ÿWPCj ¤½n5ð'ž Á¦é$õõŸÚ3 ‚ø;Œ`¿É 0& Wº k›÷`n¦9ºLsCG>Ÿ®yïùëÖß_t!§¼AÛÚGTÆB uˆOD–ÄM¿´»yhæäþ\p´ZÙ bY[¹ Úçð!ý>ÔúvKFb¡ü–ÄíºŸ!|OHh˜›Î×"f§Ãôü§³Ôìa‹õŠ zº%[ù¬û×]½ô*«â’.öqFÜâ„>ÃLA€Â:y'd\,•ÄùíEÆÒ!Ò',vú2hh.½‰¬ˆÿB—¤q+»çƒñß³ÿR¹ôSL‰·¤þ8öZÒ]@T|ô÷‡ ïKë›Øù€H)ÖÄýÌß¶ŸMT8:¼÷‚ã¶ÐóFö+¡B¾Hq7­å¾²ÁÇ3Ú4gaúm;H?i䂿#–G2Ñùˆ¾Þ'ü8y#Mykõ|"ýtGÔ:#Šô¬0«¤sSª;@ºß:¤<ÃZb¨¤?!Rú¯×\âc¨xü'÷ÆKIÒäáb#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ UN· w 4 z Ò— i x mz UN‘ Æß Æ¥ Æk Æ1÷Nÿÿ×EØ 0DÚAb____________________________________ 0ëgggg BRR 0¤o D3 D-F 0Kss AS¾Æ 0¤× 0D{ A«¿˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0»kÛ,s (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularYo†)<˨bk°¦­ ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5  ÍÝ ƒR2$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôñ­ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€transcript€of€the€trial€shows€that€the€both€the€State€and€defense€counsel€agreed€with€the€trial€court€that€theÐ ° Ðjury€should€be€instructed€on€the€following€offenses:€€first€degree€murder,€second€degree€murder,€voluntary€manslaughter,Ð tÄ Ðreckless€homicide,€and€criminally€negligent€homicide.€€€€€€(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó 7Ý ƒR2$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôñ­ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAlthough€the€defendantððs€statement€contains€additional€information€about€his€actions€on€March€11,€1997,€thisÐ ° Ðinformation€is€not€relevant€to€the€issue€on€appeal.€€- ù-(|G22$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€RE»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôñ­ò»»Ô d(|3‰V$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€RE»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3‰V$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€RE»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€RE»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼RE»»»ÔÑ8€ùXXdì»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îW”REÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼RE»îîW” #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAssigned€on€Briefs€May€8,€2002Ð üL ÐÔ‡XùX»¼REÔÌò òÔ#†¼RE»XXù#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€RICKY€RAY€REED,€JR.,€aka€ð ðRICCOððÔ‡XùX»¼REÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Tipton€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€3428€€€€€€Joseph€H.€Walker,€III,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2001„02155„CCA„R3„CD€€Ô_Ô„Ô_Ô€Filed€June€25,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant€was€indicted€for€first€degree€murder€and€convicted€by€the€jury€of€second€degreeÐ xÈ  Ðmurder.€€He€filed€a€petition€for€post„conviction€relief,€and€was€permitted€to€make€a€delayed€motionÐ d´ Ðfor€a€new€trial,€which€ultimately€was€denied€by€the€trial€court.€€The€defendant€appeals€the€denial,Ð P  Ðarguing€that€the€evidence€at€trial€was€insufficient€to€support€his€conviction€for€second€degree€murder.€Ð <Œ ÐAfter€a€review€of€the€record,€we€conclude€that€there€was€sufficient€evidence€to€convict€the€defendantÐ (x Ðof€second€degree€murder€and€that€the€trial€court€properly€denied€the€defendantððs€motion€for€judgmentÐ d Ðof€acquittal€and€a€new€trial.Ô#†¼RE»XXù¢#ÔÔ‡XùX»¼REÔÐ P ÐÓèÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmedó óÐ Ø( ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼RE»àXù #ÔÔ‡XùX.¼REÔAlan€E.€Glenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€G.€Hayesóó€and€òòJerry€L.Ð ° ÐSmith,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð œì ÐÌGary€F.€Antrican,€District€Public€Defender,€and€David€S.€Stockton,€Assistant€District€PublicÐ tÄ ÐDefender,€for€the€appellant,€Ricky€Ray€Reed,€Jr.Ð `° ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Thomas€E.€Williams,€III,€Assistant€AttorneyÐ 8!ˆ  ÐGeneral;€Elizabeth€T.€Rice,€District€Attorney€General;€and€James€W.€Freeland,€Jr.,€Assistant€DistrictÐ $"t! ÐAttorney€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð #`" ÐÓºÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼RE»XXùé#ÔÔ‡XùX»¼REÔÐ è$8 $ ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼RE»XXùð #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XùX»¼REÔà  àOn€November€3,€1997,€the€defendant,€Ricky€Ray€Reed,€Jr.,€was€indicted€for€first€degreeÐ À&"& Ðmurder€for€the€March€11,€1997,€killing€of€the€victim,€Tony€Terrell€Moss.€€A€jury€convicted€him€ofÐ ¬'ü"' Ðsecond€degree€murder,€a€Class€A€felony,€on€May€5,€1998,€and€assessed€a€$50,000€fine.€€The€trialÐ ˜(è#( Ðcourt€sentenced€him€as€a€violent€offender€to€twenty€years€at€100%€in€the€Tennessee€Department€ofÐ „)Ô$) ÐCorrection.€€The€defendant€did€not€file€a€motion€for€a€new€trial€or€a€notice€of€appeal.€€€€Ð p*À%* ÐÌà  àOn€August€16,€1999,€the€defendant,€utilizing€a€United€States€District€Court€form,€filed€aÐ H,˜', Ðpetition€for€writ€of€habeas€corpus,€arguing€that€the€State€violated€his€constitutional€rights€by€failingÐ 4-„(-ýf Ðto€disclose€favorable€evidence€to€him.€€€The€trial€court€dismissed€the€petition€on€September€9,€1999,Ð ° Ðand€no€appeal€was€filed.€€On€June€25,€2001,€the€defendant€filed€a€òòpro€seóó€petition€for€post„convictionÐ œì Ðrelief,€requesting€a€delayed€appeal€of€his€conviction€and€arguing€that€he€was€denied€his€right€toÐ ˆØ Ðappellate€review€under€Tennessee€Rule€of€Criminal€Procedure€37(d)€and€(e),€that€he€receivedÐ tÄ Ðineffective€assistance€of€counsel,€and€that€he€was€denied€due€process.€€On€July€5,€2001,€the€post„Ð `° Ðconviction€court€allowed€the€defendant€to€file€a€delayed€motion€for€a€new€trial€within€thirty€days€andÐ L œ Ðappointed€the€public€defenderððs€office€to€represent€the€defendant.€€The€defendant€timely€filed€aÐ 8 ˆ Ðmotion€for€judgment€of€acquittal€and€new€trial,€arguing€that€(1)€the€elements€of€second€degreeÐ $ t Ðmurder€were€not€proven€beyond€reasonable€doubt,€(2)€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€hisÐ  ` Ðconviction€for€second€degree€murder,€(3)€the€verdict€of€the€jury€was€contrary€to€the€law€and€theÐ ü L  Ðevidence,€and€(4)€the€sentence€imposed€by€the€court€was€excessive.€€The€court€denied€this€motionÐ è 8  Ðon€August€9,€2001,€and€the€defendant€timely€appealed.€€We€conclude€that€the€trial€court€properlyÐ Ô$  Ðdenied€the€defendantððs€motion€and€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€convict€the€defendant€of€secondÐ À  Ðdegree€murder.€€€€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌÓ  Óòòò òFACTSó óóóÐ „Ô  ÐÓìÓÌà  àOn€March€11,€1997,€the€defendant€and€his€cousin,€Billy€Grandberry,€were€driving€aroundÐ \¬ ÐCovington,€Tennessee,€when€the€defendant€pulled€up€behind€Corey€Deanððs€parked€car.€€TheÐ H˜ Ðdefendant€pointed€a€shotgun€at€Dean,€and€once€Dean€saw€the€gun,€he€got€in€his€car€and€tried€toÐ 4„ Ðescape.€€The€defendant€followed€Dean€for€a€few€minutes€and€then€saw€the€victim,€Tony€Moss,€andÐ  p ÐDwayne€Draine€drive€by.€€At€that€point,€the€defendant€stopped€following€Dean€and€started€followingÐ  \ Ðthe€victim€and€Draine.€€The€defendant€flashed€money€at€the€two€men€in€an€attempt€to€get€them€toÐ øH Ðstop.Ð ä4 ÐÌ€€à  àThe€defendant,€shotgun€in€hand,€yelled€at€the€victim€and€Draine€to€give€him€all€of€theirÐ ¼  Ðmoney.€€Grandberry€tried€unsuccessfully€to€get€the€defendant€to€calm€down.€€Because€of€theÐ ¨ø Ðdefendantððs€violent€behavior,€Grandberry€exited€the€defendantððs€car€at€the€next€stop€sign.€€The€victimÐ ”ä Ðand€Draine€drove€off,€thinking€that€they€finally€had€gotten€away€from€the€defendant.€€However,€whenÐ €Ð Ðthe€victim€and€Draine€parked€outside€their€home€a€few€minutes€later,€the€defendant€suddenlyÐ l¼ Ðappeared,€pulled€up€beside€their€vehicle,€stuck€his€shotgun€out€of€the€passenger€window€of€his€car,Ð X ¨ Ðand€shot€the€victim€in€the€mouth.€€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àAt€trial,€the€Stateððs€first€witness€was€Rosie€Williams,€the€victimððs€mother,€who€testified€thatÐ #l! Ðthe€victim€was€23€years€old€at€the€time€of€his€death€on€March€11,€1997.€€She€said€he€had€twoÐ $X" Ðsurviving€children,€one€of€whom€was€born€one€month€after€he€was€killed.€€Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àBilly€Lee€Grandberry,€the€defendantððs€first€cousin,€testified€that€on€March€11,€1997,€he€andÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€defendant€were€riding€around€Covington€in€the€defendantððs€motherððs€car,€with€the€defendantÐ ¸'#& Ðdriving€and€Grandberry€riding€in€the€passenger€seat.€€Grandberry€noticed€that€the€defendant€hadÐ ¤(ô#' Ðbloodshot€eyes€and€only€talked€to€him€when€he€asked€him€a€direct€question.€€Grandberry€said€theÐ )à$( Ðdefendant€began€talking€ð ðcrazyðð€and€retrieved€a€shotgun€from€the€backseat€as€they€pulled€up€behindÐ |*Ì%) ÐCorey€Deanððs€vehicle.€€The€defendant€pointed€the€gun€at€Dean.€€When€Dean€realized€a€gun€wasÐ h+¸&* Ðaimed€at€him,€he€drove€away,€and€the€defendant€followed€him.€€The€victim€and€Dwayne€Draine€thenÐ ° Ðdrove€by.€€When€the€defendant€saw€these€two€men,€he€stopped€following€Dean€and€started€followingÐ œì Ðthe€victim€and€Draine.€€The€defendant€said€nothing€to€Grandberry€as€he€followed€the€victimððs€car€upÐ ˆØ ÐHill€Street€and€down€Simonton€Street.€€The€defendant€flashed€money€at€the€victim,€and€the€victimÐ tÄ Ðsignaled€to€the€defendant€that€he€had€drugs€for€sale.€€The€defendant€followed€the€victimððs€car€toÐ `° ÐSimonton€Street,€where€the€two€cars€pulled€up€next€to€one€another.€€The€defendant€yelled€at€theÐ L œ Ðvictim€and€Draine€to€give€him€all€of€their€ð ðcheese,ðð€which€is€slang€for€money.€€Grandberry€said€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðdefendant€was€ð ðtalking€in€his€own€worldðð€by€then,€and€he€encouraged€the€defendant€to€leave€theÐ $ t Ðvictim€and€Draine€alone.€€The€defendant€replied€that€he€ð ðdidnððt€give€a€fuck,ðð€and€Grandberry€toldÐ  ` Ðhim€to€let€him€out€of€the€car.€€As€Grandberry€got€out€of€the€car€at€the€stop€sign€on€Simonton€Street,Ð ü L  Ðhe€noticed€that€the€defendant€had€the€shotgun€in€his€hand.€€Grandberry€went€to€a€friendððs€house€onÐ è 8  ÐHill€Street€where€he€tried€to€call€to€the€defendantððs€mother.€€As€he€was€leaving€his€friendððs€house,Ð Ô$  ÐGrandberry€heard€a€gunshot.€€Ð À  ÐÌà  àGrandberry€said€that€the€defendant€usually€listened€to€what€he€said,€but,€on€the€day€of€theÐ ˜è  Ðshooting,€ð ð[the€defendant]€wasnððt€his€self€[sic].ðð€€Grandberry€described€the€defendant€as€follows:Ð „Ô  Ðð ð[H]is€eyes€were€just€ð!ð€they€were€wide€open€and€was€red,€and€he€was€just€sitting€there,€and€he€wasÐ pÀ Ðstaring.€€He€wasnððt€ð!ð€he€was€just€there,€like€he€wasnððt€ð!ð€you€know,€if€youððd€say€something,€heÐ \¬ Ðwouldnððt€ð!ð€he€didnððt€hear€nothing€you€was€saying.ððÐ H˜ ÐÌà  àPearlie€Currin€testified€that€on€March€11,€1997,€she€had€parked€her€car€on€Craig€Street€whileÐ  p Ðwaiting€for€her€€granddaughter€to€pick€up€her€school€pictures.€€Currin€described€what€happened€afterÐ  \ Ðher€granddaughter€got€out€of€the€car:Ð øH ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àWell,€I€was€just€sitting€there€waiting€on€my€granddaughter,Ð Ð  Ðand€there€was€two€guys€in€the€car.€€Another€car€pulled€up€along€sideÐ ¼  Ðthis€car,€and€I€thought€maybe€they€was€going€to€talk,€until€I€seenÐ ¨ø Ðsomething€stick€out€of€the€window,€and€then€I€heard€a€shot.€€And€myÐ ”ä Ðgranddaughter€ran€to€the€car,€she€started€screaming,€and€I€got€out€ofÐ €Ð Ðthe€car,€screaming€for€her.€€And€the€car€pulled€off€and€liked€[sic]€toÐ l¼ Ðhit€mine.ÐX ¨` x` x ÐÌCurrin€could€not€identify€the€shooter€because€she€did€not€see€his€face.€€However,€she€did€say€that€theÐ 0"€  Ðshooter€was€a€black€male.€€She€said€she€never€went€to€the€car€to€see€who€had€been€shot.€€€€Ð #l! ÐÌà  àJohn€Terrell€Sales€testified€that€he€learned€that€the€victim€had€been€shot,€and€he,€FranklinÐ ô$D # ÐWilliams,€and€Eddie€Poindexter€were€on€their€way€to€the€hospital€to€see€the€victim€when€theyÐ à%0!$ Ðencountered€the€defendant.€€Sales€said€the€defendant,€who€was€alone€in€his€car,€pointed€a€shotgunÐ Ì&"% Ðat€them€near€the€Midway€Market€at€Mount€Carmel.€€The€defendant€followed€Salesððs€car€from€theÐ ¸'#& ÐMidway€Market€to€Maple€Street,€a€distance€of€about€two€or€three€miles.€€Sales€did€not€know€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdefendant€but€thought€that€Williams€and€Poindexter€knew€him.€€Sales€said€that€they€were€able€to€getÐ )à$( Ðaway€from€the€defendant€when€they€stopped€an€officer€on€the€road,€and€the€defendant€fled€the€scene.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐThe€three€men€told€the€officer€that€they€were€being€chased€by€the€defendant,€who€had€a€gun.€€Sales,Ð h+¸&* ÐWilliams,€and€Poindexter€immediately€went€to€the€police€station€and€gave€statements€about€theÐ ° Ðincident.Ð œì ÐÌà  àDwayne€Draine€testified€that€he€was€with€the€victim€the€day€he€died.€€Draine€admitted€thatÐ tÄ Ðhe€had€pled€guilty€to€aggravated€robbery€in€the€Tipton€County€Circuit€Court€on€December€2,€1994.€Ð `° ÐThe€victim€was€driving€the€victimððs€motherððs€car,€and€Draine€was€riding€in€the€passenger€seat€whenÐ L œ Ðthey€saw€the€defendant€and€Billy€Grandberry€on€the€afternoon€of€March€11,€1997.€€Draine€said€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðdefendant€was€hanging€out€of€the€window€of€his€car€and€pointing€a€.12€gauge€shotgun€at€them,€whichÐ $ t Ðthey€initially€thought€was€a€toy€gun.€€Draine€described€the€actions€of€the€defendant€and€Grandberry:€Ð  ` ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[T]hey€was€flagging€us€down.€€They€had€like€$10€or€something€inÐ è 8  Ðtheir€hand,€and€they€was€flagging,€trying€to€flag€us€down.€€And€meÐ Ô$  Ðand€[the€victim],€we€stopped€on€Simonton€Street.€€And€when€weÐ À  Ðstopped€on€Simonton€Street,€[the€defendant]€and€Billy€[Grandberry]Ð ¬ü  Ðpulled€up,€and€he€was€like,€ð ðGive€me€all€your€money.ðð€€And€[theÐ ˜è  Ðvictim]€just€looked€at€him.Ð„Ô ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àAnd€he€was€like,€ð ðIððm€for€real.ðð€€And€he€pulled€the€.12€gaugeÐ \¬ Ðup,€and€he€was€like,€ð ðIððm€for€real.€€Give€me€all€your€money,ðð€said,Ð H˜ Ðð ðGo€to€your€house€and€get€your€money€right€now.ðð€Ð4„` x` x ÐÌAt€that€point,€Grandberry€told€them€not€to€listen€to€the€defendant€because€he€was€ð ðhighðð€and€drunk.€Ð  \ ÐHearing€this,€the€victim€did€not€take€the€defendantððs€threats€seriously,€and€they€turned€onto€CraigÐ øH ÐStreet€to€go€home.€€Draine€then€described€what€happened€as€they€approached€their€house:Ð ä4 ÐÌÓ*°,XƒX× –X°œX*Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à × à[A]s€soon€as€we€pulled€in€to€park,€[the€defendant]€just€pulled€upÐ ¼  Ðout€of€nowhere€and€stuck€the€.12€gauge€out€the€window€and€shot.Шø` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàAll€right.€€Now,€where€were€you€in€the€car?ЀÐ× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàOn€the€other€side.€€On€the€passengerððs€side.ÐX ¨× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàAnd€[the€victim]€was€the€driver?Ð0"€ × x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàYeah.Ð$X"× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à × àNow,€the€car€that€[the€defendant]€was€driving,€was€it€pullingÐ à%0!$ Ðtowards€you€from€an€opposite€direction€or€did€it€pull€by€you?ÐÌ&"%` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàIt€pulled€right€up€beside€us,€by€us.Ф(ô#'× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à × àAll€right.€€So€the€shotgun€would€have€been€put€out€whichÐ |*Ì%) Ðwindow€of€[the€defendantððs]€car?Ðh+¸&*` x` x Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàThe€passengerððs€side.Ð°× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàAll€right.€€And€how€many€shots€were€fired?ЈØ× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàOne.Ð`°× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàAnd€where€did€that€shot€hit?Ð8 ˆ× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàIt€hit€[the€victim]€in€the€mouth,€right€about€here.Ð `× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàOkay.€€Well,€what€did€you€do?Ðè 8 × x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à × àI€ducked.€€See,€I€didnððt€know€if€he€had€hit€[the€victim].€€I€justÐ À  Ðheard€the€shot,€you€know.€€When€I€ducked€ð!ð€I€seen€him€shoot,€and€IÐ ¬ü  Ðducked,€and€[the€victim]€took€off.€€The€car€just€took€off,€and€it€hit€theÐ ˜è  Ðback€of€my€brotherððs€car.€€And€thatððs€when€I€knew€[the€victim]€hadÐ „Ô  Ðbeen€shot,€because€the€car€kept€rolling€back€down€the€street€with€[theÐ pÀ Ðvictim]€in€it€when€his€foot€was€still€on€the€gas.€€And€I€put€the€car€inÐ \¬ Ðgear.€€[The€defendant]€didnððt€pull€off€ð!ð€he€didnððt€speed€off€orÐ H˜ Ðanything.€€He€just€looked€for€a€second,€and€then€pulled€off.Ð4„` x` x ÐÌAfter€the€shooting,€Draine€said€that€he€was€not€able€to€talk€to€the€victim€before€he€died.€€Draine€leftÐ  \ Ðthe€scene€of€the€shooting€but€later€gave€a€statement€to€Investigator€Chandler€and€another€officer€atÐ øH Ðthe€Covington€Police€Department.€€Draine€said€that€less€than€five€minutes€had€elapsed€between€theÐ ä4 Ðtime€that€the€defendant€first€pointed€the€gun€at€them€on€Simonton€Street€and€the€time€that€he€shot€theÐ Ð  Ðvictim€on€Craig€Street.€€The€defendant€said€nothing€before€or€after€he€shot€the€victim.€€After€shootingÐ ¼  Ðthe€victim,€the€defendant€waited€for€a€few€minutes€before€slowly€driving€away.€€Draine€said€that€theÐ ¨ø Ðdefendant€was€not€out€of€control€that€day€and€was€not€weaving€or€driving€recklessly.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àDr.€Thomas€Deering,€a€forensic€pathologist,€testified€that€the€cause€of€the€victimððs€death€wasÐ l¼ Ða€shotgun€wound€to€the€head.€€He€described€the€findings€that€led€him€to€this€conclusion:Ð X ¨ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àIn€general,€it€hit€on€the€left€side€of€the€face,€adjacent€to€and€nearÐ 0"€  Ðthe€mouth.€€It€went€from€his€left€side€towards€his€right€side,€andÐ #l! Ðbasically€from€the€front€towards€the€back.€€So€all€of€the€structures€thatÐ $X" Ðare€in€the€area€were€affected.€€The€jaw€was€broken.€€The€maxillaryÐ ô$D # Ðbone,€or€the€cheek€bone,€was€broken.€€The€tongue€was€lacerated,Ð à%0!$ Ðinside€of€the€mouth€was€lacerated.€€The€bone€that€holds€the€brain,Ð Ì&"% Ðcalled€the€base€of€the€skull,€was€fractured€because€of€the€blast€of€theÐ ¸'#& Ðshotgun€wound.€Ð¤(ô#'` x` x Ðâ âÐ )à$( ÐDr.€Deering€stated€that€the€victimððs€blood„alcohol€level€was€.03€grams€per€deciliter€at€the€time€of€theÐ ° Ðautopsy€and€that€the€victimððs€body€tested€negative€for€drugs.€€A€copy€of€the€autopsy€report€wasÐ œì Ðentered€into€evidence.€€Ð ˆØ Ðâ âÌà  àRicky€Chandler,€an€investigator€for€the€Covington€Police€Department,€testified€that€on€MarchÐ `° Ð11,€1997,€he€was€called€into€the€station€on€his€day€off€to€investigate€the€shooting€death€of€the€victim.€Ð L œ ÐInvestigator€Chandler€said€he€was€unable€to€visit€the€scene€but€started€collecting€information€fromÐ 8 ˆ Ðwitnesses€about€the€identity€of€the€shooter€and€what€had€happened.€€Between€5:00€and€5:30€p.m.€thatÐ $ t Ðafternoon,€Chandler€received€a€call€concerning€the€shooterððs€whereabouts.€€At€about€6:00€p.m.,€heÐ  ` Ðwent€to€the€defendantððs€girlfriendððs€residence€on€Gillespie€Street.€€When€the€police€approached€herÐ ü L  Ðhouse,€the€defendant€ran€out€the€back€door,€and€the€officers€were€unable€to€apprehend€him.€€ChandlerÐ è 8  Ðand€other€officers€searched€the€area€around€the€house€and€discovered€the€car€used€by€the€defendantÐ Ô$  Ðin€the€shooting.€€Inside€the€car,€which€was€located€about€seventy„five€yards€from€the€defendantððsÐ À  Ðgirlfriendððs€house,€was€a€.12€gauge€shotgun€matching€the€description€of€the€murder€weapon.€Ð ¬ü  ÐChandler€identified€the€shotgun€that€he€recovered€from€the€backseat€of€the€car,€and€a€photograph€ofÐ ˜è  Ðthe€shotgun€was€entered€into€evidence.€€Chandler€said€he€found€four€unspent€rounds€of€number€5Ð „Ô  Ðshot€in€the€weapon,€and€these€four€shells€were€also€entered€into€evidence.€€Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àInvestigator€Chandler€further€testified€that€at€approximately€11:00€p.m.€on€March€11,€1997,Ð H˜ Ðthe€defendantððs€father€brought€the€defendant€to€the€police€station.€€The€defendant€appeared€to€be€inÐ 4„ Ðgood€physical€condition€and€appeared€to€be€acting€normal€emotionally.€€Chandler€said€the€defendantÐ  p Ðdid€not€appear€to€be€under€the€influence€of€any€alcohol€or€drugs€at€that€time.€€Chandler€advised€theÐ  \ Ðdefendant€of€his€òòMirandaóó€rights,€and€the€defendant€signed€an€admonition€and€waiver€of€rights€formÐ øH Ðat€10:58€p.m.€€Chandler€said€the€defendant€appeared€to€understand€his€rights€at€the€time€he€signedÐ ä4 Ðthe€waiver.€€Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àChandler€said€the€defendant€then€gave€a€statement,€which€was€recorded€on€audiotape.€€ThisÐ ¨ø Ðtape€was€played€to€the€jury€and€entered€into€evidence.€€In€the€defendantððs€taped€statement,€heÐ ”ä Ðadmitted€shooting€the€victim€on€Craig€Street:Ð €Ð ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àChandler:€€All€right€Ricky,€I€want€you€to€go€over€the€circumstancesÐ X ¨ Ðaround€the€situation€that€happened€this€evening€about€.€.€.€right€aroundÐ D!” Ð5:00€this€evening€with€the€incident€that€happened€on€Craig€Street.€Ð 0"€  ÐTell€me€what€was€going€on€and€what€your€intentions€were€and€whatÐ #l! Ðwas€going€on.Ð$X"` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€He€was€a€drug€dealer.Ðà%0!$` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àChandler:€€So€.€.€.€€and€what€happened?€€Because€he€was€a€drugÐ ¸'#& Ðdealer,€what€did€you€do?Ф(ô#'` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€He€got€shot.Ð|*Ì%)` x` x ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àChandler:€€Did€you€shoot€him?а` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€Yes.ЈØ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àChandler:€€What€did€you€shoot€him€with?Ð`°` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€A€.12€gauge.Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àChandler:€€All€right,€tell€me€what€happened.€€What€did€you€do?€€HowÐ  ` Ðdid€it€happen?€.€.€.€Were€you€in€your€car?€€Ðü L ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€I€pulled€up€beside€him.ÐÔ$ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àChandler:€€Okay.€€Did€you€shoot€through€your,€the€driverððs€door€orÐ ¬ü  Ðdid€you€shoot€through€the€passenger€window?Иè ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€The€passenger€window.ÐpÀ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àChandler:€€So€you€pulled€up€on€the€driverððs€side€of€his€car,€going€theÐ H˜ Ðsame€direction,€then?€€Ð4„` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€Yep.Ð \` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àChandler:€€You€put€the€shotgun€in€the€driver„passenger€window€andÐ ä4 Ðpulled€the€trigger?€€ÐÐ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€Yes.€€Ð¨ø` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àChandler:€€What€did€you€do€after€that?ЀÐ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€I€left.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÐX ¨` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` à.€.€.€.Ð 0"€  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àChandler:€€Are€you€on€any€kind€of€medication€now,€Ricky?€€Do€youÐ $X" Ðtake€any€medicine?Ðô$D #` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€The€medicineððs€at€home.ÐÌ&"%` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àChandler:€€Have€you€been€taking€it?Ф(ô#'` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€Off€.€.€.€every€now€and€then.Ð|*Ì%)` x` x ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àChandler:€€Have€you€had€any€today?а` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€No.ЈØ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àChandler:€€How€long€has€it€been€since€you€had€any?€€Ð`°` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€Probably€about€two€or€three€days.Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àChandler:€€How€come€you€quit€taking€it?Ð `` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€I€donððt€like€taking€medicine.Ðè 8 ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àChandler:€€Whatððs€it€for?ÐÀ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àDefendant:€€My€nerves€and€when€I€got€shot€and€stuff.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Иè ` x` x ÐÌAfter€the€tape€was€played€for€the€jury,€Chandler€testified€that€during€his€questioning€of€the€defendant,Ð pÀ Ðhe€recovered€six€number€5€shot€shotgun€shells€from€the€defendantððs€jacket€pockets.€€These€six€shellsÐ \¬ Ðwere€entered€into€evidence.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àInvestigator€Chandler€said€that€he€had€been€in€law€enforcement€for€eleven€years,€and€eightÐ  p Ðof€those€eleven€years€he€had€focused€on€drug€trafficking.€€He€stated€that€the€victim€had€never€beenÐ  \ Ðarrested€for€dealing€drugs€by€the€Covington€Police€Department.€Ð øH ÐÌà  àDuring€cross„examination,€Chandler€stated€that€Dwayne€Draineððs€and€Corey€Deanððs€namesÐ Ð  Ðhad€come€up€several€times€when€the€police€department€had€conducted€drug€investigations€in€the€past.€Ð ¼  ÐChandler€also€stated€that€Franklin€Williams,€Eddie€Poindexter,€and€John€Terrell€Sales€had€currentÐ ¨ø Ðdrug€cases€pending€against€them.€€Chandler€said€he€first€met€the€defendant€when€he€was€arrested€forÐ ”ä Ðdrugs€as€a€juvenile.€€Chandler€next€saw€the€defendant€when€he€was€arrested€on€a€felony€drug€charge.€Ð €Ð ÐThe€police€department€offered€the€defendant€a€chance€to€be€a€confidential€informant€so€that€he€couldÐ l¼ Ðreduce€his€felony€drug€charge.€€Chandler€said€that€the€police€department€used€the€defendant€as€anÐ X ¨ Ðinformant€only€one€time:Ð D!” ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à × àWhen€you€said€you€ð ðhad€him€hooked€up,ðð€that€was€a€situationÐ #l! Ðwhere€he€was€wearing€a€transmitting€device,€wired€up€as€an€agent;Ð $X" Ðwould€that€be€correct?Ðô$D #` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à0× ` x` xàCorrect.ÐÌ&"%× x× x Ðâ âÐ ¸'#& Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à × àAnd€what€was€it€about€his€remarks€that€caused€you€concern€forÐ ° Ðâ âcontinuing€to€employ€him?Мì` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à × àWell,€after€the€intended€target€[Franklin€Williams]€was€a€no„Ð tÄ Ðshow€on€it,€he€was€riding€around,€and€I€was€a€little€piece€behind€himÐ `° Ðin€my€vehicle€listening,€and€he€made€the€remark€if€I€got€him€a€gun,€heÐ L œ Ðwould€go€kill€Gangster€Al.€€Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQ.à0× ` x` xàAnd€who€would€Gangster€Al€be?Ð `× x× x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA.à × àThatððs€a€subject,€Edison€Williams,€that€weððve€had€some€dealingsÐ è 8  Ðwith€in€the€past€on€drug€trafficking.€€ÐÔ$ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à€€€€€€€€€At€that€point,€I€put€the€blue€lights€on€him,€got€him€out€of€the€car,Ð ¬ü  Ðtook€the€Kel€set,€which€is€the€transmitting€device,€off€of€him.€€I€hadÐ ˜è  Ðgiven€him€$60€to€make€a€purchase.€€I€took€$40€of€that€back,€let€himÐ „Ô  Ðkeep€$20€of€it€for€gas€money,€and€told€him€I€didnððt€need€his€servicesÐ pÀ Ðanymore.€Ð\¬` x` x ÐÌà  àChandler€said€he€terminated€the€defendantððs€confidential€informant€services€on€January€17,Ð 4„ Ð1997.€€Chandler€later€talked€to€the€defendant€again€when€the€defendant€asked€to€be€an€informant€aÐ  p Ðsecond€time.€€Chandler€denied€his€request.€€During€that€conversation,€the€defendant€said€that€ifÐ  \ ÐChandler€would€get€him€a€weapon,€he€would€kill€T.J.€Hurt,€another€drug€dealer€in€the€CovingtonÐ øH Ðarea.€€Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àDefense€counsel€then€requested€that€Chandlerððs€transcription€of€the€defendantððs€statementÐ ¼  Ðbe€entered€into€evidence.€€The€court€allowed€it€to€be€admitted€as€an€exhibit,€but€stated€the€following:Ð ¨ø ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àLadies€and€gentlemen,€the€tape€that€youððve€heard€would€be€whatÐ €Ð Ðyou€are€to€consider.€€The€Court€will€allow€a€copy€of€what€purports€toÐ l¼ Ðbe€a€transcription€of€the€tape€to€be€marked€as€an€exhibit€for€your€aidÐ X ¨ Ðand€benefit,€but€if€you€find€that€the€transcription€differs€with€what€youÐ D!” Ðrecall€on€the€tape,€youððre€to€go€by€your€memory€of€what€was€on€theÐ 0"€  Ðtape.€Ð#l!` x` x ÐÌà  àAt€the€conclusion€of€Chandlerððs€testimony,€the€State€rested€its€case€in€chief.€€The€defendantÐ ô$D # Ðelected€not€to€testify.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àThe€defendantððs€mother,€Sharon€Reed,€was€the€only€witness€testifying€for€the€defense.€€SheÐ ¸'#& Ðtestified€that€the€defendant€had€been€receiving€psychiatric€counseling€since€1994€and€had€beenÐ ¤(ô#' Ðprescribed€five€or€six€different€types€of€medication.€€She€could€tell€if€the€defendant€had€been€takingÐ )à$( Ðâ âhis€medication€by€the€way€he€acted.€€Reed€said€the€defendantððs€attitude€and€personality€had€changedÐ |*Ì%) Ðduring€the€weeks€prior€to€March€11,€1997.€€She€said€that€she€had€pled€guilty€to€forgery€in€MississippiÐ ° Ðin€1998.€€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àThe€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€as€to€first€degree€murder€and€the€lesser„included€offensesÐ tÄ Ðof€second€degree€murder,€voluntary€manslaughter,€reckless€homicide,€and€criminally€negligentÐ `° Ðhomicide.€€The€jury€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€second€degree€murder.Ð L œ ÐÌÓ  Óò òòòANALYSISÐ $ t ÐÌóóÓ  ÓÓ  ÓSufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óÐ ü L  ÐÓË{ÓÌÓ  Óà  àThe€defendant€appeals€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€his€motion€for€a€judgment€of€acquittal€andÐ Ô$  Ða€new€trial.€€In€his€appeal,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€evidence€at€trial€was€insufficient€as€a€matterÐ À  Ðof€law€to€convict€him€of€second€degree€murder,€sò òó óaying€that€he€did€not€knowingly€kill€the€victim€sinceÐ ¬ü  Ðð ðhe€had€no€understanding€of€what€he€was€doing€or€what€was€going€on€around€him.ðð€€Alternatively,Ð ˜è  Ðhe€argues€that€his€conviction€should€be€reduced€to€voluntary€manslaughter.€€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌòòóóà  àWhere€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence€is€challenged,€the€relevant€question€of€theÐ \¬ Ðreviewing€court€is€ð ðwhether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€theÐ H˜ Ðprosecution,€òòanyóó€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyondÐ 4„ Ða€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789,€61€L.€Ed.€2d€560,Ð  p Ð573€(1979).€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Pikeóó,€978€S.W.2d€904,€914€(Tenn.€1998);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e)Ð  \ Ð(ð ðFindings€of€guilt€in€criminal€actions€whether€by€the€trial€court€or€jury€shall€be€set€aside€if€theÐ øH Ðevidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€findings€by€the€trier€of€fact€of€guilt€beyond€a€reasonableÐ ä4 Ðdoubt.ðð).€€òòóóAll€questions€involving€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€theÐ Ð  Ðevidence,€and€all€factual€issues€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Pappasóó,€754€S.W.2dÐ ¼  Ð620,€623€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àJury€verdicts€in€criminal€cases€are€given€considerable€weight€by€the€reviewing€court.€€A€guiltyÐ €Ð Ðverdict€that€is€approved€by€the€trial€judge€accredits€the€testimony€of€the€Stateððs€witnesses€€andÐ l¼ Ðresolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€theory€of€the€State.€€òòState€v.€Bigbeeóó,€885€S.W.2d€797,€803€(Tenn.Ð X ¨ Ð1994).€€Our€supreme€court€stated€the€rationale€for€this€rule:Ð D!” ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà × àThis€well„settled€rule€rests€on€a€sound€foundation.€€The€trialÐ #l! Ðjudge€and€the€jury€see€the€witnesses€face€to€face,€hear€their€testimonyÐ $X" Ðand€observe€their€demeanor€on€the€stand.€€Thus€the€trial€judge€andÐ ô$D # Ðjury€are€the€primary€instrumentality€of€justice€to€determine€the€weightÐ à%0!$ Ðand€credibility€to€be€given€to€the€testimony€of€witnesses.€€In€the€trialÐ Ì&"% Ðforum€alone€is€there€human€atmosphere€and€the€totality€of€theÐ ¸'#& Ðevidence€cannot€be€reproduced€with€a€written€record€in€this€Court.Ф(ô#'` x` x ÐÌòòBolin€v.€Stateóó,€405€S.W.2d€768,€771€(Tenn.€1966)€(citing€òòCarroll€v.€Stateóó,€370€S.W.2d€523,€527€Ð |*Ì%) Ð(Tenn.€1963)).òòóó€€A€guilty€verdict€removes€the€defendantððs€initial€presumption€of€innocence€andÐ h+¸&* Ðreplaces€it€with€a€presumption€of€guilt,€so€that€on€appeal,€a€convicted€defendant€has€the€burden€ofÐ ° Ðdemonstrating€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Graceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.Ð œì Ð1973).€€Ô‡ XùXXXùÔÐ ˆØ ÐÔ#†XùXX Xùމ#ÔÌà  àFirst,€the€defendant€argues€that€he€did€not€knowingly€kill€the€victim,€claiming€that€he€had€notÐ `° Ðtaken€his€medication€ð ðfor€his€nervesðð€for€several€days€prior€to€the€shooting.€€As€additional€proof€ofÐ L œ Ðhis€mental€state€at€the€time€of€the€shooting,€he€points€to€Billy€Grandberryððs€testimony€that€he€wasÐ 8 ˆ Ðtalking€and€acting€crazy€the€day€of€the€shooting€and€to€Dwayne€Draineððs€testimony€that€he€just€satÐ $ t Ðthere€after€shooting€the€victim€instead€of€quickly€fleeing€the€scene.€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„210(a)(1)€defines€second€degree€murder€as€ð ð[a]Ð è 8  Ðknowing€killing€of€another.ðð€€€ð ðKnowingðð€is€defined€as€follows:Ð Ô$  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àð ðKnowingðð€refers€to€a€person€who€acts€knowingly€with€respect€to€theÐ ¬ü  Ðconduct€or€to€circumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€when€the€personÐ ˜è  Ðis€aware€of€the€nature€of€the€conduct€or€that€the€circumstances€exist.€Ð „Ô  ÐA€person€acts€knowingly€with€respect€to€a€result€of€the€personððsÐ pÀ Ðconduct€when€the€person€is€aware€that€the€conduct€is€reasonablyÐ \¬ Ðcertain€to€cause€the€result[.]ÐH˜` x` x ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„106(a)(20)€(1997).€€Voluntary€manslaughter,€which€the€defendant€arguesÐ  p Ðthat€he€committed,€is€ð ðthe€intentional€or€knowing€killing€of€another€in€a€state€of€passion€producedÐ  \ Ðby€adequate€provocation€sufficient€to€lead€a€reasonable€person€to€act€in€an€irrational€manner.ðð€€Tenn.Ð øH ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„211(a)€(1997).€€Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àIn€order€to€establish€second€degree€murder,€the€State€must€prove€that€a€killing€was€knowingÐ ¼  Ðbeyond€reasonable€doubt.€€òòSeeóó€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€at€319,€99€S.€Ct.€at€2789,€61€L.€Ed.€2dÐ ¨ø Ðat€573.€€Substantial€evidence€was€presented€at€the€defendantððs€trial€to€prove€beyond€a€reasonableÐ ”ä Ðdoubt€that€he€knowingly€killed€the€victim.€€Billy€Grandberry,€the€defendantððs€first€cousin,€testifiedÐ €Ð Ðthat€the€defendant€first€aimed€his€shotgun€at€Corey€Dean€before€brandishing€the€gun€and€yelling€atÐ l¼ Ðthe€victim€and€Dwayne€Draine€to€give€him€all€of€their€money.€€Grandberry€stated€that€the€defendantÐ X ¨ Ðwas€holding€the€shotgun€in€his€hand€when€Grandberry€exited€the€car.€€A€few€minutes€after€leavingÐ D!” Ðthe€car,€Grandberry€heard€a€gunshot€and€never€saw€the€victim€alive€again.€€Dwayne€Draine,€who€wasÐ 0"€  Ðin€the€passenger€seat€of€the€victimððs€car€when€the€victim€was€shot,€testified€that€the€defendant€aimedÐ #l! Ða€shotgun€at€him€and€the€victim€and€demanded€their€money.€€Minutes€later,€as€Draine€and€the€victimÐ $X" Ðwere€about€to€park€outside€their€house€on€Craig€Street,€the€defendant€suddenly€appeared,€pulledÐ ô$D # Ðbeside€their€car,€and€shot€the€victim€in€the€face.€€Ð à%0!$ Ðà  àÌà  àDraineððs€testimony€is€supported€by€the€testimony€of€Pearlie€Currin,€another€eyewitness€to€theÐ ¸'#& Ðshooting.€€Currin€stated€that€she€saw€a€black€male€fire€a€shotgun€into€a€car€carrying€two€individualsÐ ¤(ô#' Ðon€Craig€Street.€€John€Terrell€Sales€testified€that€on€March€11,€1997,€he€encountered€the€defendant,Ð )à$( Ðâ âwho€aimed€a€shotgun€at€him€and€the€passengers€in€his€car€and€chased€after€them€as€they€were€enÐ |*Ì%) Ðroute€to€the€hospital€where€the€victim€had€been€taken.€€Dr.€Thomas€Deering€testified€that€the€victimÐ ° Ðdied€as€a€result€of€a€shotgun€wound€to€the€head.€€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àInvestigator€Chandler€testified€that€at€about€6:00€p.m.€on€March€11,€1997,€he€saw€theÐ tÄ Ðdefendant€run€from€his€girlfriendððs€house€in€an€effort€to€escape€from€the€police.€€A€short€time€later,Ð `° ÐChandler€and€other€officers€found€the€defendantððs€car,€with€the€shotgun€locked€inside.€€At€trial,€theÐ L œ Ðaudiotape€of€the€defendantððs€statement,€in€which€he€confessed€to€shooting€the€victim,€was€played€forÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€jury.€€We€conclude€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€show€that€the€defendant€knowingly€killedÐ $ t Ðthe€victim.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àAlternatively,€the€defendant€argues€that€even€though€the€jury€concluded€that€he€actedÐ è 8  Ðknowingly,€he€should€have€been€convicted€of€voluntary€manslaughter€instead€of€second€degreeÐ Ô$  Ðmurder€because€he€killed€the€victim€as€a€result€of€the€victimððs€provocation.€€The€defendant€highlightsÐ À  Ðevidence€showing€that€he€was€infuriated€with€drug€dealers€and€that€the€victimððs€signal€to€him€thatÐ ¬ü  Ðhe€had€drugs€for€sale€was€an€act€of€provocation€sufficient€to€sustain€a€conviction€for€voluntaryÐ ˜è  Ðmanslaughter.€€However,€the€transcript€of€the€trial€reflects€that€the€jury€was€instructed€on€theÐ „Ô  Ðelements€of€first€degree€murder€and€the€elements€of€the€lesser„included€offenses€of€second€degreeÐ pÀ Ðmurder,€voluntary€manslaughter,€reckless€homicide,€and€criminally€negligent€homicide.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Thus,€theÐ \¬ Ðjury€had€the€option€of€convicting€the€defendant€of€the€lesser„included€offense€of€voluntaryÐ H˜ Ðmanslaughter€but€chose€to€convict€him€of€second€degree€murder.€€In€making€this€decision,€the€juryÐ 4„ Ðrejected€the€defendantððs€argument€that€he€shot€the€victim€in€an€act€of€passion€resulting€from€adequateÐ  p Ðprovocation.€€The€jury€had€every€right€to€reject€this€argument.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€38€S.W.3d€532,Ð  \ Ð539€(Tenn.€2001)€(citing€òòState€v.€Johnsonóó,€909€S.W.2d€461,€464€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995);€òòWilsonÐ øH Ðv.€Stateóó,€574€S.W.2d€52,€55€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978)).€€Based€on€the€evidence€in€the€record€andÐ ä4 Ðconsidering€the€evidence€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€we€conclude€that€a€rational€trier€ofÐ Ð  Ðfact€could€have€found€the€elements€of€second€degree€murder€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€TheÐ ¼  Ðevidence€is€sufficient€to€support€the€defendantððs€conviction€for€second€degree€murder.€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòò òÓ  ÓCONCLUSIONÐ €Ð Ðóóó óÓ  ÓÌÓ  Óà  àBased€on€the€foregoing€reasoning€and€authorities,€we€conclude€that€there€was€more€thanÐ X ¨ Ðsufficient€evidence€to€convict€the€defendant€of€second€degree€murder,€and€affirm€the€judgment€ofÐ D!” Ðconviction.òòóóÐ 0"€  ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà × àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð à%0!$ Ðà  àà ` àà × àà  àà h àà À àà  àALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGE