8 àà8 àSergeant€Berry:€€[Investigator]€Boeringer€had€showed€me€the€crimeÏscene€photographs€of€the€murder€victim€before€we€had€traveled€toÏ[the€appellantððs€residence].€€And€I€had€noticed€in€the€crime€sceneÏphotographs€several€red€shotgun€shells€there€at€the€crime€scene.ÌÌà àà àThe€Fourth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€proclaims€that€ð ð[t]he€rightÏof€the€people€to€be€secure€.€.€.€against€unreasonable€searches€and€seizures,€shall€not€be€violated.ðð€ÏSimilarly,€Article€I,€Section€7€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€provides€ð ð[t]hat€the€people€shall€beÏsecure€.€.€.€from€unreasonable€searches€and€seizures.ðð× ƒ- ××  ×€€In€order€to€challenge€the€reasonableness€ofÏa€search€or€seizure,€the€appellant€must€first€ð ðestablish€a€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€in€theÏplace€searched€or€property€seized€before€[he]€can€challenge€the€constitutionality€of€the€search.ðð€ÏòòState€v.€Brenda€Hillóó,€No.€274,€1990€WL€111448,€at€*2€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€August€7,Ï1990).€€ÌÌà àà àHowever,€ð ðneither€the€Fourth€Amendment€nor€Article€I,€Section€7€protects€what€aÏcitizen€ððknowingly€exposes€to€the€publicðð.€€That€which€a€citizen€knowingly€exposes€to€the€public€isÏthat€in€which€he€.€.€.€has€not€manifested€subjective€expectation€of€privacy.ðð€€òòState€v.€Bowlingóó,€867ÏS.W.2d€338,€341€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€This€court€has€previously€found€that€Ìà8 àà8 à€ð ðIt€cannot€be€said€a€person€has€an€expectation€of€privacy€in€the€areaÏin€the€front€of€his€residence€which€leads€from€the€public€way€to€theÏfront€door.ðð€€A€sidewalk,€pathway€or€similar€passageway€leadingÏfrom€a€public€sidewalk€or€roadway€to€the€front€door€of€a€dwellingÏrepresents€an€implied€invitation€to€the€general€public€to€use€theÏwalkway€for€the€purpose€of€pursuing€legitimate€social€or€businessÏinterests€with€those€who€reside€within€the€residence.€€Police€officersÏconducting€official€police€business€are€considered€members€of€theÏgeneral€public.€€What€an€officer€sees€from€a€vantage€point€along€theÏwalkway€between€the€public€road€and€the€front€door€is€not€protectedÏby€either€the€Fourth€Amendment€or€the€state€constitution.€€ÌòòState€v.€Harrisóó,€919€S.W.2d€619,€623„624€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)€(citations€omitted).ÌÌà àà àThe€appellant€argues€that€the€conduct€of€the€officers€does€not€fall€within€the€ð ðplainÏviewðð€exception€to€the€warrant€requirement.€€This€court€has€previously€observed€that,€typically,Ìà8 àà8 àð ðplain€viewðð€denotes€an€extension€of€a€prior€valid€search€and€isÏdistinguishable€from€a€ð ðlookðð€or€ð ðopen€view.ðð€.€.€.€[However,]Ïð ð[t]here€is€a€clear€distinction€between€a€look€and€a€search.€€WhereasÏa€search€is€afforded€all€the€Fourth€Amendment€protections,€a€look€.€.Ï.€includes€those€observations€which€are€clearly€visible,€readilyÏobservable€and€open€to€public€gaze.ðð€òòÌState€v.€Johnsonóó,€705€S.W.2d€681,€683€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1985).€€Therefore,€because€the€officersÏwere€legitimately€in€a€location€where€they€had€every€right€to€be,€there€was€no€ð ðsearch;ðð€therefore,Ïthere€was€no€need€for€a€warrant€or€an€exception€to€the€warrant€requirement.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Layneóó,€623ÏS.W.2d€629,€635€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981),€òòoverruled€on€other€grounds€byóó€òòState€v.€Holtóó,€691ÏS.W.2d€520,€522€(Tenn.€1984).€€ÌÌà àà àRegardless€of€the€existence€of€a€ð ðsearch,ðð€the€appellant€may€still€object€to€theÏseizure€of€the€shotgun€shell€casing.€€The€Supreme€Court€of€the€United€States€has€explained€that€Ìà8 àà8 àour€cases€.€.€.€hold€that€seizures€of€property€are€subject€to€FourthÏAmendment€scrutiny€even€though€no€search€within€the€meaning€ofÏthe€Amendment€has€taken€place.€€More€generally,€an€officer€whoÏhappens€to€come€across€an€individualððs€property€in€a€public€areaÏcould€seize€it€only€if€Fourth€Amendment€standards€are€satisfied„„forÏexample,€if€the€items€are€evidence€of€a€crime€or€contraband.€.€.€.€€ForÏthe€plain„view€cases€clearly€state€that,€notwithstanding€the€absence€ofÏany€interference€with€privacy,€seizures€of€effects€that€are€notÏauthorized€by€a€warrant€are€reasonable€only€because€there€isÏprobable€cause€to€associate€the€property€with€criminal€activity.€.€.€.€€InÏshort,€.€.€.€such€seizures€must€satisfy€the€Fourth€Amendment€and€willÏbe€deemed€reasonable€only€if€the€itemððs€incriminating€character€isÏð ðimmediately€apparent.ðð€òòÌSoldal€v.€Cook€County,€Illinoisóó,€506€U.S.€56,€68„69,€113€S.€Ct.€538,€547€(1992)€(citations€omitted).€ÏSergeant€Berry€testified€that€the€spent€red€shotgun€shell€that€he€saw€at€the€appellantððs€residenceÏappeared€identical€to€the€ones€he€had€observed€in€photographs€of€the€crime€scene,€making€theÏshellððs€ð ðincriminating€character€.€.€.€ððimmediately€apparent.ðððð€€òòId.óó€€Coupled€with€the€fact€that€theÏappellant€was€one€of€the€last€people€to€see€the€victim€alive,€Sergeant€Berry€had€probable€cause€toÏseize€the€shotgun€shell€casing.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌà@ àB.€€Sufficiency€of€the€EvidenceÌà àà àThe€appellant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€supporting€his€convictionÏfor€first€degree€murder.€€Initially,€we€note€that€a€jury€conviction€essentially€removes€the€presumptionÏof€innocence€the€appellant€enjoyed€at€trial€and,€on€appeal,€replaces€it€with€a€presumption€of€guilt.€ÏòòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€Therefore,€the€appellant€bears€the€burden€ofÏdemonstrating€to€this€court€why€the€evidence€will€not€support€the€juryððs€findings.€€òòId.óó€€In€order€toÏmeet€this€burden,€the€appellant€must€establish€that€no€reasonable€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€theÏessential€elements€of€the€offense€in€question€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443ÏU.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).ÌÌà àà àWe€also€note€that€as€the€prevailing€party€in€the€trial€court,€the€State€is€entitled€to€theÏstrongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€fromÏthe€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983).€€In€other€words,€the€trier€ofÏfact,€not€this€court,€must€resolve€all€questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€andÏvalue€to€be€given€the€evidence,€and€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence.€òòState€v.€Pruettóó,€788ÍS.W.2d€559,€561€(Tenn.€1990).€€This€remains€the€standard€regardless€of€whether€the€StateÏestablished€the€appellantððs€guilt€through€direct€evidence,€circumstantial€evidence,€or€a€combinationÏof€both.€€òòState€v.€Carruthersóó,€35€S.W.3d€516,€557€(Tenn.€2000),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€__€U.S.€__,€121€S.€Ct.Ï2600€(2001).€€ÌÌà àà àIn€order€to€sustain€the€appellantððs€conviction€for€first€degree€murder,€the€StateÏneeded€to€prove€at€trial€that€the€appellant€committed€the€ð ðpremeditated€and€intentional€killing€ofÏ[Briggs].ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1)€(1997).€€We€observe€that€a€homicide€is€initiallyÏpresumed€to€be€second€degree€murder,€and€the€State€then€must€prove€premeditation€in€order€to€raiseÏthe€offense€to€first€degree€murder.€€òòState€v.€Hallóó,€8€S.W.3d€593,€599€(Tenn.€1999),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€531ÏU.S.€837,€121€S.€Ct.€98€(2000).€€Our€code€explains€that€ð ðððpremeditationðð€is€an€act€done€after€theÏexercise€of€reflection€and€judgment.€€ððPremeditationðð€means€that€the€intent€to€kill€must€have€beenÏformed€prior€to€the€act€itself.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(d).€€Furthermore,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ39„11„302(a)€(1997)€provides€that€ð ððð[i]ntentionalðð€refers€to€a€person€who€acts€intentionally€withÏrespect€to€the€nature€of€the€conduct€or€to€a€result€of€the€conduct€when€it€is€the€personððs€consciousÏobjective€or€desire€to€engage€in€the€conduct€or€cause€the€result.ðð€€€ÌÌà àà àThis€court€has€previously€observed€that€a€jury€may€infer€premeditation€from€theÏappellantððs€planning€activity€prior€to€the€killing,€the€appellantððs€motive€for€the€killing,€or€the€natureÏof€the€killing.€€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€15€S.W.3d€880,€889€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999).€€Moreover,Ïpremeditation€may€be€inferred€from€ð ðthe€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€upon€an€unarmed€victim;€theÏparticular€cruelty€of€the€killing;€declarations€by€the€defendant€of€an€intent€to€kill;€evidence€ofÏprocurement€of€a€weapon;€preparations€before€the€killing€for€concealment€of€the€crime,€andÏcalmness€immediately€after€the€killing.ðð€€òòState€v.€Pikeóó,€978€S.W.2d€904,€914€(Tenn.€1998);€òòsee€alsoóóÏòòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€660€(Tenn.€1997).€€€€€ÌÌà àà àThe€primary€evidence€implicating€the€appellant€in€the€murder€of€Briggs€was€theÏtestimony€of€Summers,€who€asserted€that,€on€the€Thursday€or€Friday€preceding€the€murder€ofÏBriggs€on€Sunday,€the€appellant€said€that€he€was€going€to€kill€Briggs.€€Additionally,€SummersÏtestified€that,€on€the€day€of€the€murder,€the€appellant€was€armed€with€a€shotgun.€€When€the€trioÏreached€Carpenter€Hollow€Road,€the€appellant€removed€the€gun€from€the€trunk€of€Summersðð€carÏand€carried€the€weapon€with€him€when€he€and€Briggs€left€the€car.€€Summers€maintained€that,€shortlyÏafter€the€appellant€and€Briggs€walked€off€together,€Summers€heard€several€shotgun€blasts€and€heardÏBriggs€scream.€€After€the€shots,€the€appellant€returned€with€the€shotgun€to€Summersðð€car€and€toldÏSummers€that€he€ð ðkilled€that€punk€son€of€a€bitch.ðð€€Summers€drove€the€appellant€home€where€heÏwitnessed€the€appellant€wipe€the€outside€of€the€shotgun€with€a€rag€before€hiding€it€under€the€hoodÏof€an€old€truck.€€ÌÌà àà àThere€was€additional€evidence€which€corroborated€Summersðð€version€of€events.€ÏSummersðð€sister,€Shirley€Wright,€testified€that,€on€November€21,€1998,€she€drove€the€appellant€toÏLarryððs€Pistol€and€Pawn.€€Wright€further€testified€that€she€did€not€know€what€the€appellant€boughtÏwhile€inside€the€pawn€shop,€although€he€did€mention€that€he€needed€to€buy€ammunition.€€JonathanÏDavid€White,€a€clerk€at€Larryððs€Pistol€and€Pawn,€authenticated€a€document€that€indicated€that€theÏappellant€had€bought€a€twelve„gauge€shotgun€from€the€pawn€shop€on€November€21,€1998.€ÏSummersðð€mother€testified€that€the€appellant€came€to€her€residence€on€November€22,€1998,€the€dayÏof€the€murder,€and€that€he€was€carrying€a€shotgun€wrapped€in€a€sheet.€€She€conceded€that€she€wasÏnot€certain€that€it€was€a€shotgun€inside€the€sheet€but€stated€that€it€appeared€to€be€a€shotgun.€ÏFurthermore,€the€body€of€Briggs€was€discovered€on€Carpenter€Hollow€Road€in€the€locationÏdescribed€by€Summers.€€Medical€examiner€Dr.€Charles€Harlan€testified€that€Briggs€died€as€theÏresult€of€five€shotgun€wounds,€specifically€explaining€that€Briggsðð€death€was€caused€by€the€woundsÏto€his€head€and€left€flank.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Caldwellóó,€671€S.W.2d€459,€463€(Tenn.€1984).€€The€woundÍto€the€victimððs€head€occurred€from€a€distance€of€three€to€five€feet,€and€the€wound€to€the€victimððs€leftÏflank€occurred€from€a€distance€of€six€to€nine€feet.€€Both€Dr.€Harlan€and€Don€Carmen,€a€TennesseeÏBureau€of€Investigation€(TBI)€forensic€firearms€identification€expert,€maintained€that€BriggsððÏwounds€were€caused€by€shots€from€a€twelve„gauge€shotgun.€€Moreover,€the€spent€shotgun€shellsÏdiscovered€at€the€crime€scene€were€of€two€brands:€Estate€and€Winchester.€€Testimony€revealed€that,Ïwhile€the€Winchester€brand€of€ammunition€is€fairly€common,€Estate€brand€ammunition€is€somewhatÏrare.€€The€spent€shotgun€shell€discovered€at€the€appellantððs€residence€by€Sergeant€Berry€was€anÏEstate€brand€shell.€€Carmen€testified€that€the€six€spent€shotgun€shells€found€at€the€scene€of€theÏcrime€and€the€Estate€shell€found€at€the€appellantððs€residence€by€Sergeant€Berry€were€all€fired€fromÏthe€same€shotgun.€€Additionally,€Investigator€Boeringer€testified€that€the€appellant€had€admitted€thatÏhe€killed€Briggs€but€the€appellant€maintained€that€he€did€so€in€self„defense.€€ÌÌà àà àStatements€made€by€the€appellant€both€before€and€after€the€killing€indicate€that€theÏappellant€planned€to€kill€Briggs.€€òòSeeóó€òòJonesóó,€15€S.W.3d€at€889.€€Additionally,€the€ð ðshotgun€blast€toÏthe€[victimððs€head]€at€close€range€demonstrates€the€[appellantððs]€intent€to€cause€death€and€the€juryÏcould€rationally€conclude€that€was€the€[appellantððs]€conscious€objective.ðð€€òòId.óó€€Moreover,€ð ð[t]heÏuse€of€a€deadly€weapon€upon€an€unarmed€victim€and€declarations€by€the€[appellant]€of€his€intent€toÏkill€the€victim€may€support€the€existence€of€premeditation.ðð€€òòState€v.€Dewayne€Jordanóó,€No.€W1999„01693„CCA„R3„CD,€2000€WL€1840076,€at€*5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Jackson,€December€6,€2000),€Ïòòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€2001).€€Notably,€Summers€testified€that€Briggs€did€not€have€aÏweapon€when€Briggs€got€out€of€the€car€to€go€with€the€appellant€to€search€for€car€rims€to€steal.€€òòSeeóóÏòòState€v.€James€Wesley€Osborneóó,€No.€E1999„01071„CCA„R3„CD,€2001€WL€667726,€at€*4€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€June€14,€2001).€€Additionally,€Summers€maintained€that,€prior€to€theÏmurder,€the€appellant€had€possession€of€a€gun€and€had€threatened€Briggs.€€òòId.óó€€Moreover,€theÏappellant€admitted€after€the€killing€that€he€ð ðkilled€that€punk€son€of€a€bitchðð€but€did€so€ð ðin€self„defense.ðð€€òòSeeóó€òòJonesóó,€13€S.W.3d€at€889;€òòState€v.€J.B.€McCordóó,€No.€03C01„9403„CR„00110,€1997ÏWL€732513,€at€*€3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Knoxville,€November€26,€1997).€€Thus,€the€proof€adducedÏby€the€State€established€that€the€appellant,€intentionally€and€with€premeditation,€killed€Briggs.€€ThisÏissue€is€without€merit.ÌÌà@ àò òòòIII.€€Conclusionóóó óÌà àà àBased€upon€the€foregoing,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à___________________________________€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àNORMA€McGEE€OGLE,€JUDGEÌÌà€ à