ÿWPC …# VUNa %¯ 0(µÝw@å4% 9 0JH 0T’ 0^æ 0hD 0r¬ 0| 0†š 0 1u° 0d% U>‰ B)Ç DCð U*3 AM]⪠BŒv~©vÓ' D3ú 0@- AOmƼ 0D‚ D/Æ Bõ˜HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÀÌÀääÀÀÌ0 (ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ ´ Eµ ¶ · U¸ E¹ º ïe» E¼ ½ Ó€Ô¡¨ €X3|xÆ 2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman% Line 7 d 7Border 1dd< Œ 9p`(Arial€-!Cþÿ << Gÿÿ ØÝ ƒ!ÝÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÔ€"ÔÔ€"ÔÓ  Óò òÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€"XÔÌÌJanuary€30,€1997ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔ  Ôó ó dPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva Ò%%%%'ÿÿdxd("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÝ  Ý›Ñ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÒ  ÒÒ H ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÓӜـ€ÙÓ  ÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑÔ€"ÔßR€#$!A1-j|` ç `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌà@ àò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€NASHVILLEÌà@ àDECEMBER€1996€SESSIONÌÌÌÓÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à0 àà0 àà0 à)Ìó óà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 à)à0 àC.C.A.€NO.€œ01C01›„9603„CC„00082Ìà0 àà0 àAppellee,à0 àà0 àà0 àò ò)à0 àÌà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 à)à0 àœDEKALB›€COUNTYó óÌò òœVS›.ó óà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àò ò)ó óÌà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àò ò)à0 àHON.€LEON€BURNS,€JR.ÌARCHIE€LEE€ROBERTS,à àó óà0 àà0 àò ò)à0 àJUDGEÌà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 à)Ìà0 àà0 àó óAppellant.à0 àà0 àà0 àò ò)à0 àó ó(First€Degree€Murder€and€Attempted€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àò ò)à à€ó óFirst€Degree€Murder)ÌÌà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÌÌÌòòFOR€THE€APPELLANT:à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àFOR€THE€APPELLEE:óóÌÌò òTERRY€D.€œDYCUS›à àà àó óà àà àò òà0 àCHARLES€W.€œBURSON›Ìó óAssistant€Public€Defenderà àà0 àà0 àà0 àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÌ215€Reagan€StreetÌœCookeville›,€TN€€38501Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àò òMICHAEL€J.€œFAHEY›,€IIÌà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àó óAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 à450€James€Robertson€Pkwy.Ìà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àò òWILLIAM€EDWARD€GIBSONÌó óà àà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àÌà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àò òANTHONY€J.€œCRAIGHEAD›Ìó óà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 à145€South€Jefferson€AvenueÌà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àœCookeville›,€TN€38501ÌÌà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÌÌÌÌà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àò òÌó óà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÌà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÌò òOPINION€FILED:€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌJOE€G.€RILEYÌJUDGEó óÌÌÑ7€— XXdìXXdì7ÑÑ ° Ñà@ àòòò òO€P€I€N€I€O€NÌÌÌÓÓó óóóà àThe€defendant€was€convicted€by€jury€verdict€of€first€degree€murder€andÏattempted€first€degree€murder.€€Defendant€was€seventeen€(17)€years€of€age€at€theÏtime€the€offenses€were€committed.€€He€was€sentenced€to€life€imprisonment€for€firstÏdegree€murder€and€twenty€(20)€years€for€second€degree€murder€to€runÏconsecutively.€€In€this€direct€appeal€€he€raises€the€following€issues:ÌÓÓà àà à1.€€€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€accepting€the€transferÌà àà à€€€€€€of€this€case€from€juvenile€court;ÌÌà àà à2.€€whether€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€the€Ìà àà à€€€€€convictions€of€first€degree€murder€and€attempted€Ìà àà à€€€€€first€degree€murder;€andÌÌà àà à3.€€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€the€sentencing€of€€Ìà àà à€€€€€defendant.ÌÌWe€find€all€issues€to€be€without€merit€and€affirm€the€convictions€and€sentences.€€ÌÌÌÌà@ àò òJUVENILE€TRANSFER€HEARINGÌÌÓÓó óÌà àAt€the€time€of€commission€of€these€offenses€the€defendant€was€seventeenÏ(17)€years€of€age.€€Our€law€provides€that€juveniles€sixteen€(16)€years€of€age€or€moreÏat€the€time€of€the€alleged€offense€are€subject€to€transfer€to€adult€court€provided€thereÏare€reasonable€grounds€to€believe€that:Ìà àà àÓÓò òòòÌà àà àó óóó(1)€€the€child€committed€the€delinquent€act€as€alleged;ÌÌà àà à(2)€the€child€is€not€committable€to€an€institution€for€the€Ìà àà à€€€€€€mentally€retarded€or€mentally€ill;€andÌÌà àà à(3)€the€interests€of€the€community€require€that€the€childÌà àà à€€€€€be€put€under€legal€restraint€or€discipline.€€Ì€ÌœT.C.A.›€ðð€37„1„134(a)(4);€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€784€S.W.2d€660€(Tenn.€œCrim›.€œApp›.€1989).Ìà àà à€€ÌÌÓÓà àBoth€the€juvenile€judge€at€the€transfer€hearing€and€the€criminal€court€judgeÏfound€these€criteria€had€been€met.€€The€evidence€does€not€preponderate€againstÏthese€findings.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.€ÌÌÌÌà@ àò òFACTSó óÌÌà àOn€April€28,€1993,€the€defendant€along€with€€Eric€Graham€and€ShaneÏOrlando€had€been€drinking€and€riding€around€in€Grahamððs€vehicle.€€An€argumentÏensued€precipitating€defendantððs€pulling€a€knife€on€Orlando€while€in€the€vehicle.€ÍOrlando€was€able€to€take€the€knife€from€defendant,€close€the€blade€and€keep€it€fromÏdefendant.€€ÌÌà àWhen€Graham€pulled€up€in€defendantððs€driveway€to€let€him€out,€theÏdefendant€requested€his€knife€back.€€Orlando€returned€the€knife,€and€defendantÏimmediately€stabbed€Orlando€in€the€stomach€causing€a€severe€wound.€€ÌÌà àGraham€followed€defendant€into€his€home€and€requested€the€assistance€ofÏdefendantððs€step„brother€in€calming€defendant.€€Defendant€kicked€in€a€padlockedÏdoor€€to€his€motherððs€bedroom,€picked€out€a€12€gauge€shotgun€along€with€someÏshotgun€shells,€loaded€the€gun€with€at€least€three€(3)€shells,€exited€the€home€andÏfollowed€Graham€to€the€vehicle.ÌÌà àDefendantððs€step„brother€attempted€to€restrain€him€as€he€approached€theÏtruck€occupied€by€Graham€and€Orlando.€€Neither€Graham€nor€Orlando€was€armed.€ÏNonetheless,€defendant€pointed€the€shotgun€through€the€window€directly€atÏGrahamððs€head€and€fired.€€€The€shotgun€blast€struck€Grahamððs€head€at€close€range.€ÏDefendant€fired€a€second€shot€striking€Graham€in€the€shoulder.€€Defendant€thenÏfired€the€third€shot€at€Orlando€missing€him.€€Upon€Orlandoððs€begging€and€pleadingÏwith€defendant€to€allow€Orlando€to€get€medical€help€for€Graham,€defendant€allowedÏOrlando€to€drive€away€with€Graham.€€€€ÌÌà àDefendant€re„entered€his€home€and€called€911€for€assistance.€€He€coherentlyÍmade€a€request€for€assistance.€€He€advised€neighbors€that€he€had€just€ð ðkilled€a€boyÏthat€was€in€the€yard.ðð€€He€did€not€seem€upset€but€seemed€as€if€he€was€bragging.€ÏAccording€to€the€officers,€defendant€did€not€smell€of€alcohol€and€did€not€appearÏintoxicated.€€€€Ìà àOrlando€lost€consciousness€while€trying€to€drive€Graham€for€medicalÏattention.€€Graham€died€as€a€result€of€the€gunshot€wound€to€the€head.€€Orlando€wasÏhospitalized€for€nine€(9)€days€as€a€result€of€the€severe€stab€wound.ÌÌà@ àò òSUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEÌÌó óà àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence,€ourÏstandard€of€review€is€whether,€after€reviewing€the€evidence€in€a€light€most€favorableÏto€€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elementsÏof€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319Ï(1979).€€Questions€concerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€valueÏto€be€given€the€evidence,€as€well€as€all€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence,€areÏresolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€not€this€court.€€òòState€v.€œPappas›óó,€754€S.W.2d€620,€623Ï(Tenn.€œCrim›.€œApp›.€1987).€€Nor€may€this€court€reweigh€or€re„evaluate€the€evidence.€ÏòòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€On€appeal,€the€state€isÏentitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€all€inferencesÏtherefrom.€€òòIdóó.€at€€835.€€Because€a€verdict€of€guilt€removes€the€presumption€ofÏinnocence€and€replaces€it€with€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€accused€has€the€burdenÏin€this€court€of€illustrating€why€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€verdictÍreturned€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€œTuggle›óó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).ÌÌà àDefendant€contends€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€establish€€premeditationÏand€deliberation.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530€(Tenn.€1992).€€AlthoughÏmore€than€a€split„second€intention€to€kill€is€required€to€constitute€premeditation,€noÏspecific€period€of€time€is€required.€€òòIdóó.€at€543.€€Similarly,€deliberation€requires€proofÏthat€the€homicide€was€committed€with€cool€purpose€and€without€passion€orÏprovocation€which€would€reduce€the€offense€to€either€second€degree€murder€orÏmanslaughter.€òòIdóó.€at€543.€€ÌÌà àWe€conclude€that€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€enable€the€trier€of€fact€toÏhave€found€the€essential€elements€of€first€degree€murder€and€attempted€first€degreeÏmurder.€€The€defendant€had€pulled€a€knife€on€Orlando€earlier€in€the€vehicle.€€It€hadÏbeen€taken€away€from€the€defendant€and€given€back€to€him€by€Orlando.€€Defendant,Ïwithout€cause,€stabbed€Orlando€who€was€unarmed.€€Defendant€then€entered€hisÏresidence€with€the€intention€of€securing€a€shotgun.€€He€kicked€in€a€padlocked€door,Ïpicked€out€a€shotgun€and€shells,€and€loaded€the€firearm.€€He€returned€to€the€vehicleÏand€shot€Graham€not€once€but€twice€at€close€range.€€He€then€shot€at€OrlandoÏmissing€him.€€We€conclude€the€elements€of€attempted€first€degree€murder€and€firstÏdegree€murder,€including€the€elements€of€premeditation€and€deliberation,€wereÏadequately€established€by€the€proof.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Gentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€1€(Tenn.ÏœCrim›.€œApp›.€1993);€òòState€v.€Rayóó,€880€S.W.2d€700€(Tenn.€œCrim›.€œApp›.€1993).€€ÌÌà àDefendant€further€contends€he€was€too€intoxicated€to€be€able€to€premeditate,Ïdeliberate€and€form€the€intent€required€to€commit€these€offenses.€€Generally,€theÏdefense€of€intoxication€negating€specific€intent€is€a€question€for€the€jury€toÏdetermine.€€òòState€v.€Givensóó,€631€S.W.2d€720,€721€(Tenn.€œCrim›.€œApp›.€1982).€€ThereÏmust€be€evidence€that€intoxication€deprived€the€accused€of€the€mental€capacity€toÏform€the€requisite€specific€intent.€€òòState€v.€Bowersóó,€744€S.W.2d€588€(Tenn.€œCrim›.ÏœApp›.€1987).€€Viewing€the€evidence€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€the€jury€wasÏcertainly€justified€in€rejecting€this€defense.€€ÌÌòòò òà@ àLENGTH€OF€SENTENCESó óóóÌÌà àDefendant€was€sentenced€to€life€imprisonment€for€first€degree€murder€andÏtwenty€(20)€years€as€a€Standard€Offender€for€attempted€first€degree€murder.€€TheÏtrial€judge€had€no€discretion€as€to€the€first€degree€murder€conviction€as€lifeÏimprisonment€was€the€only€possible€punishment€due€to€the€defendantððs€age.€€TheÏrange€of€punishment€for€attempted€first€degree€murder€as€a€Standard€Offender€is€aÏminimum€of€fifteen€(15)€years€and€a€maximum€of€twenty„five€(25)€years.€€The€trialÏjudge€sentenced€the€defendant€in€the€middle€of€the€range.€€ÌÌà àOur€review€of€the€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court€is€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€with€aÏpresumption€that€the€determinations€of€the€trial€court€are€correct.€€œT.C.A›€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€The€presumption€of€correctness€which€attaches€to€the€trial€courtððs€action€isÏconditioned€upon€an€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€consideredÍthe€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.€€òòState€v.€œAshby›óó,Ï823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€In€conducting€our€review,€we€consider€theÏevidence€presented€at€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€presentence€report,€theÏsentencing€principles,€arguments€of€counsel,€statements€of€the€defendant,€theÏnature€and€characteristics€of€the€offense,€mitigating€and€enhancement€factors,€andÏthe€defendantððs€amenability€to€rehabilitation.€€œT.C.A.›€ðð€40„35„210(b).€€ÌÌà àThe€trial€court€found€that€the€victimððs€personal€injuries€from€the€stab€woundÏwere€particularly€great.€€œT.C.A.›€ðð€40„35„114(6).€€The€victim€spent€nine€(9)€days€in€theÏhospital€and€has€suffered€psychologically€as€a€result€of€the€defendantððs€actions.€ÏThis€enhancement€factor€is€supported€by€the€evidence.€€ÌÌà àThe€trial€judge€found€that€the€defendant€employed€a€deadly€weapon€duringÏthe€commission€of€the€offense.€€œT.C.A.›€ðð€40„35„114(9).€€A€knife€is€clearly€a€deadlyÏweapon.€€The€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€is€not€an€essential€element€of€attempted€firstÏdegree€murder€and€was€œproperly›€considered€as€an€enhancement€factor.€€ÌÌà àThe€trial€judge€found€the€defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€aÏcrime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high€and€further€found€the€crime€wasÏcommitted€under€circumstances€under€which€the€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€aÏvictim€was€great.€€œT.C.A.›€ðð€40„35„114(10)€and€(16).€€The€risk€to€human€life€and€theÏgreat€potential€for€bodily€injury€always€exist€with€an€attempted€first€degree€murder.€ÏòòState€v.€Nixóó,€922€S.W.2d€894€(Tenn.€œCrim›.€œApp›.€1995).€€Accordingly,€these€two€(2)Íenhancement€factors€should€not€have€been€considered.€€ÌÌà àThe€court€relied€upon€the€following€mitigating€factors;€to„wit:€ÌÓÓà àà à(1)€€substantial€grounds€existed€tending€to€excuse€orÌà àà àjustify€the€defendantððs€criminal€conduct,€though€Ìà àà àfailing€to€establish€a€defense;€ÌÌà àà à(2)€the€defendant,€because€of€his€youth,€lacked€Ìà àà àsubstantial€judgment€in€committing€the€offense;€andÌÌà àà à(3)€the€defendant€was€suffering€from€a€mental€Ìà àà àcondition€that€significantly€reduced€his€culpability.ÌÌà àà àœT.C.A.›€ðð€40„35„113(3),(6)€and€(8).ÌÌÌÓÓà àEven€though€the€trial€judge€found€these€as€mitigating€factors,€he€did€not€placeÏgreat€weight€upon€them.€€However,€the€weight€to€be€given€enhancement€andÏmitigating€factors€is€left€to€the€trial€courtððs€discretion.€€òòState€v.€Mossóó,€727€S.W.2d€229Ï(Tenn.€1986);€€òòState€v.€Santiagoóó,€914€S.W.2d€116€(Tenn.€œCrim›.€œApp›.€1995).ÌÌà àEven€though€the€trial€court€utilized€two€(2)€improper€enhancement€factors,€weÏfind€the€mid„range€sentence€of€twenty€(20)€years€to€be€appropriate.€€Accordingly,€theÏlength€of€sentence€will€not€be€disturbed.ÌÌà0 àà àà@ àò òCONSECUTIVE€SENTENCINGÌÌà àó óIn€determining€that€the€20„year€attempted€first€degree€murder€sentenceÏshould€run€consecutively€to€the€life€sentence,€the€trial€judge€found€that€theÍdefendant€was€a€ð ðdangerous€offender.ðð€€œT.C.A.›€ðð€40„35„115(b)(4).€€He€noted€theÏdefendant€had€little€regard€for€human€life€and€no€hesitation€to€commit€these€crimesÏwhere€the€risk€to€life€was€high.€€He€further€found€aggravating€circumstancesÏsurrounding€the€offense,€the€need€to€protect€society€by€a€lengthy€sentence,€and€thatÏthe€aggregate€length€of€the€sentence€reasonably€related€to€the€offense.€€ÌÌà àœT.C.A.›€ðð€40„35„115(b)(4)€authorizes€the€court€to€impose€consecutiveÏsentences€when€the€defendant€is€ð ða€dangerous€offender€whose€behavior€indicatesÏlittle€or€no€regard€for€human€life,€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€inÏwhich€the€risk€to€human€life€is€high.ðð€€However,€every€offender€convicted€of€two€(2)Ïdangerous€crimes€is€not€necessarily€a€dangerous€offender€under€the€statute.€€òòStateÏv.€œWilkerson›óó,€905€S.W.2d€933€(Tenn.€1995).€€The€proof€must€also€establish€that€theÏterms€imposed€are€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses€committed€andÏare€necessary€in€order€to€protect€the€public€from€further€criminal€acts€by€theÏoffender.€€òòIdóó.€at€938.€€Ìà àÌà àThe€trial€judge€specifically€found€that€all€of€the€above€requirements€forÏconsecutive€sentencing€were€met.€€Those€findings€are€clearly€supported€by€theÏevidence.€€Consecutive€sentencing€was€appropriate.€€ÌÌà@ àò òCONCLUSIONó óÌÌà àIn€summary,€we€find€no€error€committed€by€the€trial€court.€€The€convictionsÍand€sentences€are€affirmed.Ìòòò òÌó óóóÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àòòà àà àà àà àà àà à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àóóJOE€G.€RILEY,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌóóPAUL€G.€SUMMERS,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌóóWILLIAM€M.€BARKER,€JUDGE€ÌÌÌ