ÿWPCÊ †ê¹à[êÓW L×ø…Ò„Ý)}Ü£s݈‚ õÉäcE×µJVýÕHcHìj$Õ òêKpÎÍDe}Hu5Oʱ!߃Új?¤y“Û6ïƒb¢÷AÞáUÛ@½»Pµàž¡¬Ä+„Ô©@“é_’ç;‡°%‚ÑÊ£ ¯ÄF¶‘€vÆež×nü­0NíÂÌ¢#õ‡ñ÷ÃÉùF³ª{ì K€A@š† Zµ2àNåˆÂðÙF6G°å¨S)…"Ä¢i7w¢•mÿ„VJù+æ—„Ì7D}—tœ·\ÇgÒòPv)˳Gr¯?«]Ûóé Ñ:0q&š5"ý3â±o­3R"/˜þ?„SŸu¡Vü¹OßÂW‰b7ÑÎJÂ|gŒ‰íÍ´òiµ”´&Žð<8Ì÷ìqïŒÇË8ÜvéqÈ^BvÄh c{’—Òj!m´>éܣȗQ…&–㆙4&Â^F‰ë;3J†îB*f ,Dkr;ή0\JÑ`_u$"LvÇÌõO7J8€$Ã’'»Þ†i¤pdb#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ UN· w 4 z Ò— i x mz ‘ Æ™ Æ_ Æ% Æë U@±NñU,ó 1E¬U,® 1uÚ 72O 0c 1äUNqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqb¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ 0ëÇÇÇÇ B²² 0¤Ï D3s D-¦ 0KÓÓ ASÆq 0¤7 0DÛ A«˜HP LaserJet 8000 Series PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ0»¬l&)â (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular¡B )Ô6Ÿ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(ÎáA Z‹(Times New Roman ,c½¬AZ‹Arial (¦ÙCEMU]emu}AutoList1(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1), øð AZArial 3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(¶ÙCEMU]emu}AutoList2(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(1)(ÆúI Z‹6Times New Roman Regular- ù-(|G2î$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€D¬»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô*àò»»Ô d(|3$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€D¬»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€D¬»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€LÔ»»d dÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ8€"DXXdê»»d 8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îFrî»»ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEˆÐ Ö& Ðà@NN"ìàMay€2000€SessionÔ#†»TÓ»îîFrí#ԈРüL ÐÓ  ÓÌò òÓÞÓÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€JAMES€DAVID€Ô_ÔLAMORÔ_Ô€PERRYòòóóó óÐ 4 „ ÐÓþÓÌÔ‡XX»»TÓÔà@ò ò ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Sullivan€CountyˆÐ Z ª Ðà@i i ìàNo.€S40,657€€€€€€Phyllis€H.€Miller,€JudgeˆÐ F – ÐÌÌà@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E< ` A߈Ð  Z  ÐÌà@ÕÕìàNo.€E1999„00271„CCA„R3„CDˆÐ U  Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€September€5,€2000Ð ñA  ÐßA€V) °°` dE<Ü` AßÐ Ý-  Ðó óÌDefendant€James€David€Ô_ÔLamorÔ_Ô€Perry€was€convicted€of€two€counts€of€possession€of€cocaine,€moreÐ Ø( Ðthan€.5€grams,€within€1000€feet€of€a€school,€and€one€count€of€possession€of€marijuana.€€DefendantÐ Ä Ðwas€fined€and€sentenced€to€20€years€on€each€cocaine€possession€count€and€to€6€months€on€theÐ ° Ðmarijuana€count,€all€sentences€to€run€concurrently.€€On€this€direct€appeal€Defendant€now€raisesÐ œì Ðnumerous€challenges€to€his€convictions,€including€issues€regarding€the€constitutionality€andÐ ˆØ Ðinterpretation€of€the€Drug„Free€School€Zone€Act.€€Defendant€also€argues€that€his€sentence€for€theÐ tÄ Ðcocaine€possession€counts€is€excessive.€€We€find€no€error€and€affirm€Defendantððs€convictions€andÐ `° Ðsentences.Ð Lœ ÐÌò òà@DDìàTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó ó.ˆÐ $t ÐÌòòThomas€T.€Ô_ÔWoodallÔ_Ô,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJohn€Everett€Williamsóó€andÐ P ÐòòAlan€E.€Glenn,€JJ.,óó€joined.Ð ì< ÐÔ#†»TÓ»XXŒ#ÔÔ‡XX»»TÓÔÌB.C.€Ô_ÔMcInturffÔ_Ô,€Kingsport,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€James€David€Ô_ÔLamorÔ_Ô€Perry.Ð Ä ÐÔ#†»TÓ»XX« #ÔÔ‡XX»»TÓÔÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Mark€E.€Davidson,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð œ!ì  ÐH.€Greeley€Wells,€Jr.,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Robert€H.€Montgomery,€Assistant€DistrictÐ ˆ"Ø! ÐAttorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð t#Ä" ÐÔ#†»TÓ»XX” #ÔÔ‡XX»»TÓÔÌÌà@66'ìàò òOPINIONó óˆÐ 8&ˆ!% ÐÌòòJudge€Ô_ÔWoodallÔ_Ôóó€òòóó€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court.Ð (`#' ÐÌà  àDefendant€James€David€Ô_ÔLamorÔ_Ô€Perry€was€convicted€by€a€Sullivan€County€jury€of€two€countsÐ è)8%) Ðof€possession€of€cocaine,€more€than€.5€grams,€within€1000€feet€of€a€school,€and€one€count€ofÐ Ô*$&* Ðpossession€of€marijuana.€€Defendant€now€appeals€as€of€right,€and€raises€eight€issues:Ð À+'+ Ðâ âÐ ¬,ü',ý ÐÔ_ÔÓ€ (¦Ù83ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÓ*°,X‚X4` ˜X°œX*Óà  àÝ‚3£úÝÔ2¦ÙÔ(Ú  Ú1Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0 4 àÝ  ÝWhether€the€Drug„Free€School€Zone€Act,€codified€at€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„432,€isÐ ° Ðâ âconstitutional;݃3£ú]݌Мì4(#4(# ÐŒÝ  Ýà0  àà04(#(#àà  à(2)€Whether€there€was€probable€cause€for€the€stop€of€a€vehicle€in€which€Defendant€was€ridingÐ ˆØ Ðas€a€passenger;ÐtÄ4(#4(# ÐÓ€ (¶Ù88ÓØ! !ØÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚3£êÝÔ2¶ÙÔ(Ú  Ú3Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0 4 àÝ  ÝWhether€Defendant's€consent€to€a€search€of€his€apartment€was€voluntary;݃3£ê#ÝŒÐ`°4(#4(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà0  àÝ‚3£ÝÔ2¶ÙÔ(Ú  Ú4Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà04(#(#àÝ  ÝWhether€the€trial€court€erred€when€it€refused€to€admit€evidence€regarding€the€normalÐ L œ Ðhours€of€operation€for€Kennedy€Elementary€and€Sevier€Middle€Schools,€Kingsport;݃3£@ÝŒÐ8 ˆ4(#4(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚3£ÝÔ2¶ÙÔ(Ú  Ú5Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0 4 àÝ  ÝWhether€the€trial€court€erred€when€it€did€not€instruct€the€jury€that€liability€attaches€underÐ $ t Ðthe€Drug„Free€School€Zone€Act€only€if€the€predicate€drug€crime€occurs€during€normalÐ  ` Ðschool€hours€or€activities;݃3£ÖÝŒÐü L 4(#4(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚3£hÝÔ2¶ÙÔ(Ú  Ú6Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0 4 àÝ  ÝWhether€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€Defendant's€conviction€on€the€cocaineÐ è 8  Ðpossession€counts€when€the€State€did€not€prove€that€Defendantððs€crime€occurred€duringÐ Ô$  Ðnormal€school€hours€or€activities;݃3£h¡ÝŒÐÀ 4(#4(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚3£5ÝÔ2¶ÙÔ(Ú  Ú7Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0 4 àÝ  ÝWhether€the€cocaine€possession€convictions€must€be€merged€because€they€constituteÐ ¬ü  Ðmultiple€punishments€for€one€criminal€act;݃3£5n݌Иè 4(#4(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚3£›ÝÔ2¶ÙÔ(Ú  Ú8Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0 4 àÝ  ÝWhether€Defendant's€sentence€on€the€cocaine€possession€counts€is€excessive.݃3£›ÔÝŒÐ„Ô 4(#4(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà  àAlthough€Defendant€argues€generally€that€the€trial€court€erred€when€it€failed€to€grantÐ \¬ ÐDefendantððs€motion€for€a€new€trial,€we€will€address€each€issue€raised€in€the€motion€for€a€new€trialÐ H˜ Ðseparately,€and€need€not€address€this€additional€argument.€€After€a€careful€review€of€the€record€andÐ 4„ Ðthe€applicable€law€we€find€no€error,€and€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ð  p ÐÌÓ  Óò òI.€€Factsó óÐ øH ÐÓŽÓÌà  àIn€early€March€of€1997€Detective€David€Quillen€of€the€Kingsport€Police€Department€receivedÐ Ð  Ða€page€from€a€confidential€informant.€€In€a€subsequent€telephone€conversation€the€informant€toldÐ ¼  ÐQuillen€that€he€had€been€inside€Defendantððs€residence€at€101€Tennessee€Street€in€Kingsport,€and€thatÐ ¨ø Ðhe€observed€a€large€quantity€of€cocaine.€€Later€the€same€day€Quillen€was€paged€again€by€theÐ ”ä Ðinformant.€€This€time€the€informant€stated€that€Defendant€would€be€delivering€a€quantity€of€cocaine,Ð €Ð Ðtermed€an€ð ðeight„ball,ðð€at€the€McDonaldððs€on€Lynn€Garden€Drive€in€Kingsport.€€The€delivery€wasÐ l¼ Ðscheduled€for€approximately€10:15€P.M.€on€March€10,€1997.€€The€informant€also€stated€thatÐ X ¨ ÐDefendant€would€be€accompanied€by€his€girlfriend,€Tammy€Marshall,€that€the€couple€would€be€inÐ D!” Ða€green€Chevrolet€Beretta,€and€that€they€would€sell€the€ð ðeight„ballðð€to€one€Rodney€Pierson.Ð 0"€  Ðà  àÌà  àQuillen€had€received€accurate€information€from€this€informant€before,€and€thus€on€March€10,Ð $X" Ð1997,€€just€after€10:00€P.M.,€Quillen€and€Detective€David€Street€prepared€to€go€the€McDonaldððs€onÐ ô$D # ÐLynn€Garden€Drive.€€First,€they€drove€by€Defendantððs€residence€and€observed€a€green€Beretta.€€TheyÐ à%0!$ Ðreturned€to€their€office€with€the€tag€number,€and€Quillen€confirmed€that€the€car€was€registered€toÐ Ì&"% ÐMarshall.€€Quillen€and€Street€then€proceeded€to€the€McDonaldððs.€€When€the€officers€were€on€LynnÐ ¸'#& ÐGarden€€Drive€they€observed€the€green€Beretta€ahead€of€them€in€traffic.€€The€Beretta€turned€into€theÐ ¤(ô#' ÐMcDonaldððs,€and€went€through€the€drive€through.€€The€persons€in€the€Beretta€matched€theÐ )à$( Ðinformantððs€description€of€Defendant€and€Marshall.€€The€officers€let€the€Beretta€go€through€the€drive„Ð |*Ì%) Ðthrough,€then€stopped€the€vehicle€in€front€of€McDonaldððs.Ð h+¸&* Їà  àDetective€Street€approached€the€driverððs€side€of€the€vehicle,€and€Detective€Quillen€went€toÐ ° Ðthe€passenger€side.€€Defendant€was€in€the€front€passenger€seat,€Marshall€was€in€the€driverððs€seat,€andÐ œì Ðthe€officers€observed€a€napkin€in€Marshallððs€lap.€€Defendant€acted€very€nervous,€and€he€kept€reachingÐ ˆØ Ðas€if€to€grab€the€napkin,€but€would€then€pull€his€hand€back.€€At€the€same€time,€Defendantððs€right€handÐ tÄ Ðkept€going€underneath€the€seat.€€The€officers€ordered€Defendant€to€keep€his€hands€on€the€dashboard,Ð `° Ðbut€he€did€not€comply,€and€the€officers€removed€both€Marshall€and€Defendant€from€the€vehicle.€Ð L œ ÐWhen€they€did€so€the€napkin€fell€on€the€front€driverððs€seat€of€the€car,€and€Detective€Street€observedÐ 8 ˆ Ðwhat€he€thought€were€plastic€baggies€of€cocaine€inside€the€napkin.€€At€this€point€both€Defendant€andÐ $ t ÐMarshall€were€arrested.€€A€subsequent€search€of€the€vehicle€uncovered€the€remains€of€a€marijuanaÐ  ` Ðcigarette€in€the€carððs€ashtray.€€€€Both€Marshall€and€Defendant€were€then€transported€to€the€city€jail.€Ð ü L  ÐTesting€by€the€Tennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation€later€showed€that€the€baggies€containedÐ è 8  Ðapproximately€2.1€grams€of€cocaine.Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àAt€the€jail€Quillen€interviewed€Marshall€first.€€She€gave€a€statement€in€which€she€confessedÐ ¬ü  Ðto€using€marijuana€and€cocaine€with€Defendant€at€Defendantððs€residence€at€101€Tennessee€Street.€Ð ˜è  ÐShe€denied€knowing€why€Defendant€wanted€to€go€the€McDonaldððs€that€night;€she€claimed€thatÐ „Ô  ÐDefendant€placed€the€napkin€in€her€lap€when€the€Beretta€was€stopped€at€the€McDonaldððs,€and€thatÐ pÀ Ðshe€did€not€know€what€was€in€the€napkin.€€She€did€acknowledge€that€she€thought€Defendant€mightÐ \¬ Ðbe€dealing€drugs.€€Marshall€refused€to€sign€the€first€statement,€and€subsequently€signed€a€secondÐ H˜ Ðstatement€that€amended€the€first.€€In€the€second€statement€Marshall€asserted€that€on€March€10,€1997,Ð 4„ Ðin€the€evening,€she€saw€large€quantities€of€powder€and€crack€cocaine,€as€well€as€marijuana,€atÐ  p ÐDefendantððs€residence€at€101€Tennessee€Street.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àAfter€obtaining€Marshallððs€second€statement€Detective€Quillen€went€to€the€interview€roomÐ ä4 Ðwhere€Defendant€was€being€held,€and€initiated€a€conversation.€€Quillen€informed€Defendant€of€theÐ Ð  Ðcharges€against€him,€described€the€content€of€Marshallððs€statement,€and€told€Defendant€that€heÐ ¼  Ðthought€that€Defendant€had€more€cocaine€at€Defendantððs€residence€at€101€Tennessee€Street.€€QuillenÐ ¨ø Ðasked€for€consent€to€search€the€residence,€and€informed€Defendant€that€if€Defendant€did€not€consentÐ ”ä Ðthen€the€officers€would€seek€a€search€warrant.€€Defendant€signed€a€written€consent€to€search€and€toldÐ €Ð Ðthe€officers€exactly€where€some€cocaine€and€marijuana€was€located€in€the€residence.€€The€ensuingÐ l¼ Ðsearch,€executed€in€the€early€morning€hours€of€March€11,€1997,€recovered€approximately€11.4€gramsÐ X ¨ Ðof€cocaine€from€a€closet€in€Defendantððs€apartment,€as€well€as€a€quantity€of€marijuana.€€After€theÐ D!” Ðsearch,€at€approximately€4:00€A.M.,€Quillen€re„interviewed€Defendant.€€Defendant€signed€a€writtenÐ 0"€  Ðwaiver€of€his€rights,€and€although€he€refused€to€make€a€written€statement,€Defendant€discussed€drugÐ #l! Ðactivity€in€Kingsport€with€Quillen.€€Defendant€also€confessed€to€being€in€possession€of€the€ð ðeight„Ð $X" Ðballðð€of€cocaine€found€in€the€Beretta,€and€stated€that€he€was€taking€the€cocaine€to€the€McDonaldððsÐ ô$D # Ðto€sell€to€Rodney€Pierson.€€Defendant€also€told€Quillen€how€he€obtained€his€supply€of€cocaineÐ à%0!$ Ð(including€that€in€the€Beretta€and€in€the€residence),€and€confessed€that€the€marijuana€in€the€apartmentÐ Ì&"% Ðwas€for€his€own€personal€use.Ð ¸'#& Ðà  àÌà  àDefendant€was€indicted€on€two€counts€of€possession€of€cocaine,€more€than€.5€grams,€withinÐ )à$( Ð1000€feet€of€a€school,€and€two€counts€of€possession€of€marijuana,€less€than€.5€ounce.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àAt€trial€the€State€proved€that€the€initial€stop€at€McDonaldððs€and€Defendantððs€residence€wereÐ ° Ðboth€within€1000€feet€of€a€school€through€the€testimony€of€Jeff€Fleming,€an€employee€of€the€City€ofÐ œì ÐKingsport.€€Fleming€testified€that€he€was€Manager€of€Geographic€Information€Systems€for€the€city,Ð ˆØ Ðand€that€as€such€he€was€in€charge€of€using€and€applying€a€computer€mapping€system€to€assist€withÐ tÄ Ðplanning€of€different€city€projects.€€Fleming€testified€that€he€used€the€city€computer€program€to€createÐ `° Ðtwo€maps€of€the€city€of€Kingsport€with€the€schools€highlighted,€and€that€he€used€the€computer€toÐ L œ Ðidentify€a€1000€foot€buffer€zone€around€each€school.€€At€trial€Fleming€used€a€marker€to€identify€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðlocation,€on€the€maps,€of€the€Lynn€Garden€Drive€McDonaldððs€restaurant,€and€the€DefendantððsÐ $ t Ðresidence€at€101€Tennessee€Street.€€The€maps€clearly€show€the€McDonaldððs€restaurant€to€be€withinÐ  ` Ðthe€buffer€zone€of€John€F.€Kennedy€Elementary€School,€and€Defendantððs€residence€to€be€within€theÐ ü L  Ðbuffer€zone€for€the€Robinson€Annex€of€John€Sevier€Middle€School.€€Doyle€Burdine,€of€the€KingsportÐ è 8  ÐCity€Schools,€testified€that€both€the€Kennedy€Elementary€and€Robinson€Annex€properties€were€inÐ Ô$  Ðuse€as€public€schools€on€the€date€of€Defendantððs€offense.Ð À  ÐÌà  àThe€jury€convicted€Defendant€on€both€cocaine€possession€charges€and€the€marijuanaÐ ˜è  Ðpossession€charge€related€to€the€marijuana€at€Defendantððs€residence.€€Defendant€was€acquitted€of€theÐ „Ô  Ðmarijuana€possession€charge€stemming€from€the€vehicle€search.€The€jury€fixed€Defendantððs€fines€atÐ pÀ Ð$5,000€and€€$20,000€for€each€respective€cocaine€charge€and€$500€for€the€marijuana€charge.€€AtÐ \¬ Ðsentencing€the€trial€court€adopted€the€juryððs€fines€and€in€addition€sentenced€Defendant€to€twenty€(20)Ð H˜ Ðyears€on€each€cocaine€possession€charge,€and€six€(6)€months€for€the€marijuana€count,€with€allÐ 4„ Ðsentences€€to€be€served€€concurrently.Ð  p ÐÌò òÓ  ÓII.€€Analysisó óÐ øH ÐÓÀ?ÓÌà  àDefendant€raises€nine€issues€in€his€appeal.€€We€address€each€in€turn.Ð Ð  ÐÌÓ  Óò òA.€€Constitutionality€of€Drug„Free€School€Zone€Act,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„432ó óÐ ¨ø ÐÓi@ÓÌà  àDefendant€argues€that€his€conviction€is€invalid€because€the€statute€under€which€he€wasÐ €Ð Ðconvicted,€the€Drug„Free€School€Zone€Act,€is€unconstitutional.€€Defendant€reasons€that€the€statuteÐ l¼ Ð(1)€violates€due€process€because€it€is€vague,€uncertain€and€indefinite;€(2)€violates€due€processÐ X ¨ Ðbecause€it€is€overbroad;€and€(3)€violates€separation€of€powers€principles€because€the€statute€infringesÐ D!” Ðupon€the€Governorððs€constitutional€power€to€grant€pardons€and€reprieves.€€We€disagree.Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àGenerally,€the€courts€are€charged€with€upholding€the€constitutionality€of€statutes€whenÐ $X" Ðpossible.€€òòState€v.€Joyneróó,€759€S.W.2d€422,€425€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987)€(citing€òòDykes€v.€HamiltonÐ ô$D # ÐCountyóó,€191€S.W.2d€155,€159€(1945)).€€The€first€portion€of€the€Drug€Free€Schools€Act€that€isÐ à%0!$ Ðrelevant€to€our€inquiry€is€ðð€39„17„432(b):Ð Ì&"% ÐÌÒ°ÒÒ°ÒA€violation€of€ðð€39„17„417,€or€a€conspiracy€to€violate€such€section,€that€occurs€on€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðgrounds€or€facilities€of€any€school€or€within€one€thousand€feet€(1,000')€of€the€realÐ )à$( Ðâ âproperty€that€comprises€a€public€or€private€elementary€school,€middle€school€orÐ |*Ì%) Ðsecondary€school€shall€be€punished€one€(1)€classification€higher€than€is€provided€inÐ ° Ððð€39„17„417(b)„(i)€for€such€violation.Ð œì Ðâ âÒ°ýDÒÒ°ïDÒÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€(1997).€€Here,€Defendant€was€faced€with€two€counts€of€possession€of€more€thanÐ tÄ Ð.5€grams€of€cocaine,€which€is€a€class€B€felony€under€ðð€39„17„417(c)(1).€€Because€DefendantÐ `° Ðpossessed€the€cocaine€within€1000€feet€of€a€school€in€both€counts,€Defendant€was€charged€with€andÐ L œ Ðconvicted€of€a€class€A€felony€on€both€counts€under€ðð€39„17„432(b).€€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àDefendant€asserts€that€the€language€of€this€subsection€is€impermissibly€vague,€uncertain€andÐ  ` Ðindefinite€because€a€reasonable€person€could€not€read€the€statute€and€understand€what€activity€isÐ ü L  Ðcriminalized.€€However,€this€Court€has€previously€ruled€on€this€issue,€and€we€have€held€that€theÐ è 8  Ðlanguage€of€the€statute€passes€constitutional€muster.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Jenkinsóó,€15€S.W.3d€914,€918Ð Ô$  Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999);€€òòState€v.€Thomas€D.€Smithóó,€No.€M1999„00018„CCA„R3„CD,€2000€WLÐ À  Ð549321,€at€*3„5,€Robertson€County€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€May€5,€2000),€òòno€Rule€11Ð ¬ü  Ðapplication€filedóó.Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àDefendantððs€second€argument€is€that€ðð€39„17„432(b)€is€overbroad,€but€Defendant€has€citedÐ pÀ Ðno€authority€supporting€this€proposition.€€As€a€result,€the€argument€is€waived.€€Ô‡XXXXÔTenn.€Crim.€App.€R.Ð \¬ Ð10(b);òòóó€òòState€v.€Killebrewóó,€760€S.W.2d€228,€231€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988).Ô#†XXXX¢L#ÔÔ‡XT· XXXÔ€€Ô#†XX XXT·_M#Ô€Waiver€notwithstanding,€Ð H˜ Ðwe€note€that€Defendant€has€not€stated€what€constitutionally€protected€activity€is€encroached€upon€byÐ 4„ Ðthe€Act,€and€thus€Defendantððs€legal€argument€is€insufficient€on€its€face.€€òòSeeóó€òòSmithóó,€2000€WLÐ  p Ð549321,€at€*3€(quoting€òòState€v.€Forbesóó,€918€S.W.2d€431,€448€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)).Ð  \ ÐÌà  àFinally,€Defendant€argues€that€the€Act€impermissibly€infringes€on€the€constitutional€powerÐ ä4 Ðof€the€Governor€to€grant€pardons.€€Although€the€exact€nature€of€Defendantððs€argument€is€somewhatÐ Ð  Ðunclear,€we€presume€that€the€argument€relates€to€ðð€39„17„432(e),€which€provides€that:Ð ¼  ÐÌÒ°ÒÒ°ÒNothing€in€the€provisions€of€title€41,€chapter€1,€part€5€shall€give€either€the€governorÐ ”ä Ðor€the€board€of€paroles€the€authority€to€release€or€cause€the€release€of€a€defendantÐ €Ð Ðsentenced€for€a€violation€of€subsection€(b)€prior€to€service€of€the€entire€minimumÐ l¼ Ðsentence€for€such€defendantððs€appropriate€range€of€sentence.Ð X ¨ ÐÒ°PÒÒ°«PÒÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€(1997).€€Title€41,€chapter€1,€part€5€of€the€Tennessee€Code€Annotated,€entitledÐ 0"€  ÐReduction€of€Prison€Overcrowding,€gives€the€Governor€the€authority€to€reduce€the€release€eligibilityÐ #l! Ðdates€of€persons€incarcerated€in€the€Department€of€Correction€in€order€to€alleviate€prisonÐ $X" Ðovercrowding.€€òòSeeóó€ðððð€41„5„503,€504€(1997).Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àThe€plain€language€of€ðð€39„17„432(e)€makes€it€clear€that€this€subsection€has€nothing€to€doÐ Ì&"% Ðwith€the€Governorððs€pardoning€power.€€In€Tennessee€the€Governor€has€the€power€to€grant€pardonsÐ ¸'#& Ðand€reprieves€to€convicted€persons€except€in€cases€of€impeachment.€€Tenn.€Const.€art.€III,€ðð€6;€Tenn.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€40„27„101€(1997).€€Defendant€is€correct€in€noting€that€the€Governorððs€power€is€onlyÐ )à$( Ðlimited€by€the€language€in€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€and€the€Legislature€cannot€take€that€powerÐ |*Ì%) Ðfrom€the€Governorððs€control.€€òòCarroll€v.€Raneyóó,€953€S.W.2d€657,€659€(Tenn.€1997).€€The€power€atÐ h+¸&* Ðissue€in€ðð€39„17„432(e),€however,€is€not€that€set€forth€in€the€Constitution,€but€rather€the€additionalÐ ° Ðpower€granted€to€the€Governor€by€the€Legislature€in€order€to€alleviate€prison€crowding.€€Section€ððÐ œì Ð39„17„432(e)€limits€the€power€granted€in€ðð€41„5„504,€and€does€not€limit€the€pardon€power€set€forthÐ ˆØ Ðin€article€III,€ðð€6.€€As€a€result,€Defendant€is€not€entitled€to€relief€on€this€issue.Ð tÄ ÐÌÓ  Óò òB.€€Probable€cause€for€stop€and€search€of€vehicleó óÐ L œ ÐÓÔXÓÌà  àDefendant€next€argues€that€Detectives€Quillen€and€Street€did€not€have€probable€cause€to€stopÐ $ t ÐMarshallððs€vehicle€at€McDonaldððs.€€Defendant€also€argues€that€after€the€vehicle€was€stopped€theÐ  ` Ðdetectives€did€not€have€probable€cause€to€search€the€vehicle.€€Defendant€thus€contends€that€under€the€Ð ü L  Ðfruit€of€the€poisonous€tree€doctrine€Defendantððs€subsequent€arrest€and€consent€to€search€(for€hisÐ è 8  Ðresidence)€are€both€invalid€because€they€are€the€byproduct€of€an€illegal€seizure€and€search.€€Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àAs€to€the€stop€of€the€vehicle,€à h àwe€conclude€that€Defendant€is€not€entitled€to€relief€because€theÐ ¬ü  Ðissue€is€waived.€€Although€Defendant€filed€a€pretrial€motion€objecting€to€the€McDonaldððs€stop,Ð ˜è  ÐDefendant€later€withdrew€the€motion,€and€did€not€argue€the€validity€of€the€stop€at€the€suppressionÐ „Ô  Ðhearing.€€As€a€result,€the€trial€judge€never€ruled€on€the€issue.€€Moreover,€Defendant€did€not€raise€thisÐ pÀ Ðissue€in€his€motion€for€a€new€trial.€€As€a€result,€the€issue€is€not€properly€before€us€on€this€appeal.Ô‡XT· XXXÔ€€òòÔ#†XX XXT·ø]#ÔÔ‡XXXXÔSeeóóÐ \¬ ÐT.R.A.P.€3(e),€36(a);òòóó€òòState€v.€Killebrewóó,€760€S.W.2d€228,€235€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988).Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àAs€to€the€search€of€Marshallððs€car,€Defendant€also€failed€to€raise€this€issue€at€the€trial€level,Ð  p Ðand€thus€this€issue€is€also€waived.€€Ô#†XXXX?^#ÔòòÔ‡XXXXÔSeeóó€T.R.A.P.€36(a);òòóó€òòKillebrewóó,€760€S.W.2d€at€235.€€However,Ð  \ Ðeven€if€we€addressed€Defendantððs€claim€on€the€merits,€we€think€that€Defendant€is€not€entitled€toÐ øH Ðrelief€on€this€issue.€€One€who€challenges€the€reasonableness€of€a€search€or€seizure€has€the€initialÐ ä4 Ðburden€of€establishing€a€legitimate€expectation€of€privacy€in€the€place€or€thing€to€be€searched.€€òòStateÐ Ð  Ðv.€Oodyóó,€823€S.W.2d€554,€560€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).Ô#†XXXXÁ_#ÔÔ‡XXXXÔ€€One€who€does€not€have€such€anÐ ¼  Ðexpectation€of€privacy€lacks€ð ðstandingðð€to€challenge€the€search.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Pattersonóó,€966€S.W.2dÐ ¨ø Ð435,€441€n.5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997).€€There€are€seven€factors€to€be€considered€when€determiningÐ ”ä Ðif€a€legitimate€expectation€of€privacy€exists:€(1)€ownership€of€the€property,€(2)€whether€the€defendantÐ €Ð Ðhas€a€possessory€interest€in€the€thing€seized,€(3)€whether€the€defendant€has€a€possessory€interest€inÐ l¼ Ðthe€place€searched,€(4)€whether€the€defendant€has€a€right€to€exclude€others€from€that€place,€(5)Ð X ¨ Ðwhether€he€as€exhibited€a€subjective€expectation€that€the€place€would€remain€free€from€intrusion€byÐ D!” Ðthe€state,€(6)€whether€Defendant€took€normal€precautions€to€maintain€his€privacy,€and€(7)€whetherÐ 0"€  Ðhe€was€legitimately€on€the€premises.€€òòOodyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€560.€Ð #l! ÐÌà  àUsing€these€factors€we€do€not€think€that€Defendant€has€a€legitimate€expectation€of€privacyÐ ô$D # Ðin€Marshallððs€car.€€First,€there€is€no€evidence€that€Defendant€had€a€subjective€expectation€of€privacyÐ à%0!$ Ðin€the€car.€€Second,€as€Defendant€points€out€in€his€brief,€ð ðhe€was€not€the€owner€of€the€vehicle,€wasÐ Ì&"% Ðnot€the€driver€of€the€vehicle,€merely€a€passenger€in€it.ðð€€Nor€did€defendant€have€any€possessoryÐ ¸'#& Ðinterest€in€the€car.€€Defendant€does€not€have€standing€to€challenge€the€search€of€Marshallððs€car,€andÐ ¤(ô#' Ðhad€thus€Defendant€would€not€be€entitled€to€relief€on€this€issue.€€òòSeeóó€òòRakas€v.€Illinoisóó,€439€U.S.€128Ð )à$( Ð(1978).€€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÔ#†XXXX b#ÔÐ h+¸&* Їò òÓ  ÓC.€€Validity€of€consent€to€search€Defendant's€residenceó óÐ ° ÐÓ[iÓÌà  àDefendant€alleges€that€his€written€consent€to€search€his€residence€at€101€Tennessee€Street€wasÐ ˆØ Ðinvalid€and€the€cocaine€and€marijuana€seized€during€the€search€should€have€been€suppressed.€€WeÐ tÄ Ðdo€not€agree,€and€affirm€the€trial€courtððs€holding€that€Defendantððs€consent€was€freely€and€voluntarilyÐ `° Ðgiven.Ð L œ ÐÌà  àThe€Fourth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€provides€ð ðThe€right€of€the€peopleÐ $ t Ðto€be€secure€in€their€persons,€houses,€papers,€and€effects,€against€unreasonable€searches€and€seizures,Ð  ` Ðshall€not€be€violated,€and€no€warrants€shall€issue,€but€upon€probable€cause€.€.€.€.ðð€€U.S.€Const.€amend.Ð ü L  ÐIV.€€Similarly,€article€I,€section€7€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€guarantees€that€ð ðthe€people€shall€beÐ è 8  Ðsecure€in€their€persons,€houses,€papers€and€possessions,€from€unreasonable€searches€and€seizures€.Ð Ô$  Ð.€.€.ðð€€Tenn.€Const.€art.€I,€ðð€7.€€Unless€it€falls€within€a€specifically€established€and€well€delineatedÐ À  Ðexception,€a€search€conducted€without€a€warrant€is€per€se€unreasonable.€€òòSchneckloth€v.€Bustamonteóó,Ð ¬ü  Ð412€U.S.€218,€219€(1973)€(citations€omitted).€€Evidence€discovered€as€a€result€of€a€warrantless€searchÐ ˜è  Ðor€seizure€is€subject€to€suppression€unless€the€prosecution€demonstrates€by€a€preponderance€of€theÐ „Ô  Ðevidence€that€the€search€or€seizure€was€conducted€pursuant€to€an€exception€to€the€warrantÐ pÀ Ðrequirement.€€òòState€v.€Keithóó,€978€S.W.2d€861,€865€(Tenn.€1998).Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àOne€established€and€well€recognized€exception€to€the€warrant€requirement€is€a€search€thatÐ 4„ Ðis€conducted€pursuant€to€consent.€€òòSchnecklothóó,€412€U.S.€at€219.€€The€burden€of€proof€rests€upon€theÐ  p ÐState€to€show,€by€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence,€that€the€consent€to€a€warrantless€search€wasÐ  \ Ðgiven€freely€and€voluntarily.€€òòId.óó€at€248„49;€òòState€v.€Bartramóó,€925€S.W.2d€227,€230€(Tenn.€1996).€Ð øH ÐThe€question€of€whether€an€accused€voluntarily€consented€to€the€search€is€a€question€of€fact€whichÐ ä4 Ðfocuses€upon€the€totality€of€the€circumstances.€òòSchnecklothóó,€412€U.S.€at€248„49.€€In€order€to€surviveÐ Ð  Ðconstitutional€scrutiny€consent€to€search€must€be€unequivocal,€specific,€intelligently€given,€andÐ ¼  Ðuncontaminated€by€duress€or€coercion.€€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530,€547€(Tenn.€1992)€(citingÐ ¨ø ÐòòLiming€v.€Stateóó,€417€S.W.2d€769€(Tenn.€1967)).Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àThis€Court€must€uphold€a€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€resulting€from€a€suppression€hearingÐ l¼ Ðunless€the€evidence€preponderates€against€them.€€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.€1996).€Ð X ¨ ÐThe€burden€is€on€the€defendant€to€demonstrate€that€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€trialÐ D!” Ðcourtððs€findings.€€òòState€v.€Hartsóó,€7€S.W.3d€78,€84€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999).€€The€question€of€consentÐ 0"€  Ðand€whether€it€was€voluntarily€given€are€questions€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Ashworthóó,€3€S.W.3d€25,€29Ð #l! Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999)€(quoting€òòState€v.€McMahanóó,€650€S.W.2d€383,€386€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð $X" Ð1983)).€€However,€the€application€of€the€law€to€the€facts€is€a€question€of€law€which€is€reviewed€deÐ ô$D # Ðnovo€on€appeal.€€òòHartsóó,€7€S.W.3d€at€84.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àDefendantððs€argument€addresses€the€interaction€between€Detective€Quillen€and€DefendantÐ ¸'#& Ðat€the€Kingsport€jail€after€Defendant€had€been€arrested.€€Defendant€asserts€that€his€consent€to€searchÐ ¤(ô#' Ðwas€not€voluntary€because€he€was€promised€that€giving€consent€would€help€his€case,€and€becauseÐ )à$( ÐQuillen€misrepresented€the€content€of€Marshallððs€statements.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àAt€the€suppression€hearing€Quillenððs€testimony€established€that€after€Defendant€and€MarshallÐ ° Ðwere€transported€to€the€jail€Quillen€interviewed€Marshall€first.€€Marshall€gave€the€two€statementsÐ œì Ðpreviously€discussed,€and€then€Quillen€went€to€speak€with€Defendant.€€Quillen€testified€that€heÐ ˆØ Ðinformed€Defendant€of€the€charges,€told€Defendant€how€Marshallððs€statements€implicated€Defendant,Ð tÄ Ðand€indicated€that€he€would€like€Defendantððs€consent€to€search€Defendantððs€residence.€€Quillen€alsoÐ `° Ðinformed€Defendant€that€the€officers€would€obtain€a€search€warrant€if€Defendant€would€not€consent.€Ð L œ ÐAccording€to€Quillen,€after€some€general€conversation€about€the€charges€and€other€drug€activity€inÐ 8 ˆ ÐKingsport,€Defendant€agreed€to€sign€the€consent€to€search€form,€and€told€Quillen€verbally€where€theÐ $ t Ðdrugs€were€located€in€Defendantððs€residence.€€Quillen€also€testified€that€Defendant€informed€QuillenÐ  ` Ðthat€Defendantððs€parents€were€visiting,€and€staying€in€Defendantððs€residence,€and€Defendant€wasÐ ü L  Ðconcerned€about€the€effect€that€a€police€search€in€the€middle€of€the€night€would€have€on€his€family.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àDefendant€testified€at€the€suppression€hearing€that€Quillen€did€inform€him€about€theÐ À  Ðincriminatory€nature€of€Marshallððs€statements.€€Defendant€also€testified€that€Quillen€told€DefendantÐ ¬ü  Ðthat€consenting€to€the€search€would€make€it€easier€on€Defendant,€and€that€if€Defendant€did€notÐ ˜è  Ðconsent€the€officers€would€get€a€warrant,€which€would€make€it€harder€on€Defendant.€€DefendantÐ „Ô  Ðtestified€that€as€a€result€he€signed€the€consent€form€and€told€Quillen€where€the€drugs€were.€€WhenÐ pÀ Ðthe€court€questioned€Defendant€and€asked€him€if€he€was€trying€to€avoid€a€thorough€police€search€withÐ \¬ Ðhis€parents€in€the€house,€Defendant€acknowledged€that€ð ð[t]hey€told€me€they€were€going€to€tear€theÐ H˜ Ðplace€up,€and€I€didnððt€want€to,€I€explained€to€them€that€I€didnððt€want€to€put€that€on€my€parents.ððÐ 4„ ÐÌà  àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€suppression€hearing€the€trial€judge€found€that€(1)€the€officers€did€notÐ  \ Ðmisrepresent€the€contents€of€Marshallððs€statements€to€Defendant,€(2)€Defendant€had€motive€toÐ øH Ðconsent€to€the€search€because€his€parents€were€staying€in€his€home€and€he€did€not€want€the€residenceÐ ä4 Ðsearched€top„to„bottom€in€the€middle€of€the€night€with€his€parents€present,€(3)€Detective€QuillenððsÐ Ð  Ðtestimony€was€credible,€(4)€Defendantððs€testimony€was€not€credible,€and€(5)€Detective€Quillen€didÐ ¼  Ðnot€make€any€promises€of€a€specific€outcome€or€result€in€Defendantððs€case€in€return€for€DefendantððsÐ ¨ø Ðconsent€to€search.€Accordingly,€the€trial€judge€held€that€Defendant€consented€to€the€search€toÐ ”ä Ðalleviate€strain€on€his€parents,€the€consent€was€not€obtained€by€misrepresentation,€and€that€theÐ €Ð Ðconsent€was€valid.Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àThe€evidence€does€not€preponderate€against€these€findings.€€Moreover,€under€the€applicableÐ D!” Ðlaw,€these€findings€make€clear€that€Defendantððs€consent€was€freely€and€voluntarily€given.€€DefendantÐ 0"€  Ðis€not€entitled€to€relief€on€this€issue.Ð #l! Ðò òó óÌÓ  Óò òD.€€Elements€of€drug€possession€within€1000€feet€of€a€school€underðð€39„17„432ó óÐ ô$D # ÐÓ2ˆÓÌà  àDefendant€raises€three€issues€that€relate€to€the€elements€of€the€offense€for€which€DefendantÐ Ì&"% Ðwas€convicted:€(1)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€when€it€refused€to€admit€evidence€regarding€theÐ ¸'#& Ðnormal€hours€of€operation€for€Kennedy€Elementary€and€Robinson€Annex;€(2)€whether€the€evidenceÐ ¤(ô#' Ðis€sufficient€to€support€Defendant's€conviction€when€the€State€did€not€prove€that€school€operationsÐ )à$( Ðor€activities€were€in€session€when€Defendant€committed€his€offenses,€and€(3)€whether€the€trial€courtÐ |*Ì%) Ðerred€when€it€did€not€include,€in€the€jury€charge,€an€instruction€that€criminal€liability€under€the€Drug„Ð h+¸&* ÐFree€School€Zone€Act€does€not€attach€unless€the€crime€was€committed€during€normal€school€hoursÐ ° Ðor€activities.Ð œì ÐÌà  àAll€three€of€these€issues€are€premised€on€the€assumption€that€the€Drug„Free€School€Zone€ActÐ tÄ Ðapplies€only€when€school€is€in€session€or€when€school„related€activities€are€occurring€at€the€school.€Ð `° ÐThis€Court€has€rejected€this€argument€before,€and€we€reject€it€here€as€well.€€There€is€nothing€in€theÐ L œ Ðlanguage€of€the€statute€that€indicates€that€the€Legislature€intended€ðð€39„17„432€to€have€the€limitedÐ 8 ˆ Ðapplication€€that€Defendant€suggests.€€As€we€have€said,€Ð $ t ÐÌÒ°ÒÒ°Ò[c]hildren€frequent€school€grounds€outside€the€traditional€classroom€hours.€Ð ü L  ÐPlaygrounds€and€basketball€courts€provide€year„round€entertainment€for€children.€Ð è 8  ÐSchools€facilities€host€various€after„school€clubs€and€activities.€€Further,€manyÐ Ô$  Ðschools€conduct€summer€classes.€€Accordingly,€the€instruments€of€[drug]€transactionsÐ À  Ðand€subsequent€use,€such€as€needles€and€other€paraphernalia,€likely€to€be€left€at€theÐ ¬ü  Ðschool€grounds€present€hazards€and€distractions€to€students€at€all€times.Ð ˜è  ÐÒ°mŽÒÒ°_ŽÒÌ€òòJenkinsóó,€15€S.W.3d€at€918.€€Moreover,€during€the€legislative€process€an€amendment€was€introducedÐ pÀ Ðin€the€Tennessee€Senate€that€would€have€limited€the€application€of€the€Act€to€crimes€occurringÐ \¬ Ðduring€normal€school€hours€and€times€during€official€school€activities.€€òòSmithóó,€2000€WL€549321€atÐ H˜ Ð*7,€n.6.€€This€amendment€was€rejected.€€òòId.óó€€We€conclude€that€the€conduct€addressed€in€ðð€39„17„432Ð 4„ Ðapplies€to€all€crimes€enumerated€in€39„17„417€regardless€of€the€time€of€day€or€night€they€occur.Ð  p ÐÌà  àAs€a€result,€Defendantððs€claim€regarding€the€admission€of€evidence€must€fail.€€DefendantÐ øH Ðargues€that€the€trial€court€erred€when€it€refused€to€allow€testimony€regarding€the€normal€hours€ofÐ ä4 Ðoperation€for€Kennedy€Elementary€and€Robinson€Annex.€€However,€evidence€is€only€admissible€ifÐ Ð  Ðit€is€relevant.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€402.€€Given€that€ðð€39„17„432€applies€to€all€drug€crimes€enumerated€inÐ ¼  Ððð€39„17„417,€regardless€of€whether€the€respective€school€is€in€session,€the€evidence€that€DefendantÐ ¨ø Ðsought€to€introduce€regarding€school€operating€hours€was€irrelevant,€and€thus€inadmissible.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àLikewise,€Defendantððs€narrow€challenge€to€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€must€also€fail.€Ð l¼ ÐWhen€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€challenged€on€appeal€the€relevant€question€for€the€reviewingÐ X ¨ Ðcourt€is€whether€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€accused€guilty€of€every€element€of€theÐ D!” Ðoffense€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319€(1979).€€Under€theÐ 0"€  Ðinterpretation€of€€ðð€39„17„432€that€we€have€set€forth€above€the€predicate€drug€crime€need€not€occurÐ #l! Ðduring€school€hours€or€during€school€activities€in€order€to€be€punishable€under€ðð€39„17„432,€and€thus€Ð $X" Ðthe€occurrence€of€the€offense€within€school€hours€or€during€school€activities€€is€not€an€element€of€theÐ ô$D # Ðcrime.€As€a€result,€the€State€need€not€present€any€evidence€at€all€regarding€the€time€frame€of€theÐ à%0!$ Ðcrime€as€regards€to€school€hours,€and€the€Stateððs€proof€on€this€issue,€if€any,€has€no€bearing€on€theÐ Ì&"% Ðconstitutional€propriety€of€Defendantððs€conviction.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àFinally,€Defendantððs€argument€regarding€the€jury€charge€also€fails.€€It€is€the€trial€courtððs€dutyÐ )à$( Ðto€give€a€complete€charge€of€the€law€applicable€to€the€facts€of€the€case.€€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€839€S.W.2dÐ |*Ì%) Ð54,€73€(Tenn.€1992).€€This€includes€a€complete€instruction€of€the€elements€of€the€offense.€€òòState€v.Ð h+¸&* ÐBreweróó,€932€S.W.2d€1,€16€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996).€€As€previously€stated,€however,€the€crimesÐ ° Ðpunishable€under€ðð€39„17„432€need€not€occur€during€school€hours€or€activities,€and€thus€theÐ œì Ðoccurrence€of€the€crime€during€school€hours€or€activities€is€not€an€element€of€Defendantððs€offense.€Ð ˆØ ÐAccordingly,€the€times€of€school€operation€are€not€part€of€the€law€governing€Defendantððs€case,€andÐ tÄ Ðthe€jury€need€not€have€been€instructed€by€the€court€regarding€this€issue.Ð `° ÐÌò òÓ  ÓE.€€Merger€of€cocaine€possession€convictionsó óÐ 8 ˆ ÐÓžÓÌà  àDefendant€argues€that€the€two€counts€of€cocaine€possession€within€1000€feet€of€a€schoolÐ  ` Ðshould€be€merged€into€one€conviction€because€ð ðthe€Defendant€is€the€same€person,€the€automobileÐ ü L  Ðis€the€same,€co„defendant€was€the€same,€the€drugs€were€the€same,€and€the€state€cannot€carve€oneÐ è 8  Ðepisode€into€two€or€more€offenses€in€order€to€pyramid€punishment.ðð€€Although€Defendantððs€rationaleÐ Ô$  Ðis€somewhat€vague€we€interpret€it€to€be€an€argument€based€on€double€jeopardy€principles,€or,€in€theÐ À  Ðalternative,€due€process€issues€analogous€to€those€articulated€by€our€Supreme€Court€in€òòState€v.Ð ¬ü  ÐAnthonyóó.€€òòSeeóó€817€S.W.2d€299€(Tenn.€1991).Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àWe€do€not€think€that€Defendant€is€entitled€to€relief€on€this€issue.€€Both€double€jeopardy€andÐ pÀ ÐòòAnthonyóó€address€whether€multiple€punishments€may€be€visited€upon€a€Defendant€who€participatesÐ \¬ Ðin€one€criminal€episode.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Dentonóó,€938€S.W.2d€373,€379€(Tenn.€1996);€òòAnthonyóó,€817Ð H˜ ÐS.W.2d€at€300.€€Here,€the€facts€clearly€show€that€Defendant€possessed€cocaine€at€two€locationsÐ 4„ Ðseparate€and€distinct€from€one€anotherð!ðin€co„defendant€Marshallððs€car€and€at€Defendantððs€ownÐ  p Ðresidence.€€For€the€purposes€of€the€Drug„€Free€School€Zone€Act,€Defendant€possessed€cocaine€withinÐ  \ Ðthe€buffer€zones€of€two€different€schools.€€Defendant€committed€two€discreet€crimes,€and€thus€eachÐ øH Ðcriminal€event€may€be€prosecuted€separate€from€the€other.€€Defendant€is€not€entitled€to€the€mergerÐ ä4 Ðof€his€two€cocaine€possession€convictions.Ð Ð  ÐÌò òÓ  ÓF.€€Sentencingó óÐ ¨ø ÐÓ¦ÓÌà  àDefendant€Ô‡XXXXÔnext€challenges€his€sentence€for€his€conviction€of€two€counts€of€cocaineÐ €Ð Ðpossession,€more€than€.5€grams,€within€1000€feet€of€a€school.€€Specifically,€Defendant€argues€thatÐ l¼ Ðhis€sentence€of€20€years€on€each€count,€each€to€be€served€concurrently€with€the€other,€is€excessive.€Ð X ¨ ÐAlthough€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€erred€when€it€applied€one€enhancement€factor€to€theÐ D!” Ðsentence€for€possession€of€cocaine€at€Defendantððs€residence,€this€error€is€harmless,€and€thus€weÐ 0"€  Ðaffirm€the€sentences€imposed€by€the€trial€court.Ô#†XXXXp¦#ÔÔ‡XT· XXXÔÐ #l! ÐÌÔ#†XX XXT·©#ÔÔ‡XXXXÔà  àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length,€range,€or€the€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€thisÐ î$> # ÐCourt€has€a€duty€to€conduct€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€of€the€sentence€with€a€presumption€that€theÐ Ú%*!$ Ðdeterminations€made€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d)€(1997).€€ThisÐ Æ&"% Ðpresumption€is€ð ðconditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€courtÐ ²'#& Ðconsidered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823Ð ž(î#' ÐS.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).Ð Š)Ú$( Ðâ âÐ v*Æ%) Ðà  àIn€conducting€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€of€a€sentence,€this€court€must€consider€(a)€the€evidence,€ifÐ ° Ðâ âany,€received€at€the€trial€and€the€sentencing€hearing;€(b)€the€presentence€report;€(c)€the€principles€ofÐ œì Ðsentencing€and€arguments€as€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(d)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€theÐ ˆØ Ðcriminal€conduct€involved;€(e)€any€statutory€mitigating€or€enhancement€factors;€(f)€any€statement€thatÐ tÄ Ðthe€defendant€made€on€his€own€behalf;€and€(g)€the€potential€or€lack€of€potential€for€rehabilitation€orÐ `° Ðtreatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„102,€103,€210€(1997).€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€735€S.W.2d€859,Ð L œ Ð863€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àIf€our€review€reflects€that€the€trial€court€followed€the€statutory€sentencing€procedure,€imposedÐ  ` Ða€lawful€sentence€after€having€given€due€consideration€and€proper€weight€to€the€factors€andÐ ü L  Ðprinciples€set€out€under€the€sentencing€law,€and€made€findings€of€fact€that€are€adequately€supportedÐ è 8  Ðby€the€record,€then€we€may€not€modify€the€sentence€even€if€we€would€have€preferred€a€differentÐ Ô$  Ðresult.€€òòState€v.€Fletcheróó,€805€S.W.2d€785,€789€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).Ð À  ÐÌà  àHere,€the€trial€court€sentenced€Defendant€to€twenty€(20)€years€on€each€cocaine€possessionÐ ˜è  Ðcount€based€on€his€status€as€a€Range€I€standard€offender.€€On€the€marijuana€possession€countÐ „Ô  ÐDefendant€was€sentenced€to€six€(6)€months.òòóó€€The€trial€court€ordered€all€the€sentences€to€runÐ pÀ Ðconcurrently.€€The€€trial€court€erred€in€its€application€of€one€enhancement€factor€to€the€sentence€forÐ \¬ Ðcocaine€possession€at€Defendantððs€residence.€€However,€the€record€shows€that€the€trial€court€carefullyÐ H˜ Ðfollowed€the€required€statutory€procedure€when€it€sentenced€Defendant.€€Even€though€we€find€hereinÐ 4„ Ðthat€an€enhancement€factor€was€improperly€applied,€the€determinations€of€the€trial€court€are€stillÐ  p Ðentitled€to€the€presumption€of€correctness.€€Our€Supreme€Court,€in€òòState€v.€Gutierrezóó,€5€S.W.3d€641Ð  \ Ð(Tenn.€1999),€indicated€that€the€only€time€the€presumption€of€correctness€does€not€apply€is€when€theÐ øH Ðrecord€fails€to€demonstrate€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€statutory€sentencing€principles.€€òòóóWeÐ ä4 Ðtherefore€review€the€sentence€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€with€a€presumption€of€correctness.€€òòIdóó.€at€644,€n.€5.Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€presentence€report€shows€that€Defendant€was€thirty€(30)€years€old€at€the€time€he€wasÐ ¨ø Ðsentenced,€and€he€has€a€GED.€€He€is€not€married€and€has€no€children.€€His€parents€live€in€Michigan,Ð ”ä Ðand€he€has€two€living€siblings.€€His€employment€history€shows€sporadic€employment€from€1986€upÐ €Ð Ðuntil€the€time€of€his€trial€on€the€instant€charges.€€In€the€presentence€report€Defendant€admits€toÐ l¼ Ðcontinued€long„term€marijuana€use.€€The€report€notes,€however,€that€Defendant€has€no€prior€adultÐ X ¨ Ðcriminal€record,€and€an€attempt€to€locate€a€€juvenile€record€in€Michigan€was€not€successful.Ð D!” ÐÔ#†XXXXr©#ÔÔ‡XT· XXXÔÌÔ#†XX XXT·Þ¹#ÔÔ‡XXXXÔà  àThe€trial€court€correctly€determined€that€Defendant€is€a€Range€I€standard€offenderð!ðDefendantÐ #f! Ðhas€no€prior€criminal€convictions.€€Possession€of€cocaine,€more€than€.5€grams,€within€1000€feet€ofÐ $R" Ða€school€is€a€Class€A€felony,€and€the€sentencing€range€for€a€standard€€offender€(Range€I)€is€15€to€25€Ð î$> # Ðyears.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„17„432(c);€Ô#†XXXX!º#ÔÔ‡XXXXÔ40„35„112€(1997).€€For€a€class€A€felony,€a€court€must€startÐ Ú%*!$ Ðat€the€presumptive€sentence,€the€midpoint€of€the€sentencing€range,€increase€the€sentence€with€theÐ Æ&"% Ðapplicable€enhancement€factors€(if€any),€and€then€decrease€the€sentence€with€any€appropriateÐ ²'#& Ðmitigating€factors.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€ðð€40„35„210(c),€(e);€òòState€v.€Chanceóó,€952€S.W.2d€848,€850„51€(Tenn.Ð ž(î#' ÐCrim.€App.€1997).€€Persons€who€are€convicted€of€violating€the€Drug„Free€School€Zone€Act€areÐ Š)Ú$( Ðpartially€removed€from€the€sentencing€scheme€for€the€purposes€of€determining€the€minimumÐ v*Æ%) Ðpercentage€of€the€sentence€that€will€be€servedÔ#†XXXX¼#ÔÔ‡XXXXÔ.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„432(c),€(d)€(1997).Ô#†XXXX¿#ÔÔ‡XXXXԀРb+²&* ÐThe€minimum€sentence€that€must€be€served€is€the€minimum€sentence€for€the€rangeð!ðnot€the€standardÐ ° Ðpercentage€assigned€to€the€defendantððs€offender€classification€status.€€òòId.óóÐ œì ÐÌà  àHere,€the€trial€court€was€correct€in€determining€that€two€enhancement€factors€are€present€forÐ tÄ Ðthe€count€of€cocaine€possession€arising€from€the€cocaine€in€Marshallððs€vehicle.€€First,€the€presentenceÐ `° Ðreport€notes€that€Defendant€admitted€a€long€history€of€marijuana€use,€and€thus€enhancement€factorÐ L œ Ð(1)€applies.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€ðð€40„35„114(1);€òòState€v.€Caricoóó,€968€S.W.2d€280,€287€(1998).€€Second,€the€trialÐ 8 ˆ Ðcourt€correctly€found€that€Defendant€was€a€leader€in€the€commission€of€an€offense€involving€two€orÐ $ t Ðmore€persons,€and€thus€enhancement€factor€(2)€applies.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(2)Ð  ` Ð(1997).€€As€to€mitigating€factors,€the€trial€court€was€also€correct€in€noting€that€the€absence€of€a€priorÐ ü L  Ðcriminal€record€is€a€proper€mitigating€factor.€€òòState€v.€Gutierrezóó,€5€S.W.3d€641,€646„47€(Tenn.€1999).òòóóÐ è 8  ÐÌà  àFor€the€count€of€cocaine€possession€arising€from€the€cocaine€at€Defendantððs€residence,€theÐ À  Ðtrial€court€correctly€applied€enhancement€factor€(1).€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(1)€(1997)Ô#†XXXX¿#ÔÔ‡XXXXÔ.Ð ¬ü  ÐLike€the€other€possession€count,€the€absence€of€a€prior€criminal€record€is€also€a€proper€mitigatingÐ ˜è  Ðfactor.€€òòGutierrezóó,€5€S.W.3d€at€646„47.€€However,€the€trial€court€erred€when€it€applied€enhancementÐ „Ô  Ðfactor€(2).€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(2)€(1997).€€Ô#†XXXX¦Å#ÔÔ‡XXXXÔThere€is€no€evidence€of€the€record€thatÐ pÀ Ðthere€was€more€than€one€person€involved€in€this€crime.€€Marshallððs€mere€knowledge€that€DefendantÐ \¬ Ðwas€committing€the€crime€in€his€home€did€not€make€Marshall€a€participant€in€this€offense.Ð H˜ ÐÔ#†XXXX6Ç#ÔÔ‡XXXXÔÌà  àThe€trial€court€sentenced€Defendant€to€twenty€(20)€years€for€each€count€of€cocaineÐ  p Ðpossession,€more€than€.5€grams,€within€1000€feet€of€a€school.€€Despite€the€trial€courtððs€errorÐ  \ Ðregarding€the€enhancement€factors€for€the€possession€count€related€to€Defendantððs€residence,€weÐ øH Ðthink€this€sentence€is€appropriate.€€The€trial€court€did€not€err€by€beginning€at€the€midpoint€of€theÐ ä4 Ðrange€(20€years)€for€each€count.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210(c),€(e)€(1997);€òòChanceóó,€952Ð Ð  ÐS.W.2d€at€850„51.€€The€trial€court€noted€that€an€increase€over€the€midpoint,€to€twenty„two€(22)€yearsÐ ¼  Ðwas€warranted€based€on€the€enhancement€factors€discussed€above,€but€that€the€increase€wasÐ ¨ø Ðmitigated€by€Defendantððs€lack€of€a€criminal€record.€€Although€the€trial€court€incorrectly€appliedÐ ”ä Ðenhancement€factor€(2)€to€the€count€resulting€from€cocaine€possession€at€Defendantððs€residence,Ð €Ð ÐDefendant€still€received€the€presumptive€sentence€of€twenty€(20)€years.Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àIn€summary,€in€conducting€our€òòóóreview€of€Defendantððs€sentence€on€two€counts€of€cocaineÐ D!” Ðpossession,€more€than€.5€grams,€within€1000€feet€of€a€school,€we€find€no€error,€and€affirm€the€trialÐ 0"€  Ðcourtððs€sentences.€€Defendant€is€sentenced€to€twenty€(20)€years€on€each€count,€sentences€to€runÐ #l! Ðconcurrently,€and€thus€shall€serve€a€minimum€of€fifteen€(15)€years€before€he€is€eligible€for€release.€Ð $X" ÐThe€cocaine€possession€sentences€will€both€be€served€concurrently€with€Defendantððs€sentence€forÐ ô$D # Ðpossession€of€marijuana,€less€than€.5€ounces.Ð à%0!$ Ðò òÓ  Óó óÔ#†XXXXšÈ#ÔÔ‡XT· XXXÔÌÌÌÌÌÌÓïÏÓÔ#†XX XXT·!Ð#Ôò òÓ  ÓIII.€€Conclusionó óÐ 0,€'+ ÐÓ|ÐÓÌà  àÔ‡XXXXÔFor€the€forgoing€reasons€we€AFFIRM€Defendantððs€conviction€of€two€counts€of€cocaineÐ œì Ðpossession,€more€than€.5€grams,€within€1000€feet€of€a€school,€and€one€count€of€possession€ofÐ ˆØ Ðmarijuana,€less€than€.5€ounce.€€We€also€AFFIRM€the€trial€courtððs€sentence€for€the€two€counts€ofÐ tÄ Ðcocaine€possession.€Ð `° ÐÔ#†XXXXÍÐ#ÔÌà  àà 4 àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à____________________________________Ð 8 ˆ Ðà  àà 4 àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àTHOMAS€T.€WOODALL,€JUDGEÐ $ t ÐÔ#†»TÓ»XX #Ô