ÿWPCP %¯5Å}°–ÀX°ÏÀ‚$š— Ãø –®Ãºç­E?I.5à}§ž€ËéêªB3Œ©+NA™gá~ùY`›W¥{/CÚ֮ Ûü¨k“š—ôÞà›6:#`¾"áÜ„ ?EI›y¼öÌÜ;)æ< ÈÜÿª›Íž M,ê~?©‚i$Ëoò%ɺó 2}QÛÄš^n•½ÐÉzçü’8»ÂwfÑôZ^” kÏü>4µlË•÷k{€·rÆˆŠ“°¡§Ø©Éhæõ­"Tßi!ä×=œÇ®@éö*´s?‹öÉ\W$Y(‰¯ÛJ†QÐÀ¾é\0Óê•ÁW[`˜Ët/ñ¼ï ó­è;>JLqwj J®óQ±#Zhß™iRr§ƒø‡”xØ*äRgò,ô½+îZâ“dC(­Ê%‘ͪÛ¯99œÊL©Ž8ç£ÌuýØ.J·§w‘ÚdßA©Œ€ âÚŠ˜ÂÕJÕ¶ÂL†Ê«ç˜uÆ¿Â`,Ô]ŽžÊÏ_ÄF2^7¼V5QÿT²6D ƒ™F¹‹éiqý"å-BéV×h_@V;êÌ6…ã™ø±{ñÛÅV8ñnÑŸ9>ÅÕMÚ-ÐÛØ õ·Û¡ê¨;-»b#É\ %% UN+ 0ˆy UN 0DO å“ zx Òò ^ Ä Ð wé4íÆÆÇÆÆSN(* m,ECCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCbEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 0ëMMMM B88 0¤U D3ù D-, 0KYY AS¤Æ÷ 0¤½ 0Da A«¥˜\\IB01S08T\knoxclerk3ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó ÛÝ ƒRÇ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¨Åò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔNurse€practitioners€can€prescribe€medication€as€long€as€they€are€supervised€by€a€physician.€€ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptåšQ/Ï  Ý ƒRÇ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¨Åò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔWithin€the€appellantððs€challenge€to€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€she€asserts€that€the€trial€court€gaveÐ ° Ðerroneous€jury€instructions€as€to€the€definition€of€ð ðknowingly.ðð€€Because€the€appellant€did€not€challenge€the€juryÐ tÄ Ðinstructions€in€a€motion€for€new€trial,€any€issue€regarding€jury€instructions€has€been€waived.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€3(e);Ð 8ˆ Ðòòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.€Martinóó,€940€S.W.2d€567,€569€(Tenn.€1997)€(holding€that€a€defendant€relinquishes€the€right€to€argue€onÐ üL Ðappeal€any€issues€that€should€have€been€presented€in€a€motion€for€new€trial).€€óbï.Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 53|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ- ù-(|G2Ç$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€½»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¨Åò»»Ô d(|3~$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€½»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3~$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€½»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€½»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼½»»»ÔÑ8€TqXXdì»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îL½ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEÔ#†¼½»îîL #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àApril€29,€2003€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XTqX»¼½ÔÌò òÔ#†¼½»XXTq#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€Ô_ÔANGELEEÔ_Ô€PRATERòòóóÔ‡XTqX»¼½Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Rhea€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€15552€€€€€€J.€Curtis€Smith,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€E2002„01774„CCA„R3„CDÐ ¥õ  ÐOctober€17,€Ô_Ô2003Ô_ÔÐ ‘á  ÐßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡X¸˜XXXTqÔThe€appellant,€Ô_ÔAngeleeÔ_Ô€Prater,€was€convicted€by€a€jury€of€aggravated€child€abuse,€a€Class€A€felonyÐ xÈ  Ðand€fined€$25,000.€€As€a€result€of€the€conviction,€the€trial€court€sentenced€her€to€twenty„one€yearsÐ d´ Ðand€six€months€incarceration€as€a€Range€I,€standard€offender€and€classified€her€release€eligibility€atÐ P  Ð100%€as€a€violent€offender.€€After€the€trial€court€denied€the€appellantððs€motion€for€a€new€trial,€sheÐ <Œ Ðappealed.€€The€appellant€argues€on€appeal€that€the€aggravated€child€abuse€statutes,€Tennessee€CodeÐ (x ÐAnnotated€sections€39„15„401€and€„402€are€unconstitutionally€vague€as€applied€to€her€conduct€andÐ d Ðthat€the€evidence€was€not€sufficient€to€support€a€verdict€of€guilt.€€After€a€thorough€review€of€theÐ P Ðrecord,€we€conclude€that€the€statutes€in€question€are€constitutional€and€that€the€evidence€is€sufficientÐ ì< Ðto€support€the€verdict€of€guilt.€€Accordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.Ô#†XTqXXX¸˜â#ÔÔ#†¼½»XXTqª#ÔÔ‡XTqX»¼½ÔÐ Ø( ÐÓÖÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€fo€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€is€Affirmed.ó óÐ ° ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼½»àXTq‹ #ÔÔ‡XTqX.¼½ÔJerry€L.€Smith,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€H.€Wellesóó€and€òòRobert€W.Ð ˆØ ÐÔ_ÔWedemeyerÔ_Ô,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð tÄ ÐÌLarry€G.€Roddy,€Sale€Creek,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Ô_ÔAngeleeÔ_Ô€Prater.Ð L œ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Kathy€D.€Ô_ÔAslingerÔ_Ô,€Assistant€Attorney€General;€J.Ð $"t! ÐMichael€Taylor,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Will€Dunn,€Assistant€District€Attorney€General,€forÐ #`" Ðthe€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð ü#L# ÐÓ> ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼½»XXTqm #ÔÔ‡XTqX»¼½ÔÐ Ô%$!% ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼½»XXTqn #ÔÔ‡XTqX»¼½ÔÓ  ÓòòÔ‡X¸˜XXXTqÔà@ÈÈ!ìàFactual€BackgroundóóˆÐ ¬'ü"' ÐÌà  àOn€July€20,€2000,€the€appellant€took€her€son,€three„and„a„half„year„old€D.P.,€to€DaytonÐ „)Ô$) ÐPediatrics€in€Dayton,€Tennessee,€where€he€was€seen€by€nurse€practitioner€Guy€Lewis.€€At€theÐ p*À%* Ðappointment,€the€appellant€requested€a€change€in€the€medication€that€was€prescribed€to€treat€D.P.ððsÐ \+¬&+ Ðattention€deficit€hyperactivity€disorder€(ð ðÔ_ÔADHDÔ_Ôðð).€€She€complained€that€D.P.€was€overactive€despiteÐ H,˜', Ðtaking€Dexedrine,€an€amphetamine€used€to€control€the€symptoms€of€Ô_ÔADHDÔ_Ô.€€At€that€time,€Mr.€LewisÐ 4-„(-ý ÐÔ_Ôprescribed€.1€milligram€of€Clonidine€for€D.P.€to€be€taken€at€bedtime.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€dosage€prescribed€to€D.P.Ð ° Ðwas€the€lowest€dosage€of€Clonidine€available.€€The€drug€was€prescribed€to€help€calm€the€effects€ofÐ œì ÐDexedrine€and€to€help€D.P.€sleep.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àThe€doctor€normally€in€charge€of€Dayton€Pediatrics,€Dr.€Nelson,€was€on€medical€leave€in€JulyÐ `° Ðof€2000€so€Dr.€John€Netterville€was€in€charge€of€supervising€Mr.€Lewis.€€Dr.€Netterville€is€a€behaviorÐ L œ Ðpediatrician€who€runs€the€Attention€and€Behavior€Clinic€in€Nashville,€TN.€€Dr.€Netterville€supervisedÐ 8 ˆ ÐMr.€Lewis€by€traveling€to€the€clinic€once€a€week€and€answering€any€questions€by€telephone.€€€€Ð $ t ÐÌà  àClonidine€is€a€drug€approved€by€the€Federal€Drug€Administration€to€control€high€bloodÐ ü L  Ðpressure.€€Some€doctors,€however,€prescribe€Clonidine€to€treat€ADHD€in€children€because€of€theÐ è 8  Ðcalming€effect€of€the€medication€even€though€this€use€is€listed€as€an€ð ðunlabeledðð€or€ð ðunapprovedððÐ Ô$  Ðuse€for€the€drug€in€the€Physicianððs€Desk€Reference,€a€guide€commonly€utilized€by€doctors€inÐ À  Ðdetermining€which€medication€to€prescribe€for€a€patient.€€Two€doctors,€Dr.€Netterville€and€Dr.€BillyÐ ¬ü  ÐD.€Arant,€Chairman€of€the€Department€of€Pediatrics€at€T.C.€Thompson€Childrenððs€Hospital€inÐ ˜è  ÐChattanooga,€explained€that€the€FDA€has€not€approved€Clonidine€for€use€in€children€under€twelveÐ „Ô  Ðbecause€it€is€not€cost€effective€for€the€drug€companies€to€do€tests€on€children.€€According€to€Dr.Ð pÀ ÐArant,€approximately€eighty€percent€of€the€drugs€listed€in€the€Physicianððs€Desk€Reference€are€notÐ \¬ Ðapproved€for€children;€thus,€if€doctors€were€restricted€to€using€drugs€that€had€been€approved,€theyÐ H˜ Ðcould€almost€never€prescribe€drugs€for€children.€€Both€Dr.€Arant€and€Dr.€Netterville€testified€thatÐ 4„ ÐClonidine€may€be€prescribed€for€children€as€young€as€D.P.€€In€fact,€Dr.€Netterville€commented,€ð ðinÐ  p Ðthe€dose€we€use€with€the€kids€itððs€a€real€safe€drug.ðð€Ð  \ ÐÌà  àWhen€the€appellant€filled€the€prescription€for€Clonidine€at€a€local€grocery€store,€theÐ ä4 Ðinstructions€on€the€package€were€to€administer€one€tablet€daily€at€bedtime.€€The€instructions€furtherÐ Ð  Ðstated:Ð ¼  Ðà8  àÐ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àFollow€the€directions€for€using€this€medicine€provided€by€your€doctor.€€This€medicineÐ ”ä Ðmay€be€taken€on€an€empty€stomach€or€with€food.€€Store€this€medicine€at€roomÐ €Ð Ðtemperature€in€a€tightly„closed€container,€away€from€heat€and€light.€€If€you€miss€aÐ l¼ Ðdose€of€this€medicine,€take€it€as€soon€as€possible.€€If€it€is€almost€time€for€your€nextÐ X ¨ Ðdose,€skip€the€missed€dose€and€go€back€to€your€regular€dosing€schedule.€€Do€not€takeÐ D!” Ðtwo€doses€at€once.€€If€you€miss€two€or€more€doses€in€a€row,€contact€your€doctor.Ð0"€ Ð Ð  ÐÌThe€accompanying€drug€information€listed€several€possible€side€effects€of€Clonidine€including:€ð ðdryÐ $X" Ðmouth,€drowsiness,€dizziness,€tiredness,€headache,€or€constipation.ðð€€The€warnings€also€included€theÐ ô$D # Ðfollowing€language,€ð ðAccidental€overdose€of€Clonidine€is€an€increasing€cause€of€poisoning€inÐ à%0!$ Ðchildren€three€and€under.€€If€overdose€is€suspected,€contact€your€local€poison€control€center€orÐ Ì&"% Ðemergency€room€immediately.€€Symptoms€of€overdose€may€include€slowed€heartbeat,€weakness,Ð ¸'#& Ðsleepiness,€vomiting,€and€constricted€pupils.ðð€€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÐ )à$( Ðà  àOn€the€morning€of€July€25,€2000,€five€days€after€D.P.€was€prescribed€Clonidine€by€Mr.€Lewis,Ð ° Ðthe€appellant€called€Dayton€Pediatrics€to€confirm€the€dosage€of€Dexadrine€and€Clonidine€that€sheÐ œì Ðwas€supposed€to€administer€to€D.P.€each€day.€€Mr.€Lewis€instructed€the€appellant€to€give€D.P.€onlyÐ ˆØ Ðone€tablet€of€Dexedrine€and€one€tablet€of€Clonidine€per€day.€€The€appellant€called€back€that€afternoonÐ tÄ Ðaround€2:00€p.m.,€requesting€permission€to€increase€the€dose€of€Clonidine€to€two€tablets€becauseÐ `° ÐD.P.€would€not€go€to€sleep.€€Mr.€Lewis€conferred€with€Dr.€Netterville,€who€was€at€Dayton€PediatricsÐ L œ Ðthat€day.€€Dr.€Netterville€responded,€ð ð.€.€.€absolutely€not.€€You€give€one€tenth€of€a€milligram€ofÐ 8 ˆ ÐClonidine€once€a€day€and€thatððs€all€you€use.ðð€€Mr.€Lewis€communicated€this€to€the€appellant.€€TheÐ $ t Ðappellant€called€again€at€4:00€p.m.€and€asked€a€nurse€if€she€could€increase€the€dosage€of€Clonidine.€Ð  ` ÐThe€nurse€asked€Dr.€Netterville€what€to€tell€the€appellant€and€he€responded,€ð ðabsolutely€not.€€YouÐ ü L  Ðgive€one€pill€of€Clonidine€and€thatððs€all€you€give.ðð€€Dr.€Netterville€stood€behind€the€nurse€as€she€wasÐ è 8  Ðtalking€to€the€appellant€on€the€phone;€he€heard€the€nurse€tell€the€appellant€repeatedly€that€she€couldÐ Ô$  Ðonly€give€D.P.€one€tablet€of€Clonidine.€€Ð À  ÐÌà  àTwo€days€later,€on€July€27,€2000,€Stacey€Raines€drove€her€uncle€Levon€ð ðPeteðð€Prater€to€pickÐ ˜è  Ðup€D.P.€at€a€neutral€location€for€visitation.€€Although€Mr.€Prater€is€not€D.P.ððs€biological€father,€heÐ „Ô  Ðis€the€only€father€figure€D.P.€has€ever€known€and€exercises€visitation€with€the€child€every€otherÐ pÀ Ðweekend.€€When€the€two€picked€up€D.P.€at€around€8:30€p.m.€that€evening,€Ms.€Raines€described€himÐ \¬ Ðas€ð ða€rag€doll€more€or€less,ðð€noting€that€D.P.€was€somewhat€unresponsive€and€difficult€to€arouse.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àMs.€Raines€drove€Mr.€Prater€and€D.P.€less€than€a€mile€to€Wylene€Rothwellððs€house.€€Ms.Ð  p ÐRothwell€is€Ms.€Rainesððs€mother€and€Mr.€Praterððs€sister.€€She€runs€a€day€care€facility€from€her€home.€Ð  \ ÐWhen€D.P.€arrived,€Ms.€Rothwell€tried€unsuccessfully€to€play€with€him€for€approximately€fifteen€toÐ øH Ðtwenty€minutes€after€his€arrival.€€She€described€D.P.€as€ð ðlimpðð€and€ð ðlike€a€little€rag.ðð€€He€would€fallÐ ä4 Ðover€when€she€would€try€to€set€him€up€and€did€not€respond€even€when€immersed€in€a€bath€of€coldÐ Ð  Ðwater.€€Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àMs.€Rothwell€and€Mr.€Prater€took€D.P.€to€the€Rhea€County€Medical€Center€where€a€nurseÐ ”ä Ðtook€him€directly€to€a€trauma€room€due€to€the€fact€that€he€was€ð ðunresponsive,ðð€ð ðlethargic,ðð€andÐ €Ð Ðð ðdifficult€to€arouse.ðð€€The€nurse€and€a€paramedic€tried€to€stimulate€D.P.€by€calling€his€name€andÐ l¼ Ðrubbing€his€sternum€with€their€knuckles,€a€technique€used€to€elicit€a€response€from€an€otherwiseÐ X ¨ Ðunresponsive€patient.€€D.P.€did€not€respond€to€their€voices€or€to€the€painful€stimuli.€€D.P.€did€not€cryÐ D!” Ðor€flinch€when€they€inserted€an€IV€to€administer€two€doses€of€Narcan,€a€drug€designed€to€reverse€theÐ 0"€  Ðeffects€of€narcotics.€€The€paramedic€described€D.P.ððs€condition€as€ð ðunconscious,€unresponsive€toÐ #l! Ðpainful€stimuliðð€and€characterized€the€situation€as€ð ðlife„threatening.ðð€€Ð $X" ÐÌà  àD.P.€began€to€respond€somewhat€after€being€administered€the€Narcan.€€However,€because€ofÐ à%0!$ Ðhis€condition,€the€attending€physician€decided€to€transport€D.P.€to€Thompson€Childrenððs€HospitalÐ Ì&"% Ðin€Chattanooga€by€helicopter.€€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àWhen€D.P.€arrived€in€Chattanooga,€his€situation€was€somewhat€improved€although€he€ð ðwasÐ )à$( Ðnot€totally€aware€of€what€was€going€on.ðð€€D.P.ððs€heart€rate€was€somewhat€erratic,€varying€betweenÐ |*Ì%) Ðslow€and€normal€and€he€had€some€ð ðpauses€or€irregular€heart€beat€so€he€was€not€fully€conscious.ðð€€Dr.Ð h+¸&* ÐArant€testified€that€D.P.€had€ð ðsome€effects€compatible€with€a€history€of€ingesting€a€drug€calledÐ ° ÐClonidine.ðð€€Although€D.P.€could€be€aroused€when€he€arrived€in€Chattanooga,€he€would€go€back€toÐ œì Ðsleep€and€ð ðwould€not€stay€awake€without€repeated€stimulation.ðð€€When€asked€if€D.P.€was€in€a€life„Ð ˆØ Ðthreatening€situation,€Dr.€Arant€testified€that€ð ðhe€was€at€risk,€yes.ðð€€Although€he€agreed€that€D.P.ððsÐ tÄ Ðside€effects€could€be€from€a€normal€dose€of€Clonidine,€he€testified€that€D.P.€exhibited€ð ðall€theÐ `° Ðsymptoms€and€signsðð€of€Clonidine€toxicity.€€He€testified€that€such€an€adverse€reaction€to€the€smallestÐ L œ Ðdoses€of€Clonidine€would€be€unusual€and€that€if€such€a€reaction€were€to€occur,€it€would€occur€withÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€first€dose.€€Ð $ t ÐÌà  àD.P.€was€observed€in€the€emergency€room€from€1:00€a.m.€to€5:00€a.m.,€when€he€was€movedÐ ü L  Ðto€a€regular€room.€€Dr.€Arant€explained€that€there€was€not€a€ð ðreal€good€antidote€that€reversesðð€theÐ è 8  Ðeffect€of€Clonidine€and€that€you€have€to€basically€ð ðsupport€the€child€anyway€you€can€until€the€drugÐ Ô$  Ðruns€its€course.ðð€€D.P.€was€supported€by€intravenous€fluids€which€helped€to€keep€his€blood€pressureÐ À  Ðup€and€heart€beat€normal.€€The€toxicology€report€performed€in€Chattanooga€did€not€reflect€ClonidineÐ ¬ü  Ðin€D.P.ððs€system,€but€Dr.€Netterville€testified€that€Clonidine€would€not€show€up€on€the€toxicologyÐ ˜è  Ðreport€because€D.P.€was€not€specifically€tested€for€this€drug.€€D.P.€was€discharged€twelve€hours€afterÐ „Ô  Ðhis€arrival€in€Chattanooga€with€normal€vital€signs.€€Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àAccording€to€the€medical€records,€the€appellant€reported€that€she€gave€D.P.€twice€his€normalÐ H˜ Ðdosage€of€Clonidine€every€night€for€a€week€as€directed€by€her€doctorððs€office.€€Dr.€Arant€felt€that€ifÐ 4„ Ðthis€were€actually€the€case,€D.P.€would€have€exhibited€the€same€signs€on€each€occasion€he€was€givenÐ  p Ða€double€dose.€€He€explained€that€the€ð ðeffects€[of€Clonidine]€are€amassedðð€when€the€drug€is€givenÐ  \ Ðat€bedtime€and€that€after€sleeping€for€eight€hours€the€effects€of€the€drug€would€wear€off.€€When€askedÐ øH Ðwhat€the€effect€would€be€if€D.P.€were€given€two€pills€per€night€for€several€nights,€Dr.€Arant€replied:Ð ä4 ÐÌà8  à.€.€.€if€he€got€that€effect€with€two€pills€on€the€27th,€then€he€got€it€on€the€26th,€and€theÐ ¼  Ð25th,€and€the€24th,€and€the€23rd,€so€he€got€that€every€night,€but€he€was€asleep€andÐ ¨ø Ðnobody€was€monitoring€him€or€realized€that€he€was€at€risk€of€dying.€€Ð”äÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àDana€Morgan,€an€investigator€with€the€Department€of€Human€Services,€met€with€theÐ l¼ Ðappellant€at€the€hospital€in€Chattanooga€on€July€28,€2000.€€She€made€the€following€notes€from€herÐ X ¨ Ðinterview€with€the€appellant,€which€she€read€at€trial€over€objection€by€the€appellant:Ð D!” ÐÌà8  àWorker€talked€with€.€.€.€[the€appellant]€at€the€hospital.€€She€states€that€Pete€[LevonÐ #l! ÐPrater]€called€and€stated€that€he€wanted€.€.€.€[D.P.].€€She€stated€that€she€was€not€goingÐ $X" Ðto€let€him€go.€€She€stated€later€that€she€took€a€shower€and€he€called€again€and€wantedÐ ô$D # Ðto€get€him.€€She€stated€that€she€asked€Glenna€[the€appellantððs€friend]€to€take€him€overÐ à%0!$ Ðthere€to€meet€Pete.€€She€stated€that€she€then€decided€to€call€Roger€.€.€.€McFarland€andÐ Ì&"% Ðsee€what€he€was€doing€and€he€had€asked€her€out€for€dinner.€€She€stated€that€someoneÐ ¸'#& Ðby€the€name€of€Scott€with€911€called€her€at€Rogerððs€house€shortly€after€arriving€andÐ ¤(ô#' Ðtold€her€that€they€were€airlifting€.€.€.€[D.P.]€to€Chattanooga.€€She€stated€that€when€sheÐ )à$( Ðgot€to€the€hospital€.€.€.€[D.P]€asked€her€to€take€him€home.€€She€stated€that€the€peopleÐ |*Ì%) Ðthat€airlifted€him€said€that€he€was€alert€and€fine.€€She€said€that€Officer€Cranfield€wasÐ h+¸&* Ðthere€and€asked€Pete€if€he€had€been€drinking.€€She€stated€that€some€nurse,€she€thinksÐ ° Ðher€name€is€Dee„Dee€asked€her€if€.€.€.€[D.P]€had€got€some€of€her€Valium.€€She€saidÐ œì Ðthat€Pete€told€the€nurse€that€.€.€.€[the€appellant]€was€taking€Valium€and€she€got€veryÐ ˆØ Ðupset€when€this€was€brought€up.€€She€stated€that€she€told€the€nursing€staff€that€sheÐ tÄ Ðwanted€Pete€out€of€.€.€.€[D.Pððs]€room.€€She€did€not€want€.€.€.[D.P]€in€the€presence€ofÐ `° ÐWylene,€which€is€Peteððs€sister,€Sam,€because€she€is€a€drunk.€.€.€.€€She€stated€that€theÐ L œ Ðdoctor€said€that€.€.€.€[D.Pððs]€blood€level€look€[sic]€fine.€€She€said€that€Roger€took€herÐ 8 ˆ Ðto€Erlanger.€.€.€.€[the€appellant]€reported€that€she€was€with€.€.€.€[D.P.]€the€entire€timeÐ $ t Ðat€Erlanger.€€She€stated€they€were€going€to€release€him€at€4:45€a.m.,€but€his€heart€beatÐ  ` Ðwas€erratic€and€they€decided€to€admit€him€for€observation.€€Worker€asker€her€aboutÐ ü L  Ð.€.€.€[D.Pððs]€medicine€and€she€said€they€were€in€a€lock€box€at€her€home.€€She€said€sheÐ è 8  Ðwas€advised€by€Guy€Lewis€to€give€him€one€Dexedrine€pill€in€the€morning€and€twoÐ Ô$  ÐClonidine€at€night.€€Worker€ask€[sic]€how€many€.€.€.€she€had€left€of€the€pills€and€sheÐ À  Ðstated€that€she€does€not€remember€because€sheððs€[sic]€not€counted.€€Worker€ask€[sic]Ð ¬ü  Ðif€she€had€talked€to€Doctor€Nelsonððs€office€and€she€stated€that€she€had€called€three€orÐ ˜è  Ðfour€days€ago,€because€.€.€.€[D.P.]€was€not€sleeping€and€not€wanting€to€go€to€bed.€€SheÐ „Ô  Ðsaid€that€she€had€given€two€Clonidine€pills€somewhere€between€five€and€seven€p.m.,Ð pÀ ÐTuesday€7„27€.€.€.€.€€Worker€then€went€back€to€her€conversation€with€Dr.€NelsonððsÐ \¬ Ðoffice€and€she€stated€that€she€wanted€his€Dexedrine€increased€but€then€decided€sheÐ H˜ Ðwanted€the€Clonidine€increased€.€.€.€.€€She€had€stated€sometimes€my€mind€does€notÐ 4„ Ðwork€so€well,€am€I€suppose€to€give€him€two€Clonidine€and€she€had€called€the€officeÐ  p Ð.€.€.€,€Doctor€Nelsonððs€office€and€asked€about€his€Clonidine€and€then€she€called€theÐ  \ Ðoffice€.€.€.€and€asked€him€to€have€his€Clonidine€increased€but€they€refused€to€do€that.€Ð øH ÐÐ Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àDespite€the€statement€taken€by€the€worker,€the€appellant€later€maintained€to€Ms.€Morgan€thatÐ ¼  ÐMr.€Lewis€told€her€to€increase€the€Clonidine€to€two€pills.€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àMs.€Morgan€instructed€the€appellant€to€retrieve€the€remaining€pills€from€the€lock€box€in€herÐ €Ð Ðhome.€€There€were€fourteen€Clonidine€pills€and€eight€Dexedrine€pills€left.€€According€to€theÐ l¼ Ðprescription,€only€eight€of€the€thirty€Clonidine€pills€should€have€been€missing€by€July€27,€2000.€Ð X ¨ ÐInstead,€there€were€sixteen€pills€missing.€€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àThe€appellant€was€subsequently€indicted€by€the€Rhea€County€Grand€Jury€for€aggravated€childÐ #l! Ðabuse€in€violation€of€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„15„402.€€A€jury€trial€took€place€on€MarchÐ $X" Ð11€and€12,€2002,€in€the€Rhea€County€Circuit€Court,€where€the€jury€found€the€appellant€guilty€asÐ ô$D # Ðcharged€and€assessed€a€$25,000€fine.€€After€a€sentencing€hearing€on€May€10,€2002,€the€appellant€wasÐ à%0!$ Ðsentenced€to€twenty„one€and€a€half€years.€€The€appellant€sought€a€new€trial,€based€on€the€allegationsÐ Ì&"% Ðthat€the€child€abuse€statutes€are€unconstitutionally€vague,€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€dismissÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€indictment€as€defective€and€the€evidence€at€trial€was€insufficient€to€support€a€verdict€of€guilty.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐThe€trial€court€denied€the€motion€for€a€new€trial.€€Ð )à$( Ðâ âÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àThe€appellant€appeals,€presenting€the€following€issues€for€this€court:€(1)€whether€the€childÐ ° Ðâ âabuse€statutes€are€unconstitutionally€vague€as€applied;€and€(2)€whether€the€evidence€was€sufficientÐ œì Ðto€support€a€verdict€of€guilty.€€The€state€argues€that€the€child€abuse€statutes€are€not€unconstitutionallyÐ ˆØ Ðvague€and€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€convict€the€appellant€of€aggravated€child€abuse.€€We€agreeÐ tÄ Ðand€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€Ð `° ÐÌÓ  ÓòòUnconstitutionally€Vague€StatutesóóÐ 8 ˆ ÐÓóTÓÌà  àThe€appellant€argues€on€appeal€that€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€sections€39„15„401€and€„402Ð  ` Ðare€unconstitutionally€vague€as€applied€because€ð ðshe€could€have€been€convicted€in€this€case€if€theÐ ü L  Ðjury€simply€believed€the€appellant€gave€her€son€an€additional€dose€of€Clonidine€regardless€of€whichÐ è 8  Ðversion€of€the€facts€the€jury€accepted€[whether€she€administered€the€dosage€with€or€without€aÐ Ô$  Ðdoctorððs€authority]ðð€and€that€the€jury€could€have€thus€accepted€the€appellantððs€theory€that€her€conductÐ À  Ðwas€lawful€and€authorized€and€still€convicted€her€of€aggravated€child€abuse.€€The€state€counters€thatÐ ¬ü  Ðbecause€the€statute€ð ðrequires€that€a€defendant€know€his€or€her€conduct€is€abusive,€the€statute€is€notÐ ˜è  Ðunconstitutionally€vague€as€appliedðð€to€the€appellant.à p àÐ „Ô  ÐÌà  àThe€appellant€has€challenged€the€constitutionality€of€a€statute,€thus€the€general€principles€ofÐ \¬ Ðstatutory€construction€apply.€€Appellate€courts€are€charged€with€upholding€the€constitutionality€ofÐ H˜ Ðstatutes€wherever€possible.€€òòState€v.€Lyonsóó,€802€S.W.2d€590,€592€(Tenn.€1990).€€In€other€words,€weÐ 4„ Ðare€required€to€indulge€every€presumption€and€resolve€every€doubt€in€favor€of€the€constitutionalityÐ  p Ðof€the€statute€when€reviewing€a€statute€for€a€possible€constitutional€infirmity.€€òòLyonsóó,€802€S.W.2dÐ  \ Ðat€592;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòPetition€of€Bursonóó,€909€S.W.2d€786,€775€(Tenn.€1995).€€€Generally,€the€language€ofÐ øH Ða€penal€statute€must€be€clear€and€concise€to€give€adequate€warning€so€that€individuals€might€avoidÐ ä4 Ðthe€prohibited€conduct.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Boydóó,€925€S.W.2d€237,€242„43€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€AÐ Ð  Ðstatute€is€void€for€vagueness€if€it€is€not€ð ðsufficiently€precise€to€put€an€individual€on€notice€ofÐ ¼  Ðprohibited€activities.ðð€€òòState€v.€Thomasóó,€635€S.W.2d€114,€116€(Tenn.€1982);€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.Ð ¨ø ÐWilkinsóó,€655€S.W.2d€914,€915€(Tenn.1983).€€A€criminal€statute€ð ðshall€be€construed€according€to€theÐ ”ä Ðfair€import€of€[its]€termsðð€when€determining€if€it€is€vague.€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„104.€€ð ðDueÐ €Ð Ðprocess€requires€that€a€statute€provide€ððfair€warningðð€and€prohibits€holding€an€individual€criminallyÐ l¼ Ðliable€for€conduct€that€a€person€of€common€intelligence€would€not€have€reasonably€understood€toÐ X ¨ Ðbe€proscribed.ðð€€òòState€v.€Burkhartóó,€58€S.W.3d€694,€697€(Tenn.€2001)€(citing€òòGrayned€v.€City€ofÐ D!” ÐRockfordóó,€408€U.S.€104€(1972)).€€Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àNevertheless,€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€has€noted€that€ð ðabsolute€precision€in€draftingÐ $X" Ðprohibitory€legislation€is€not€required€since€prosecution€could€then€easily€be€evaded€by€schemes€andÐ ô$D # Ðdevices.ðð€€òòWilkinsóó,€655€S.W.2d€at€916;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòBurkhartóó,€58€S.W.3d€at€697;€òòState€v.€McDonaldóó,€534Ð à%0!$ ÐS.W.2d€650,€651€(Tenn.€1976).€€To€determine€whether€a€statute€is€unconstitutionally€vague,€a€courtÐ Ì&"% Ðshould€consider€whether€the€statuteððs€prohibitions€are€not€clearly€defined€and€are€thus€susceptibleÐ ¸'#& Ðto€different€interpretations€regarding€that€which€the€statute€actually€proscribes.€€òòState€v.€Whiteheadóó,Ð ¤(ô#' Ð43€S.W.3d€921,€928€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2000).€€Therefore,€a€statute€is€not€unconstitutionally€vagueÐ )à$( Ðâ âð ðððwhich€by€orderly€processes€of€litigation€can€be€rendered€sufficiently€definite€and€certain€forÐ |*Ì%) Ðpurposes€of€judicial€decision.ðððð€€òòWilkinsóó,€655€S.W.2d€at€91€(quoting€òòDonathan€v.€McMinn€Countyóó,Ð ° Ð187€Tenn.€220,€228,€213€S.W.2d€173,€176€(1948)).€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àThe€appellant€argues€that€the€phrase€ð ðknowingly,€other€than€by€accidental€means,ðð€as€usedÐ tÄ Ðin€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„15„401€is€vague€in€that€the€statute€is€not€clear€to€theÐ `° Ðaverage€person€and€potentially€allows€a€conviction€for€lawful€conduct.€€Specifically,€as€applied€toÐ L œ Ðher€situation,€the€appellant€argues€that€as€long€as€the€state€could€prove€that€she€administered€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðdouble€dosage€of€Clonidine€to€D.P.,€whether€she€did€so€under€the€direction€of€a€doctor€or€not,€theÐ $ t Ðstate€could€prove€that€she€ð ðknowinglyðð€and€ð ðother€than€by€accidental€meansðð€gave€D.P.€medicationÐ  ` Ðwhich€resulted€in€€ð ðserious€bodily€injury.ðð€€Thus,€she€argues€that€she€could€have€been€convicted€byÐ ü L  Ðthe€jury€even€if€she€acted€lawfully.€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„15„402€states:Ð À  ÐÌà8  à(a)€A€person€commits€the€offense€of€aggravated€child€abuse€or€aggravated€childÐ ˜è  Ðneglect€who€commits€the€offense€of€child€abuse€or€neglect€as€defined€in€ðð€39„15„401Ð „Ô  Ðand:ÐpÀÐ Ð  Ðà8  à(1)€The€act€of€abuse€or€neglect€results€in€serious€bodily€injury€to€the€child;€orÐ\¬Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(2)€A€deadly€weapon€is€used€to€accomplish€the€act€of€abuse.ÐH˜Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(b)€A€violation€of€this€section€is€a€Class€B€felony;€provided,€however,€that€if€theÐ 4„ Ðabused€or€neglected€child€is€six€(6)€years€of€age€or€less,€the€penalty€is€a€Class€AÐ  p Ðfelony.€€€Ð \Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àChild€abuse€or€neglect€is€committed€by:Ð ä4 ЀÌà8  àAny€person€who€knowingly,€other€than€by€accidental€means,€treats€a€child€underÐ ¼  Ðeighteen€(18)€years€of€age€in€such€a€manner€as€to€inflict€injury€or€neglects€such€aÐ ¨ø Ðchild€so€as€to€adversely€affect€the€childððs€health€and€welfare.€.€.€.ДäÐ Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„15„401.€òòóóÐ l¼ ÐÌIn€òòState€v.€Duckeróó,€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€determined€that€Ð D!” ÐÌà8  à.€.€.€the€Tennessee€child€abuse€and€neglect€statute€is€clear€that€ð ðknowinglyðð€modifiesÐ #l! Ðð ðtreatsðð€or€ð ðneglects.ðð€€The€actus€reus€is€modified€by€the€clause€ð ðother€than€byÐ $X" Ðaccidental€means.ðð€Accordingly,€the€statute€requires€that€the€act€of€treating€a€child€inÐ ô$D # Ðan€abusive€manner€or€neglecting€the€child€must€be€knowing€conduct.Ðà%0!$Ð Ð  ÐÌòòState€v.€Duckeróó,€27€S.W.3d€889,€896„97€(Tenn.€2000)€(finding€that€mother€must€have€knowingly€leftÐ ¸'#& Ðor€abandoned€her€children€in€the€car€for€more€than€eight€hours€in€order€to€be€convicted).€€Thus,€it€isÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€actual€act€of€treating€a€child€in€an€abusive€manner€that€must€be€knowing€conduct;€a€defendantÐ )à$( Ðneed€not€know€that€his€or€her€conduct€will€result€in€serious€bodily€injury.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àThe€appellant€herein€asserts€that€the€statute€is€unconstitutionally€vague€as€applied€to€herÐ ° Ðbecause€otherwise€lawful€conduct€would€satisfy€the€requirements€of€the€statutes€if€done€ð ðknowingly.ððÐ œì ÐHowever,€this€court€has€stated€that€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Courtððs€decision€in€òòDuckeróó€did€notÐ ˆØ Ðð ðdispense€with€the€requirement€that€the€defendant€must€ððknowðð€that€his€treatment€of€the€child€isÐ tÄ Ðabusive,€even€if€it€need€not€be€proven€that€he€ððknowðð€that€his€conduct€will€result€in€bodily€injury€orÐ `° Ðserious€bodily€injury.ðð€€òòState€v.€Mazeóó,€No.€M2000„02249„CCA„R3„CD,€2002€WL€1885118,€at€*5Ð L œ Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,€Aug.€16,€2002).€€Thus,€the€appellantððs€argument€that€ð ðher€conductÐ 8 ˆ Ðwould€be€no€different€than€a€mother€who€gave€her€young€child€an€extra€dose€of€aspirin€and€a€severeÐ $ t Ðadverse€reaction€occurredðð€fails€because€the€act€of€giving€the€aspirin€is€not€an€abusive€act„€it€is€theÐ  ` Ðact€of€a€parent€to€help€a€child€with€a€medical€condition.€€In€the€case€herein,€the€state€was€required€toÐ ü L  Ðprove€that€the€appellant€in€giving€D.P.€a€double€dose€of€Clonidine€knowingly€treated€D.P.€in€anÐ è 8  Ðabusive€manner,€not€that€she€merely€knowingly€gave€him€medication.€€We€conclude€that€the€childÐ Ô$  Ðabuse€statutes€are€not€unconstitutionally€vague€as€applied€to€the€defendant€because€the€statutesÐ À  Ðrequire€that€a€defendant€know€his€or€her€conduct€is€abusive.€Ð ¬ü  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àÌÌÌòòÓ  ÓSufficiency€of€the€Evidenceóó€Ð \¬ ÐÌÓõxÓà  àWhen€a€defendant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€this€Court€is€obliged€to€reviewÐ 4„ Ðthat€claim€according€to€certain€well-settled€principles.€€A€verdict€of€guilty,€rendered€by€a€jury€andÐ  p Ðð ðapproved€by€the€trial€judge,€accredits€the€testimony€of€theðð€stateððs€witnesses€and€resolves€allÐ  \ Ðconflicts€in€the€testimony€in€favor€of€the€state.€€€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€259€(Tenn.€1994);€Ð øH ÐòòState€v.€Harrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,€75€(Tenn.€1992).€€Thus,€although€the€accused€is€originally€cloakedÐ ä4 Ðwith€a€presumption€of€innocence,€the€jury€verdict€of€guilty€removes€this€presumption€ð ðand€replacesÐ Ð  Ðit€with€one€of€guilt.ðð€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€€Hence,€on€appeal,€theÐ ¼  Ðburden€of€proof€rests€with€the€defendant€to€demonstrate€the€insufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence.€Ð ¨ø ÐòòId.óó€€The€relevant€question€the€reviewing€court€must€answer€is€whether€any€rational€trier€of€fact€couldÐ ”ä Ðhave€found€the€accused€guilty€of€every€element€of€the€offense€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.Ð €Ð ÐR.€App.€P.€13(e);€òòHarrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€at€75.€€In€making€this€decision,€we€are€to€accord€the€state€ð ðtheÐ l¼ Ðstrongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€mayÐ X ¨ Ðbe€drawn€therefrom.ðð€€òòSeeóó€òòTuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€at€914.€€As€such,€this€Court€is€precluded€from€re„Ð D!” Ðweighing€or€reconsidering€the€evidence€when€evaluating€the€convicting€proof.€€òòState€v.€Morganóó,€929Ð 0"€  ÐS.W.2d€380,€383€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996);€òòState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð #l! ÐApp.€1990).€€Moreover,€we€may€not€substitute€our€own€ð ðinferences€for€those€drawn€by€the€trier€ofÐ $X" Ðfact€from€circumstantial€evidence.ðð€€òòMatthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€at€779.Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àIn€the€case€herein,€the€appellant€was€charged€with€aggravated€child€abuse€and€the€juryÐ Ì&"% Ðâ âreturned€a€verdict€finding€the€appellant€guilty.€€The€appellant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€theÐ ¸'#& Ðevidence€on€appeal.׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Specifically,€the€appellant€argues€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€toÐ ° Ðâ âsubstantiate€a€finding€of€guilt€because€there€was€ð ðno€evidence€that€the€appellant€ððknowinglyðð€treatedÐ œì Ð.€.€.€D.P.€in€such€a€manner€as€to€ððinflict€serious€bodily€injuryðð€nor€was€there€serious€bodily€injury.ðð€Ð ˆØ ÐThe€state€argues€that€a€jury€could€reasonably€conclude€that€the€appellant€committed€the€offense€ofÐ tÄ Ðaggravated€child€abuse.€€Ð `° ÐÌà  àTo€convict€the€appellant€of€aggravated€child€abuse,€the€state€was€required€to€prove:€(1)€thatÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€appellant€knowingly,€other€than€by€accidental€means,€treated€her€child,€D.P.,€in€such€a€mannerÐ $ t Ðas€to€inflict€injury;€and€(2)€that€the€act€of€abuse€resulted€in€serious€bodily€injury.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€CodeÐ  ` ÐAnn.€ðððð€39„15„401(a)€&€„402(a)(1).€€Serious€bodily€injury€includes€that€bodily€injury€whichÐ ü L  Ðinvolves:€ð ð(A)€A€substantial€risk€of€death;€(B)€Protracted€unconsciousness;€(C)€Extreme€physicalÐ è 8  Ðpain;€(D)€Protracted€or€obvious€disfigurement;€or€(E)€Protracted€loss€or€substantial€impairment€ofÐ Ô$  Ða€function€of€a€bodily€member,€organ€or€mental€faculty.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„106(34).€€TheÐ À  Ðstate€was€not€required,€as€asserted€by€the€appellant,€to€prove€that€the€appellant€knew€her€act€of€abuseÐ ¬ü  Ðwould€result€in€serious€bodily€injury.€€òòSeeóó€òòDuckeróó,€27€S.W.3d€at€897.€€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àThe€proof€introduced€at€trial€established€that€three„and„a„half„year„old€D.P.€was€prescribedÐ pÀ Ð.1€milligram€of€Clonidine€per€day€to€be€administered€at€bedtime€for€treatment€of€ADHD.€€TheÐ \¬ Ðinformation€accompanying€the€prescription€reiterated€the€dosage€instructions€and€listed€warningsÐ H˜ Ðregarding€overdose€as€well€as€possible€side€effects.€€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àFive€days€after€the€prescription€was€written,€the€appellant€called€the€doctorððs€office€threeÐ  \ Ðtimes€in€one€day€asking€about€the€proper€dosage€of€the€Clonidine€and€asking€if€she€could€increaseÐ øH Ðthe€dosage€to€two€.1€milligram€pills.€€Each€time€the€appellant€called,€she€was€told€that€she€wasÐ ä4 Ðð ðabsolutely€notðð€to€increase€the€dosage.€€Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àTwo€days€later,€D.P.ððs€father€and€aunt€took€him€to€the€emergency€room€at€Rhea€CountyÐ ¨ø ÐMedical€Center€because€he€was€unresponsive€and€lethargic.€€D.P.€did€not€respond€to€voices€or€painfulÐ ”ä Ðstimuli€and€the€paramedic€even€opined€that€D.P.€was€in€a€life„threatening€situation.€€D.P.€wasÐ €Ð Ðairlifted€to€Chattanooga€where€a€doctor€explained€that€he€exhibited€ð ðall€the€signs€and€symptomsðð€ofÐ l¼ ÐClonidine€toxicity.€€When€asked€whether€D.P.€was€in€a€life€threatening€situation,€the€doctor€repliedÐ X ¨ Ðthat€he€ð ðwas€at€risk,€yes.ðð€€Dr.€Arant€testified€that€D.P.€could€have€been€given€double€the€dosage€ofÐ D!” ÐClonidine€for€several€nights€and€that€he€would€have€exhibited€the€same€symptoms€each€time;Ð 0"€  Ðhowever,€because€he€was€asleep€nobody€ð ðrealized€that€he€was€at€risk€of€dying.ðð€€Ð #l! ÐÌà  àWhen€interviewed,€the€appellant€admitted€that€she€gave€D.P.€two€pills€of€Clonidine,€twiceÐ ô$D # Ðthe€prescribed€dosage.€€There€were€sixteen€Clonidine€pills€missing€from€the€prescription€when€onlyÐ à%0!$ Ðeight€pills€should€have€been€used.€€Ð Ì&"% Їà  àA€rational€jury€could€have€concluded€from€the€evidence€that€the€appellant€knowingly€gaveÐ ° ÐD.P.€twice€his€dosage€of€Clonidine€against€the€instructions€of€medical€professionals€and€that€theÐ œì Ðappellant€knew€her€actions€were€abusive.€€The€evidence€supports€the€juryððs€finding€of€guilt.€Ð ˆØ ÐAccordingly,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€Ð tÄ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓConclusionóó€Ð L œ ÐÓ“ÓÌà  àAfter€thoroughly€reviewing€the€record€before€this€Court,€we€conclude€that€there€is€noÐ $ t Ðreversible€error€and€accordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àÌà  àÌÌÔ#†XTqXXX¸˜ú #ÔÔ#†¼½»XXTqÌ #ÔÔ€XTqX»¼½ÔÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð „Ô  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJERRY€L.€SMITH,€JUDGE