ÿWPCê 3# ÚU>å %# 0í)UB4Xln­{U:(bw@j 0Jª 0Tô 0^H 0h¦ 0r 0|€ 0†ü 0‚ 1u 0d‡ AQë Æ< 0D 0@F 0D† D/Ê Bù B D33 U6f U.œ U*Ê B)ô DC AM`†­f3v~™vÓ˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ<èÀ( 9Z &Courier RegularX(ÅÕÐ$¡¡Ñ  ÑÑ7€'CXXdÈXXdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓ<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpin~<$3|x-«<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiXXxþ6X@ÉJQX@,†r‰AZ‹"Arial Regular EEE[ !Ó€-2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ !"#%Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó'''÷ÿ dxd düÿP Pd&&&&'ÿÿdxd< Œ 9p`(Courier New< Œ 9p`(Courier< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d,,,,7Border 1dd "-Cþÿ << Gÿÿ |Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€)ÔÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÓ` °˜XÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ!"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€+ÔÔ€+ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€+XÔÌÌò òAugust€13,€1998ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€+ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó \Ñ\R AØ'\ÑPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€)ÔÑ  ÑÑ#€**Xd#ÑÑ#€**Xd#ÑÑ  ÑÓ` °˜XÓÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÑ  ÑÑ Ü ÑÓÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑÔ€+Ô›Ñ7€ \‘ XXdæXXdÈ7ќـ ÙßR€./-A1-j|ÆýË` Å `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌ€à8 àà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€JACKSONà@ à€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€APRIL€1997€SESSIONÌÌÓÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà à)à àÌ€à àà àà àà à)Ìà àAppellee,€à àà à)à àNo.€02C01„9605„CR„00140Ìà à€€€€€à àà à€€à à)Ìà àà àà àà à)à àShelby€CountyÌv.à àà àà àà à)€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà àà àà à)à àHonorable€Chris€Craft,€JudgeÌà àà àà àà à)ÌANTHONY€E.€RICHARDSON,€à à)à à€(First€degree€murder)Ìà àà àà àà à)Ìà àAppellant.à àà à)ÌÌà àà àà àà àÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantóó:à àà àà àà àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:ÌÌJoseph€S.€Ozmentà àà àà àà àCharles€W.€BursonÌ217€Exchange€Avenueà àà àà àAttorney€General€of€TennesseeÌMemphis,€TN€38105à àà àà àà àandà àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àDeborah€A.€TullisÌà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€General€of€TennesseeÏà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€Parkwayà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àJohn€W.€Pierotti,€Jr.Ìà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àandÌà àà àà àà àà àJerry€R.€KitchenÌà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà à201€Poplar€AvenueÌà àà àà àà àà àMemphis,€TN€38103ÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:____________________ÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌJoseph€M.€TiptonÌJudgeÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÓÓà@ àòòò òO€P€I€N€I€O€Nóóó óÌÌà àThe€defendant,€Anthony€E.€Richardson,€appeals€as€of€right€from€hisÏconviction€by€a€jury€in€the€Shelby€County€Criminal€Court€for€first€degree€murder.€TheÏtrial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€to€life€imprisonment€with€the€possibility€of€parole.€ÏOn€appeal,€the€defendant€presents€the€following€issues:ÌÓ  ÓÓÓà8 àà à(1)€whether€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€theÏfirst€degree€murder€conviction;Ìà8 àÌà8 àà à(2)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€not€declaring€aÏmistrial€when€the€prosecutor€made€biblical€referencesÏduring€his€closing€argument;€andÌà8 àÌà8 àà à(3)€whether€the€trial€court€properly€charged€the€juryÏwith€the€flight€instruction.Ìà8 àÌÓ  ÓÓÓWe€hold€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient€and€that€the€trial€court€did€not€commit€reversibleÏerror.€€We€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà àThis€case€involves€the€June€1,€1994,€shooting€death€of€Terry€Gilliard€atÏthe€LeMoyne€Gardens€Apartments€in€Memphis,€Tennessee.€€The€victim€was€shot€sixÏtimes€by€two€individuals.€€The€defendant€and€Earline€Jackson€were€charged€with€firstÏdegree€murder.€€Before€the€defendant's€trial,€Earline€Jackson€pled€guilty€to€shootingÏthe€victim,€but€the€record€does€not€reflect€the€particular€offense€to€which€she€pled.ÌÌà àRobert€Flynn,€the€œvictimððs€first›€cousin,€testified€that€he€saw€the€defendantÏand€the€victim€arguing€on€the€day€of€the€shooting.€€Flynn€stated€that€he€could€not€hearÏwhat€the€two€were€arguing€about.€€He€testified€that€after€the€defendant€and€the€victimÏstopped€arguing,€he€and€the€victim€walked€away.€€Flynn€testified€that€a€few€minutesÏlater,€they€ran€into€the€defendant.€€He€said€that€the€defendant€and€the€victim€startedÏscuffling€and€swearing€at€each€other€for€two€or€three€minutes,€but€neither€one€hit€theÏother.€€He€testified€that€the€defendant€ran€off,€shouting€that€he€would€be€back.€€ÌÌà àMr.€Flynn€testified€that€he€and€the€victim€started€walking€to€his€house€and€Ïwent€between€two€buildings.€€He€said€that€the€defendant€jumped€out€with€a€gun.€€FlynnÏsaid€that€he€and€the€victim€ran€in€different€directions€and€that€the€defendant€chased€theÍvictim.€€Flynn€testified€that€although€he€did€not€see€the€victim€get€shot,€he€saw€theÏdefendant€point€the€gun€at€the€victim€and€heard€a€shot€fired.ÌÌà àDorothy€Jackson€testified€that€she€was€sitting€under€a€tree€with€RoseÏSmart,€who€is€the€defendant's€aunt,€and€a€woman€named€Linda.€€She€said€that€RobertÏFlynn,€the€victim,€Lee„Lee,€who€was€a€friend€of€the€victim,€and€a€young€boy€came€byÏthe€tree.€€She€said€that€Rose€tried€to€play€with€the€boy,€but€he€did€not€want€to€play.€€Ms.ÏJackson€testified€that€the€victim€said€to€the€boy,€"Tell€that€bitch€don't€play€with€you."€ÏShe€said€that€the€defendant€came€to€her€defense€and€that€the€defendant€argued€withÏthe€victim.€€Ms.€Jackson€said€that€she€told€them€not€to€argue€and€that€Flynn,€the€victim,ÏLee„Lee,€and€the€young€boy€went€one€way€and€the€defendant€went€the€other.ÌÌà àMs.€Jackson€testified€that€the€victim,€Flynn,€and€Lee„Lee€returned.€€SheÏsaid€that€the€victim€asked€Rose€where€the€defendant€was,€but€none€of€the€womenÏanswered.€€She€testified€that€she€saw€the€victim€go€in€the€same€direction€that€theÏdefendant€had€gone€earlier.€€She€said€that€about€five€or€ten€minutes€later,€she€saw€theÏdefendant€running€from€the€direction€that€the€victim,€Flynn,€and€Lee„Lee€had€gone.€ÏShe€said€that€a€few€minutes€later,€the€defendant€ran€back,€this€time€carrying€a€pistol.€ÏMs.€Jackson€said€that€she€heard€several€gunshots€and€that€she€and€Linda€took€theÏchildren€into€the€house.ÌÌà àMs.€Jackson€testified€that€she€went€to€where€she€heard€the€gunshots€andÏthat€she€saw€the€victim€lying€on€the€ground,€bleeding.€€She€said€that€as€she€wentÏtoward€him,€Earline€Jackson€came€out€and€told€Lee„Lee€to€get€back.€€She€testified€thatÏEarline€Jackson€fired€one€shot€at€the€victim€from€behind€a€concrete€wall,€walked€toÏwithin€ten€or€fifteen€feet€of€him,€and€fired€twice€more.€€She€said€that€by€this€time,€Lee„Lee€had€walked€away.€€She€testified€that€neither€the€victim€nor€Lee„Lee€had€a€gun€butÏthat€when€Flynn€came€back€after€the€shooting,€he€had€a€gun.ÌÌà àBrenda€Mack€testified€that€she€witnessed€the€shooting€while€she€wasÏleaning€out€her€kitchen€window.€€She€said€that€she€was€speaking€to€Linda,€who€wasÏon€the€grass€below€her€second€floor€apartment.€€She€testified€that€she€saw€theÏdefendant€€shoot€the€victim€once€as€the€victim€was€running€away€from€the€defendant.€ÏShe€testified€that€after€firing€the€first€shot,€the€defendant€ran€away,€came€back€andÏcursed€the€victim,€and€then€shot€the€victim€a€second€time€as€he€lay€on€the€ground.ÌÌà àMs.€Mack€testified€that€after€the€defendant€ran€off€the€second€time,€EarlineÏJackson€came€out€of€her€apartment,€locked€her€door,€walked€down€some€steps,€andÏfired€a€shot€at€the€victim.€€She€said€that€the€first€shot€missed.€€She€testified€that€EarlineÏJackson€moved€closer€to€the€victim€and€shot€him€twice,€once€in€the€leg€and€again€inÏthe€back.€€Ms.€Mack€said€that€the€victim€was€begging€for€his€life.€€ÌÌà àFrankie€Sanford,€a€thirteen„year„old€girl€from€the€neighborhood,€testifiedÏthat€she€was€riding€her€bicycle€when€she€saw€the€defendant€shoot€the€victim€in€theÏback.€€She€said€that€she€saw€the€defendant€shoot€once€and€then€she€saw€a€womanÏshoot€the€victim.ÌÌà àTeresa€Taylor€testified€that€she€was€in€her€kitchen€when€she€heard€aÏnoise€outside.€€She€said€that€she€looked€out€her€kitchen€window€and€saw€theÏdefendant€chasing€and€cursing€the€victim.€€She€testified€that€the€victim€got€caught€inÏher€clothesline€at€about€the€same€time€that€the€defendant€shot€the€victim€in€the€back.€ÏMs.€Taylor€stated€that€the€defendant€shot€the€victim€two€more€times€before€he€ranÏaway.€€Ms.€Taylor€testified€that€she€saw€Dorothy€Jackson€and€Lee„Lee€approach€theÏvictim€after€he€had€been€shot.€€She€said€that€Earline€Jackson€came€out€and€told€Lee„Lee€to€get€away.€€She€stated€that€neither€the€victim€nor€Lee„Lee€had€a€gun.ÌÌà àNicole€McKinley,€the€victim's€girlfriend,€testified€that€on€the€day€before€theÏshooting,€she€was€driving€the€victim's€car€when€she€had€an€accident.€€She€said€thatÏshe€was€returning€to€her€apartment€when€the€car€she€was€driving€hit€a€yellow€CadillacÏbelonging€to€Earline€Jackson's€husband,€Vernon.€€She€testified€that€Vernon€andÏEarline€Jackson€had€just€left€the€car€when€she€hit€it.€€Ms.€McKinley€testified€that€whenÏthe€victim€got€home€later€that€evening,€he€went€to€talk€to€Vernon€and€Earline€Jackson.€ÏShe€said€that€he€returned€about€ten€minutes€later€and€said€everything€was€resolved.ÌÌà àMs.€McKinley€testified€that€at€the€time€of€the€shooting,€she€was€hangingÏclothes€on€a€line€in€her€backyard.€€She€testified€that€she€heard€someone€say,Ï"Somebody€been€hit,"€before€she€saw€the€defendant€chasing€the€victim€and€before€sheÏsaw€and€heard€the€defendant€shooting€at€the€victim.€€She€said€that€the€defendant€shotÏthe€victim€three€or€four€times,€the€first€from€about€twenty€feet€and€the€others€from€aboutÏtwelve€feet€from€the€victim.€€Ms.€McKinley€testified€that€Earline€Jackson€then€shot€theÏvictim,€got€into€her€car,€and€left.€€Ms.€McKinley€testified€that€after€Earline€Jackson€left,Ïshe€went€to€the€victim,€who€was€trying€to€say€something€but€could€not.€€Although€Ms.ÏMcKinley€testified€that€she€did€not€see€Lee„Lee€either€during€or€after€the€shooting,€sheÏstated€that€she€had€seen€Lee„Lee€and€Robert€Flynn€with€the€victim€earlier€in€the€day.€€ÌÌà àMemphis€Police€Officer€William€Harsley€testified€that€he€had€tagged€aÏgun€found€in€the€yellow€Cadillac.€€Officer€Harsley€said€that€the€gun€contained€two€liveÏrounds€and€four€spent€casings.€€ÌÌà àDr.€O'Brien€Cleary€Smith,€Assistant€Medical€Examiner€for€Shelby€County,Ïtestified€that€he€performed€an€autopsy€on€the€victim.€€He€stated€that€he€determined€thatÏthe€victim€suffered€six€gunshot€wounds,€and€he€identified€each€one€by€a€letter,€AÏthrough€F.€€Dr.€Smith€said€gunshot€wound€A€entered€the€front€of€the€neck,€went€throughÍthe€victim's€windpipe,€and€fractured€a€portion€of€the€victim's€spine.€€He€said€that€thisÏwound,€by€itself,€would€have€been€fatal€to€the€victim.ÌÌà àDr.€Smith€testified€that€gunshot€wound€B€was€a€superficial€wound€thatÏentered€at€the€front€of€the€neck.€€He€stated€that€gunshot€wound€C€entered€the€victim'sÏback.€€Dr.€Smith€said€that€gunshot€wound€D,€by€itself,€could€have€been€fatal€to€theÏvictim.€€He€said€that€it€entered€the€victim's€lower€back,€went€through€one€kidney,€andÏpunctured€his€abdominal€aorta.€€Dr.€Smith€testified€gunshot€wound€E€was€a€grazingÏwound€to€the€victim's€upper€arm.€€He€said€that€gunshot€wound€F€was€a€flesh€woundÏand€the€bullet€had€entered€the€back€side€of€the€victim's€leg€and€traveled€up€his€thigh.€€ÌÌà àDr.€Smith€testified€that€gunshot€wounds€A€and€D€could€have€been€lethal,Ïbut€it€was€possible€for€a€victim€to€survive€either€one€with€rapid€medical€intervention.€€HeÏcould€not€say€whether€either€wound€by€itself€was€certain€to€be€fatal.€€He€testified€thatÏthe€cause€of€death€was€multiple€gunshot€wounds.€€He€said€that€he€had€no€way€ofÏdetermining€which€wound€was€the€actual€cause€of€death€of€the€victim.€€ÌÌà àDr.€Smith€testified€that€he€recovered€five€bullets€from€the€body,€one€forÏeach€wound€except€gunshot€wound€E,€which€was€the€grazing€wound.€€He€said€that€theÏbullets€were€two€different€calibers.€€The€parties€stipulated€that€the€bullet€that€causedÍgunshot€wound€D€was€from€the€revolver€recovered€from€the€yellow€Cadillac€and€theÏother€four€bullets€were€from€another€gun€that€was€unknown.ÌÌà àRose€Smart€testified€that€on€the€day€of€the€shooting€she€was€outside€withÏDorothy€Jackson€and€a€lady€named€Montgomery€when€the€victim,€Robert€Flynn,€and€aÏyoung€boy€came€by.€€She€said€that€as€they€passed€by,€she€spoke€to€the€boy,€and€theÑ€0ÑÇvictim€told€the€boy,€"Tell€that€bitch€don't€speak€to€you€no€more."€€She€testified€that€sheÏsaid,€"You€can't€tell€me€what€to€do,"€to€which€the€victim€replied,€"You€keep€on€talking,ÏI'm€going€to€dump€you€on€your€head€like€I€dumped€that€bitch€around€there."€€SheÏtestified€that€the€defendant€had€approached€them€by€this€time€and€told€the€victim,€"YouÏain't€fixing€to€keep€on€talking€to€my€auntie€like€that."€€She€said€that€the€victim€and€FlynnÏturned€around€and€came€towards€the€defendant.€€She€testified€that€she€told€theÏdefendant€to€leave,€and€he€did.€€She€stated€that€the€victim€and€Flynn€also€left,€but€in€theÏopposite€direction.ÌÌà àMs.€Smart€testified€that€the€victim€and€Flynn€returned€and€that€the€victimÏasked€her€where€the€defendant€was.€€She€said€that€the€victim€said€he€would€see€herÏlater€and€then€he€left€with€Flynn,€heading€the€same€way€that€the€defendant€had€leftÏearlier.€€She€testified€that€she€saw€the€defendant€come€back€from€that€direction€and€heÏwas€dusty.€€She€said€she€saw€the€victim,€Flynn,€and€Lee„Lee€following€the€defendant.€ÏShe€testified€that€the€defendant€then€turned€and€started€shooting.€€She€said€that€at€thatÏpoint,€she€ran€into€a€neighbor's€house.€€ÌÌà àMs.€Smart€testified€that€after€the€shooting€stopped,€she€saw€Flynn€andÏLee„Lee€kneeling€near€the€victim.€€She€said€that€Flynn€had€two€guns,€and€he€passedÏone€of€them€to€Lee„Lee.€€She€testified€that€she€did€not€see€Nicole€McKinley,€but€sheÏheard€someone€shouting,€"Go€get€Nicole."€€ÌÌà àDorothy€Jackson€testified€that€she€saw€Robert€Flynn€with€a€gun.€€She€saidÏthat€she€saw€Flynn€about€five€minutes€after€the€defendant€shot€the€victim€and€whileÏEarline€Jackson€was€getting€into€the€yellow€Cadillac.€€She€testified€that€he€came€backÏrunning€with€a€gun€in€his€hand.€€She€said€Flynn€never€got€near€the€body€but€wasÏpacing€back€and€forth.€€She€said€that€Lee„Lee€was€also€there,€but€she€did€not€see€himÏtouch€the€victim.ÌÌà àThe€defendant€testified€that€on€the€day€of€the€shooting,€he€was€outsideÏwith€Rose€Smart€and€her€friends.€€He€said€that€the€victim€came€by€with€Robert€Flynn,ÏLee„Lee,€and€a€young€boy.€€The€defendant€testified€that€he€argued€with€the€victim,€butÏhe€left€when€his€aunt€told€him€to€leave.€€He€testified€that€he€went€to€pick€up€a€pair€ofÏshort€pants,€and€when€he€returned,€he€passed€by€the€victim,€Flynn,€and€Lee„Lee.€€HeÏsaid€that€the€victim€swung€at€him,€and€the€two€fought.€€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€testified€that€after€the€fight€was€over€and€as€he€wasÏleaving,€the€victim€threatened€him.€€He€said€that€he€was€scared€and€that€he€went€to€getÏhis€gun,€which€he€had€hidden€nearby.€€He€stated€that€he€returned€and€saw€Lee„LeeÏpass€something€to€either€the€victim€or€Flynn.€€He€testified€that€although€he€did€not€seeÏany€of€the€others€with€a€gun,€he€shot€because€he€feared€for€his€life.€€He€denied€killingÍthe€victim.€€He€testified€that€he€shot€in€self„defense.€€The€defendant€testified€that€he€didÏnot€shoot€the€victim€in€the€back,€and€the€victim€was€still€standing€after€he€shot€him.ÌÌà àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€ran€away€after€he€shot€the€victim€becauseÏhe€was€scared.€€He€stated€that€he€left€because€he€heard€other€shots€and€thought€thatÏthe€victim€or€his€friends€were€going€to€come€after€him.€€He€said€that€he€threw€the€gunÏaway€after€the€shooting.€€He€said€that€two€hours€after€the€shooting,€he€found€out€thatÏthe€victim€had€died.€€The€defendant€testified€that€he€did€not€wait€around€for€the€police€toÏshow€up€after€the€shooting€because€he€was€afraid€that€if€he€remained€at€the€scene€withÏa€gun,€he€might€be€shot€or€get€beaten.€€The€defendant€stated€that€five€days€after€theÏshooting,€he€voluntarily€turned€himself€in€to€the€police.ÌÌà àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€had€a€gun€to€protect€himself.€€He€said€thatÏhe€lived€in€an€area€where€others€would€come€to€shoot€or€to€harm€the€residents.€€HeÏtestified€that€he€had€witnessed€violence€and€had€seen€numerous€murders€in€the€areaÏwhere€he€lived.€€He€said€that€he€bought€his€first€gun€when€he€was€twelve€years€old.ÌÌà àVerlene€Reynolds€testified€that€she€was€in€her€house€when€she€heardÏshots.€€She€said€that€she€ran€outside€and€saw€Earline€Jackson€shoot€the€victim.€€SheÏstated€that€after€Earline€Jackson€left,€she€saw€Lee„Lee.€€She€testified€that€Lee„Lee€hadÍa€gun€and€that€she€told€Lee„Lee€that€he€better€get€rid€of€it€before€the€police€got€there.€ÏShe€said€that€the€ambulance€arrived€about€thirty„five€to€forty€minutes€after€the€shooting.ÌÌò òà0 àà0 àà à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€I.€SUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEó óÌà àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€convict€himÏbecause€his€actions€were€not€the€cause€of€the€victim's€death.€€He€argues€that€theÏaction€of€Earline€Jackson€was€the€intervening€cause.€€He€asserts€that€gunshot€woundÏA€was€not€an€absolutely€fatal€wound€and€that€the€victim€could€have€survived€if€not€forÏgunshot€wound€D€inflicted€by€Earline€Jackson.€€He€also€asserts€that€Earline€Jackson'sÏactions€were€not€foreseeable€and€were€not€events€that€would€naturally€flow€from€hisÏconduct.€€The€state€contends€that€there€is€sufficient€evidence€that€the€defendant€fatallyÏshot€the€victim.ÌÌà àOur€standard€of€review€when€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€isÏquestioned€on€appeal€is€"whether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€mostÏfavorable€to€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essentialÏelements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt."€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,Ï319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789,€61€L.€Ed.€2d€560€(1979).€€This€means€that€we€may€notÏreweigh€the€evidence,€but€must€presume€that€the€jury€has€resolved€all€conflicts€in€theÏtestimony€and€drawn€all€reasonable€inferences€from€the€evidence€in€favor€of€the€state.€ÏòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Sheffieldóó,€676€S.W.2d€542,€547€(Tenn.€1984);€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571ÍS.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€Under€this€standard,€the€state€is€entitled€to€theÏstrongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€beÏdrawn€from€it.€€òòCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€at€835.€€That€is,€the€testimony€favoring€the€state€isÏaccredited€and€all€conflicts€are€resolved€in€favor€of€the€state's€theory.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.ÏWilliamsóó,€657€S.W.2d€405,€410€(Tenn.€1983);€òòState€v.€Hatchettóó,€560€S.W.2d€627,€630Ï(Tenn.€1978).ÌÌà àIn€order€to€sustain€a€criminal€conviction€for€first€degree€murder,€theÏevidence€must€establish€that€the€defendant's€actions€or€conduct€caused€the€victim'sÏdeath.€€Generally,€this€is€established€by€showing€that€the€victim's€death€was€the€naturalÏand€probable€result€of€the€defendant's€unlawful€act.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Barnesóó,€703€S.W.2dÏ611,€614„15€(Tenn.€1985);€òòState€v.€Ruaneóó,€912€S.W.2d€766,€774€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1995).€€Our€court€has€held€that€in€order€to€convict€a€defendant,€it€is€not€necessary€thatÏthe€defendant's€act€be€the€sole€cause€of€death€nor€the€most€immediate€cause€of€death.€ÏòòState€v.€Robersonóó,€644€S.W.2d€696,€698€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982).€€"It€is€only€necessaryÏthat€the€defendant€unlawfully€contributed€to€the€death€of€the€œdeceased."€€òòIdóó.›ÌÌà àIn€òòRobersonóó,€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€involuntary€manslaughterÏwhen€the€ninety„year„old€man€that€he€beat€during€a€robbery€died€three€weeks€after€theÏbeating.€€òòIdóó.€at€697„98.€€The€treating€physician€stated€that€the€immediate€cause€ofÏdeath€was€bronchial€pneumonia,€which€the€victim€contracted€while€in€the€hospital.€€òòIdóó.€ÍThe€doctor€testified€that€but€for€the€beating,€the€victim€would€not€have€died€ofÏpneumonia.€€òòIdóó.€€This€court€held€that€the€"victim's€death€was€the€natural€and€probableÏresult€of€the€defendant's€unlawful€acts."€€òòIdóó.€€In€òòBarnesóó,€our€supreme€court€noted€theÏholding€in€òòRobersonóó€in€determining€that€the€death€of€a€ninety„one„year„old€woman,Ïwho€died€of€complications€from€pneumonia,€was€directly€caused€by€the€man€who€beatÏher.€€òòBarnesóó,€703€S.W.2d€at€615.€€ÌÌà àIn€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€the€evidence€shows€that€theÏdefendant€caused€the€death€of€the€victim.€€The€evidence€shows€through€the€assistantÏmedical€examiner's€testimony€that€the€gunshot€wound€attributed€to€the€defendant€was€€œÇfatal.›€€The€evidence€further€showed€that€although€there€was€no€way€of€determiningÏwhich€wound€was€the€actual€cause€of€death,€the€assistant€medical€examinerÏessentially€attributed€death€to€both€gunshots.€€As€the€òòRobersonóó€court€noted,€theÏdefendant's€act€need€not€be€the€sole€cause€of€death€and€a€conviction€will€be€upheld€ifÏthe€defendant€unlawfully€contributed€to€the€victim's€death.€€644€S.W.2d€at€698.€€UnderÏthese€circumstances,€we€conclude€that€a€rational€trier€of€fact€could€find€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt€that€the€defendant€caused€the€death€of€the€victim€and€was€guilty€ofÏfirst€degree€murder.ÌÌò òà@ àII.€€BIBLICAL€REFERENCESó óÌà àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€not€declaring€aÏmistrial€when€the€prosecutor€cited€the€Bible€in€its€closing€argument.€€The€defendantÏargues€that€the€biblical€references€were€improper€and€prejudicial.€€The€state€contendsÏthat€the€biblical€references€do€not€constitute€reversible€error€unless€they€clearlyÏaffected€the€jury's€verdict.ÌÌà àDuring€the€state's€rebuttal€closing€argument,€the€following€occurred:ÌÓÓà8 àà à[PROSECUTOR€KITCHEN'S€CLOSING]:€You€know,Ïthe€judge€is€going€to€charge€you€the€law€about€flight.€€ButÏthe€good€book,€ladies€and€gentlemen,€also€talks€aboutÏsomeone's€flight,€the€flight€of€a€person.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà à[DEFENSE€COUNSEL]:€Your€Honor,€I'm€going€toÏobject€and€ask€to€approach€the€bench.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà àTHE€COURT:€All€right,€sir.Ìà8 àÌÓ  Óà8 àà à[DEFENSE€COUNSEL]:€I€don't€know€what€passageÏhe€is€about€to€read€from€the€Bible,€Your€Honor,€but€I€wouldÏsuggest€that€saying€that€God's€law€should€convict€this€manÏor€if€he€is€implying€anything€of€that€nature,€that€the€goodÏbook€says€this€man,€if€he€runs€he€is€guilty,€or€the€good€bookÏsays€that€he€killed€this€man,€I€think€that€is€really€pushing€it.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà àThat€is€not€„„€the€law€is€not€the€Bible,€Your€Honor.€ÏThe€law€is€the€law€the€state€of€Tennessee€has€passed€byÏthe€Tennessee€legislature,€and€I€would€suggest€that€he€isÏtreading€on€ground€that€is€improper€and€that€he€is€pulling€onÏtheir€religious€beliefs€as€to€whether€or€not€to€convict€thisÏman.€€And€I€would€ask€that€he€put€the€Bible€away€and€not€beÏallowed€to€do€that.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà àTHE€COURT:€Mr.€Kitchen.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà àMR.€KITCHEN:€Your€Honor,€I€am€commenting€on€theÏevidence,€and€I€am€bringing€in€a€passage€that€states€thatÏ"The€wicked€will€flee€when€no€man€pursueth"€„„Ìà8 àÌà8 àà à[DEFENSE€COUNSEL]:€Your€Honor.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà àMR.€KITCHEN:€„„€"and€the€righteous€will€stand€asÏbold€as€a€lion."€€That€is€a€comment€on€flight.€€That's€putting€itÏin€another€way.€€That's€all€I'm€doing€„„Ìà8 àÌà8 àà à[DEFENSE€COUNSEL]:€Your€Honor,€it's€saying€„„Ìà8 àÌà8 àà àMR.€KITCHEN:€„„€and€I€have€a€right€to€comment€onÏthe€evidence.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà à[DEFENSE€COUNSEL]:€„„€saying€that€the€Bible,ÏGod's€word,€God's€book€says€that€if€you€flee€you€are€theÏwicked,€Your€Honor,€that€is€improper.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà àTHE€COURT:€Let€me€say€this.€€I€think€one€of€theÏproblems,€Mr.€Kitchen,€is€that€some€of€the€jurors€may€thinkÏthat€the€law€in€the€scripture€is€higher€than€my€law.€€And€IÏagree€with€[defense€counsel]€that€I€think€we€might€„„€we€areÏtreading€reversible€grounds€here.€€You€can€discuss€it€withÏthem,€but€I'd€ask€you€not€to€read€from€the€Bible€as€authority.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà à.€.€.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà à[MR.€KITCHEN'S€CLOSING]:€Ladies€and€gentlemen,Ïthe€wicked€will€flee€„„Ìà8 àÌà8 àà à[DEFENSE€COUNSEL]:€Your€Honor,€may€I€approachÏthe€bench?Ìà8 àÌà8 àà àTHE€COURT:€Yes,€sir.€€Excuse€me,€ladies€andÏgentlemen.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà à[DEFENSE€COUNSEL]:€Your€Honor,€I'm€going€toÏmove€for€a€mistrial.€€They€know€he€got€that€directly€out€ofÏthat€Bible.€€He€went€back€and€said€exactly€what€he€wasÏgoing€to€say.€€Anybody€that€has€had€any€reading€of€theÏBible€knows€that's€in€there.€€They€saw€him€put€the€BibleÏdown.€€They€saw€him€reading€it€before€he€said€it,€YourÏHonor.€€I€call€for€„„€I€would€ask€for€a€mistrial€at€this€time.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà àTHE€COURT:€That€will€be€denied.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà à[DEFENSE€COUNSEL]:€Thank€you.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà àTHE€COURT€[ADDRESSING€THE€JURY]:€Ladies€andÏgentlemen,€just€so€you€will€understand€what€we€are€doingÏhere,€when€I€told€you€that€the€only€law€that€you€could€getÏwould€be€from€the€Court's€instructions,€that€also€means€thatÏyou€cannot€use€the€Bible€or€the€Talmud€or€the€Torah€or€anyÏkind€of€holy€work€as€law.€€Regardless€of€this€Court's€opinionÏas€to€scripture€or€whatever€else,€we€can't,€since€we€haveÏseparation€of€church€and€state€in€here,€we€have€to€try€theseÏcases€on€the€law€that€is€established€by€courts€rather€thanÏlaw€established€by€holy€works.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà àMr.€Kitchen€can€comment€to€you€on€what€he€believesÏis€true€about€the€world€and€nature€and€in€the€proof.€€But€youÏare€not€in€any€way€to€accept€some€other€work€as€higherÏauthority€for€purposes€of€deciding€this€case€only,€than€theÏlaw€the€Court€is€going€to€give€you.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà àAll€right.€Mr.€Kitchen,€you€may€proceed.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà à[MR.€KITCHEN'S€CLOSING]:€Ladies€and€gentlemen,Ïthe€judge€will€charge€you€about€flight€which€simply€says€to€aÏdegree€that€if€someone€leaves€the€scene€of€an€incident€thatÏyou€can€take€that€into€consideration€as€to€an€inference€ofÏthe€person's€guilt.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà à"The€wicked€will€flee€when€no€man€pursueth,€but€theÏrighteous€will€stand€as€bold€as€a€lion."€€What€does€thatÏmean?Ìà8 àÌà8 àà àWhat€are€you€hiding?€€Why€did€you€throw€away€theÏgun?€€Why€did€you€hide€out€for€five€days?€€Get€your€storyÏstraight?€€See€if€anybody€was€going€to€identify€you?€€MaybeÏno€one€is€going€to€talk€because€everyone€will€be€too€scaredÏbecause€we€live€in€such€a€dangerous€community.ÌÌÌÓ  ÓÓÓà àOur€supreme€court€has€recognized€that€closing€argument€is€a€valuableÏprivilege€for€both€the€state€and€the€defense€and€that€counsel€is€afforded€wide€latitudeÏin€presenting€final€argument€to€the€jury.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Cribbsóó,€967€S.W.2d€773,€783Ï(Tenn.€1998);€òòState€v.€Coneóó,€665€S.W.2d€87,€94€(Tenn.€1984).€€When€a€prosecutor'sÏargument€goes€beyond€the€latitude€afforded,€the€test€for€determining€if€reversal€isÏrequired€is€whether€the€impropriety€"affected€the€verdict€to€the€prejudice€of€theÍdefendant."€€òòHarrington€v.€Stateóó,€215€Tenn.€338,€340,€385€S.W.2d€758,€759€(1965).€ÏFactors€relevant€to€that€determination€include:ÌÓ  ÓÓÓà8 à1.€€The€conduct€complained€of€viewed€in€context€and€in€lightÏof€the€facts€and€circumstances€of€the€case.Ìà0 àÌà8 à2.€€The€curative€measures€undertaken€by€the€court€and€theÏprosecution.Ìà0 àÌà8 à3.€€The€intent€of€the€prosecutor€in€making€the€improperÏstatement.Ìà0 àÌà8 à4.€€The€cumulative€effect€of€the€improper€conduct€and€anyÏother€errors€in€the€record.Ìà0 àÌà0 à5.€€The€relative€strength€or€weakness€of€the€case.ÌÓ ` ` XÓÌÓ  ÓÓÓòòJudge€v.€Stateóó,€539€S.W.2d€340,€344€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1976).ÌÌÓ ` ` ‹XÓà àIn€òòCribbsóó,€the€defendant€argued€that€it€was€prosecutorial€misconduct€forÏthe€prosecutor€to€use€the€passage,€"whatever€a€man€sows,€so€shall€he€reap,"€in€hisÏargument€during€the€sentencing€phase.€€967€S.W.2d€at€783.€€The€court€stated,€"It€isÏwell„established€in€Tennessee€law€that€references€to€biblical€passages€or€religiousÏlaw€during€the€course€of€a€criminal€trial€are€inappropriate."€€òòIdóó.€at€784.€€However,€theÏcourt€concluded€that€the€biblical€references€did€not€affect€the€verdict€to€the€prejudice€ofÏthe€defendant.€€òòIdóó.€€ÌÌà àIn€this€case,€the€state€wanted€to€put€the€flight€instruction€into€perspectiveÏfor€the€jury.€€The€evidence€showed€that€the€defendant€left€the€scene€after€the€shooting.€ÍThe€defendant€testified€as€to€why€he€left€the€scene.€€Without€the€biblical€reference,€theÏstate€could€properly€comment€on€this€evidence€and€the€significance€of€flight.€€We€noteÏthat€the€trial€court€gave€a€curative€instruction€to€the€jury€but€still€permitted€the€state€toÏuse€the€biblical€passage.€€We€also€note€that€there€was€overwhelming€evidence€of€theÏdefendant's€guilt.€€We€conclude€that€the€improper€argument€did€not€affect€the€verdict€toÏthe€substantive€prejudice€of€the€defendant.€€ÌÌà àWe€must€note,€though,€that€this€court€has€previously€reviewed€the€sameÏprosecutor€for€using€the€Bible€and€making€biblical€references€during€closing€argument.€ÏWhile€discussing€flight€during€closing€argument€in€òòState€v.€Alfonzo€E.€Anderson€andóóÏòòBarry€Woodleyóó,€No.€02C01„9419„CR„00243,€Shelby€County€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Sept.Ï20,€1995),€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€òòas€to€Andersonóó€(Tenn.€May€6,€1996),€the€prosecutor€quotedÏfrom€the€Bible€and€stated,€"This€is€the€real€law€book."€€Slip€op.€at€8.€€After€objection,€theÏtrial€court€instructed€the€jury€that€this€was€just€closing€argument€and€that€they€were€toÏconsider€only€what€they€heard€in€the€case.€€òòIdóó.€€Following€the€trial€judge's€admonition,Ïthe€prosecutor€made€another€brief€reference€to€the€same€biblical€passage.€€òòIdóó.€€TheÏòòAndersonóó€court€held€that€the€prosecutor's€conduct€did€not€constitute€reversible€errorÏbecause€the€prosecutor's€comments€were€limited€in€scope,€the€trial€court€gave€aÏcurative€instruction,€and€the€defendant€had€not€shown€how€he€was€prejudiced€by€theÏcomments.€€ÌÌà àIn€this€respect,€we€hasten€to€add€that€the€fact€that€we€hold€the€error€to€beÏharmless€in€the€present€case€should€not€be€taken€as€precedent€for€similar€improperÏargument€in€the€future.€€We€note€that€òòAndersonóó€was€decided€approximately€twoÏmonths€before€the€trial€in€the€present€case€began.€€Our€supreme€court€has€stated€thatÏð ðit€is€inappropriate€for€the€appellate€courts€to€preside€over€the€creation€of€a€body€ofÏððharmless€error€lawðððð€arising€from€the€continued€failure€of€a€trial€court€to€meetÏprocedural€requirements.€€òòState€v.€Gormanóó,€628€S.W.2d€739,€740€(Tenn.€1982).€€WeÏbelieve€it€to€be€similarly€inappropriate€for€a€continuing€practice€of€prosecutors€usingÏbiblical€references€during€trial.€€At€some€point,€the€need€to€preserve€the€integrity€of€theÏjudicial€process€will€require€that€the€continued€practice€not€be€subject€to€the€harmlessÏerror€rule.Ìà àÌò òà0 àà àà@ àIII.€€FLIGHT€INSTRUCTIONó óÌà àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€rule€allowing€the€jury€to€hear€anÏinstruction€on€flight€should€be€reconsidered.€€He€argues€that€a€flight€instruction€isÏunduly€prejudicial€considering€the€defendant's€age€(sixteen€years€old)€and€immaturity.€ÏAlso,€he€argues€that€public€policy€should€favor€individuals€voluntarily€turningÏthemselves€in€to€the€police,€particularly€when€they€do€so€after€they€have€time€to€reflectÏon€their€actions€and€only€a€short€time€has€elapsed€after€the€crime€was€committed.€€TheÏjury€was€charged€with€the€following€instruction€on€flight:ÌÓ  ÓÓÓà8 àà àThe€flight€of€a€person€accused€of€a€crime€is€aÏcircumstance€which,€when€considered€together€with€all€theÏfacts€of€the€case,€may€justify€an€inference€of€guilt.€€Flight€isÏthe€voluntary€withdrawal€of€oneself€for€the€purpose€ofÏevading€arrest€or€prosecution€for€the€crime€charged.€ÏWhether€the€evidence€presented€proves€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt€that€the€defendant€fled€is€a€question€forÏyour€determination.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà àThe€law€makes€no€nice€or€refined€distinction€as€to€theÏmanner€or€method€of€a€flight;€it€may€be€open,€or€it€may€be€aÏconcealment€within€the€jurisdiction.€€However,€it€takes€bothÏa€leaving€the€scene€of€the€difficulty€and€a€subsequent€hidingÏout,€evasion,€or€concealment€in€the€community,€or€a€leavingÏof€the€community€for€parts€unknown,€to€constitute€flight.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà àIf€flight€is€proved,€the€fact€of€flight€alone€does€notÏallow€you€to€find€that€the€defendant€is€guilty€of€the€crimeÏalleged.€€However,€since€flight€by€a€defendant€may€beÏcaused€by€a€consciousness€of€guilt,€you€may€consider€theÏfact€of€flight,€if€flight€is€so€proven,€together€with€all€of€theÏother€evidence€when€you€decide€the€guilt€or€innocence€ofÏthe€defendant.€€On€the€other€hand,€an€entirely€innocentÏperson€may€take€flight€and€such€flight€may€be€explained€byÏproof€offered,€or€by€the€facts€and€circumstances€of€the€case.Ìà8 àÌà8 àà àWhether€there€was€flight€by€the€defendant,€theÏreasons€for€it,€and€the€weight€to€be€given€to€it,€are€questionsÏfor€you€to€determine.ÌÓÓÌÓ  Óà àIn€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€893€S.W.2d€908€(Tenn.€1994),€our€supreme€courtÏreviewed€the€effect€of€a€flight€instruction€when€the€defendant€abandoned€a€stolen€carÏfilled€with€stolen€goods€and€remained€free€for€one€year.€€òòIdóó.€at€918.€€The€defendantÏmurdered€an€elderly€woman€while€burglarizing€her€home.€€òòIdóó.€at€911„12.€€As€theÏdefendant€was€leaving,€the€car€he€took€from€the€victim€became€stuck€in€the€mud€nearÍthe€victim's€house.€€òòIdóó.€€at€911.€€A€police€officer,€responding€to€another€call,€noticed€theÏcar€as€he€drove€by€the€area.€€òòIdóó.€€After€the€officer€returned€from€the€call,€he€checked€theÏcar€and€found€that€the€engine€was€still€warm.€€òòIdóó.€€Our€supreme€court€held€that€the€factsÏled€to€a€reasonable€inference€that€the€defendant€saw€the€police€cruiser€drive€by€with€itsÏlights€flashing€and€abandoned€the€car€stuck€in€the€mud.€€òòIdóó.€at€918.€€The€court€held€thatÏthere€was€also€evidence€that€the€defendant€concealed€himself.€€òòIdóó.€€Although€notÏholding€that€the€flight€instruction€given€was€error,€the€court€addressed€the€issue€of€theÏeffect€of€a€flight€instruction€given€in€error:ÌÓ  ÓÓÓà8 àà àEven€if€an€instruction€on€flight€should€not€have€beenÏgiven,€any€error€is€not€reversible.€€The€Court€instructed€theÏjury€that€whether€the€Defendant€fled€was€a€question€solelyÏfor€their€decision,€that€they€need€not€infer€flight,€and€thatÏflight€alone€was€insufficient€to€prove€guilt.€€This,€coupledÏwith€the€overwhelming€proof€of€Defendant's€guilt,€rendersÏany€error€as€to€the€flight€instruction€harmless.ÌÌÓÓòòIdóó.ÌÌÓ  Óà àIn€the€present€case,€the€evidence€shows€that€after€the€defendant€shot€theÏvictim,€he€left€the€scene.€€The€evidence€also€shows€that€two€hours€after€the€shooting,Ïthe€defendant€knew€the€victim€had€died,€but€he€still€remained€hidden€in€the€communityÏfor€five€days.€€We€conclude€that€a€flight€instruction€was€warranted.ÌÌà àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€facts€and€circumstances€in€this€case€areÏsuch€that€the€flight€instruction€should€not€have€been€given.€€He€asserts€that€publicÍpolicy€should€not€penalize€those€that€voluntarily€turn€themselves€in€to€the€police.€€InÏthis€case,€the€flight€instruction€pointed€out€to€the€jury€that€innocent€persons€may€takeÏflight,€and€it€was€up€to€the€jury€to€determine€whether€there€was€flight,€the€reasons€forÏthe€flight,€and€the€weight€to€be€given€to€it.€€Just€as€the€instruction€allowed€an€inferenceÏof€guilt€from€flight,€it€also€instructed€that€the€evidence,€facts,€and€circumstances€mayÏshow€that€an€innocent€person€may€take€flight.ÌÌà àThe€evidence€shows€that€the€defendant€was€young,€living€in€a€dangerousÏneighborhood,€and€was€scared.€€The€òòSmithóó€court€held€that€it€was€up€to€the€jury€toÏdetermine€the€meaning€and€the€weight€of€this€type€of€evidence.€€893€S.W.2d€at€918.€ÏWe€conclude€that€the€flight€instruction€properly€charged€the€jury€with€their€duty€and€didÏnot€unduly€prejudice€the€defendant.ÌÌà àIn€consideration€of€the€foregoing€and€the€record€as€a€whole,€we€affirm€theÏdefendant's€conviction€for€first€degree€murder.ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà à______________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àJoseph€M.€Tipton,€Judge€ÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ___________________________ÌDavid€G.€Hayes,€Judge€ÌÌÌÌòòœ(Not€Participating)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óó›ÌWilliam€M.€Barker,€Judge€ÌÌ