ÿWPCõ? Ó˜²®•а5éÞ¶‘5»åÛ‘&“| ?åÿÜvúkÑ¿x î›÷ÕñÇÝ@¢óܽíFûø EwÿÞæ¿ýA'Ó<9dcóí_žðe –%€ªômó¼žZ«»™Â}·4õé—8|p²ëÒ+9Òé««v 85/xûÅþÑt¡LõúœÍ(Gzy}'ÏÁ‰3>H@ÜY‘&cžÐÜ9fËo»ñŠf•×Ñ^¬ìx$ wa{Œ×¬Ãœzd–rÒOÏUÿ¥¨¯,ÞÔb6©‚ ¬KjÍJ[ø¾ÈÑZÜ?ŒN®iÛ“=@§¿ V:D›<—<Ñ|×á½äÎt B:>)W>€? D3ˆ?U:»?˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡,“í|AZ‹"Arial Regular- ù- vwExDyz€¤¦§Ó€³n~<$3|x³ pÝ ƒ —Y$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€&ô·&XXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€&ÏÌ &&&ô·Ô€€The€warrant,€which€was€for€aggravated€assault,€also€covered€Tracy€Taylor,Ð `  Ðapparently€a€friend€of€Rodney€Johnson.€€It€alleged€that€Rodney€Johnson€had€fired€a€gun€at€theÏvictim.(c*2é$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€&$­&XXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó€€(AR$Ô€XePXXXÔÔ€ŠÃFŠXXePÔòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó EÝ ƒ —Y$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€&ô·&XXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€&ÏÌ &&&ô·Ô€€Specifically,€our€supreme€court€stated€in€òòState€v.€Brownóó€that€ð ð[r]elevantÐ `  Ðcircumstances€òòrecognized€by€other€courtsóó€around€the€country€have€included€the€fact€ððthat€aÐ D ä Ðdeadly€weapon€was€used€upon€an€unarmed€victim;€[and]€.€.€.€that€weapons€with€which€toÏcommit€the€homicide€were€procured€.€.€.€.ðð€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€541.€(emphasis€added).€€€ ñÝ ƒ é$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€&„ú&XXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€&¿¨ &&&„úÔThe€officer€was€acquainted€with€Murphy€before€the€night€of€the€murder. “Ý ƒ —Y$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€&ô·&XXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€&ÏÌ &&&ô·Ô€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€39„13„202€also€presents€two€other€types€of€firstÐ `  Ðdegree€murder€which€are€not€at€issue€in€the€present€case.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202Ð D ä Ð(a)(2)„(3). Ý ƒ —Y$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€&ô·&XXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  Úóó€€Ý  Ýà8 ¸ à›€€Ô€2&ÏÌ &&&ô·ÔIn€òòHouston€v.€Stateóó€.€.€.€the€only€circumstance€relied€upon€by€theÐ `  Ðmajority€to€establish€premeditation€and€deliberation€was€the€fact€that€theÏvictim€had€sustained€ð ðrepeated€shots€or€blowsðð€.€.€.€Logically,€of€course,Ïthe€fact€that€repeated€blows€(or€shots)€were€inflicted€on€the€victim€is€notÏsufficient,€by€itself,€to€establish€first„degree€murder.€€Repeated€blowsÏcan€be€delivered€in€the€heat€of€passion,€with€no€design€or€reflection.€ÏOnly€if€such€blows€are€inflicted€as€the€result€of€premeditation€andÏdeliberation€can€they€be€said€to€prove€first„degree€murder.€.€.€.€Certainly,Ïmore€than€the€mere€fact€of€ð ðrepeated€blowsðð€must€be€shown€to€establishÏfirst„degree€murder,€and€to€the€extent€that€the€opinions€in€òòHoustonóó€andÐ ´  ÐòòMartinóó€can€be€read€to€hold€otherwise,€they€are€expressly€overruled.ÐîŽ ¸ ü!¸ ü! МÌòòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€542,€543€(citations€omitted).€€We€read€this€to€mean€that€repeated€shots,Ð ¢B  Ðstanding€alone,€are€not€sufficient€to€support€a€finding€of€premeditation;€however€repeated€shotsÏmay€be€considered€in€conjunction€with€other€circumstances€to€support€a€finding€ofÏpremeditation.€€We€note€incidentally€that€the€requirement€of€deliberation€is€now€abolished€underÏour€current€first€degree€murder€statute.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202.€€ DÝ ƒ —Y$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€&ô·&XXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€1&ÏÌ &&&ô·Ô€€Specifically,€our€supreme€court€stated€in€òòState€v.€Brownóó€that€ð ð[r]elevantÐ `  Ðcircumstances€òòrecognized€by€other€courtsóó€around€the€country€have€included€the€fact€ððthat€aÐ D ä Ðdeadly€weapon€was€used€upon€an€unarmed€victim;€[and]€.€.€.€that€weapons€with€which€toÏcommit€the€homicide€were€procured€.€.€.€.ðð€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€541€(emphasis€added).€€€,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular =Ý ƒ —Y$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€&ô·&XXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€*&ÏÌ &&&ô·Ô€€The€actual€Notice€of€Appeal€incorrectly€states€that€the€order€denying€the€DefendantÐ `  Ða€new€trial€was€entered€on€May€31,€1996. +Ý ƒ —Y$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€&ô·&XXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€$&ÏÌ &&&ô·Ô€€Wynder€used€the€term€ð ðdudeðð€throughout€his€testimony€and€never€specificallyÐ `  Ðidentified€the€person€to€whom€he€referred€as€the€victim,€although€at€one€point€Wynder€did€callÏthe€person€ð ð[t]he€dude€thatððs€dead€right€now.ðð€€Based€upon€his€testimony€as€a€whole€and€theÏother€facts€of€this€case,€it€is€clear€that€by€ð ðdude,ðð€Wynder€meant€the€victim.Ç$Arrus BT Roman Ý ƒ —Y$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€&ô·&XXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€'&ÏÌ &&&ô·Ô€€Two€of€the€three€òòproóó€òòseóó€documents€contained€in€the€record€are€unsigned.€€TheÐ `  ÐDefendant,€through€present€counsel,€Clifford€McGown,€later€moved€the€trial€court€to€dismiss€hisÏPetition€for€Post„Conviction€Relief€as€having€been€mistakenly€and€untimely€filed.€€The€trial€courtÏdismissed€the€petition€on€January€5,€1998.(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular Ý ƒ —Y$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€&ô·&XXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€&ÏÌ &&&ô·Ô€€In€òòHouston€v.€Stateóó€.€.€.€the€only€circumstance€relied€upon€by€the€majority€to€establishÐ `  Ðpremeditation€and€deliberation€was€the€fact€that€the€victim€had€sustained€ð ðrepeated€shots€orÏblowsðð€.€.€.€€Logically,€of€course,€the€fact€that€repeated€blows€(or€shots)€were€inflicted€on€theÏvictim€is€not€sufficient,€by€itself,€to€establish€first„degree€murder.€€Repeated€blows€can€beÏdelivered€in€the€heat€of€passion,€with€no€design€or€reflection.€€Only€if€such€blows€are€inflictedÏas€the€result€of€premeditation€and€deliberation€can€they€be€said€to€prove€first„degree€murder.Ï.€.€.€€Certainly,€more€than€the€mere€fact€of€ð ðrepeated€blowsðð€must€be€shown€to€establish€first„¼degree€murder,€and€to€the€extent€that€the€opinions€in€òòHoustonóó€and€òòMartinóó€can€be€read€to€holdÐ ` Ðotherwise,€they€are€expressly€overruled.€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€542,€543€(citations€omitted).€Ð :Ú ÐWe€read€this€to€mean€that€repeated€shots,€standing€alone,€are€not€sufficient€to€support€a€findingÏof€premeditation;€however€repeated€shots€may€be€considered€in€conjnction€with€otherÏcircumstances€to€support€a€finding€of€premeditation.€€We€note€incidentally€that€the€requirementÏof€deliberation€is€now€abolished€under€our€current€first€degree€murder€statute.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€CodeÐ ¢B  ÐAnn.€ðð€39„13„202.€€(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular d Ý ƒ —Y$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€!&ô·&XXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  Úóó€€Ý  Ýà8 ¸ à›€€Ô€"&ÏÌ &&&ô·ÔIn€òòHouston€v.€Stateóó€.€.€.€the€only€circumstance€relied€upon€by€theÐ `  Ðmajority€to€establish€premeditation€and€deliberation€was€the€fact€that€theÏvictim€had€sustained€ð ðrepeated€shots€or€blowsðð€.€.€.€Logically,€of€course,Ïthe€fact€that€repeated€blows€(or€shots)€were€inflicted€on€the€victim€is€notÏsufficient,€by€itself,€to€establish€first„degree€murder.€€Repeated€blowsÏcan€be€delivered€in€the€heat€of€passion,€with€no€design€or€reflection.€ÏOnly€if€such€blows€are€inflicted€as€the€result€of€premeditation€andÏdeliberation€can€they€be€said€to€prove€first„degree€murder.€.€.€.€Certainly,Ïmore€than€the€mere€fact€of€ð ðrepeated€blowsðð€must€be€shown€to€establishÏfirst„degree€murder,€and€to€the€extent€that€the€opinions€in€òòHoustonóó€andÐ ´  ÐòòMartinóó€can€be€read€to€hold€otherwise,€they€are€expressly€overruled.ÐîŽ ¸ ü!¸ ü! МÌòòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€542,€543€(citations€omitted).€€We€read€this€to€mean€that€repeated€shots,Ð ¢B  Ðstanding€alone,€are€not€sufficient€to€support€a€finding€of€premeditation;€however€repeated€shotsÏmay€be€considered€in€conjnction€with€other€circumstances€to€support€a€finding€of€premeditation.€ÏWe€note€incidentally€that€the€requirement€of€deliberation€is€now€abolished€under€our€current€firstÏdegree€murder€statute.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202.€€(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular oÝ ƒ —Y$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€%&ô·&XXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ‡&&½ &&&ô·ÔÔ‡&ŠsŠ &&½Ô×Ã(×× C ×Ô#†%Š€ ŠŠŠsŒ#ÔÔ#†%&ô·&ŠŠ€ «#ÔÔ‡&&½ &&&ô·ÔÔ‡&ŠsŠ &&½Ô×Ã,×× C ×Ô#†%Š€ ŠŠŠs,#ÔÔ#†%&ô·&ŠŠ€ K#ÔÔ‡&&½ &&&ô·ÔÔ‡&ŠsŠ &&½Ô×Ã-×× C ×Ô#†%Š€ ŠŠŠsÌ#ÔÔ#†%&ô·&ŠŠ€ ë#ÔÔ€/&ÏÌ &&&ô·Ô€€€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€542,€543€(citations€omitted).€€We€read€this€to€mean€thatÐ `  Ðrepeated€shots,€standing€alone,€are€not€sufficient€to€support€a€finding€of€premeditation;€howeverÏrepeated€shots€may€be€considered€in€conjnction€with€other€circumstances€to€support€a€findingÏof€premeditation.€€We€note€incidentally€that€the€requirement€of€deliberation€is€now€abolishedÏunder€our€current€first€degree€murder€statute.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202.€€,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular,“í|AZ‹"Arial Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular ”Ý ƒ —Y$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ‡%&tÃ&XXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ‡)&¸ &&&tÃÔ€€It€is€unclear€from€Jonesðð€testimony€whether€the€victim€exchanged€words€with€JohnsonÐ `  Ðor€the€Defendant.€€However,€other€witnesses€testified€that€the€victim€and€the€Defendant€arguedÏon€the€night€of€the€shooting.,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular ”Ý ƒ —Y$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€&ô·&XXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ‡&ÏÌ &&&ô·Ô€€It€is€unclear€from€Jonesðð€testimony€whether€the€victim€exchanged€words€with€JohnsonÐ `  Ðor€the€Defendant.€€However,€other€witnesses€testified€that€the€victim€and€the€Defendant€arguedÏon€the€night€of€the€shooting. ”Ý ƒ —Y$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ‡%&tÃ&XXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ‡)&¸ &&&tÃÔ€€It€is€unclear€from€Jonesðð€testimony€whether€the€victim€exchanged€words€with€JohnsonÐ `  Ðor€the€Defendant.€€However,€other€witnesses€testified€that€the€victim€and€the€Defendant€arguedÏon€the€night€of€the€shooting. ”Ý ƒ —Y$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ‡%&tÃ&XXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ‡)&¸ &&&tÃÔ€€It€is€unclear€from€Jonesðð€testimony€whether€the€victim€exchanged€words€with€JohnsonÐ `  Ðor€the€Defendant.€€However,€other€witnesses€testified€that€the€victim€and€the€Defendant€arguedÏon€the€night€of€the€shooting. EÝ ƒ —Y$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€0&ô·&XXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  Úóó€€Ý  ÝÔ€3&ÏÌ &&&ô·Ô€€Specifically,€our€supreme€court€stated€in€òòState€v.€Brownóó€that€ð ð[r]elevantÐ `  Ðcircumstances€òòrecognized€by€other€courtsóó€around€the€country€have€included€the€fact€ððthat€aÐ D ä Ðdeadly€weapon€was€used€upon€an€unarmed€victim;€[and]€.€.€.€that€weapons€with€which€toÏcommit€the€homicide€were€procured€.€.€.€.ðð€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€541.€(emphasis€added).€€€,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular,æ™) AZ"Arial Regular56789Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó::'÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd Ý ƒ6¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€>Xv®XXXÔÔ€>F4X>Xv®ÔÓ  ÓÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€>Xv®X>F4ÔÐ  ÐÌò òDecember€10,€1998Ð šš ÐÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€>ô‰ôX>Xv®ÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó'ÿÿdxd,c½¬AZ‹"Arial RegularÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýñ§ñ›ñ§ñÑ` °ÑÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ŠuŠXXÔÔ€Š#wŠŠŠuÔÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ€ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÓ  Óò òÑ7€OøˆˆddÈ7Ññ³ññ§ñßr€4;=<,(j 8` `€€@Eôf ` ttx$,` ð Úrßñ§ññ§ñ›ñ§ñ››ñ³ññ³ñ›ñ³ñIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÐ `  Ðñ³ñœßt€4;=>.*jx2¦` `€€@E& ` ttx$^` N z tß›ñ³ñÌAT€JACKSONÌÌSEPTEMBER€SESSION,€1998ÌÌÌÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à À à)à  àC.C.A.€NO.€02C01„9708„CC„00325Ð ` Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)ó óÐ ` Ðà ` àAppellee,à  àà h àà À àò ò)Ð `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àHAYWOOD€COUNTYÐ `  ÐVS.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àÐ `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àHON.€DICK€JERMAN,€JR.ó óÐ `  Ðò òRATHAL€PERKINS,ó óà h àà À àò ò)à  àJUDGEó óÐ ` Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àò ò)ó óÐ ` Ðà ` àAppellant.à  àà h àà À àò ò)à  àó ó(First€Degree€Murder)ò òÐ ` Ðó óÌÌÓ  Óò òON€APPEAL€FROM€THE€JUDGMENT€OF€THEÐ Pð ÐCRIMINAL€COURT€OF€HAYWOOD€COUNTYó óÐ Pð ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:à h àà À àà  àòòFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:Ð @ à ÐÌCLIFFORD€K.€McGOWN,€JR.à À àà  àJOHN€KNOX€WALKUPÐ 0"Ð Ð113€North€Court€Squareà h àà À àà  àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÐ (#È ÐP.O.€Box€26ÌWaverly,€TN€37185à h àà À àà  àCLINTON€J.€MORGANÐ %¸ Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à425€Fifth€Avenue€NorthÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àNashville,€TN€37243ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àCLAYBURN€L.€PEEPLESÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à109€East€First€StreetÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àTrenton,€TN€38382ÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED€________________________ÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGEÐ  ˜48+,¼ ÐÓ  ÓÔ€°ÊR°ŠŠ3Ôò òòòÑ7€ôLjˆdˆˆd7ÑOPINIONóóó óÔ€Š3а°ÊRÔÐ `  ÐÓ  ÓÌÌÓÓÓ  ÓÓ  Óà ` àThe€Defendant,€Rathal€Perkins,€was€convicted€of€first€degree€murder€andÏsentenced€to€life€imprisonment.€€He€now€appeals€his€conviction,€pursuant€to€RuleÏ3€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Appellate€Procedure.€œ€The›€Defendant€presents€onlyÏone€issue€on€appeal:€whether€the€evidence€œis›€sufficient€to€support€a€finding€ofÏpremeditation€to€sustain€his€conviction€for€first€degree€murder.€€We€affirm€theÏjudgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà ` àOn€August€10,€1995,€police€officer€Shawn€Williams€was€dispatched€to€aÏfield€in€Brownsville,€Tennessee€to€investigate€what€he€believed€was€anÏautomobile€accident€with€injuries.€€When€he€arrived€at€the€field,€he€encounteredÏa€greatly€upset€young€man€named€Courtney€Jones€and€discovered€a€vehicle€withÏa€shattered€back€window.€€The€officer€noticed€a€manððs€leg€hanging€out€of€theÏdriverððs€side€of€the€vehicle€and€upon€further€investigation,€recognized€the€manÏinside€the€car€as€Denoatus€Murphy,€the€victim€in€this€case.׃×Ý ƒ RÝÔ€Š3ŠŠŠ3ÔÔ€Š3ŠŠŠ3ÔòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€victim,€who€hadÐ V&ö Ða€gunshot€wound€in€his€side,€was€vomiting€and€unable€to€speak.€€Another€policeÏofficer€arrived€shortly€after€œOfficer›€Williams,€and€the€two€officers€placed€the€victimÏon€the€ground€and€administered€CPR€to€him€until€an€ambulance€arrived.€€TheÏvictim€was€then€taken€to€the€hospital,€where€he€was€pronounced€dead.€ÌÌà ` àAt€the€hospital€and€briefly€while€the€victim€was€in€the€car,€œOfficer›€WilliamsÏhad€the€opportunity€to€observe€the€victimððs€injuries,€which€he€described€as€anÏentrance€wound€on€the€victimððs€right€side€and€an€exit€wound€on€his€left€side.€€HeÐ Ö5v,- Ðalso€examined€the€victimððs€car€and€searched€the€field€where€it€was€found.€ÏAlthough€the€officer€found€a€bullet€lodged€in€the€driverððs€seat€and€a€.380€caliberÏshell€casing€in€the€back€floorboard€on€the€driverððs€side,€he€did€not€find€any€typeÏof€weapon€in€or€around€the€vehicle.€€The€officer€also€noted€a€stain€on€the€driverððsÏseat€that€appeared€to€be€blood.ÌÌà ` àRathal€Perkins,€the€Defendant,€was€implicated€by€a€number€of€witnessesÏas€the€shooter.€€At€trial,€the€Defendant€testified€and€admitted€to€shooting€theÏvictim.€€However,€other€facts€surrounding€the€incident€are€in€dispute.€€ÌÌà ` àCourtney€Jones,€the€victimððs€cousin,€testified€that€on€August€10,€1995,€theÏvictim€picked€him€up€and€they€drove€to€a€convenience€store€in€Brownsville€calledÏThe€Marketplace,€where€they€arrived€around€eight€œoððclock€p.m.›€€When€theyÏarrived€at€the€store,€the€victim€told€his€cousin€he€was€there€to€look€for€RodneyÏJohnson,€for€whom€the€victim€had€recently€signed€a€criminal€warrant.œ×ƒ ×Ý ƒ RÝÔ€ŠsŠŠŠsÔÔ€ŠsŠŠŠsÔòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×›€€Mr.Ð €$  ÐJohnson€arrived€shortly€after€the€victim€and€pulled€his€car€alongside€the€driverððsÏside€of€the€victimððs€car.€€He€and€the€victim€began€to€discuss€the€warrant.€€DuringÏthis€discussion,€the€Defendant€pulled€his€vehicle€alongside€the€passenger€sideÏof€the€victimððs€car.ÌÌà ` àAt€this€point,€the€testimony€of€those€present€at€The€Marketplace€that€nightÏdiffers€markedly.€€Courtney€Jones€testified€as€follows:€When€the€Defendant€pulledÏalongside€the€victimððs€car,€the€victim€ð ðasked€[the€Defendant]€what€was€theÏproblem,ðð€to€which€the€Defendant€responded,€ð ðIððm€with€my€nigger.ðð€€By€this,€theÐ ð5,. ÐDefendant€apparently€meant€that€he€was€there€to€side€with€his€friend,€RodneyÏJohnson.€€Johnson€told€the€victim€to€ignore€the€Defendant,€and€words€wereÏœexchanged.Ô‡ŠsŠŠŠsÔ׃+×Ý ƒ RÝÔ€ŠÜ ŠŠŠsÔÔ€ŠsŠ ŠŠÜÔÔ€ŠsŠŠŠsÔòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†ŠsŠŠŠs'#Ô›€€Ð @ à ÐÌà ` àAt€Johnsonððs€suggestion,€Johnson€and€the€victim€moved€their€cars€acrossÏthe€parking€lot;€the€Defendant€followed.€€Johnson€and€the€victim€resumed€theirÏdiscussion.€€Again,€the€victim€asked€the€Defendant,€ð ðWhatððs€the€problem.€.€.€.Ï[W]hy€are€you€bothering€me?ðð€€This€time€the€Defendant€jumped€out€of€his€carÏholding€a€gun,€saying,€ð ðWhat?€€Whatððd€you€say?€€What?ðð€€He€pushed€Jones,€whoÏwas€sitting€in€the€passenger€seat€of€the€victimððs€car,€out€of€the€way€and€shot€intoÏthe€victimððs€car,€striking€the€victim€in€the€side.€€The€victim€immediately€œstarted€his›Ïcar€and€sped€away€while€the€Defendant€kept€firing€at€the€car,€shattering€the€carððsÏrear€windshield.€€The€victim€eventually€passed€out€and€lost€control€of€the€car,€andÏJones€took€control€of€the€vehicle,€steering€it€into€the€field€where€the€œvehicle€andÏthe€victim€were€found€by€Officer€Williams.›ÌÌà ` àKatanya€Smith,€a€teenager€who€was€at€The€Marketplace€at€the€time€of€theÏshooting,€testified€that€she€heard€a€gunshot€while€sitting€in€her€parked€car€justÏoutside€of€the€store.€€She€then€turned€and€saw€a€man,€whom€she€could€notÏidentify,€standing€outside€a€car€shooting.€€The€car€pulled€away,€and€the€man€shotÏtwice€more.€€The€manððs€car€had€been€parked€next€to€that€of€the€victim.ÌÌà ` àWitnesses€for€the€defense€presented€an€entirely€different€version€of€theÏevents€on€the€night€that€the€victim€was€killed.€€Julius€Wynder,€a€friend€of€theÐ ð5,. ÐDefendant€from€Memphis,€testified€that€he€was€riding€œin›€the€backseat€of€theÏDefendantððs€car€on€the€night€of€August€10,€1995.€€He€testified€that€when€theÏDefendant€arrived€at€The€Marketplace€and€pulled€alongside€the€victimððs€car,€theÏvictimœ×ƒ×Ý ƒ RÝÔ€ŠsŠŠŠsÔÔ€ŠsŠŠŠsÔòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×›€said€to€the€Defendant,€ð ðWhat€are€you€in€our€conversation€for?€.€.€.€Man,Ð 0Ð Ðyou€ainððt€even€in€this€thing.ðð€€Wynder€testified€that€this€ð ðshockedðð€the€Defendant,Ïwho€had€not€provoked€the€victim.€€He€further€testified€that€when€the€three€carsÏmoved€to€the€other€side€of€the€parking€lot,€the€victim€said€to€the€Defendant,€ð ðMan,ÏI„€Iððll€blast€your€assðð€and€leaned€down€as€if€to€grab€something€under€the€seat,Ïpresumably€a€gun.€€Wynder€then€testified€that€when€the€victim€ð ðwent€for€the€gun,ððÏWynder€dropped€to€the€floorboard,€heard€two€shots€and€then€heard€theÏDefendant€get€back€into€the€car€before€the€Defendant€drove€out€of€the€parking€lot.€ÏHe€did€not€see€the€gun€for€which€he€believed€the€victim€reached€and€did€not€knowÏwho€fired€the€shots€that€he€heard.€€He€never€spoke€with€police€about€the€incident,Ïclaiming€that€he€was€not€aware€at€the€time€of€the€shooting€that€anyone€had€beenÏshot€and€that€he€did€not€know€he€was€involved€in€the€investigation.ÌÌà ` àDavid€Woods,€who€was€evidently€the€œfront„›seat€passenger€in€theÏDefendantððs€car€on€the€night€of€the€murder,€presented€a€similar€story.€€He€testifiedÏthat€the€victim€had€threatened€to€ð ðblastðð€the€Defendant,€to€which€the€DefendantÏresponded,€ð ðDonððt€reach€for€your€gun.ðð€€He€claimed€that€the€victim€then€reachedÏunder€his€seat,€and€Woods€saw€the€victimððs€right€hand€coming€up€holding€a€gunÏâ âas€Woods€ducked€down.€€Like€Wynder,€Woods€testified€that€he€never€saw€œñrñ€ñrñshots›Ð 2°(* Ðfired,€but€unlike€Wynder,€he€testified€that€he€and€Wynder€discussed€the€fact€thatÏð ðthe€boy€had€died.ððÌâ âÌà ` àRodney€Johnson,€the€man€with€whom€the€victim€met€on€August€10,€1995,Ïtestified€that€the€victim€initiated€the€confrontation€with€the€Defendant.€€He€testifiedÏthat€he€heard€two€or€three€shots€fired.€€However,€he€stated€that€he€never€saw€aÏgun,€œthat€he€did›€not€know€who€fired€the€œshots,›€and€that€he€did€not€know€anyoneÏhad€been€hit.ÌÌà ` àAt€trial,€the€Defendant€claimed€that€he€shot€the€victim€in€self„defense.€€HeÏtestified€that€the€victim€told€him,€ð ðIððll€blow€your€ass€off.ðð€€According€to€theÏDefendant,€as€the€victim€reached€down€and€came€up€with€a€gun,€€ð ðI€jumped€outÏrunning€fearing€for€my€life€shooting.€.€.€.€€It€wasnððt€intentional.€.€.€.€€I€wasnððt€tryingÏto€kill€him.€€I€didnððt€even€know€I€hit€him.ðð€€The€Defendant€also€admitted€that€hisÏgun€was€a€.380€caliber€pistol€and€that€he€threw€it€away€after€the€shooting.€ÌÌà ` àAfter€the€murder,€the€police€searched€the€parking€lot€of€The€Marketplace.€ÏThey€were€unable€to€find€any€weapons,€but€they€did€find€two€spent€shell€casingsÏbeside€the€gas€pumps€which€appeared€to€match€the€casing€found€in€the€victimððsÏcar.€€There€was€also€a€large€amount€of€vehicle€glass€scattered€in€the€parking€lot.€ÏIt€appeared€to€stem€from€the€area€where€the€casings€were€found,€near€the€gasÏpumps,€and€extended€onto€the€street.ÌÌà ` àThe€State€presents€the€threshold€issue€of€whether€this€Court€should€œwaive›Ïthe€Defendantððs€untimely€filing€of€the€notice€of€appeal€and€accept€the€appeal€of€Ïthis€case.€€The€case€contains€a€rather€lengthy€and€unusual€procedural€history.€Ð Ð9p02 ÐThe€trial€took€place€on€November€9,€1995.€€The€Defendant€filed€a€Motion€for€NewÏTrial€on€December€7,€1995;€a€hearing€on€the€motion€was€held,€and€the€motionÏwas€overruled€on€May€13,€1996.€€Trial€counsel€for€the€Defendant€withdrew€onÏJune€3,€1996.€€The€Defendant,€evidently€fearing€the€loss€of€his€right€to€appeal,Ïfiled€some€òòproóó€òòseóó€documents,€including€a€Motion€for€Leave€to€File€Belated€NoticeÐ  À Ðof€Appeal,€a€Petition€for€Post„Conviction€Relief,€and€a€Motion€to€Appoint€CounselÏfor€Appeal.׃×Ý ƒ RÝÔ€ŠsŠŠŠsÔÔ€ŠsŠŠŠsÔòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€œThe›€Public€Defender€was€appointed€to€represent€the€Defendant€onÐ    ÐAugust€22,€1997;€on€that€same€day,€the€Defendant€filed€a€Notice€of€Appeal€fromÏthe€final€judgment€entered€on€December€12,€1995€and€from€the€order€of€May€13,Ï1996€denying€the€Defendant€a€new€trial.׃×Ý ƒ RÝÔ€ŠsŠŠŠsÔÔ€ŠsŠŠŠsÔòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€A€Notice€of€Appeal€was€filed€in€theÐ Ðp ÐCourt€of€Criminal€Appeals€on€August€29,€1997.€€Subsequently,€due€to€a€conflictÏof€interest,€the€œñsñPñsññsñ›pñsñublic›€œñtñDñtññtñ›dñtñefender›€withdrew€from€the€œcase;›€and€on€October€13,Ï1997,€substitute€œcounsel›€Clifford€œMcGown›€was€appointed€to€represent€theÏDefendant€on€appeal.€€The€Defendant,€through€appointed€counsel,€filed€anÏAmended€Motion€for€New€Trial€on€December€1,€1997,€which€was€denied€onÏJanuary€5,€1998.€€€On€January€8,€1998,€the€Defendant€then€filed€œa€Notice›€ofÏAppeal€from€the€final€judgment€entered€on€December€12,€1995€and€from€theÏorder€entered€on€January€5,€1998€denying€the€Defendant€a€new€trial.ÌÌà ` àRule€4€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Appellate€Procedure€states€thatÌÓÓà8 ` à[i]n€an€appeal€as€of€right€to€the€.€.€.€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals,€theÏnotice€of€appeal€required€by€Rule€3€shall€be€filed€with€and€receivedÏby€the€clerk€of€the€trial€court€within€30€days€after€the€œdate€of€entry›€ofÐ 2°(* Ðthe€judgment€appealed€from;€however,€in€all€criminal€cases€theÏœð ðnotice›€of€œappealðð›€document€is€not€jurisdictional€and€the€filing€of€suchÏdocument€may€be€waived€in€the€interest€of€justice.€€The€appropriateÏappellate€court€shall€be€the€court€that€determines€whether€such€aÏwaiver€is€in€the€interest€of€justice.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ѐ€ÌÓ€7ÓTenn.€R.€App.€P.€œ4(a).›€€Due€to€the€unusual€circumstances€in€this€case,€we€waiveÏthe€untimely€filing€of€the€notice€of€appeal€in€the€interest€of€justice.€€We€willÏtherefore€proceed€to€discuss€this€case€on€the€merits.ÌÌà ` àThe€Defendant€argues€that€the€proof€presented€by€the€State€is€œinsufficient›Ïto€sustain€the€Defendantððs€conviction€for€first€degree€murder.€€He€contends€thatÏthe€State€failed€to€adequately€prove€the€element€of€premeditation.€€He€argues€thatÏthe€Defendantððs€conviction€for€first€degree€murder€should€therefore€be€modifiedÏto€a€conviction€for€second€degree€murder.ÌÌà ` àTennessee€Rule€of€Appellate€Procedure€13(e)€prescribes€that€ð ð[findings]Ïof€guilt€in€criminal€actions€whether€by€the€trial€court€or€jury€shall€be€set€aside€if€theÏevidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€finding€by€the€trier€of€fact€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€ð ðQuestions€concerning€the€credibilityÏof€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€the€evidence,€as€well€as€allÏfactual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence,€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€not€thisÏCourt.ðð€€òòState€v.€Pappasóó,€754€S.W.2d€620,€623€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987)€(citingÐ 0.Ð$& ÐòòState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973)).€€Nor€may€this€Court€re„weighÐ  0À&( Ðor€re„evaluate€the€evidence€in€the€record€below.€€òòState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2dÐ 2°(* Ð185,€191€(Tenn.€1992)€(citing€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€836€(Tenn.Ð 4 *, Ð1978)).Ìâ âÐ à7€.0 Ðà ` àA€jury€verdict€approved€by€the€trial€judge€accredits€the€Stateððs€witnessesÏâ âand€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€State.€€òòGraceóó,€493€S.W.2d€at€476€(citingÐ P ð ÐòòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983)).€€On€appeal,€the€State€isÐ @ à Ðentitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€all€inferencesÏtherefrom.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982)€(citing€òòCabbageóó,Ð  À Ð571€S.W.2d€at€835).€€Because€a€verdict€of€guilt€removes€the€presumption€ofÏinnocence€and€replaces€it€with€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€accused€has€theÏburden€in€this€Court€of€illustrating€why€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€theÏverdict€returned€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòMcBee€v.€Stateóó,€372€S.W.2d€173,€176€(Tenn.Ð à€ Ð1963);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòEvansóó,€838€S.W.2d€at€191€(citing€òòGraceóó,€493€S.W.2d€at€476);Ð Ðp ÐòòTuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€at€914.€Ð À` ÐÌà ` àTennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€39„13„202€defines€first€degree€murder€asÏð ð[a]€premeditated€and€intentional€killing€of€another.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„¼202(a)(1).œ×ƒ×Ý ƒ RÝÔ€ŠsŠŠŠsÔÔ€ŠsŠŠŠsÔòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×›€€Premeditation€is€defined€as€Ð €$  ÐÓÓà8 ` àan€act€done€after€the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment.€Ïœð ðPremeditationðð›€means€that€the€intent€to€kill€must€have€been€formedÏprior€to€the€act€itself.€€It€is€not€necessary€that€the€purpose€to€kill€pre„¼exist€in€the€mind€of€the€accused€for€any€definite€period€of€time.€€TheÏmental€state€of€the€accused€at€the€time€the€accused€allegedlyÏdecided€to€kill€must€be€carefully€considered€in€order€to€determineÏwhether€the€accused€was€sufficiently€free€from€excitement€andÏpassion€as€to€be€capable€of€premeditation.Ð ` ü!` ü! Ѐ€ÌÓ‡EÓòòId.óó€ðð€39„13„202(d).€œð ðððPremeditationðð›€is€the€process€simply€of€thinking€about€aÐ (/È%' Ðproposed€killing€before€engaging€in€the€homicidal€conduct€.€.€.€€,ðð€€òòState€v.€Brownóó,Ð 1¸') Ð836€S.W.2d€530,€540„41€(Tenn.€1992)€(quoting€C.€Torcia,€òòWhartonððs€CriminalÐ 3¨)+ ÐLawóó€ðð€140€(14th€ed.€œ1979)).Ð ø4˜+- Їà ` àPremeditation€is€a€question€of€fact€to€be€resolved€by€the€jury.€€òòState€v.óóÐ `  ÐòòAndersonóó,€835€S.W.2d€600,€605€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992).€€ð ðAs€is€usually€theÐ P ð Ðcase,€a€determination€of€a€culpable€mental€state,€such€as€premeditation,€must€beÏinferentially€made€from€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€killing.ðð€€òòState€v.óóÐ 0Ð ÐòòBurlisonóó,€868€S.W.2d€713€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993);€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Gentryóó,€881Ð  À ÐS.W.2d€1,€3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€Thus,€premeditation€may€be€shown€byÏcircumstantial€evidence.€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€541.€Ð    ÐÌà ` àThe€following€circumstances€have€been€relied€upon€in€Tennessee€courtsÏto€prove€premeditation:€ð ð(1)€the€victim€was€retreating€or€attempting€to€escapeÏwhen€shot;€(2)€the€victim€was€unarmed€and€offered€no€provocation,ñxñ€ñxñððñyñ€ñyññwññvñ€ñvññwñòòState€v.Ð À` ÐMartinóó,€702€S.W.2d€560,€562„63€(Tenn.€1985)€Ô‡ŠsŠŠŠsÔ(citations€omitted)Ô#†ŠsŠŠŠsaM#Ô,€òòoverruled€onÐ °P Ðother€groundsóó,›€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€543;€and€(3)€the€victim€ð ðsustained€repeatedÐ   @ Ðblows€or€shots.ðð€€òòHouston€v.€Stateóó,€593€S.W.2d€267,€273€(Tenn.€œ1980),€òòoverruledÐ "0 Ðon€other€groundsóó,€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€543.ñzññ€ññ¤ñ׃×ñ¤ññ¤ñ׃ ×ñ¤ññ€ññ€ñ׃#×ñ€ññzññzñ׃×ñzñÝ ƒ RÝÔ€ŠsŠŠŠsÔÔ€ŠsŠŠŠsÔòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×›€€The€procurement€or€use€of€aÐ €$  Ðâ âdeadly€weapon€may€also€be€relevant€to€the€question€of€premeditation.€€òòState€v.Ð p& ÐBushóó,€942€S.W.2d€489,€501€(Tenn.€1997);€òòBurlisonóó,€868€S.W.2d€at€718;€òòseeóóÐ `  ÐòòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€541.œñzññ¦ñ׃×ñ¦ññ¦ñ׃.×ñ¦ññzññzñ׃ ×ñzñÝ ƒ RÝÔ€ŠsŠŠŠsÔÔ€ŠsŠŠŠsÔòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  כРP ð Ðâ âÌà ` àWe€will€now€review€the€facts€of€the€case€before€us.€€The€Defendant€arrivedÏat€the€scene€of€the€crime€with€a€gun€in€his€vehicle.€€œHis€purpose€was€apparentlyÏto€assist€his€friend€who€was€involved€in€a€dispute€with€the€victim.€€He›€got€out€ofÏhis€vehicle€holding€his€gun.€€He€shot€at€least€two€times€into€or€at€the€victimððs€carÏand€fired€at€least€one€of€those€shots€at€the€victimððs€car€as€the€victim€sped€away.€ÏIn€addition,€police€could€find€no€weapon€which€belonged€to€the€victim€at€the€crimeÏscene,€in€the€victimððs€œcar,›€or€in€the€field€where€the€victim€was€discovered.€ÏWhether€these€facts€show€premeditation€is€a€classic€question€of€fact€forÏconsideration€by€the€jury.€€Upon€review€of€the€testimony€presented€at€trial,€the€juryÏevidently€concluded€that€the€testimony€of€the€Defendant€and€other€witnesses€forÏthe€defense€was€dubious.€€We€will€not€disturb€this€conclusion€on€appeal.€€WeÏbelieve€that€the€evidence€presented€to€the€jury€was€sufficient€to€support€a€findingÏof€premeditation.€ÌÌà ` àThe€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€accordingly€affirmed.€€€€€¹Ó] ÓÌà ` à€€€€€ÌÌÓÓà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à____________________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGEÌÌÐ ø4˜+- ЇCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌPAUL€G.€SUMMERS,€JUDGEÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌJOE€G.€RILEY,€JUDGE