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AQU Ʀ 0Dl B° 0DÍ AM D/^ ë Bx D3• U>È U* B)0 DAY AMš îç v~ÕvÓS(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ `aEbcEdeEfg!ehÓ€tn~<$3|xt(6(2Ä:$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÒ°ÒÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(0"ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  ÒÒ  ÒÒ  Ò2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ++7Border 1 dd ! #%Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý d($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó Cþÿ << Gÿÿ'''÷ÿ dxd áÝ ƒ!ÝÔ€)ÔÝ  ÝÔ€*ÔÔ€*ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€*XÔÌÌò òAugust€20,€1998ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€*ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó óüÿP Pd""""'ÿÿdxd< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d+++7Border 1dd ,Cþÿ << Gÿÿ äÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€)ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÓ  Óà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó€Defendant€was€a€member€of€the€Lambuth€football€team€in€February€of€1996.ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  inion Geneva ÒÒ  inion Geneva ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€)ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÓ  ÓÔ€*ÔÑ\R AØ'\Ñ›œßR€$&A1-j|Õ` Å `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌÌà@ àò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌà@ àAT€JACKSONÌÌà@ àJULY€1998€SESSIONÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,ó óà@ à)Ìà@ à)à àò òNO.€02C01„9801„CC„00033ó óÌà àAppellant,à@ à)Ìà@ à)à àò òMADISON€COUNTYó óÌò òVS.ó óà@ à)Ìà@ à)à àò òHON.€WHIT€LAFON,ÌTERRY€DON€RHEA,ó óà@ à)à àò òJUDGEó óÌà@ à)Ìà àAppellee.à@ à)à à(Motion€to€Suppress)ÌÌÌÌÒ†„èyÒò òòòFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:ÌÌJOHN€KNOX€WALKUPó óÌAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌÌò òELIZABETH€T.€RYANó óÌAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌCordell€Hull€Building,€2nd€FloorÌ425€Fifth€Avenue€NorthÌNashville,€TN€€37243„0493ÌÌò òJAMES€G.€(JERRY)€WOODALLó óÌDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌò òJAMES€W.€THOMPSONó óÌAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌ225€Martin€Luther€King€DriveÌP.O.€Box€2825ÌJackson,€TN€38302„2825Éò òòòFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:ÌÌCLIFFORD€M.€COLEó óÌ1355€Lynnfield€Road,€Suite€101ÌMemphis,€TN€38119ÉÒÒÌÌò òÌOPINION€FILED:€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌÌJOE€G.€RILEY,ÌJUDGEÇÓÓó óÑ7€ÖXXdìXXdì7Ñà@ àò òòòOPINIONó óóóÌÌà àThe€State€of€Tennessee€brings€this€interlocutory€appeal€pursuant€toÏTenn.€R.€App.€P.€9€and€challenges€the€Madison€County€Circuit€Courtððs€decisionÏto€suppress€Terry€Don€Rheaððs€(defendantððs)€statement€to€law€enforcementÏauthorities.€€The€trial€court€found€that€defendant€was€subjected€to€custodialÏinterrogation€without€having€received€constitutionally€mandated€òòMirandaóóÏwarnings€and,€accordingly,€€suppressed€his€statement.€€On€appeal,€the€stateÏcontends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€suppressing€defendantððs€statementÏbecause€he€was€not€in€custody€when€he€gave€his€statement€to€the€police.€€WeÏaffirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà@ àò òIó óÌÌà àThe€proof€at€the€hearing€on€the€motion€to€suppress€showed€that€onÏFebruary€5,€1997,€Sergeant€Jeff€Fitzgerald€with€the€Madison€County€SheriffððsÏDepartment€took€a€report€from€the€victim€of€an€alleged€rape.€€The€victim€namedÏdefendant€as€the€perpetrator€of€the€rape.€€The€next€day,€February€6,€Sgt.ÏFitzgerald€attempted€to€contact€defendant€by€telephoning€him€and€leaving€aÏmessage€on€his€answering€machine.€€Defendant€subsequently€returned€the€call,Ïand€Fitzgerald€informed€defendant€of€the€allegations€against€him.€€DefendantÏresponded€that€he€was€familiar€with€the€allegations€and€agreed€to€meet€withÏFitzgerald€at€his€office.Ìà àAt€this€point,€the€testimony€becomes€conflicting.€€Fitzgerald€testified€thatÏdefendant€arrived€at€his€office€at€approximately€1:20€p.m.€accompanied€by€twoÏfriends.€€He€informed€defendant€that€he€was€not€under€arrest,€did€not€have€toÏgive€a€statement€and€was€free€to€leave€at€any€time.€€Defendant€gave€an€initialÏstatement€that€denied€any€criminal€wrongdoing.€€In€a€subsequent€statement,Ïdefendant€implicated€himself€in€the€offense.€€Fitzgerald€stated€the€defendantÏthen€left€the€office€with€his€friends€at€approximately€4:00€p.m.Ìà àFitzgerald€testified€that€defendant€came€to€the€police€station€voluntarily;Ïhowever,€he€ð ðprobably€[would]€have€gone€looking€for€himðð€if€defendant€had€notÏreturned€his€phone€call.€€He€stated€that€he€repeatedly€told€the€defendant€that€heÏwas€free€to€leave€at€any€time,€but€defendant€remained€in€his€office€voluntarily.€ÏHe€never€informed€defendant€of€his€òòMirandaóó€rights.€€Fitzgerald€testified€thatÏalthough€he€had€probable€cause€to€arrest€defendant€prior€to€his€giving€aÏstatement,€he€did€not€arrest€defendant€because€he€was€not€certain€whether€theÏvictim€wanted€to€prosecute.Ìà àDefendant€also€testified€at€the€hearing.€€His€testimony€differed€in€manyÏrespects€to€the€testimony€of€Fitzgerald.€€In€February€1996,€defendant€wasÏeighteen€(18)€years€old,€a€student€at€Lambuth€University€and€had€a€1.85€gradeÏpoint€average.€€He€spoke€with€Sgt.€Fitzgerald€on€the€telephone€and€agreed€toÏmeet€with€him€at€his€office.€€He€arrived€at€the€station€at€approximately€12:30€p.m.Ïwith€two€friends.€€€Fitzgerald€informed€him€when€he€arrived€that€if€he€had€notÏcome€to€the€station€voluntarily,€Fitzgerald€would€have€ð ðpicked€[him]€up€the€nextÏday.ðð€€Defendant€testified€that€while€the€secretary€was€typing€his€first€statement,ÍSgt.€Fitzgeraldððs€attitude€began€to€change.€€Fitzgerald€told€him€that€he€knew€of€aÏdoctor€that€would€be€willing€to€testify€against€defendant€in€court.€€DefendantÏnoticed€a€rape€kit€with€his€name€on€it€in€the€office€during€the€interview.€ÏFitzgerald€told€defendant€that€if€he€confessed€he€would€save€himself,€his€familyÏand€the€football€team× ƒ/ ××  ×€from€embarrassment.€€Fitzgerald€informed€defendant€thatÏthe€victimððs€father€had€been€making€threats€against€the€ð ðS.O.Bðð€who€committedÏthe€rape,€but€that€if€defendant€confessed,€he€(Fitzgerald)€might€convince€theÏvictimððs€father€not€to€prosecute.€€As€a€result,€defendant€gave€a€second€statementÏimplicating€himself.€€He€left€the€police€station€at€approximately€5:30€p.m.Ìà àDefendant€testified€that€Fitzgerald€only€told€him€he€was€free€to€leave€afterÏhe€signed€the€second€statement.€€He€was€not€allowed€to€leave€Sgt.€FitzgeraldððsÏoffice€without€Fitzgerald€being€present.€€When€he€asked€for€a€drink€of€water,€Sgt.ÏFitzgerald€accompanied€him€to€the€water€fountain.€€He€had€never€been€arrestedÏbefore€and€did€not€feel€free€to€leave€at€any€time€prior€to€his€signing€the€secondÏstatement.Ìà àRobert€Turner,€a€friend€of€defendant,€also€testified€at€the€hearing.€€TurnerÏstated€that€after€he€and€defendant€arrived€at€the€police€station,€he€stayed€in€theÏwaiting€area€while€defendant€spoke€with€Sgt.€Fitzgerald.€€Turner€testified€thatÏapproximately€one€hour€after€arriving,€Sgt.€Fitzgerald€came€into€the€waiting€areaÏand€stated€that€defendant€was€ð ðin€some€troubleðð€and€that€it€would€be€a€whileÏbefore€he€was€ð ðdone.ðð€€Fitzgerald€told€Turner€that€he€could€leave€and€pickÏdefendant€up€when€he€was€ð ðdone€talking€with€[defendant].ððÌà àIn€its€oral€findings€of€fact,€the€trial€court€noted€that€defendant€wasÏeighteen€(18)€years€old,€had€a€1.85€grade€point€average€and€had€no€familiarityÏwith€the€criminal€justice€system.€€The€trial€court€found€that€defendant€was€theÏð ðtargetðð€of€the€investigation€and€reasonably€believed€that€he€was€in€custody€atÏthe€time€he€was€questioned.€€Therefore,€because€Sgt.€Fitzgerald€did€not€informÏdefendant€of€his€òòMirandaóó€rights,€the€trial€court€granted€defendantððs€motion€toÏsuppress€his€statement.€€From€this€decision,€the€state€brings€this€interlocutoryÏappeal.ÌÌà@ àò òIIó óÌÌà àThe€state€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€suppressing€defendantððsÏstatement€because€defendant€was€not€in€custody€when€he€gave€his€statement€toÏSgt.€Fitzgerald;€thus,€Sgt.€Fitzgerald€was€not€required€to€inform€defendant€of€hisÏòòMirandaóó€rights.€€The€state€further€argues€that€the€trial€court€erroneouslyÏconsidered€whether€defendant€was€the€ð ðfocus€of€the€investigationðð€as€aÏcircumstance€warranting€suppression€of€the€statement.Ìà@ àò òA.ó óÌà àThe€findings€of€fact€made€by€the€trial€court€at€the€hearing€on€the€motionÏare€binding€upon€this€Court€unless€the€evidence€contained€in€the€recordÏpreponderates€against€these€findings.€€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€933€S.W.2d€450,€455Ï(Tenn.€1996);€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.€1996);€òòState€v.ÏStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€544€(Tenn.€1994).€€The€trial€court,€as€the€trier€ofÍfact,€is€able€to€assess€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€determine€the€weight€andÏvalue€to€be€afforded€the€evidence€and€resolves€any€conflicts€in€the€evidence.€ÏòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€23.€€However,€this€Court€is€not€bound€by€theÏtrial€courtððs€conclusions€of€law.€€The€appellant€has€the€burden€of€establishingÏthat€the€evidence€contained€in€the€record€preponderates€against€the€findings€ofÏfact€made€by€the€trial€court.€€òòBraziel€v.€Stateóó,€529€S.W.2d€501,€506€(Tenn.€Crim.ÏApp.€1975).Ìà@ àò òB.ó óÌà àIn€òòMiranda€v.€Arizonaóó,€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€held€that€theÏprosecution€cannot€admit€a€statement€by€the€defendant€stemming€fromÏð ðcustodial€interrogationðð€unless€it€demonstrates€the€use€of€proceduralÏsafeguards€effective€to€secure€the€privilege€against€self„incrimination.€€384€U.S.Ï436,€444,€86€S.Ct.€1602,€1612,€16€L.Ed.2d€694.€€The€Court€defined€ð ðcustodialÏinterrogationðð€as€ð ðquestioning€initiated€by€law€enforcement€officers€after€aÏperson€has€been€taken€into€custody€or€otherwise€deprived€of€his€freedom€ofÏaction€in€any€significant€way.ðð€€òòId.óóÌà àIn€òòState€v.€Andersonóó,€937€S.W.2d€851,€852€(Tenn.€1996),€the€TennesseeÏSupreme€Court€held€that€in€order€to€assess€whether€an€individual€is€in€ð ðcustodyððÏfor€the€purposes€of€òòMirandaóó,€a€court€must€inquire€whether€ð ðunder€the€totality€ofÏthe€circumstances,€a€reasonable€person€in€the€suspect's€position€wouldÏconsider€himself€or€herself€deprived€of€freedom€of€movement€to€a€degreeÏassociated€with€a€formal€arrest.ðð€€In€so€holding,€the€Court€delineated€severalÏfactors€pertinent€to€that€determination,€including:ÌÓÓà8 àthe€time€and€location€of€the€interrogation;€the€duration€andÏcharacter€of€the€questioning;€the€officer's€tone€of€voice€and€generalÏdemeanor;€the€suspect's€method€of€transportation€to€the€place€ofÏquestioning;€the€number€of€police€officers€present;€any€limitationÏon€movement€or€other€form€of€restraint€imposed€on€the€suspectÏduring€the€interrogation;€any€interactions€between€the€officer€andÏthe€suspect,€including€the€words€spoken€by€the€officer€to€theÏsuspect,€and€the€suspect's€verbal€or€nonverbal€responses;€theÏextent€to€which€the€suspect€is€confronted€with€the€law€enforcementÏofficer's€suspicions€of€guilt€or€evidence€of€guilt;€and€finally,€theÏextent€to€which€the€suspect€is€made€aware€that€he€or€she€is€free€toÏrefrain€from€answering€questions€or€to€end€the€interview€at€will.ÌÌÓÓòòId.óó€at€855.€€The€determination€of€whether€an€individual€is€in€custody€is€factÏspecific,€and€the€trial€court€should€assess€the€applicability€of€the€relevant€factorsÏin€making€its€findings.€€òòId.óóÌà@ àò òC.ó óÌà àInitially,€we€must€agree€with€the€state€that€the€trial€court€erroneouslyÏconsidered€the€ð ðfocus€of€the€investigationðð€test€as€a€basis€for€suppressingÏdefendantððs€statement.€€Whether€the€accused€is€the€ð ðfocusðð€of€the€investigationÏis€not€relevant€to€the€inquiry.€€òòAndersonóó,€937€S.W.2d€at€854;€òòState€v.€Cooperóó,Ï912€S.W.2d€756,€766€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).Ìà àHowever,€upon€our€review€of€the€trial€courtððs€findings€in€conjunction€withÏthe€relevant€factors€enunciated€in€òòAndersonóó,€we€must€conclude€the€trial€courtÏcorrectly€determined€that,€under€the€totality€of€the€circumstances,€a€reasonableÏperson€in€defendantððs€position€would€consider€himself€in€custody.€€AlthoughÏdefendant€agreed€to€speak€with€Sgt.€Fitzgerald,€the€interview€took€place€atÏFitzgeraldððs€office.€€The€interrogation€lasted€from€three€(3)€to€five€(5)€hours.€ÏAlthough€only€one€officer€interviewed€defendant,€the€defendant€was€not€allowedÍto€leave€Sgt.€Fitzgeraldððs€office€without€an€escort.€€In€fact,€FitzgeraldÏaccompanied€defendant€to€a€water€fountain€when€he€asked€for€a€drink€of€water.€ÏThe€trial€court€found€that€Fitzgerald€told€the€defendant€ð ðthat€if€he€would€give€himÏa€statement,€that€would€probably€keep€him€out€of€trouble.ðð€€The€trial€court€alsoÏfound€that€Sgt.€Fitzgerald€persisted€in€questioning€defendant€until€defendantÏimplicated€himself€in€the€offense.Ìà àThe€state€points€to€numerous€instances€where€Sgt.€Fitzgerald€testifiedÏthat€he€informed€defendant€that€he€was€free€to€leave€at€any€time.€€However,Ïdefendant€denied€that€Fitzgerald€told€him€this€until€after€he€signed€the€second,Ïincriminating€statement.€€By€its€findings,€the€trial€court€implicitly€accredited€theÏtestimony€of€the€defendant€over€that€of€Sgt.€Fitzgerald.€€We€are€not€free€to€ignoreÏthese€factual€determinations.€€The€trial€court€was€in€a€much€better€position€thanÏthis€Court€to€assess€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses.Ìà àThe€state€has€not€proven€that€the€evidence€preponderates€against€theÏtrial€courtððs€findings€of€fact;€thus,€this€Court€is€bound€by€those€findings.€€InÏapplying€these€findings€to€the€òòAndersonóó€criteria,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€courtÏdid€not€err€in€granting€defendantððs€motion€to€suppress€his€statement€to€Sgt.ÏFitzgerald.ÌÌà àFor€the€foregoing€reasons,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.ÌÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà àà àòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ò òóóÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àJOE€G.€RILEY,€JUDGEÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌCURWOOD€WITT,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌROBERT€W.€WEDEMEYER,€SPECIAL€JUDGEó ó