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"Ý ƒRé$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô±„ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMyers€defined€a€wood€light€as€ð ðkinda€[sic]€like€an€ultraviolet€light,€that€will€fluoresce€when€thereððre€certainÐ ° Ðthings,€such€as€semen.ðð DeVasherEngleWarfieldMcIntire P.K.Briley I]fRamadaMcQuistonCepnio TBI I]nWilhoitethat thatfool[edhad had n]oo]ralPappasBolinf]orceByrgeu]nderRollinCozartBlouvetMosleyTrombetta L.Ed t]heYevetteAshby Cmts DUIterroristice]xtensiveWilkersonDesireyEisenbecktherereBlakelyApprendifactfindingCal.Rptr RptrMcAlisterister McAl CÝ ƒRé$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô±„ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔDuring€his€interview,€the€defendant€repeatedly€denied€having€sex€with€the€victim€and€told€Detective€McAlisterÐ ° Ðthat€any€DNA€found€on€the€victimððs€clothing€would€not€match€his. gÝ ƒRé$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô±„ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€victim€testified€that€she€was€5'1"€and€estimated€the€defendantððs€height€at€6'3"€or€6'4".€€In€response€to€aÐ ° Ðquestion€during€his€interview€by€the€police,€the€defendant€said€he€was€6'4"€and€weighed€232€pounds. 8Ý 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ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Davidson€CountyÐ é 9 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€2002„B„803€€€€€€Steve€R.€Dozier,€JudgeÐ Ó # ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` AßÐ ‘á  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2003„01924„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€November€9,€2004Ð ŠÚ  ÐßA€V) °°` dE<s` AßÐ tÄ  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡X9ZXXXÂÔThe€defendant,€Lawrence€Warren€Pierce,€was€indicted€for€aggravated€Ô_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô€and€rape,€Ð l¼  Ðconvicted€of€the€lesser„included€offenses€of€Ô_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô€and€sexual€battery,€and€sentenced€as€a€RangeÐ U¥  ÐII,€multiple€offender€to€nine€years€and€three€years,€respectively,€to€be€served€consecutively.€€OnÐ >Ž Ðappeal,€he€argues€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€his€convictions;€the€conviction€forÐ 'w ÐÔ_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô€violates€his€due€process€rights€because€it€was€incidental€to€the€sexual€battery€offense;Ð ` Ðand€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€his€motion€to€dismiss€due€to€the€Stateððs€destruction€of€evidenceÐ ùI Ðand€in€imposing€excessive€sentences€to€be€served€consecutively.€€Applying€the€subsequent€decisionÐ â2 Ðof€òòBlakely€v.€Washingtonóó,€542€U.S.€__,€124€S.€Ct.€2531€(2004),€we€reduce€the€defendantððs€sentenceÐ Ë Ðfor€Ô_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô€to€eight€years.€€In€all€other€respects,€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court€are€affirmed.Ð ´ ÐÔ#†XÂXXX9Z«#ÔÔ#†¼Š1»XX•#ÔÔ‡XÂX»¼Š1ÔÓŸÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmed€asÐ †Ö ÐModifiedó óÐ pÀ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼Š1»àXÂÈ #ÔÔ‡XÂX.¼Š1ÔAlan€E.€Glenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJerry€L.€Smithóó€and€òòJoe€G.€Riley,Ð C“ ÐJJ.óó,€joined.Ð ,| ÐÌRoss€E.€Alderman,€District€Public€Defender;€Jeffrey€A.€DeVasher,€Assistant€Public€Defender€(onÐ þN Ðappeal);€and€J.€Michael€Engle€and€Rebecca€Warfield,€Assistant€Public€Defenders€(at€trial),€for€theÐ ç 7  Ðappellant,€Lawrence€Warren€Pierce.Ð Ð! ! ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Michelle€Chapman€McIntire,€Assistant€AttorneyÐ ¢#ò# ÐGeneral;€Victor€S.€Johnson,€III,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Amy€Eisenbeck€and€Ryan€D.€Brown,Ð ‹$Û$ ÐAssistant€District€Attorneys€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ô#†¼Š1»XXµ #ÔÔ‡XÂX»¼Š1ԀРt%Ä % ÐÓ† ÓÌÐ  F'–"'ý ÐÔ_Ôà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼Š1»XXÂñ #ÔÔ‡XÂX»¼Š1ÔÐ ° ÐòòóóÔ#†¼Š1»XX¢#ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XÂX»¼Š1ÔÌÔ‡X9ZXXXÂÔò òÓ  ÓòòFACTSó óóóÐ ƒÓ ÐÓMÓÌà  àThe€victim,€P.K.,׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€testified€that€at€about€6:30€p.m.€on€October€24,€2001,€she€went€to€IvoryððsÐ V¦ ÐBar€located€inside€the€Holiday€Inn€on€Briley€Parkway€in€Nashville.€€She€saw€the€defendant,€whomÐ ?  Ðshe€recognized€from€a€construction€site€where€she€had€worked€and€from€ð ðanother€place€that€[she]Ð ( x Ðhung€out€with€a€lot€of€[her]€friends.ðð€€At€some€point€in€the€evening,€an€unidentified€man€sat€downÐ  a Ðbeside€the€victim€and€ð ðkept€botheringðð€her€until€the€defendant€ð ðcame€over€and€.€.€.€rescuedðð€her.€Ð ú J ÐSubsequently,€the€defendant€asked€the€victim€for€a€ride€home€and€she€and€the€defendant€left€the€barÐ ã 3  Ðbetween€10:00€and€10:30€p.m.€and€drove€to€a€sports€bar,€where€they€stayed€for€thirty€to€forty„fiveÐ Ì   Ðminutes€before€leaving€to€pick€up€hamburgers€at€a€Krystalððs€Restaurant.€€From€Krystalððs,€the€victimÐ µ  Ðdrove€the€defendant€to€his€hotel€room€at€the€Days€Inn,€arriving€at€about€11:00€p.m.€€She€parked€herÐ žî  Ðcar,€and€she€and€the€defendant€were€ð ðlaughing€and€cutting€upðð€when€the€defendant€playfully€tookÐ ‡×  Ðher€car€keys€and€got€out€of€the€car.€€The€victim€followed€him€in€order€to€retrieve€her€keys€until€theyÐ pÀ  Ðcame€to€his€hotel€room,€where€he€grabbed€her€arm€and€ð ðthrewðð€her€inside€his€room.€€He€told€her€thatÐ Y©  Ðhe€wanted€her,€that€ð ðhe€was€gonna€[sic]€get€[her]€any€way€he€could,€and€he€wasnððt€gonna€[sic]€letÐ B’ Ð[her]€leave.ðð€€The€victim€testified€as€to€the€events€that€followed:Ð +{ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àWhen€he€shoved€me,€I€think€I€landed€on€the€bed€at€that€point.Ð ýM ÐI€got€back€up,€and€I€told€him€I€wanted€to€leave.€And€he€told€me€IÐ æ6 Ðwasnððt€gonna€leave.€€I€went€for€the€door.€€Thatððs€when€he€grabbed€myÐ Ï Ðarm€again.€€Ð¸` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àHe€grabbed€me€with€one€hand€ð!ð€one€hand€on€my€arm,€pullingÐ ŠÚ Ðup;€and€then€he€grabbed€me€by€the€hair€of€my€head.€I€had€very€long,Ð sà Ðblond€hair€at€the€time.€€Thatððs€when€he€started€jerking€me€around€andÐ \¬ Ðslamming€me€on€the€bed.ÐE•` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à.€.€.€.Ðg` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àI€started€screaming,€and€he€proceeded€to€put€his€hand€over€myÐ é 9 Ðmouth.€€His€hand€was€so€big,€and€heððs€still€got€this€one€ð!ð€he€let€go€ofÐ Ò!"  Ðmy€arm,€but€heððs€still€got€me€by€the€hair€of€the€head.л" !` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àHe€put€his€hand€over€my€mouth,€and€I€was€ð!ð€I€couldnððtÐ $Ý# Ðbreathe.€€I€thought€I€was€gonna€[sic]€die.€€And€at€that€point€I€thoughtÐ v%Æ $ Ðhe€wasnððt€gonna€[sic]€let€me€go.€€And€he€told€me,€if€I€screamed€whenÐ _&¯!% Ð.€.€.€he€took€his€hand€off,€he€would€put€it€back.ÐH'˜"&` x` x Ðâ âÐ 1(#' Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àSo,€I€nodded€my€head€that€I€wouldnððt€scream.€€I€donððt€knowÐ ° Ðâ âanybody€didnððt€hear€me.€€I€mean,€I€screamed€loud;€and€nobody€came.Йé` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à.€.€.€.Ðk»` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àI€took€my€clothes€off,€what€he€didnððt€jerk€off.€€He€threw€meÐ =  Ðon€the€bed€and€laid€down€on€top€of€me,€and€he€wouldnððt€let€me€up.Ð& v` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à.€.€.€.Ðø H` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àHe€told€me€that€we€were€gonna€[sic]€have€oral€sex,€whetherÐ Ê   ÐI€wanted€it€or€not.€€Ð³ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à.€.€.€.Ð…Õ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àI€begged€him€to€let€me€up,€that€I€canððt€breathe,€ððcause€heððs€soÐ W§  Ðbig.€€Heððs€putting€pressure€on€my€whole€body,€and€heððs€still€ð!ð€heððsÐ @ Ðtrying€to€put€his€penis€in€my€mouth;€and€Iððm€trying€to€fight€with€him.€Ð)y` x` x ÐÌThe€victim€testified€that€the€defendant€then€forced€his€penis€into€her€mouth€and€ð ðejaculated€insideððÐ ûK Ðher€mouth.€€He€told€her€if€she€called€the€police€he€would€kill€her€and€told€her€to€write€down€herÐ ä4 Ðcellular€telephone€number,€saying,€ð ð[I]f€you€donððt€write€down€the€right€[number],€Iððm€gonna€killÐ Í Ðyou.ðð€€She€then€wrote€her€number€on€the€front€of€a€telephone€book,€the€defendant€called€the€number,Ð ¶ Ðand€her€phone€rang.€€Assuring€the€defendant€that€she€would€not€call€the€police,€the€victim€hurriedlyÐ Ÿï Ðdressed€and€left€the€room.€€She€drove€to€a€Ramada€Inn€where€she€knew€some€of€the€security€officers,Ð ˆØ Ðand€an€officer€called€9„1„1€to€report€the€assault.€€Metro€police€officers€responded€to€the€call€and€thenÐ qÁ Ðdrove€the€victim€back€to€the€Days€Inn,€where€she€showed€them€the€defendantððs€room,€and€to€aÐ Zª Ðhospital€where€she€was€examined€and€evidence€was€collected.Ð C“ ÐÌà  àEd€McQuiston,€a€security€officer€at€the€Ramada€Inn,€testified€that€when€the€victim€arrivedÐ e Ðthere,€she€was€ð ðcrying,€and€she€was€real€shaken,€you€know,€real€emotionalðð€and€told€him€she€hadÐ þN Ðbeen€assaulted.€€He€called€9„1„1,€and€the€tape€recording€of€that€call€was€played€for€the€jury.€Ð ç 7 ÐÌà  àOfficer€Matthew€Filter€of€the€Metro€Police€Department€testified€that€he€was€dispatched€toÐ ¹" ! Ðthe€Ramada€Inn,€arriving€at€approximately€12:30€a.m.,€and€described€the€victimððs€condition€whenÐ ¢#ò" Ðhe€first€saw€her:Ð ‹$Û# ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àShe€was€extremely€upset.€€She€was€.€.€.€crying.€€She€was€physicallyÐ ]&­!% Ðshaking.€€She€didnððt€wanna€[sic]€even€talk€to€me€at€all.€€ÐF'–"&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àHer€ð!ð€her€clothes€were€ð!ð€she€wasnððt€even€fully€clothed.€€SheÐ )h$( Ðhad€some€of€her€clothes€in€the€car,€next€to€her.€€Her€clothes€were€inÐ *Q%) Ðdisarray€and€just,€you€know,€not€very€neat€at€all.€€She€was€wearing€aÐ ê*:&* Ðð!ð€some€kind€of€robe€at€the€time.ÐÓ+#'+` x` x ЇThe€victim€told€Officer€Filter€that€the€defendant€had€forced€her€inside€his€hotel€room€at€the€Days€Inn,Ð ° Ðripped€her€clothes€off,€and€told€her€that€ð ðshe€needed€to€do€exactly€what€he€said,€or€else€he€would€hurtÐ ™é Ðher.ðð€€The€victim€said€she€struggled€with€the€defendant€but€could€not€fight€him€off€because€he€wasÐ ‚Ò Ðmuch€larger€than€her.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€victim€said€the€defendant€grabbed€her€hair€and€ð ðforced€her€head€downÐ k» Ðtowards€his€genitalia€and€forced€his€penis€into€her€mouth,€and€she€was€forced€to€perform€oral€sex€.Ð T¤ Ð.€.€on€him,€at€which€point€he€ejaculated€inside€of€her€mouth€and€all€over€her€face.ððÐ =  ÐÌà  àOfficer€Filter€and€another€officer,€accompanied€by€the€victim,€then€went€to€the€Days€Inn€toÐ  _ Ðspeak€to€the€defendant.€€While€the€victim€waited€in€the€patrol€car,€the€officers€knocked€on€theÐ ø H Ðdefendantððs€hotel€room€for€ð ða€good€five„to„seven€minutesðð€before€the€defendant€finally€answered.Ð á 1  ÐWhen€asked€about€the€incident€involving€the€victim,€the€defendant€told€the€officers€that€ð ðhe€had€metÐ Ê   Ðthis€girl€at€a€bar€and€they€came€back€to€his€room,€and€that€they€.€.€.€fooled€around€a€little€bit;€and€thatÐ ³  Ðshe€all€of€a€sudden€got€mad€at€him€for€an€unknown€reason€and€left.ðð€€The€defendant€denied€that€heÐ œì  Ðhad€any€type€of€sexual€intercourse€with€the€victim.€€The€officers€then€advised€the€defendant€that€aÐ …Õ  Ðreport€was€being€filed€and€that€he€should€stay€at€the€hotel€ð ðor€some€place€where€he€could€be€easilyÐ n¾  Ðlocated,€because€a€detective€would€be€following€up€on€the€case.ðð€€Officer€Filter€said€that€althoughÐ W§  Ðthey€advised€the€defendant€of€his€òòMirandaóó€rights,€he€was€not€arrested€at€that€time.Ð @ ÐÌà  àSandy€Myers,€a€family€nurse€practitioner,€testified€that€she€performed€a€rape€kit€examinationÐ b Ðon€the€victim€in€the€emergency€room€at€General€Hospital.€€She€related€the€events€of€the€assault,€asÐ ûK Ðtold€to€her€by€the€victim:Ð ä4 ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIt€happened€on€October€twenty„fourth,€ðð0„one;€and€the€time€wasÐ ¶ Ðbefore€midnight,€and€the€place,€Days€Inn€on€Briley€Parkway,€withÐ Ÿï Ðsomeone€she€had€seen€around;€needed€ride€to€his€motel€room;€wentÐ ˆØ Ðto€eat€and€then€took€him€home.ÐqÁ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àHe€took€her€keys;€thought€he€was€kidding;€following€him€toÐ C“ Ðroom;€grabbed€her€left€arm,€pulled€behind€her€back;€grabbed€her€byÐ ,| Ðhair;€threw€her€on€the€bed;€said,€if€didnððt€take€clothes€off,€would€killÐ e Ðher.ÐþN` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àShe€screamed;€he€put€his€hand€over€her€mouth;€felt€she€shouldÐ Ð!   Ðcooperate,€took€clothes€off,€begged€him€to€let€her€go.й" !` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àHe€took€his€pants€off,€held€her€down€on€bed,€pushed€her€headÐ ‹$Û# Ðdown€ð!ð€pushed€her€head€between€his€legs,€told€her€to€do€oral€sex;Ð t%Ä $ Ðperformed€oral€sex.Ð]&­!%` x` x Ðâ âÐ F'–"& ÐMyers€said€the€victim€told€her€that€the€defendantððs€penis€penetrated€her€mouth€and€that€he€ejaculatedÐ ° Ðon€her€face,€near€her€mouth.€€She€testified€that€she€used€a€wood€light׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€on€the€victimððs€clothes,€andÐ ™é Ðâ âit€showed€several€areas€of€fluorescence€on€her€blouse.€€She€also€swabbed€the€victimððs€throat,€mouth,Ð ‚Ò Ðand€chest.€€On€cross„examination,€Myers€acknowledged€that,€during€her€examination€of€the€victim,Ð k» Ðshe€did€not€note€any€trauma€to€the€victimððs€head,€neck,€face,€mouth,€chest,€or€back.€€Ð T¤ ÐÌà  àWillie€Cepnio,€a€registered€nurse€since€1978,€testified€that€he€gave€the€specimens€from€theÐ & v Ðvictimððs€rape€kit€to€Detective€Kent€McAlister€on€October€25,€2001,€at€10:17€a.m.€€At€DetectiveÐ  _ ÐMcAlisterððs€request,€he€also€drew€two€tubes€of€blood€from€the€defendant€for€DNA€analysis.€€Ð ø H ÐÌà  àDetective€Kent€McAlister€of€the€Metro€Police€Department€testified€that€he€interviewed€theÐ Ê   Ðdefendant€on€October€25,€2001,€and€accompanied€him€to€the€hospital€to€give€a€blood€sample€forÐ ³  ÐDNA€testing.€€Nurse€Cepnio€gave€McAlister€the€defendantððs€blood€samples€which€were€later€sentÐ œì  Ðto€the€Tennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation€(ð ðTBIðð)€lab€for€analysis.€€During€his€videotaped€interview,Ð …Õ  Ðwhich€was€played€for€the€jury€and€made€a€part€of€the€record€on€appeal,€the€defendant€showedÐ n¾  ÐMcAlister€the€business€card€of€a€woman€from€Pennsylvania€who€he€had€met€in€the€bar€at€the€HolidayÐ W§  ÐInn.€€McAlister€wrote€down€the€womanððs€name€and€telephone€number€on€a€notepad€and€called€herÐ @ Ðthe€following€week.€€The€woman€acknowledged€that€she€had€been€in€the€bar€that€night€and€had€givenÐ )y Ðsomeone€her€business€card,€but€sheÔ#†XÂXXX9Z+#ÔÔ‡X9ZXXXÂÔ€did€not€remember€the€defendant€or€the€victim.€€McAlisterÐ b Ðsubsequently€destroyed€the€paper€containing€the€womanððs€name€and€telephone€number,€explainingÐ ûK Ðthat€it€was€his€usual€practice€to€destroy€his€notes€after€completing€his€reports.€€During€the€interview,Ð ä4 Ðthe€defendant€also€gave€McAlister€ð ða€torn€corner€of€a€phone€book,€that€had€a€first€name€and€a€phoneÐ Í Ðnumber€on€it.ðð€€McAlister€acknowledged€that€he€did€not€go€to€the€defendantððs€room€at€the€Days€InnÐ ¶ Ðto€determine€if€the€torn€corner€matched€the€telephone€book€in€that€room.€€Ð Ÿï ÐÌà  àMary€Wilhoite€of€the€Metro€Police€Department€testified€that€she€worked€in€the€property€roomÐ qÁ Ðand€was€the€custodian€over€rape€kits.€€She€explained€the€procedure€that€is€followed€when€an€officerÐ Zª Ðsubmits€evidence€and€the€tracking€system€used€to€account€for€the€evidence.€€She€identified€a€bagÐ C“ Ðcontaining€the€victimððs€jacket,€skirt,€and€blouse€and€said€that€the€bag€was€taken€to€the€crime€lab€byÐ ,| ÐDetective€McAlister€on€January€29,€2002,€and€was€returned€to€the€property€room€on€April€4,€2002.€Ð e ÐShe€also€identified€the€victimððs€rape€kit€which€came€into€the€property€room€on€October€31,€2001,Ð þN Ðand€which€she€transported€to€the€crime€lab€on€December€11,€2001.€€€Ð ç 7 ÐÌà  àAgent€Hunter€Greene,€a€forensic€scientist€with€the€TBI€Crime€Laboratory€Serology€DNAÐ ¹" ! ÐUnit,€testified€that€he€tested€the€victimððs€face€and€chest€swabs€which€revealed€the€presence€ofÐ ¢#ò" Ðspermatozoa.€€Additionally,€he€tested€the€victimððs€clothing€which€revealed€the€presence€ofÐ ‹$Û# Ðspermatozoa€on€her€shirt.€€He€compared€the€defendantððs€blood€sample€with€the€spermatozoa€fromÐ t%Ä $ Ðthe€victimððs€face€and€chest€swabs€and€shirt€and€determined€that€the€DNA€profile€matched€theÐ ]&­!% Ðdefendant.€€According€to€Agent€Greene,€the€ð ðprobability€of€another€individual€having€the€sameÐ F'–"& Ðprofile€exceeds€the€current€world€population.ððÐ /(#' ÐÐ )h$( Ðà  àThe€forty„three„year„old€defendant€testified€that€on€October€24,€2001,€at€about€5:30€p.m.,€heÐ ° Ðtook€a€taxi€to€the€bar€at€the€Holiday€Inn.€€He€had€a€conversation€with€a€man€and€two€women,€one€ofÐ ™é Ðwhom€gave€him€her€business€card,€and€saw€the€victim€come€in€ð ðaround€six„something.ðð€€The€manÐ ‚Ò Ðwith€whom€the€defendant€had€been€speaking€went€over€to€the€victim€and€talked€to€her€a€few€minutes.€Ð k» ÐThe€man€and€the€victim€then€left€to€go€eat€dinner;€however,€the€victim€returned€to€the€bar€fifteenÐ T¤ Ðminutes€later,€explaining€that€the€man€would€not€keep€his€hands€off€her.€€The€man€then€returned€toÐ =  Ðthe€bar€and€started€bothering€the€victim.€€The€defendant€explained,€ð ðI€donððt€know€what€it€was€about,Ð & v Ðbut€he€came€in€and€I€got€up€and€walked€over.€€When€I€did,€[the€victim]€got€up€and€said,€ððOh,€thankÐ  _ Ðyou,ðð€and€ððthank€you,ðð€for€what€I€donððt€know.€€I€mean,€I€never€seen€[sic]€him€do€anything[.]ðð€€TheÐ ø H Ðvictim€sat€down€beside€the€defendant,€and€he€bought€her€a€drink.€€Contrary€to€the€victimððs€testimony,Ð á 1  Ðthe€defendant€said€he€had€never€seen€her€at€a€construction€site€but€had€seen€her€at€Dadððs€Place.Ð Ê   ÐÌà  àSubsequently,€the€defendant€and€the€victim€left€the€bar€at€the€Holiday€Inn€to€go€to€DadððsÐ œì  ÐPlace€to€dance.€€When€they€arrived€at€Dadððs€Place,€ð ðthere€was€hardly€anybody€there,ðð€so€they€leftÐ …Õ  Ðto€go€to€Rivalryððs€for€a€beer.€€They€subsequently€left€Rivalryððs€and€stopped€for€hamburgers€andÐ n¾  Ðcigarettes€before€going€to€his€hotel€room€to€eat€and€watch€television.€€The€defendant€denied€takingÐ W§  Ðthe€victimððs€car€keys€or€touching€her€as€they€walked€to€his€room.€€He€unlocked€the€door€to€his€room,Ð @ Ðand€the€victim€went€in€first.€€They€sat€down€on€the€bed€and€ð ðstarted€kissing€and€stuff.ðð€€The€victimÐ )y Ðtold€him€that€he€did€not€have€her€telephone€number€and€then€wrote€her€number€down€on€theÐ b Ðtelephone€book.€€When€they€started€kissing€again,€the€defendant€raised€the€victimððs€shirt€up€andÐ ûK Ðtouched€her€breasts,€and€the€victim€put€her€hand€inside€his€pants€ð ðon€[his]€privates.ðð€€The€victim€thenÐ ä4 Ðmasturbated€the€defendant€until€he€ejaculated,€after€which€she€ð ðgot€up,€she€pulled€her€top€down,Ð Í Ðpicked€up€her€shoes,€and€walked€out€the€door€and€slammed€the€door.ðð€€According€to€the€defendant,Ð ¶ Ðthe€victim€was€fully€dressed€except€for€her€shoes€when€she€left.€€He€later€called€the€victim€and€leftÐ Ÿï Ða€voice€message€on€her€cellular€telephone,€asking€her€if€she€wanted€to€see€him€the€next€day.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€said€he€then€went€to€sleep€and€was€awakened€by€the€police€officersðð€bangingÐ Zª Ðon€his€door.€€The€officers€advised€him€of€his€rights,€and€he€agreed€to€answer€their€questions.€€He€toldÐ C“ Ðthe€officers€that€he€and€the€victim€had€ð ðfool[ed]€around,ðð€and€the€officers€told€him€to€contactÐ ,| ÐDetective€McAlister€the€next€day,€which€he€did.€€After€speaking€to€McAlister,€the€defendant€wentÐ e Ðto€the€police€department€where€McAlister€informed€him€that€he€was€not€under€arrest.€€The€defendantÐ þN Ðtold€McAlister€that€he€had€ð ðforeplayðð€with€the€victim€but€not€sex.€€He€gave€McAlister€the€businessÐ ç 7 Ðcard€of€the€woman€from€the€bar€at€the€Holiday€Inn€so€that€McAlister€could€contact€her€because€heÐ Ð!   Ðð ðthought€sheððd€have€a€lot€of€important€things€to€say.€€She€was€ð!ð€the€whole€time€was€at€the€bar.ðð€€HeÐ ¹" ! Ðalso€gave€McAlister€the€victimððs€telephone€number€that€she€had€written€down€and€consented€to€giveÐ ¢#ò" Ða€blood€sample€for€DNA€analysis.Ô#†XÂXXX9ZÐ?#ÔÔ‡X9ZXXXÂÔÐ ‹$Û# ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€defendant€acknowledged€that€when€Detective€McAlister€askedÐ ]&­!% Ðâ âhim€during€his€interview€if€he€had€ð ðany€kind€of€sexðð€with€the€victim,€his€answer€was€always€ð ð[n]o.ððÐ F'–"& ÐThe€defendant€then€said€that€McAlister€had€only€asked€him€about€ð ð[o]ral€or€vaginalðð€sex€and€hadÐ ° Ðnever€said€ð ðany€other€kind.ðð׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€defendant€denied€raping€the€victim€or€holding€her€against€her€will.€Ð ™é Ðâ âÌà@ôô&ìàòòò òANALYSISÔ#†XÂXXX9ZÏX#ÔóóˆÐ k» ÐÌà@øøìàI.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óˆÐ ?  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€either€of€his€convictions.Ð  b ÐÌà  àIn€considering€this€issue,€we€apply€the€familiar€rule€that€where€sufficiency€of€the€convictingÐ ä 4  Ðevidence€is€challenged,€the€relevant€question€of€the€reviewing€court€is€ð ðwhether,€after€viewing€theÐ Í   Ðevidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€òòanyóó€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€foundÐ ¶  Ðthe€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,Ð Ÿï  Ð319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789,€61€L.€Ed.€2d€560,€573€(1979);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,Ð ˆØ  Ð190„92€(Tenn.€1992);€òòState€v.€Andersonóó,€835€S.W.2d€600,€604€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992)òòóó;€Tenn.€R.Ð qÁ  ÐApp.€P.€13(e)€(ð ðFindings€of€guilt€in€criminal€actions€whether€by€the€trial€court€or€jury€shall€be€setÐ Zª  Ðaside€if€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€findings€by€the€trier€of€fact€of€guilt€beyond€aÐ C“ Ðreasonable€doubt.ðð).€€All€questions€involving€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€toÐ ,| Ðbe€given€the€evidence,€and€all€factual€issues€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Pappasóó,Ð e Ð754€S.W.2d€620,€623€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€ð ðA€guilty€verdict€by€the€jury,€approved€by€the€trialÐ þN Ðjudge,€accredits€the€testimony€of€the€witnesses€for€the€State€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€theÐ ç7 Ðtheory€of€the€State.ðð€€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973).€€Our€supreme€court€statedÐ Ð  Ðthe€rationale€for€this€rule:Ð ¹  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àThis€well„settled€rule€rests€on€a€sound€foundation.€€The€trialÐ ‹Û Ðjudge€and€the€jury€see€the€witnesses€face€to€face,€hear€their€testimonyÐ tÄ Ðand€observe€their€demeanor€on€the€stand.€€Thus€the€trial€judge€andÐ ]­ Ðjury€are€the€primary€instrumentality€of€justice€to€determine€the€weightÐ F– Ðand€credibility€to€be€given€to€the€testimony€of€witnesses.€€In€the€trialÐ / Ðforum€alone€is€there€human€atmosphere€and€the€totality€of€theÐ h Ðevidence€cannot€be€reproduced€with€a€written€record€in€this€Court.Ð Q` x` x ÐòòÌBolin€v.€Stateóó,€219€Tenn.€4,€11,€405€S.W.2d€768,€771€(1966)€(citing€òòCarroll€v.€Stateóó,€212€Tenn.€464,Ð Ó!#  Ð370€S.W.2d€523€(1963)).€€A€jury€conviction€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€with€which€aÐ ¼" ! Ðdefendant€is€initially€cloaked€and€replaces€it€with€one€of€guilt,€so€that€on€appeal,€a€convictedÐ ¥#õ" Ðdefendant€has€the€burden€of€demonstrating€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639Ð Ž$Þ# ÐS.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).Ô‡X9ZXXXÂÔ€€We€now€will€consider€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€as€to€each€ofÐ w%Ç $ Ðthe€defendantððs€convictions.Ð `&°!% ÐÌÓ  Óò òA.€€Sexual€Batteryó óÐ 2(‚#' ÐÐ )l$( ÐÓ|hÓà  àThe€offense€of€sexual€battery,€the€lesser€offense€of€which€the€defendant€was€convicted,Ð ° Ðrequires€that€the€defendant€engage€in€ð ðunlawful€sexual€contactðð€where€ð ð[f]orce€or€coercion€is€usedÐ ™é Ðto€accomplish€the€act.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„505.€€The€essential€difference€between€sexualÐ ‚Ò Ðbattery€and€rape,€the€charged€offense,€is€that€rape€requires€sexual€penetration€of€the€victim€whereasÐ k» Ðsexual€battery€only€requires€sexual€contact,€defined€to€include€ð ðintentional€touching€of€the€victimððsÐ T¤ Ð.€.€.€intimate€parts€.€.€.€if€that€intentional€touching€can€be€reasonably€construed€as€being€for€theÐ =  Ðpurpose€of€sexual€gratification.ðð€€òòCompareóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„503€òòwithóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÐ & v Ð39„13„505;€òòseeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„501(6).€€The€defendant€relies€on€the€medical€reportÐ  _ Ðshowing€no€signs€of€redness€or€bruising€on€the€victim€to€argue€that€there€is€insufficient€physicalÐ ø H Ðevidence€to€show€the€use€of€force€or€coercion€and€that€the€available€physical€evidence€is,€in€fact,Ð á 1  Ðmore€consistent€with€there€having€been€no€use€of€force.€€Furthermore,€he€asserts€that€neither€he€norÐ Ê   Ðthe€victim€acted€as€one€normally€would€after€a€sexual€battery€had€been€committed.€€These€points,Ð ³  Ðthe€defendant€argues,€should€have€occasioned€a€reasonable€doubt€in€the€mind€of€a€rational€trier€ofÐ œì  Ðfact.€€Ð …Õ  Ðà  àThe€statutory€definition€of€ð ðcoercionðð€does€not€require€that€the€defendant€use€violence€butÐ n¾  Ðstates,€as€the€trial€judge€correctly€repeated€in€his€jury€instructions:€€ð ðððCoercionðð€means€threat€ofÐ W§  Ðkidnapping,€extortion,€force€or€violence€to€be€performed€immediately€or€in€the€future[.]ðð€€Tenn.Ð @ ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„501(1).€Ô#†XÂXXX9ZÏg#ÔÔ‡X9ZXXXÂÔ€Bearing€in€mind€that€it€is€the€responsibility€of€the€jury€to€assess€theÐ )y Ðcredibility€of€witnesses€and€resolve€conflicts€in€testimony,€we€repeat€the€testimony€of€the€victim€atÐ b Ðtrial€when€asked€if€the€defendant€had€threatened€her:Ð ûK ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.€€And€was€he€making€any€more€threats€to€you€at€this€time?€€ÐÍ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.€€He€kill€ð!ð€told€me€he€was€gonna€[sic]€kill€me,€if€I€screamed€or€if€IÐ Ÿï Ðkept€fighting.ЈØ` x` x ÐÌAlthough€the€defendant€correctly€points€out€that€the€jury€did€not€credit€the€entirety€of€the€victimððsÐ Zª Ðtestimony€because€they€chose€to€convict€him€of€the€lesser€offense€of€sexual€battery,€we€note€that€aÐ C“ Ðjury€is€free€to€reject€or€accept€only€parts€of€a€witnessððs€testimony.€€òòSeeóó€òòByrge€v.€Stateóó,€575€S.W.2dÐ ,| Ð292,€295€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€We€conclude€that€a€reasonable€jury€could€have€found,€basedÐ e Ðupon€the€evidence,€that€the€defendant€committed€a€sexual€battery€on€the€victim.€€Ð þN ÐÌÓ  Óò òB.€€KidnappingÐ Ð!   Ðó óÌÓ«uÓà  àThe€defendant€asserts€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€prove€that€he€knowingly€confinedÐ £#ó" Ðthe€victim€so€as€to€interfere€with€her€liberty€or€that€the€victim€was€exposed€to€risk€of€serious€bodilyÐ Œ$Ü# Ðinjury.€€He€argues€that€his€hands€were€full€when€the€victim€said€he€grabbed€her€and€forced€her€intoÐ u%Å $ Ðthe€hotel€room.€€Furthermore,€he€notes€that€the€victimððs€clothes€showed€no€signs€of€being€ripped,Ð ^&®!% Ðtorn,€or€forcibly€removed.Ð G'—"& ÐÌà  àBoth€the€defendant€and€the€victim€testified€at€trial€that€they€stopped€for€hamburgers€on€theÐ )i$( Ðway€back€to€the€defendantððs€hotel€room.€€While€the€victim€did€not€testify€as€to€who€carried€theÐ *R%) Ðâ âhamburgers,€the€defendant€claims€that€she€held€the€hamburgers€and€her€drink€while€he€held€his€ownÐ ë*;&* Ðdrink€and€unlocked€the€door.€€The€victim€testified€that€when€they€came€around€the€corner€near€theÐ ° Ðdefendantððs€room,€he€ð ðgrabbed€me€by€the€armðð€and€ð ðopened€[the€door]€and€threw€me€in.ððÐ ™é Ðâ âÔ#†XÂXXX9Zép#ÔÔ‡X9ZXXXÂÔÌà  àThe€offense€of€kidnapping€requires€that€the€defendant€knowingly€ð ðremove[]€or€confine[]Ð k» Ðanother€unlawfully€so€as€to€interfere€substantially€with€the€otherððs€liberty€.€.€.€[u]nder€circumstancesÐ T¤ Ðexposing€the€other€person€to€substantial€risk€of€bodily€injury.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„302(a),Ð =  Є303(a)(1).€òòóó€Ô#†XÂXXX9Zšz#ÔÔ‡X9ZXXXÂÔFalse€imprisonment€(which€is€incorporated€into€kidnapping)€requires€unlawful€removalÐ & v Ðor€confinement,€and€ð ðunlawfulðð€means€that€the€removal€or€confinement€is€accomplished€by€ð ðforce,Ð  _ Ðthreat,€or€fraud.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„302,€„301(2).€€While€there€was€no€evidence€that€theÐ ø H Ðdefendant€used€threat€or€fraud€to€effectuate€the€ð ðremovalðð€of€the€victim€from€the€hallway€into€hisÐ á 1  Ðhotel€room,€the€victim€testified€that€he€grabbed€her€arm€and€forced€her€into€the€room.€€As€to€theÐ Ê   Ðargument€that€his€hands€were€full€at€the€time€of€the€kidnapping,€we€note€that€the€only€testimonyÐ ³  Ðsupporting€this€argument€is€that€of€the€defendant.€€The€victim€did€not€testify€in€detail€about€who€wasÐ œì  Ðholding€the€drinks€and€hamburgers€when€the€pair€reached€the€hotel€room,€nor€was€she€cross„Ð …Õ  Ðexamined€on€this€point.€€We€conclude€that€the€evidence€was€sufficient€for€a€reasonable€jury€to€findÐ n¾  Ðthat€the€defendant€kidnapped€the€victim.Ð W§  ÐÌà@3 3 ìàò òII.€€Kidnapping€as€an€Incidental€Offenseó óˆÐ )y ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€kidnapping€offense€was€essentially€incidental€to€the€sexualÐ üL Ðbattery€offense€and,€therefore,€violates€his€right€to€due€process€under€the€United€States€Constitution,Ð å5 ÐFifth€and€Fourteenth€Amendments,€and€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€Article€I,€ðð€8,€9.€Ð Î ÐÌà  àIn€òòState€v.€Anthonyóó,€817€S.W.2d€299€(Tenn.€1991),€the€defendants€detained€severalÐ  ð Ðrestaurant€employees€outside€and€forced€two€more€into€the€menððs€restroom€while€the€defendantsÐ ‰Ù Ðrobbed€the€restaurant.€€The€court€explained€that€only€a€kidnapping€that€was€not€ð ðincidentalðð€to€theÐ r Ðmain€offense€could€be€charged€in€addition€to€the€accompanying€felony:Ð [« ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àwhether€the€confinement,€movement,€or€detention€is€essentiallyÐ -} Ðincidental€to€the€accompanying€felony€and€is€not,€therefore,€sufficientÐ f Ðto€support€a€separate€conviction€for€kidnapping,€or€whether€it€isÐ ÿO Ðsignificant€enough,€in€and€of€itself,€to€warrant€independentÐ è 8 Ðprosecution€and€is,€therefore,€sufficient€to€support€such€a€conviction.€Ð Ñ!!  ÐWe€further€agree€with€the€suggestion€in€òòState€v.€Rollinsóó€[605€S.W.2dÐ º" ! Ð828€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1980)]€that€one€method€of€resolving€thisÐ £#ó" Ðquestion€is€to€ask€whether€the€defendant's€conduct€"substantiallyÐ Œ$Ü# Ðincreased€[the]€risk€of€harm€over€and€above€that€necessarily€presentÐ u%Å $ Ðin€the€crime€of€robbery€itself."Ð^&®!%` x` x ÐÌòòId.óó€at€306€(quoting€òòRollinsóó,€605€S.W.2d€at€830).€€Ð 0(€#' ÐÌà  àThe€supreme€court€considered€this€question€in€òòState€v.€Dixonóó,€957€S.W.2d€532€(Tenn.€1997).€Ð *R%) ÐIn€that€case,€the€defendant€grabbed€his€victim€while€she€was€walking€down€the€sidewalk€andÐ ë*;&* Ðð ðdragged€her€approximately€thirty€to€forty€feet€from€the€illuminated€sidewalk€into€or€behind€foliageÐ Ô+$'+ Ðgrowing€on€the€back€of€an€adjacent€vacant€lot,ðð€where€he€committed€aggravated€assault€andÐ ° Ðattempted€sexual€battery.€€òòId.óó€at€533.€€The€court€crafted€a€two„part€test€refined€from€that€in€òòAnthonyóó:Ð ™é Ðð ðwhether€the€movement€or€confinement€was€beyond€that€necessary€to€consummate€the€act€ofÐ ‚Ò Ðattempted€sexual€battery.€€If€so,€the€next€inquiry€is€whether€the€additional€movement€or€confinement:€Ð k» Ð(1)€prevented€the€victim€from€summoning€help;€(2)€lessened€the€defendant's€risk€of€detection;€€or€(3)Ð T¤ Ðcreated€a€significant€danger€or€increased€the€victim's€risk€of€harm.ðð€€òòId.óó€at€535€(citing€òòAnthonyóó,€817Ð =  ÐS.W.2d€at€306).€€The€court€makes€this€determination€as€a€matter€of€law.€€òòState€v.€Cozartóó,€54€S.W.3dÐ & v Ð242,€248€(Tenn.€2001).€òòóóÐ  _ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€cites€numerous€cases€establishing€that€merely€binding€a€victim€does€not€justifyÐ á 1  Ða€separate€conviction€for€kidnapping.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Blouvetóó,€965€S.W.2d€489€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð Ê   Ð1997)€(defendant€bound€the€feet€of€a€store€employee€while€he€robbed€the€store);€òòState€v.€Sandersóó,Ð ³  Ð842€S.W.2d€257€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992)€(defendant€forced€a€restaurant€manager,€at€gunpoint,€intoÐ œì  Ðthe€restaurant€and€bound€him€while€the€defendant€robbed€the€restaurant);€òòState€v.€Raymond€Griffinóó,Ð …Õ  ÐNo.€W2001„01332„CCA„R3„CD,€2002€WL€1482689,€at€*8€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Mar.€15,€2002),€òòperm.Ð n¾  Ðto€appeal€deniedóó€(Tenn.€July€15,€2002)€(defendants€bound€the€victim€and€robbed€him€in€his€house);Ð W§  ÐòòState€v.€Kevin€R.€Mosleyóó,€No.€01C01„9108„CC„00235,€1992€WL€85799,€at€*3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð @ ÐApr.€29,€1992)€(binding€of€victims€was€ð ðintegralðð€to€the€robbery).€€Relying€on€these€cases,€theÐ )y Ðdefendant€argues€that,€because€the€degree€of€confinement€in€this€case€was€less€than€if€he€had€boundÐ b Ðthe€victim,€a€separate€kidnapping€conviction€cannot€stand.€€However,€we€note€that€kidnappingÐ ûK Ðrequires€removal€òòoróó€confinement.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„302(a),€„303(a).€€As€we€previouslyÐ ä4 Ðexplained,€there€was€sufficient€evidence€to€support€the€juryððs€finding€that€the€defendant€knowinglyÐ Í Ðforced€the€victim€into€his€hotel€room€in€a€way€that€substantially€interfered€with€her€liberty€andÐ ¶ Ðexposed€her€to€substantial€risk€of€bodily€injury.€€òòóóJust€as€the€supreme€court€reasoned€in€òòDixonóó,€957Ð Ÿï ÐS.W.2d€at€535„36Ô#†XÂXXX9Zj|#ÔÔ‡X9ZXXXÂÔ,€that€the€defendant€in€that€case€could€have€performed€the€sexual€battery€in€theÐ ˆØ Ðstreet€as€opposed€to€dragging€his€victim€into€the€bushes,€we€presume€that€in€the€present€appeal,€theÐ qÁ Ðdefendant€could€have€committed€the€sexual€battery€offense€outside€of€the€hotel€room€or€in€theÐ Zª Ðvictimððs€car.€€Thus,€the€removal€was€not€necessary€to€committing€the€sexual€battery€on€the€victim,Ð C“ Ðbut€moving€her€into€the€hotel€room€lessened€the€risk€of€detection€from€passers„by€in€the€hotel.€Ð ,| ÐTherefore,€we€conclude€that€the€evidence€supports€a€separate€conviction€for€kidnapping.òòóóÐ e ÐÌà@--ìàò òIII.€€Destruction€of€Evidenceó óˆÐ ç 7 ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€his€motion€to€dismiss,€based€on€theÐ º" ! ÐStateððs€destruction€of€evidence,€saying€that€Detective€Kent€McAlister,€who€interviewed€theÐ £#ó" Ðdefendant€the€day€after€the€incident,€should€not€have€destroyed€his€notes€from€that€interview.€òòóó€DuringÐ Œ$Ü# Ðthe€interview,€the€defendant€told€Detective€McAlister€about€a€woman€he€had€spoken€to€at€theÐ u%Å $ ÐHoliday€Inn€bar€who€could€testify€as€to€the€events€in€the€bar€that€night,€and€McAlister€copied€theÐ ^&®!% Ðwomanððs€name€from€a€business€card€that€she€had€given€the€defendant.€€McAlister€testified€that€heÐ G'—"& Ðcalled€this€woman,€and€she€claimed€not€to€remember€either€the€defendant€or€the€victim.€€As€heÐ 0(€#' Ðtestified€was€his€usual€policy,€Detective€McAlister€destroyed€his€notes€after€he€finished€theÐ )i$( Ðinvestigation€report.€€There€is€no€evidence€in€the€record€that€the€defendant€himself€attempted€toÐ *R%) Ðcontact€this€woman.€Ð ë*;&* ÐÐ Ô+$'+ Ðà  àIn€denying€the€motion,€the€trial€court€stated:Ð ° ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[I]n€terms€of€what€ð!ð€using€the€Defense€word,€what€ð ðroleðð€sheÐ ‚Ò Ðmightððve€played€ð!ð€and€weððve€just€discussed€it€further€ð!ð€I€mean,€theÐ k» ÐDefendantððs€statement€is,€ð ðgo€interview€her,ðð€that€ð ðshe€knows€that€IÐ T¤ Ðwas€there€with€[the€victim].ððÐ= ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àOkay.€€We€already€know€that.€€I€mean,€I€just€donððt€think,€evenÐ  _ Ðif€you€assume€.€.€.€the€Stateððs€actor,€Detective€McAl[]ister,€shouldÐ ø H Ðhave€retained€this€business€card,€that€he€gave€back€to€the€DefendantÐ á 1  Ðð!ð€assume€he€shouldððve€retained€it,€which€I€donððt,€then€you€get€to€theÐ Ê   Ðfactors€of€does€it€play€a€substantial€role€in€the€trial€preventing€theÐ ³  ÐDefendant€from€having€a€fundamentally€fair€trial.Мì ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àAnd€thatððs€what€Iððm€trying€to€explain.€€I€donððt€think€thereððsÐ n¾  Ðany€way€that€could€be€present,€when€youððre€talking€about€some,€at€theÐ W§  Ðtime,€casual€conversations€at€a€bar€that,€according€to€[the€victim],Ð @ Ðthen€two€hours€or€plus€later,€result€in€an€incident€that€sheððs€describedÐ )y Ðat€the€Defendantððs€motel€room,€not€the€Holiday€Inn,€where,€evenÐ b Ðaccording€to€[the€victim]€and€the€Defendant,€someone€mayððve€seenÐ ûK Ðthem€there€at€ð!ð€between€six€and€seven,€and€this€happened€aroundÐ ä4 Ðeleven,€twelve,€or€one,€depending€on€the€time€frames€of€the€variousÐ Í Ðwitnesses.ж` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àSo,€itððs€even€four„to„five€hours,€at€best,€later€that€ð!ð€and€[theÐ ˆØ Ðvictimððs]€acknowledged€that€sheððs€agreed€to€go€get€something€to€eat,Ð qÁ Ðagreed€to€go€take€him€home.ÐZª` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àAnd€I€just€donððt€see,€if€that€person€was€here€ð!ð€and€IÐ ,| Ðunderstand€that€youððd€like€to€talk€with€her€and€not€just€acceptÐ e ÐDetective€McAl[]isterððs€statement€that€she€couldnððt€rememberÐ þN Ðanything.€€Well,€maybe€she€couldnððt.Ðç 7` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àBut€I€.€.€.€just€donððt€think,€under€òòState€versus€Fergusonóó,€thatÐ ¹" ! Ðthis€type€ð!ð€if€you€wanna€loosely€label€it€ð!ð€destroyed€evidence€ð!ð€whichÐ ¢#ò" Ðit€wasnððt;€it€was€given€back€to€the€Defendant€and€was,€according€toÐ ‹$Û# ÐDetective€McAl[]ister,€followed€up€on.Ðt%Ä $` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àSo,€Iððll€overrule€the€motion.ÐF'–"&` x` x ÐÌÔ#†XÂXXX9Zš”#ÔÔ‡X9ZXXXÂÔà  àThe€State€does€not€have€to€preserve€every€single€piece€of€evidence€or€information€obtainedÐ )h$( Ðduring€the€course€of€a€criminal€investigation€but€must€preserve€evidence€ð ðsubject€to€discovery€andÐ *Q%) Ðâ âinspection€under€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€16,€or€other€applicable€law.ðð€€òòState€v.€Fergusonóó,€2€S.W.3d€912,Ð ê*:&* Ð917€(Tenn.€1999)€(footnote€omitted).€€Evidence€that€is€not€apparently€significant€or€exculpatory€needÐ ° Ðnot€be€preserved:òòÐ ™é Ðâ âóóÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àð ðWhatever€duty€the€Constitution€imposes€on€the€States€to€preserveÐ k» Ðevidence,€that€duty€must€be€limited€to€evidence€that€might€beÐ T¤ Ðexpected€to€play€a€significant€role€in€the€suspect's€defense.€€To€meetÐ =  Ðthis€standard€of€constitutional€materiality,€evidence€must€both€possessÐ & v Ðan€exculpatory€value€that€was€apparent€before€the€evidence€wasÐ  _ Ðdestroyed,€and€be€of€such€a€nature€that€the€defendant€would€be€unableÐ ø H Ðto€obtain€comparable€evidence€by€other€reasonably€available€means.ððÐá 1 ` x` x ÐòòÌId.óó€(quoting€òòCalifornia€v.€Trombettaóó,€467€U.S.€479,€488-89,€104€S.€Ct.€2528,€2533-34,€81€L.€Ed.€2dÐ ³  Ð413€(1984)).€€Previously,€this€court€has€held€that€"[t]he€prosecution€is€not€required€to€discloseÐ œì  Ðinformation€that€the€accused€already€possesses€or€is€able€to€obtain."€€òòState€v.€Marshallóó,€845€S.W.2dÐ …Õ  Ð228,€233€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992)òòóó.€€If€the€State€has€failed€in€its€duty,€then€the€court€must€ascertainÐ n¾  Ðthe€effect€of€its€failure,€considering€such€factors€as:Ð W§  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à1.€€The€degree€of€negligence€involved;Ð)y` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à2.€€The€significance€of€the€destroyed€evidence,€considered€in€light€ofÐ ûK Ðthe€probative€value€and€reliability€of€secondary€or€substitute€evidenceÐ ä4 Ðthat€remains€available;€andÐÍ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à3.€€The€sufficiency€of€the€other€evidence€used€at€trial€to€support€theÐ Ÿï Ðconviction.òòóóЈØ` x` x ÐòòÌFergusonóó,€2€S.W.3d€at€917€(footnote€omitted).€€In€this€analysis,€ð ðthe€central€objective€is€to€protectÐ Zª Ðthe€defendant's€right€to€a€fundamentally€fair€trial.ðð€€òòId.òòóó€óóÐ C“ ÐÌà  àApplying€the€first€step€of€the€òòFergusonóó€analysis,€we€conclude€that€the€State€had€no€duty€toÐ e Ðpreserve€the€name€of€the€witness€because€the€defendant€òòóóhimself€had€possession€of€the€evidence,Ð þN Ðnamely,€the€womanððs€business€card.€€Thus,€the€State€had€no€duty€to€disclose€the€evidence€and,Ð ç 7 Ðtherefore,€no€duty€to€preserve€it.€€òòSeeòòóó€òòóóid.óó€at€918.€€The€defendant€argues€that€the€evidence€hadÐ Ð!   Ðexculpatory€value€because€the€witness€could€have€testified€about€conversations€at€the€Holiday€InnÐ ¹" ! Ðbar€and,€presumably,€could€have€impeached€the€testimony€of€the€victim€in€some€way.€€However,Ð ¢#ò" Ðwhen€Detective€McAlister€discarded€the€contact€information€for€the€woman,€he€did€so,€by€hisÐ ‹$Û# Ðtestimony,€with€the€belief,€based€on€his€own€conversations€with€the€witness,€that€the€evidence€hadÐ t%Ä $ Ðno€exculpatory€significance.€Ð ]&­!% ÐÌà@__#ìàò òIV.€€Sentencingó óˆÐ /(#' ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€imposing€excessive€sentences€as€to€bothÐ *R%) Ðconvictions€and€in€ordering€that€they€be€served€consecutively.Ð ë*;&* ÐÐ Ô+$'+ Ðà  àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length€and€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€it€is€the€dutyÐ ° Ðof€this€court€to€conduct€a€òòóóòòde€novoóó€review€on€the€record€with€a€presumption€that€ð ðthe€determinationsÐ ™é Ðmade€by€the€court€from€which€the€appeal€is€taken€are€correct.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€Ð ‚Ò ÐThis€presumption€is€ð ðconditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€courtÐ k» Ðconsidered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823Ð T¤ ÐS.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€The€presumption€does€not€apply€to€the€legal€conclusions€reachedÐ =  Ðby€the€trial€court€in€sentencing€the€accused€or€to€the€determinations€made€by€the€trial€court€whichÐ & v Ðare€predicated€upon€uncontroverted€facts.€€òòState€v.€Butleróó,€900€S.W.2d€305,€311€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð  _ Ð1994);€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€891€S.W.2d€922,€929€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994)òòóó;€òòState€v.€Bonestelóó,€871€S.W.2dÐ ø H Ð163,€166€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993),€òòoverruled€on€other€grounds€byóó€òòState€v.€Hooperóó,€29€S.W.3d€1,€9Ð á 1  Ð(Tenn.€2000).€Ð Ê   ÐÌà  àIn€conducting€a€òòóóòòde€novoóó€review€of€a€sentence,€this€court€must€consider€(a)€any€evidenceÐ œì  Ðreceived€at€the€trial€and/or€sentencing€hearing,€(b)€the€presentence€report,€(c)€the€principles€ofÐ …Õ  Ðsentencing,€(d)€the€arguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencing€alternatives,€(e)€the€nature€andÐ n¾  Ðcharacteristics€of€the€offense,€(f)€any€mitigating€or€enhancement€factors,€(g)€any€statements€madeÐ W§  Ðby€the€accused€in€his€own€behalf,€and€(h)€the€accused's€potential€or€lack€of€potential€for€rehabilitationÐ @ Ðor€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„103,€„210;€òòState€v.€Tayloróó,€63€S.W.3d€400,€411€(Tenn.Ð )y ÐCrim.€App.€2001)òòóó.Ð b ÐÌà  àThe€party€challenging€the€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court€has€the€burden€of€establishingÐ ä4 Ðthat€the€sentence€is€erroneous.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401,€Sentencing€Commission€Cmts.;€Ð Í ÐòòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169òòóó.€€In€this€case,€the€defendant€has€the€burden€of€illustrating€the€sentenceÐ ¶ Ðimposed€by€the€trial€court€is€erroneous.Ð Ÿï ÐÌò òÓ  ÓA.€€Length€of€SentencesÐ qÁ Ðó óÌÓ%ÁÓà  àAt€sentencing,€the€parties€stipulated€that€the€defendant€was€a€Range€II,€multiple€offender,Ð D” Ðmaking€him€subject€to€a€sentence€between€six€and€ten€years€for€the€kidnapping€conviction,€a€ClassÐ -} ÐC€felony,€and€a€sentence€between€two€and€four€years€for€the€sexual€battery€conviction,€a€Class€EÐ f Ðfelony.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„112(b)(3),€(5).€€Ô#†XÂXXX9Z¨#ÔÔ‡X9ZXXXÂÔThe€trial€court€found€no€applicable€mitigatingÐ ÿO Ðfactors€but€applied€three€enhancement€factors:€Ð è 8 ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(2)€The€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminalÐ º" ! Ðconvictions€or€criminal€behavior€in€addition€to€those€necessary€toÐ £#ó" Ðestablish€the€appropriate€range;ÐŒ$Ü#` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(8)€The€offense€involved€a€victim€and€was€committed€toÐ ^&®!% Ðgratify€the€defendant's€desire€for€pleasure€or€excitement;€[and]ÐG'—"&` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(9)€The€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€unwillingness€toÐ )i$( Ðcomply€with€the€conditions€of€a€sentence€involving€release€in€theÐ *R%) Ðcommunity[.]Ðë*;&*` x` x ÐòòóóÐ Ô+$'+ ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(2),€(8),€(9)€(2003).€€Based€on€these€factors,€the€trial€court€imposedÐ e Ða€sentence€of€nine€years€for€the€kidnapping€conviction€(applying€factors€(2),€(8),€and€(9))€and€threeÐ Né Ðyears€for€the€sexual€battery€conviction€(applying€factors€(2)€and€(9)).Ð 7Ò ÐÌÓ*°,X‰Xç X°œX*Óà  àAccording€to€the€presentence€report,€the€defendant€had€the€following€prior€convictions:€€Ð  ¤ ÐÌÓ  Óà8  à1.€€€1/11/02à0¸ Ð Ð àAssault€3rd€ð!ð€Family€Violence׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×à0p¸ Ð ¸ Ð àà0çpÐ pÐ à3€daysÐÛ vçÐ çÐ  Ðà  à2.€€€5/27/98à0 ¸ àThreat€to€Injure€ð!ð€Telephone€Trans.à0p¸ (#¸ (#àà0çp(#p(#à12€months,€36€months€probationÐÄ _ç(#ç(# Ðà  à3.€€€9/29/95à0 ¸ àDUIà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0çp(#p(#à15€weekends,€$450€fine,€Ð­ Hç(#ç(# Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà ç à€€€€€12€months€probationÐ – 1  Ðà  à4.€€€1/28/94à0 ¸ àTheft€by€Deceptionà0À¸ (#¸ (#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0çp(#p(#à12€months€probationÐ  ç(#ç(# Ðà  à5.€€€4/20/93à0 ¸ àTheft€by€Conversionà0À¸ (#¸ (#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0çp(#p(#à10€years€probationÐh ç(#ç(# Ðà  à6.€€11/15/92à0 ¸ àGiving€False€Nameà0À¸ (#¸ (#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0çp(#p(#à12€months€probationÐQì ç(#ç(# Ðà  à7.€€11/15/92à0 ¸ àTerroristic€Threatsà0À¸ (#¸ (#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0çp(#p(#à12€months€probationÐ:Õ ç(#ç(# Ðà  à8.€€11/15/92à0 ¸ àDUIà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0çp(#p(#à12€months€probation,€$400€fineà0@¼"ç(#ç(#àÐ#¾ ç(#ç(# Ðà  à9.€€€9/29/98à0 ¸ àGrand€Larceny€ð!ð€2€countsà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0p(#(#àà0çp(#p(#àSentence€Not€ListedÐ § ç(#ç(# Ðà  à10.€9/29/98à0 ¸ àFraud€ð!ð€Credit€Cardà0À¸ (#¸ (#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àà0çp(#p(#àSentence€Not€ListedÐõç(#ç(# ÐÌÓ  Óà  àÔ#†XÂXXX9Z:Ã#ÔÔ‡X9ZXXXÂÔGiven€the€number€of€his€prior€convictions,€the€defendant€concedes,€on€appeal,€thatÐ Çb Ðenhancement€factor€(2)€was€properly€applied€to€both€of€his€convictions.€€We€note€that€applying€theÐ °K Ðholding€of€òòBlakely€v.€Washingtonóó,€542€U.S.€__,€124€S.€Ct.€2531€(2004),€which€was€decided€after€theÐ ™4 Ðbriefs€were€filed€in€this€matter,€would€not€alter€the€power€of€the€trial€court€to€utilize€the€defendantððsÐ ‚ Ðprior€convictions€in€increasing€his€sentence€from€the€minimum.€€òòId.óó€€at€__,€124€S.€Ct.€at€2536€(citingÐ k ÐòòApprendi€v.€New€Jerseyóó,€530€U.S.€466,€490,€120€S.€Ct.€2348,€147€L.€Ed.€2d€435€(2000))€(priorÐ Tï Ðconviction€may€be€utilized€by€trial€court€for€sentence€enhancement€without€submission€to€a€jury).€Ô#†XÂXXX9Z\Ñ#ÔÔ‡X9ZXXXÂÔÐ =Ø ÐÌà  àHowever,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€applying€factor€(8)€to€theÐ ª Ðkidnapping€conviction€and€factor€(9)€to€both€convictions€and€failed€to€apply€one€mitigating€factor:Ð ø“ Ðthe€defendantððs€employment€history.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(13)€(ð ðAny€other€factorÐ á| Ðconsistent€with€the€purposes€of€this€chapter.ðð).€Ð Êe ÐÌÑe°Ñà  àAs€we€will€explain,€the€holding€in€òòBlakelyóó€benefits€the€defendant,€for€its€application€preventsÐ œ 7 Ðthe€use€of€enhancement€factors€(8)€and€(9).€€First,€we€note€òòBlakelyóó€held€that€ð ðthe€State€is€free€to€seekÐ …!   Ðjudicial€sentence€enhancements€so€long€as€the€defendant€.€.€.€stipulates€to€the€relevant€facts€orÐ n" ! Ðconsents€to€judicial€factfinding.ðð€€542€U.S.€at€___,€124€S.€Ct.€at€2541.€€However,€we€have€carefullyÐ W#ò" Ðreviewed€the€transcript€of€the€sentencing€hearing€and€cannot€conclude€that€the€State€sufficientlyÐ @$Û# Ðproved€that€the€defendant€committed€either€these€or€other€offenses€while€his€earlier€suspendedÐ )%Ä $ Ðsentence€still€was€in€effect.€Although€he€admitted€at€the€sentencing€hearing€as€to€those€convictionsÐ &­!% Ðwhich€we€have€designated€as€numbers€2,€3,€4,€5,€7,€and€9,€and€that€he€earlier€had€been€placed€onÐ û&–"& Ðsupervised€probation,€he€did€not€admit€that€the€probation€had€been€for€ten€years,€as€the€State€askedÐ ä'#' Ðthat€he€do,€or€admit€that€the€offenses€which€are€the€basis€for€the€present€appeal€were€committedÐ Í(h$( Ðwhile€that€probationary€period€still€was€in€effect.€€In€fact,€he€said€that€he€ð ðdidnððt€believeðð€he€was€onÐ e Ðprobation€at€the€time€of€the€present€offenses.€€Since€the€sentencing€hearing€occurred€before€theÐ Né Ðrelease€of€the€òòBlakelyóó€opinion,€the€State€could€not€have€recognized€at€the€time€the€need€to€establishÐ 7Ò Ðby€other€means€the€period€the€defendant€was€on€probation;€the€trial€court,€likewise,€could€not€haveÐ  » Ðforeseen€that€the€proof€was€inadequate€for€application€of€factor€(9).€€Similarly,€as€to€enhancementÐ  ¤ Ðfactor€(8),€that€the€offense€ð ðinvolved€a€victim€and€was€committed€to€gratify€the€defendantððs€desireÐ ò Ðfor€pleasure€or€excitement,ðð€we€conclude€that€there€is€no€proof,€as€required€by€òòBlakelyóó,€for€itsÐ Û v Ðapplication.Ô#†XÂXXX9ZÔÔ#ÔÔ‡X9ZXXXÂÔÐ Ä _ ÐÌÔ#†XÂXXX9Zß#ÔÔ‡X9ZXXXÂÔà  àAs€to€the€asserted€mitigating€factor,€the€essential€facts€are€not€in€dispute.€€The€defendantÐ – 1  Ðworked€as€a€self„employed€general€contractor€such€that€he,€at€times,€had€a€great€deal€of€work€andÐ    Ðat€other€times€very€little.€€While€the€State€characterizes€this€history€as€ð ðunpredictable,ðð€the€defendantÐ h  Ðcalls€it€ð ðfavorable.ðð€€Although€work€history€can€be€a€relevant€mitigating€factor,€as€the€disputedÐ Qì  Ðcharacterization€of€the€defendantððs€work€history€reveals,€the€record€contains€little€evidence€as€to€theÐ :Õ  Ðnature€and€reliability€of€the€defendantððs€work€such€as€ð ðjob€performance,€length€of€service,€or€hisÐ #¾  Ðreasons€for€leaving€any€of€these€jobs.ðð€€òòState€v.€Kelleyóó,€34€S.W.3d€471,€483€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð  §  Ð2000).€€Accordingly,€we€cannot€conclude€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€determining€that€theÐ õ Ðdefendantððs€work€history€should€not€be€applied€as€a€mitigating€factor.€€In€fact,€even€if€the€trial€courtÐ Þy Ðdid€err€in€this€regard,€it€appears€that€his€work€history€would€be€entitled€to€little€weight€and€of€littleÐ Çb Ðbenefit,€given€his€substantial€record€of€convictions.Ð °K ÐÌà  àAfter€application€of€òòBlakelyóó,€the€only€applicable€sentencing€factor€is€enhancement€factor€(2).€Ð ‚ ÐWhile€the€defendant€does€have€an€extensive€prior€record,€we€cannot€conclude€that€the€trial€courtÐ k Ðwould€have€sentenced€as€it€did,€knowing€that€only€one€enhancement€factor€was€applicable.€€As€aÐ Tï ÐRange€II,€multiple€offender,€the€defendantððs€sentences€for€the€kidnapping€and€sexual€batteryÐ =Ø Ðconvictions€were€to€be€within€the€ranges€of€six€to€ten€years€and€two€to€four€years,€respectively.€€HisÐ &Á Ðsentence€for€the€kidnapping€was€nine€years,€one€less€than€the€maximum.€€We€reduce€this€sentenceÐ ª Ðto€eight€years.€€As€to€the€sexual€battery,€the€defendantððs€three„year€sentence€is€the€midpoint,€and€weÐ ø“ Ðdo€not€believe€that€this€sentence€must€be€modified.Ð á| ÐÔ#†XÂXXX9Zvß#ÔÔ‡X9ZXXXÂÔÌò òÓ  Óà @ àB.€€Consecutive€Sentencingó óÐ ³N ÐÓ•èÓÌà  àThe€trial€court€ordered€that€the€defendantððs€sentences€be€served€consecutively,€based€on€ð ðhisÐ †!!  Ðextensive€record€and€these€offenses€being€committed€while€heððs€on€probation.ðð€€The€defendantÐ o" ! Ðargues€that€his€sentences€should€not€run€consecutively€because€the€resulting€twelve„year€sentenceÐ X#ó" Ðis€beyond€that€necessary€to€achieve€the€trial€courtððs€purpose€and€because€the€two€convictions€aroseÐ A$Ü# Ðfrom€a€single€criminal€episode.€€Ô#†XÂXXX9Zrè#ÔÔ‡X9ZXXXÂÔÐ *%Å $ ÐÌà  àWe€first€must€determine€whether€the€holding€in€òòBlakelyóó€affects€the€trial€courtððs€consecutiveÐ ü&—"& Ðsentencing€of€the€defendant.€€We€note€first€that€courts€have€interpreted€the€holding€in€òòApprendi€v.Ð å'€#' ÐNew€Jerseyóó,€530€U.S.€466,€120€S.€Ct.€2348,€147€L.€Ed.€2d€435€(2000),€to€allow€the€trial€court€toÐ Î(i$( Ðdetermine€whether€sentences€should€be€served€consecutively.€€òòUnited€States€v.€Samuelóó,€296€F.3dÐ ·)R%) Ð1169,€1175€(D.C.€Cir.€2002)€("[T]he€district€court€did€not€commit€òòApprendióó€error€when€it€enhancedÐ  *;&* Ð[the€defendant's]€sentence€because€he€committed€the€second€of€his€narcotics€offenses€while€he€wasÐ ‰+$'+ Ðon€release€for€the€first."),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€537€U.S.€1078,€123€S.€Ct.€680,€154€L.€Ed.€2d€578€(2002);Ð e ÐòòPeople€v.€Williamsonóó€747€N.E.2d€26,€34€(Ill.€Ct.€App.€2001)€(trial€court€may€consider€"the€natureÐ Né Ðand€circumstances€of€the€offense€and€the€history€and€character€of€the€defendant"€in€determiningÐ 7Ò Ðwhether€consecutive€sentencing€"is€required€to€protect€the€public€from€further€criminal€conduct€byÐ  » Ðthe€defendant,€the€basis€for€which€the€court€shall€set€forth€in€the€record").€€Subsequently,€ourÐ  ¤ Ðsupreme€court€noted€in€òòState€v.€Robinsonóó,€__€S.W.3d€__,€2004€WL€2158117,€at€*25€n.14€(Tenn.Ð ò Ð2004),€that€ð ðseveral€courtsðð€had€rejected€the€claim€that€òòBlakelyóó€and€òòApprendióó€apply€to€aÐ Û v Ðdetermination€as€to€whether€sentences€should€be€served€consecutively.€€We€conclude€that€neitherÐ Ä _ ÐòòBlakelyóó€nor€òòApprendióó€affect€the€trial€courtððs€ordering€that€the€sentences€in€this€matter€be€servedÐ ­ H Ðconsecutively.€Ô#†XÂXXX9Z ë#ÔÔ‡X9ZXXXÂÔÐ – 1  ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€may€impose€consecutive€sentences€if,€inter€alia,€ð ð(2)€[t]he€defendant€is€anÐ h  Ðoffender€whose€record€of€criminal€activity€is€extensive;€or€(6)€[t]he€defendant€is€sentenced€for€anÐ Qì  Ðoffense€committed€while€on€probation.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(2),€(6).€€These€criteriaÐ :Õ  Ðare€stated€in€the€alternative;€thus,€only€one€must€exist€for€consecutive€sentences€to€be€proper.Ð #¾  ÐÌà  àWe€agree€with€the€trial€court€that€the€„115(b)(2)€criteria€is€satisfied.€€The€defendant€clearlyÐ õ Ðhad€an€extensive€record€of€criminal€activity€according€to€the€presentence€report,€includingÐ Þy Ðconvictions€for€DUI,€assault,€making€threats€to€injure,€making€terroristic€threats,€and€severalÐ Çb Ðincidents€of€theft€of€various€kinds€(grand€larceny,€fraud,€and€others).€€Based€on€these€priorÐ °K Ðconvictions€and€the€defendantððs€own€admissions,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€was€within€itsÐ ™4 Ðdiscretion€in€ordering€that€the€sentences€be€served€consecutively.€€Because€this€court€has€held€thatÐ ‚ Ðð ð[e]xtensive€criminal€history€alone€will€support€consecutive€sentencing,ðð€òòState€v.€Adamsóó,€973Ð k ÐS.W.2d€224,€231€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997),€we€do€not€need€to€address€the€trial€courtððs€applicationÐ Tï Ðof€„115(b)(6).€€The€finding€of€an€extensive€criminal€history€is€sufficient.Ð =Ø ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€consecutive€sentences€were€beyond€that€necessary€to€achieveÐ ª Ðtheir€purpose€or,€equivalently,€that€they€were€not€the€lease€severe€measures€necessary.€€In€supportÐ ø“ Ðof€this€contention,€he€cites€òòState€v.€Tayloróó,€739€S.W.2d€227€(Tenn.€1987).€€However,€the€supremeÐ á| Ðcourt€has€since€acknowledged€that€the€sentencing€statutes,€in€particular€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„Ð Êe Ð115,€regarding€consecutive€sentences€have€codified€the€holding€in€òòTayloróó.€€òòSeeòòóó€òòóóState€v.€Wilkersonóó,Ð ³N Ð905€S.W.2d€€933,€936€(Tenn.€1995).€€Turning€to€the€statute€directly,€we€have€already€found€theÐ œ 7 Ðpresence€of€„115(b)(2)€which€is€sufficient€in€itself€to€support€the€courtððs€decision€to€imposeÐ …!   Ðconsecutive€sentences.òòóóÐ n" ! ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€also€argues€that€the€convictions€arose€from€the€same€criminal€episode.€€EvenÐ @$Û# Ðgranting€the€defendantððs€argument€that€his€convictions€arose€from€the€same€intent,€we€decline€toÐ )%Ä $ Ðhold€that€consecutive€sentences€are€inappropriate.€€In€òòState€v.€Desireyóó,€909€S.W.2d€20,€34€(Tenn.Ð &­!% ÐCrim.€App.€1995),€we€held€that€consecutive€sentences€were€inappropriate€because€of€ð ð[t]heÐ û&–"& Ðnonviolent€nature€of€the€offenses,€the€circumstances€connecting€the€offenses€to€each€other,€and€theÐ ä'#' Ðdefendant's€potential€for€rehabilitation.ðð€€òòóóThe€facts€of€this€case€do€not€compel€the€same€leniency.€Ð Í(h$( ÐThe€defendantððs€potential€for€rehabilitation€is€doubtful€given€his€criminal€history,€and€the€offenseÐ ¶)Q%) Ðof€kidnapping,€even€though€extreme€physical€violence€was€not€used,€still€exposed€the€victim€toÐ Ÿ*:&* Ðsubstantial€risk€of€injury.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„303(a)(1).€€Given€these€facts€and€the€presenceÐ ˆ+#'+ Ðof€the€statutory€criteria,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€imposing€consecutiveÐ e Ðsentences.Ô#†XÂXXX9Z´ò#ÔÐ Né ÐÌò òòòÓ  ÓCONCLUSIONÐ  » ÐÌÓ~Óà  àó óóóBased€upon€the€foregoing€authorities€and€reasoning,€we€reduce€the€defendantððs€sentence€forÐ ô Ðkidnapping€to€eight€years€but,€in€all€other€respects,€affirm€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court.Ð Ý x ÐÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð ˜ 3  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGE