ÿWPCP ^D˜  Igµž«0{©À[ÜgÑwq )ühkc¶H×ó6–¬ÿÛ"ïšÞËÔ]²“`Ä2KŻ۶(ùf纡\˜ß¨]'8¦$EÐÔj,jCª·)Z™SD8sñ¯ÅÄÍqajðÉ`ïQ²ðž97Vm¦wZ¥lÉÝǥϭr œbº¼¤æ^xw:»œ¡›Ò2ºzl¼¸²^PȬ⤰ªJÙfÂÑQùùS´ ÒWÓ´i(Í‹wj—òî«hXù„ueŽÁ)b_þŠu^÷:šaUÉ<Ô'"´E‚«)¢Åî-ìŠD²Ìµ ›@>R¹-Ã¥12¹TYúKXÙw°–˜ðhˆ=\õóÙéâ" ªÎÇ5¾-±ZYD­&ôp£nmW°Y#«BܨʡbÌœïû>C Y–’§ ‰³‚aL`ë¡Ù,NâÔ®¢è1'|à"Öѱ͕yXšB2üïclä•,eç£ä¢Eü.ãþ©0yà•*7tqÖ#v¶i÷SKg¨g[ÇRìùÂo>5nŒ§Èúþ€ê¹jnÒóvQ‡ãXƒ*ªpƒe)Ãçä§ÆØo:Ï¡té{§‰ÐžcG€SEþôÔy+¸”µÁ´ªžYÖˆðA~€" G…# F UNQ %Ÿ 0(¥ w@Í 4 ! 0 U:8 0³r U:% ï_ 0DNï’U:U:»èõU:ÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝÝ B D3444 0Dgggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg AO«Æúú 0DÀ D/ B3˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ *D+D,D-./0e1e2e3Ó€uM%3|x<, øð AZ"Arial Regular(c(2Í$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€ Xƒ•XXXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular åÝ ƒ Ì×$ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€ XŽXXXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ‡ X0nXX XŽÔWe€assume€the€defendant€did€not€testify€since€the€agreed€statement€is€silent€on€thisÐ ° Ðmatter.€€Also,€the€agreed€statement€indicates€a€ð ðroach€clipðð€was€found€on€the€boxÏcontaining€the€marijuana;€we€assume€this€ð ðroach€clipðð€was€the€drug€paraphernalia.€Ô#† XŽXX X0nŠ#Ô(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó åÝ ƒ Ì×$ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€Xœ< XXXÔÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ‡X:ÓX X Xœ<ÔWe€assume€the€defendant€did€not€testify€since€the€agreed€statement€is€silent€on€thisÐ ° Ðmatter.€€Also,€the€agreed€statement€indicates€a€ð ðroach€clipðð€was€found€on€the€boxÏcontaining€the€marijuana;€we€assume€this€ð ðroach€clipðð€was€the€drug€paraphernalia.€Ô#†Xœ< XX X:ÓŠ#Ô,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular, øð AZ"Arial Regular ÞÔ€Xƒ•XXXÔÔ€ê;XXƒ•ÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€Xƒ•Xê;ÔÐ  ÐÌDecember€9,€1998ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAMÔó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular d""""'ÿÿdxd(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýñ0ñ›ñ0ññ0ñ›ñ0ñÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÓ  ÓÔ€ X kXXXÔÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑñ3ñœßr€*<,(j 8` `€€@E ±` 8ttxPX°ð  rß›ñ3ñIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÐ ° ÐÌAT€NASHVILLEÌÌNOVEMBER€1998€SESSIONò òòòÐ pÀ ÐÌÌÌÌÓ  Óó óóóÓ'X‡X¡p“X°œX'ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à h àà À àà ¡ à)Ð  p  ÐÓ3X‡X¡®È’XX‡X¡p“X3Óà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ à)à ® àC.C.A.€No.€01C01„9712„CC„00571Ð `  Ðà ` àà ¸ àAppellee,à h àà À àà ¡ à)Ð P  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ à)à ® àDickson€CountyÐ ð@  Ðv.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ à)Ð à0  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ à)à ® àHonorable€Robert€E.€BurchÐ Ð  ÐMIKEL€PRIMM,à  àà h àà À àà ¡ à)Ð À Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ à)à ® à(Possession€of€Marijuana,Ð ° Ðà ` àà ¸ àAppellant.à h àà À àà ¡ à)à ® à€Possession€of€Drug€Paraphernalia)Ð  ð ÐÌÌÌÌÌFOR€THE€APPELLANT:à h àà À àà ¡ àà ® àFOR€THE€APPELLEE:Ð @ ÐÌShipp€R.€Weemsà  àà h àà À àà ¡ àà ® àJohn€Knox€WalkupÐ  p ÐDistrict€Public€Defenderà h àà À àà ¡ àà ® àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÐ ` ÐP.€O.€Box€160à  àà h àà À àà ¡ àà ® à425€Fifth€Avenue,€NorthÐ P ÐCharlotte,€TN€€37036„0160à À àà ¡ àà ® àNashville,€TN€€37243„0493Ð ð@ ÐÌCarey€J.€Thompsonà h àà À àà ¡ àà ® àKaren€M.€YacuzzoÐ Ð  ÐAssistant€Public€Defenderà h àà À àà ¡ àà ® àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÐ À! ÐP.€O.€Box€160à  àà h àà À àà ¡ àà ® à425€Fifth€Avenue,€NorthÐ °"  ÐCharlotte,€TN€€37036„0160à À àà ¡ àà ® àNashville,€TN€€37243„0493Ð  #ð! ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ àà ® àDan€M.€AlsobrooksÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ àà ® àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ àà ® àP.€O.€Box€580Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ àà ® àCharlotte,€TN€€37036„0580ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ àà ® àSuzanne€M.€LockertÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ àà ® àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ àà ® àP.€O.€Box€580Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àòòò òà À àà ¡ àà ® àó óóóCharlotte,€TN€€37036„0580òòò òÐ -P(+ ÐÌÌÌÌó óóóOPINION€FILED:€___________________________Ð °1-0 ÐÌÌAFFIRMEDò ò€òòÐ €4Ð/3 ÐÌÌó óóóL.€T.€LAFFERTY,€SENIOR€JUDGEòòò òÐ  P7 26 ÐÔ‡ ¼ó¼X X kÔÓ  Óœñ1ñÑ7€Ü¢XXdðXXdð7Ññ1ñO›€P€I€N€I€O€NóóÔ#† X kX¼ ¼óB#ÔÐ ° ÐÓaÓÌÌó óÓÓà ` àThe€appellant,€Mikel€Primm,€herein€referred€as€the€defendant,€appeals€as€of€rightÐ ¦ö Ðfrom€a€judgment€of€the€Dickson€County€Circuit€Court€in€which€a€jury€found€the€defendantÏguilty€of€possession€of€marijuana€and€possession€of€drug€paraphernalia.€For€theÏpossession€of€marijuana,€the€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€to€eleven€months€andÏtwenty„nine€days€and€imposed€a€fine€of€$250.€€The€trial€court€ordered€the€defendant€toÏserve€six€months€in€confinement€and€five€months€and€twenty„nine€days€on€probation.€€AsÏto€the€conviction€for€possession€of€drug€paraphernalia,€the€trial€court€sentenced€theÏdefendant€to€eleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days€which€the€court€suspended€and€placedÏthe€defendant€on€probation.€€The€sentences€were€ordered€to€run€consecutively.€ÌÌà ` àThe€defendant€presents€one€appellate€issue:ÌÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àWhether€the€trial€court€erred€by€introducing€evidence€of€a€fieldÏtest€performed€by€the€arresting€officer€which€indicated€aÏsubstance€found€in€the€defendantððs€home€to€be€marijuana.Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌÓpÓÌà ` àAfter€a€review€of€the€entire€record€in€this€cause,€briefs€of€all€parties,€and€theÏapplicable€law€on€this€issue,€we€affirm€the€trial€courtððs€judgment.€ÌÌÓ  Óò òBACKGROUNDÐ †'Ö"% Ðó óÓ  ÓÌÓ  Óà ` àIn€lieu€of€a€transcript€of€the€trial€testimony€and€proceedings,€the€record€in€this€causeÏcontains€an€agreed„upon€statement€of€the€evidence.€€According€to€the€agreed€statementÏthe€following€facts€were€established€at€trial.ÌÌà ` àDetective€Stewart€Goodwin€of€the€Dickson€Count€Sheriffððs€Office€testified€that€onÏMay€15,€1996,€he€and€Detective€Michael€Holman€went€to€the€defendantððs€house€to€talk€toÏhim.€€After€they€went€to€the€door,€the€defendant€invited€them€into€the€house.€DetectiveÏGoodwin€testified€that€he€saw€a€blue€box€lying€on€a€coffee€table€with€a€ð ðroach€clipðð€on€topÏof€the€box.Ð F:–59 Їà ` àThe€detectives€asked€the€defendant€for€permission€to€search€the€box€and€heÏconsented.€€They€also€read€him€his€òòMirandaóó€warnings.€€Detective€Goodwin€looked€in€theÐ à Ðbox€and€found€what€he€believed€to€be€several€marijuana€cigarettes.€€The€officerððs€opinionÏthat€the€substance€contained€in€the€cigarettes€was€marijuana€was€based€on€his€many€yearsÏof€experience.€€There€was€no€one€else€present€at€the€house€at€the€time,€but€Rosalind€LongÏalso€lived€there.€€Detective€Goodwin€testified€that,€ð ðMikel€told€me€that€it€was€his€and€it€wasÏfor€his€own€personal€use.ððÌÌà ` àDetective€Michael€Holman€testified€that€he€took€a€sample€of€the€substance€foundÏin€the€cigarettes€and€performed€a€field€test€with€a€Narcopack€field€kit€manufactured€byÏTritech€and€that€the€test€indicated€a€positive€result€for€marijuana.€This€testimony€regardingÏthe€test€results€was€contemporaneously€objected€to€by€the€defense€on€the€grounds€the€testÏkit€had€not€been€proven€to€be€scientifically€reliable,€but€the€objection€was€overruled.€HeÏalso€testified€that€he€had€been€trained€to€use€this€test€kit,€and€that€he€had€many€years€ofÏexperience€in€law€enforcement€and€drug€investigations.€€Based€on€this€experience,€it€wasÏhis€opinion€that€the€substance€in€the€blue€box€was€marijuana.€€The€box€and€its€contentsÏwere€admitted€into€evidence€as€exhibit€one.€€A€field€test€kit€similar€to€the€one€used€byÏDetective€Holman€at€the€scene€was€admitted€into€evidence€as€exhibit€two.€ÌÌà ` àBased€on€this€evidence,€the€jury€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€both€offenses.ñ0ñ׃ ×ñ0ññ0ñ׃×ñ0ñÝ ƒ %ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð P( #& ÐÌÓ  Óò òLEGAL€ANALYSISÐ ,`'* ÐÌó óÓ  Óà ` àSince€the€defendant€did€not€appeal€his€conviction€for€possession€of€drugÐ Ð/ +. Ðparaphernalia,€the€remaining€issue€to€be€determined€is:€€was€the€trial€court€correct€inÏpermitting€the€Narcopack€field€test€kit€to€be€admitted€into€evidence?€ÌÐ p5À04 Ðà ` àThe€defendant€contends€that€Officer€Holmanððs€expertise€was€not€established€byÏRule€702€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence,€there€is€no€evidence€that€the€NarcopackÏfield€test€kit€is€one€based€on€scientific€principles,€and€the€state€failed€to€establish€theÏgeneral€acceptance€of€the€test€in€the€scientific€community.€The€state€concedes€theÏprosecution€failed€to€lay€a€proper€foundation€for€Officer€Holmanððs€testimony€regarding€theÏfield€test,€but€the€admission€by€the€trial€court€was€harmless€error.€ÌÌà ` àOrdinarily,€law€enforcement€officers€in€arrests€for€illegal€drug€offenses€will€run€a€fieldÏtest€on€suspected€controlled€substances€for€an€indication€as€to€whether€the€suspectedÏsubstance€is€positive€of€a€controlled€substance.€€Thus,€if€the€field€test€is€positive,€then€theÏsuspected€controlled€substances€are€subjected€to€a€chemical€or€scientific€analysis€forÏconfirmation€and€utilized€at€trial.€€In€this€case,€the€state€apparently€elected€to€rely€on€OfficerÏHolmanððs€opinion€that€the€test€results€were€positive€for€marijuana.€€Law€enforcementÏofficers€may,€based€upon€proper€training,€testify€as€to€the€results€of€field€tests€indicating€theÏexistence€of€suspected€controlled€substances.€òòState€v.€Anderson,€óó644€S.W.2d€423,€424Ð ð@ Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App),€òòper.€app.€dismissed€óó(Tenn.€1982);€òòState€v.€Hill,€óó638€S.W.2d€827,€830Ð Ð  Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982).€ÌÌà ` àWe€agree€with€the€defendant€that€the€results€of€a€field€test€to€indicate€the€existenceÏof€a€controlled€substance€are€based€on€scientific€process.€€The€agreed€statement€ofÏevidence€is€silent€as€to€the€extent€of€Officer€Holmanððs€training.€€There€was€no€evidenceÏpresented€regarding€the€process,€or€its€accuracy€and€reliability,€to€determine€whichÏcontrolled€substance€was€present.€€When€the€state€elects€not€to€offer€an€expert€in€drugÏanalysis€and€relies€entirely€on€the€opinion€of€a€law€enforcement€officer€to€establish€theÏexistence€of€a€controlled€substance€through€a€field€test,€we€believe€the€state€must€complyÏwith€the€requirement€of€Rule€702,€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence,€Testimony€by€Experts.ÏTennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€702€states:ÌÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àÐ ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  Ðà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#àIf€scientific,€technical,€or€other€specialized€knowledge€willÏsubstantially€assist€the€trier€of€fact€to€understand€the€evidenceÏor€to€determine€a€fact€in€issue,€a€witness€qualified€as€an€expertÐ  :p59 Ðby€knowledge,€skill,€experience,€training,€or€education€mayÏtestify€in€the€form€of€an€opinion€or€otherwise.€Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÓ(Óà ` àÌà ` àIf€the€state€was€relying€totally€ñ/ñupñ/ñon€the€field€test€to€establish€that€the€suspectedÏsubstance€was€in€fact€marijuana,€we€would€be€compelled€to€reverse€and€remand€for€a€newÏtrial.€€However,€the€test€was€not€the€sole€evidence€indicating€the€substance€was€marijuana.€ÏWe€find€the€admission€of€the€test€results€was€harmless€error.€€There€is€sufficient€evidenceÏto€support€the€conviction€of€the€defendant€by€Officers€œñ2ñGoodwinñ2ññ2ñ›Goodmanñ2ññ)ñððsñ)ñ›€and€ñ*ñOfficer€ñ*ñHolmanððs€opinions€thatÏthe€substanceñ,ñ,€ñ,ññ+ñbased€upon€their€experience,ñ+ñ€was€marijuanañ-ñ,€based€upon€their€experienceñ-ñ.€€Officer€Goodwin€testified€theÏdefendant€admitted€the€substance€was€marijuana€when€he€saidñ.ñ,ñ.ñ€ð ðMikel€told€me€that€it€wasÏhis€and€it€was€for€his€own€personal€use.ðð€€The€finding€of€the€ð ðroach€clipðð€corroborates€theÏofficerððs€testimony.€€The€judgment€is€affirmed.ÌÌÌÓÓÔ‡ XŽXX X0nÔà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ à________________________________________Ð ` Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà ¡ àL.€T.€LAFFERTY,€SENIOR€JUDGEÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌDAVID€G.€HAYES,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌ___________________________________Ô#† X0nXX X޾-#ÔÐ ¾($' ÐJOE€G.€RILEY,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌÌÌÌòòÌóóÌÌÌ