’WPC  ر·7¼?½TŲ†· Į!*=+§ń“ ¼:½Ś:3sŗ%£‚4§n,e3häųĢŚ„²„ˆ9jėłõRŪųo¢×7÷9ķū-W'­Ļfģifڦ̓usæBm\[f»‹<•@ąŅčø~āgUtuU7,\.Ž(a}X±$~?@x3r•võÕlÕßYžcļūd·ÕV”Ž#=p<ÖnĒ0Čļ~9uŠąf“ŽkMĄuāi‘*–ÓŹŖ¦ē©Ģŗ’7½)†)ĘUį \²Öž®ØrlŪéņKļ1l4õ²‹³€‡UĶł˜l‹-…Į›Ā÷BQ—ŠŠsÖžŌ…Øt"`gR2¹¾{«%ƒ ¬' kŻŖ‡Ż¹S^ū¦ŁŖ‹Ū'„zÉOÄ@_ą\gփę^XPé(ļ'xV ž¬TĻ%w™щ“ä‚ģÖģŽšoōół's/÷[}nß^\nŽpēpŃxKaUR@€ŖYüÓ*¶× ¬¢aoÓ~Ėó"»1ķzfŹŁ×~9Ōg,DJDÓźPłüĖ ZĒÜų¶ĆM„ŃĶJłżœæČHå­Ę“©q£ś°e«;ČĖŽ@µfäb %\^ b 0ˆnU+NöwD4H\ zkŅå· m¹ RŠ #É" ĘėʱĘwĘ=UNNQ 0DSš—E‡U@‰U>ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉb 0ė Bśś 0¤ D5» D-š 0K AShĘ» 0¤ 0D% A«i»™€~1Ļ (`£Ŗ$””Ń€.ŃŃ8€½­»»d»»d8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  Ó(ķ€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular ~‰/ź:i¢×+003|x ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt’U‹’ĄĄĄ EariceKittrelThermanEldridgeLaquita TBIc]obalt t]anp]lantAlnitaBlakelyMoffatTemikaGipsonMoffattWilkersonAshby CmtsSchriro[vSummerlinTipton t]he RptrMuhammedVaughnfactfindingDecandiaantisocietalIshmaelApprendi˜\\IB01S02\CLERKJACČČ,,,,ČČ0Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(@ųŠ Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(#Ć$ņņŚ  Ś0Ś  Śóó ęŻ ƒRG/$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŌ€ōė¼ņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ō€The€record€is€not€clear€as€to€whether€this€conviction€referred€to€by€Ms.€Gipson€was€based€on€the€same€incidentŠ ° Šdescribed€by€Officer€Moffatt.€€The€defendantššs€presentence€report,€which€was€made€an€exhibit€to€the€sentencing€€hearingŠ qĮ Šand€might€have€clarified€the€matter,€is€not€included€in€the€record€before€this€court.(ČhH  Z‹(Times New Roman ō\  `‹&Times New Roman- ł-(|G2G/$¤¤Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€ĪŃ»»dXXdé8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Żą  ąņņŚ  Ś0Ś  ŚóóŌ€ōė¼ņ»»Ō d(|3ųĄ$££Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€ĪŃ»»dXXdé8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻVVVV)’’!dxdx)!ČČČČdxdx( ±ž$’’ņ ņFigure€Ś  Ś1Ś  Śó ó^_X`YEž’<<C’’ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3ųĄ$¢¢Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€ĪŃ»»dXXdé8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Ż($$””ņ ņŚ  Ś1Ś  Śó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8’’’’’’’’’’C’’ HKKKKŻ ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€ĪŃ»»ddČ8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŌ_ŌŃ  ŃŃ  ŃŌ€¼ĪŃ»»»ŌŃ8€ƒēXXdé»»d8Ńą@hhģąŌ‡ī%¦ī»¼ĪŃŌIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆŠ ° Šą@ņņ%ģąAT€JACKSONŌ#†¼ĪŃ»īī%¦#ԈŠ Ó# ŠÓ  Óą @ ąą @` ąAssigned€on€Briefs€July€13,€2004Š öF ŠŌ‡XƒēX»¼ĪŃŌĢņ ņŌ#†¼ĪŃ»XXƒē,#ŌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEņņóó€v.€EARICE€ROBERTSŌ‡XƒēX»¼ĪŃŌó óŠ ļ? ŠĢą@@½½ģąņ ņDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyŠ é 9 Šą@@ųųģąNo.€02„03222€€€€€€Chris€Craft,€JudgeŠ Ó # ŠĢĢą@@ģģ*ģąßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` Aߊ ‘į  ŠĢą@@TTģąNo.€W2003„02668„CCA„R3„CD€€„€Filed€November€23,€Ō_Ō2004Ō_ŌŠ ŠŚ  ŠĢßA€V) °°` dE<]` Aߊ ^®  Šó óĢÓ  ÓThe€defendant,€Earice€Roberts,€was€convicted€by€a€Shelby€County€Criminal€Court€jury€of€simpleŠ V¦  Špossession€of€marijuana,€a€Class€A€misdemeanor;€possession€of€heroin€with€the€intent€to€sell,€a€ClassŠ ? ŠB€felony;€possession€of€heroin€with€the€intent€to€deliver,€a€Class€ņ ņó óB€felony;€and€two€counts€of€assault,Š (x Ša€Class€A€misdemeanor.€€After€merging€the€possession€of€heroin€with€intent€to€sell€conviction€withŠ a Šthe€possession€of€heroin€with€the€intent€to€deliver€conviction,€the€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendantŠ śJ Šas€a€Range€I,€standard€offender€to€twelve€years€for€possession€of€heroin€with€the€intent€to€deliver;Š ć3 Šeleven€months,€twenty„nine€days€for€possession€of€marijuana;€and€eleven€months,€twenty„nine€daysŠ Ģ Šfor€each€assault.€€The€trial€court€ordered€that€the€marijuana€sentence€be€served€concurrently€to€theŠ µ Šheroin€sentence,€but€that€the€sentences€for€assault€be€served€consecutively€to€each€other€andŠ žī Šconsecutively€to€the€twelve„year€sentence€for€possession€of€heroin,€for€a€total€effective€sentence€ofŠ ‡× Šthirteen€years,€eleven€months,€and€twenty„nine€days€in€the€Department€of€Correction.€€The€sole€issueŠ pĄ Šthe€defendant€raised€on€appeal€was€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€the€heroin€into€evidenceŠ Y© Šbecause€of€the€Stateššs€alleged€failure€to€establish€a€proper€chain€of€custody.€Ō‡X'`XXXƒēŌ€However,€while€the€caseŠ B’ Šwas€still€pending,€the€defendant€filed€a€motion€requesting€that€we€consider€an€additional€issue€onŠ +{ Šappeal;€namely,€the€impact€of€the€United€States€Supreme€Courtššs€recently€released€ņņBlakely€v.Š d ŠWashingtonóó,€542€U.S.€___,124€S.€Ct.€2531€(2004),€opinion€on€the€enhanced€heroin€sentence€imposedŠ żM Šas€well€as€on€the€consecutive€sentencing€ordered€in€the€case.€€Following€our€review,€we€concludeŠ ę 6  Šthat€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€admitting€the€heroin€into€evidence;€that€three€of€the€fourŠ Ļ!! Šenhancement€factors€were€inappropriately€applied€under€ņņBlakelyóó,€but€that€the€remaining€applicableŠ ø"" Šenhancement€factor,€to€which€the€trial€court€assigned€heavy€weight,€justifies€an€enhanced€sentenceŠ ”#ń# Šof€ten€years,€six€monthsņ ņó ó;€and€that€ņņBlakelyóó€does€not€affect€the€trial€courtššs€imposition€of€consecutiveŠ Š$Ś$ Šsentencing.€€Accordingly,€we€modify€the€defendantššs€sentence€for€possession€of€heroin€with€theŠ s%Ć % Šintent€to€deliver€from€twelve€years€to€ten€years,€six€months,€but€in€all€other€respects€affirm€theŠ \&¬!& Šjudgments€of€the€trial€court.€€€€Š E'•"' ŠĢŌ#†XƒēXXX'`Ē #ŌŌ#†¼ĪŃ»XXƒēœ#ŌŌ‡XƒēX»¼ĪŃŌÓĮÓņ ņTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgments€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmed€asŠ )g$) ŠModifiedó óŠ *Q%* ŠĢņņÓ  ÓŌ#†¼ĪŃ»ąXƒēH#ŌŌ‡XƒēX.¼ĪŃŌAlan€E.€Glenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€ņņJohn€Everett€Williamsóó€andŠ Ō+$', ŠņņNorma€McGee€Ogle,€JJ.óó,€joined.Š ½, (- ŠŠ ¦-ö(.ż ŠŌ_ŌRobert€Wilson€Jones,€Shelby€County€Public€Defender,€and€W.€Mark€Ward,€Assistant€Shelby€CountyŠ ° ŠPublic€Defender,€for€the€appellant,€Earice€Roberts.Š ™é ŠĢPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Renee€W.€Turner,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Š k» ŠWilliam€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Steve€Jones€and€Dean€Decandia,€AssistantŠ T¤ ŠDistrict€Attorneys€General,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ō#†¼ĪŃ»XXƒē4#ŌŌ‡XƒēX»¼ĪŃԀР=  ŠÓÓĢą@@OO&ģąņ ņOPINIONó óŌ#†¼ĪŃ»XXƒē,#ŌŌ‡XƒēX»¼ĪŃŌŠ  _ ŠņņóóŌ#†¼ĪŃ»XXƒē“#ŌÓ  ÓŌ€XƒēX»¼ĪŃŌĢņņóóą@„„(ģąņ ņņņFACTSˆŠ ā 2  ŠĢóóó óą  ąViewed€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€the€evidence€established€that€between€7:30Š ¶  Šand€8:00€a.m.€on€July€20,€2001,€Memphis€Police€Officers€Kittrel€Robinson€and€Therman€RichardsonŠ Ÿļ  Šwere€patrolling€undercover€in€an€unmarked€unit€in€the€2200€block€of€Eldridge€Street,€an€areaŠ ˆŲ  Šcommonly€known€as€š šthe€dope€track,šš€when€they€were€flagged€down€by€the€defendant.€€RobinsonŠ qĮ  Šindicated€he€wanted€to€buy€marijuana,€and€the€defendant€handed€Richardson€two€plastic€bags€ofŠ ZŖ  Šmarijuana€through€the€open€passenger€window.€€However,€before€the€officers€could€give€him€the€$10Š C“ Špayment,€the€defendant€took€off€running,€apparently€having€been€alerted€that€something€was€amissŠ ,| Šwhen€Robinson€cracked€his€car€door€open€upon€receipt€of€the€drug.€€Both€officers€pursued€on€foot,Š e Šidentifying€themselves€as€police€officers€and€calling€out€to€the€defendant€to€stop,€before€tackling€himŠ žN Šin€the€driveway€of€a€house€thirty€to€forty€feet€away.€€There,€the€officers€struggled€with€the€defendantŠ ē7 Šfor€five€to€seven€minutes,€incurring€scrapes€and€bruises€in€the€process,€before€backup€officers€arrivedŠ Š  Šand€they€were€finally€able€to€handcuff€him.€€Another€bag€of€marijuana;€$222€in€cash,€including€twoŠ ¹  Šone€dollar€bills€folded€up€with€a€white€powder;€and€several€aluminum€foil€packages€containing€aŠ ¢ņ Šwhite€powdery€substance€were€found€in€the€defendantššs€pockets€after€his€arrest.€€€Š ‹Ū ŠĢą  ąOfficer€Robinson€testified€he€and€his€partner€took€the€drugs€seized€from€the€defendant€to€theŠ ]­ Šsecure€property€and€evidence€room€in€the€basement€of€the€jail,ņ ņ€ó ówhere€the€drugs€were€field„tested,Š F– Šsealed€in€plastic€bags,€placed€in€a€brown€evidence€envelope,€labeled,€and€assigned€a€property€receiptŠ 2‚ Šnumber.€€After€referring€to€the€arrest€ticket,€he€testified€the€drugs€were€assigned€the€numberŠ k Šš š010701183.šš€€Robinson€identified€the€evidence€envelope€in€which€the€drugs€had€been€placed,€andŠ  T Štestified€for€the€record€that€both€ends€of€the€envelope€were€sealed€when€he€examined€it€in€court.€€OnŠ ķ = Šcross„examination,€he€testified€he€was€present€when€the€property€room€personnel€opened€eachŠ Ö!&  Šaluminum€packet€to€determine€if€all€contained€the€same€substance€and€when€a€field€test€wasŠ æ"! Šperformed€on€the€contents€of€one€of€the€aluminum€packets.€€He€said€all€of€the€packets€appeared€toŠ Ø#ų" Šcontain€the€same€white€powder€and€that€the€powder€turned€blue€upon€testing,€which€indicated€it€wasŠ ‘$į# Špositive€for€cocaine.€€On€redirect,€he€testified€that€the€field€test€performed€was€known€by€the€nameŠ z%Ź $ Šš šScott,šš€but€that€he€was€not€a€chemist,€was€unfamiliar€with€the€drugs€used€in€the€testing€process,€andŠ c&³!% Šknew€only€from€what€he€had€been€told€that€a€color€change€to€blue€indicated€the€presence€of€cocaine.€Š L'œ"& ŠĢą  ąOfficer€Therman€Richardson€testified€he€witnessed€the€š šScott€testšš€performed€on€the€whiteŠ )n$( Špowdery€substance€and€confirmed€that€the€color€changed€to€blue,€which€indicated€a€positive€forŠ *W%) Šā ācocaine.€€Richardson€acknowledged,€however,€that€neither€he€nor€the€individual€who€performed€theŠ š*@&* Štest€was€a€chemist.€€He€identified€his€handwriting€on€the€property€receipt€form€and€explained€theŠ ° Šprocedure€he€followed€in€submitting€the€evidence:€Š ™é Šā āĢÓ*°,XƒX× –X°œX*Óą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.ą × ąOkay.€€After€that,€you€said€you€tagged€the€evidence.€€Tell€theŠ k» Šjury€what€tagging€the€evidence€means.€€How€do€you€do€it?ŠT¤` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.ą × ąJust€merely€„„€thereššs€a€plastic€bag€that€the€actual€drugs€goesŠ & v Š[sic]€into€and€the€person€that€tested€it,€they€will€sign€their€name€andŠ  _ ŠIBM€Number€to€it.€€Me,€after€witness€it€being€positive,€I€will€sign€myŠ ų H Šname€and€IBM€to€it.€€It€is€then€placed€inside€a€yellow€property€andŠ į 1  Ševidence€receipt.€€On€that€particular€day,€I€did€fill€out€and€„„€theŠ Ź   Šappropriate€box€that€went€with€this€particular€case.€€And€itššs€left€thereŠ ³  Šat€the€property€and€evidence€room€assigned€a€number.Šœģ ` x` x Šą  ąĢą  ąRichardson€testified€he€witnessed€the€drugs€being€placed€in€the€yellow€evidence€envelope.€Š n¾  ŠHe€identified€the€envelope€in€court€by€his€handwriting€and€by€the€identification€number€assigned€toŠ W§  Šthe€case.€€Š @ ŠĢą  ąMemphis€Police€Officer€Laquita€Jones,€who€said€she€was€assigned€to€the€Vice€NarcoticsŠ b ŠUnit,€testified€that€her€duties€included€transporting€drugs€from€the€property€and€evidence€room€toŠ ūK Šthe€Tennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation€(š šTBIšš)€laboratory€for€testing€and€back€to€the€evidence€roomŠ ä4 Šupon€completion€of€the€testing€process.€€She€described€the€procedure€she€followed€when€picking€upŠ Ķ Šdrugs€for€transport€to€the€TBI€laboratory:Š ¶ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.ą × ąHow€do€you€insure€that€the€drugs€you€take€out€of€the€propertyŠ ˆŲ Šroom€are€the€drugs€youššre€supposed€to€take€over€to€TBI?ŠqĮ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąAą × ąWell,€itššs€all€„„€TBI€requires€me€on€the€packaging,€I€have€to€putŠ C“ Šit€in€a€plastic€bag€to€take€to€TBI.€€I€am€supposed€to€describe€whateverŠ ,| Šsubstance€I€think€it€may€be€that€Iššm€bringing€to€them.€€It€has€to€be€onŠ e Šthe€outside€of€the€package,€and€I€also€have€to€write€it€down€in€a€formŠ žN Šand€let€them€know€what€I€think€it€may€be.€€That€it€is€a€substance,€butŠ ē 7 ŠI€have€to€let€them€know€that€Iššm€bringing€them€something.€€WhatŠ Š!   Šcolor€it€is.€€What€shape€or€form€it€may€be.€€So€they€wonššt€just€get€aŠ ¹" ! Šblank€bag€and€not€know€whatššs€going€on.€€They€could€get€a€bag€thatššsŠ ¢#ņ" Šempty.€€I€have€to€look€at€the€substance€to€make€sure€that€I€am€actuallyŠ ‹$Ū# Štaking€them€something.Št%Ä $` x` x ŠĢą  ąJones€stated€€that€her€procedure€involved€taking€the€drugs€out€of€the€yellow€or€gold€evidenceŠ F'–"& Šenvelope,€but€leaving€them€sealed€inside€the€clear€plastic€bag.€€She€said€that€if€the€drugs€in€theŠ /(#' Šplastic€bag€were€wrapped€or€inside€a€container,€she€would€partially€open€one€of€the€containers€toŠ )h$( Šinsure€that€it€contained€a€substance€and€to€briefly€describe€its€appearance.€€She€made€it€clear,Š *Q%) Šhowever,€that€her€unwrapping€or€opening€of€any€container€holding€the€drugs€occurred€through€theŠ ź*:&* Šsealed€plastic€bag:€€Š Ó+#'+ Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.ą × ąAnd€when€you€look€at€the€substance,€do€you€actually€open€it€€upŠ ° Šand€touch€it?Š™é` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.ą × ąI€„„€itššs€sealed€in€a€plastic€bag.€€I€take€it€out€of€the€envelope.€€I€doŠ k» Šnot€open€the€plastic€bag.€€I€look€at€it€through€the€plastic€baggy.€€If€itššsŠ T¤ Šwrapped€or€contained€in€something,€again,€I€donššt€open€the€plasticŠ =  Šbag.€€I€kind€of€open€whatever€container€it€is,€and€I€will€open€only€oneŠ & v Šof€them€to€make€sure€that€itššs€a€substance€in€there€and€brieflyŠ  _ Šdescribe€on€the€packaging€what€I€assume€it€to€be.€Šų H` x` x ŠĢą  ąJones€went€on€to€detail€the€next€steps€in€her€procedure:€Š Ź   ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.ą × ąOkay.€€So€youššve€got€suspected€drugs€that€are€sealed€in€an€„„€aŠ œģ  Šplastic€envelope€„„€And€those€plastic€„„€that€plastic€envelope€„„€areŠ …Õ  Šthose€plastic€envelopes€and€that€drug€sealed€inside€them€are€containedŠ n¾  Šin€a€š!š€ŠW§ ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.ą × ąGold€envelope.Š)y` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.ą × ąA€gold€envelope.€€And€then€you€take€that€gold€envelope€and€theŠ ūK Šcontents€of€that€gold€envelope€after€you€have€examined€them€and€putŠ ä4 Šthem€in€a€separate€envelope?ŠĶ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.ą × ąYeah.€€I€put€them€in€a€separate€plastic€bag€and€seal€that€bag.ŠŸļ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.ą × ąIs€that€bag€colored€or€is€it€clear?ŠqĮ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.ą × ąItššs€a€clear€bag.€€Itššs€clear€and€on€one€side€itššs€going€to€have€aŠ C“ Šlittle€square€shape€that€says,€right€side.€€For€the€most€part,€itššs€clear.Š,|` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQ.ą × ąAnd€how€do€you€seal€it?ŠžN` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA.ą × ąI€take€it€„„€first€of€all,€I€have€to€write,€like€I€said,€a€briefŠ Š!   Šdescription€of€whatever€the€substance€is€thatššs€contained€in€theŠ ¹" ! Šenvelope.€€I€take€evidence€tape€and€itššs€already€sealed€at€the€bottom.€Š ¢#ņ" ŠItššs€open€at€the€top.€€I€take€evidence€tape€and€I€fold€it€over€on€all€sidesŠ ‹$Ū# Šwhere€you€canššt€get€into€it,€and€I€write€my€initials€on€it€saying€that€IŠ t%Ä $ Šsealed€this€bag.€€I€did€it.€€And€Iššm€transporting€it€to€the€TBI.€Š]&­!%` x` x ŠĢJones€stated€that€the€TBI€laboratory€staff€acknowledged€taking€possession€of€evidence€from€her€byŠ /(#' Šreturning€a€signed€or€initialed€receipt€upon€her€transfer€to€them€of€the€sealed€evidence€envelopes.€Š )h$( ŠĢā āŠ ź*:&* Šą  ąJones€testified€she€followed€the€same€procedure€outlined€above€with€the€evidence€in€thisŠ ° Šā ācase,€which€she€identified€in€court€by€her€signature€and€the€date€and€time€she€had€written€across€theŠ ™é Šbar€code€on€the€back€of€the€yellow€envelope.€€She,€additionally,€identified€her€initials€on€the€outsideŠ ‚Ņ Šof€the€two€plastic€bags€within€the€yellow€evidence€envelope€and€testified€she€had€described€theŠ k» Šcontents€of€the€first€bag€as€follows:€€š šNumber€1,€plastic€bag€containing€a€baggy€with€several€piecesŠ T¤ Šof€yellowish€rock€like€substances€suspected€to€be€crack€cocaine.€€All€individually€wrapped€in€foil.ššŠ =  ŠJones€affirmed,€however,€that€she€never€opened€either€of€the€two€sealed€plastic€bags€containing€theŠ & v Šsuspected€drugs€and€said€her€written€description€was€based€only€on€her€estimation€of€what€theŠ  _ Šcontents€might€be.€€She€testified€on€cross„examination€that€she€had€torn€š ša€little€piecešš€of€theŠ ų H Šaluminum€foil€on€one€of€the€packets€in€order€to€see€the€contents,€which€appeared€to€her€to€be€eitherŠ į 1  Šš šyellowishšš€or€š šlight€brownish.šš€€Her€description€of€the€contents€as€š šrock€likešš€was€based€on€whatŠ Ź   Šshe€could€feel€of€the€drug€through€the€aluminum€foil€packaging.€€Š ³  ŠĢą  ąTBI€Special€Agent€Forensic€Scientist€Dana€Rose,€who€was€accepted€by€the€court€as€an€expertŠ …Õ  Šin€forensic€science,€testified€that€when€a€case€is€brought€into€the€TBI€laboratory€for€testing,€theŠ n¾  Ševidence€envelope€is€first€checked€to€insure€it€has€arrived€in€a€sealed€condition;€the€case€informationŠ W§  Šis€then€entered€into€the€TBI€computer,€which€generates€a€unique€laboratory€number€that€is€recordedŠ @ Šon€the€packaging;€and€finally,€a€chemist€is€assigned€to€work€the€case.€€She€said€the€chemist€receivesŠ )y Šthe€evidence€from€the€forensic€technician,€who,€in€turn,€retrieves€it€from€the€vault.€€Š b ŠĢą  ąRose€testified€that€she€must€obtain€positive€results€from€at€least€two€tests,€a€color€change€test,Š ä4 Šsometimes€known€as€a€š šfield€test€kit,šš€and€an€instrumental€analysis,€before€concluding€that€aŠ Ķ Šsubstance€has€tested€positive€for€a€scheduled€drug.€€She€stated€that€the€instrumental€analysis€is€theŠ ¶ Šmore€reliable€of€the€two,€as€the€color€change€test€is€merely€a€š špresumptive€test,šš€meaning€thatŠ Ÿļ Šsubstances€besides€the€one€for€which€the€test€was€designed€can€yield€a€positive€result.€€She€explainedŠ ˆŲ Šthat€the€purpose€of€the€presumptive€test€is€to€indicate€which€direction€to€take€for€further€testing€ofŠ qĮ Šthe€drug,€as€in€which€instrumental€analysis€to€use.€€She€was€unaware€of€a€š šScottšš€field€test,€but€wasŠ ZŖ Šfamiliar€with€a€field€test€in€which€the€chemicals€turn€blue€to€indicate€a€positive€for€cocaine,€knownŠ C“ Šas€the€š šCobalt€Thiocyanate€test.šš€€Rose€testified€that€heroin€would€result€in€a€blue€color€change€orŠ ,| Špositive€result€in€a€Cobalt€Thiocyanate€test€because€š š[c]obalt€will€turn€blue€in€any€substance€that€isŠ e Šin€the€hydrochloride€form€and€cocaine€is€in€the€hydrochloride€form€and€so€is€heroin.ššŠ žN ŠĢą  ąRose€identified€the€evidence€envelope€in€which€the€drugs€in€this€case€arrived€to€her€forŠ Š!   Štesting€by€several€different€identifying€characteristics,€including:€the€laboratory€number;€theŠ ¹" ! Šdefendantššs€name;€the€date€the€evidence€was€brought€into€the€laboratory;€the€name€of€the€person€whoŠ ¢#ņ" Šbrought€the€evidence€into€the€laboratory;€and€the€seal,€containing€her€initials€and€the€date€she€hadŠ ‹$Ū# Šworked€the€case,€which€she€had€placed€across€the€bottom€of€the€envelope€upon€completion€of€herŠ t%Ä $ Šwork.€€The€envelope€was€sealed€when€she€received€it,€and€she€removed€the€drugs€by€opening€it€fromŠ ]&­!% Šthe€opposite€end€from€the€one€at€which€the€officer€had€placed€his€or€her€seal.€€When€her€work€wasŠ F'–"& Šcompleted,€she€replaced€the€drugs,€sealed€the€end€she€had€opened,€and€returned€the€envelope€to€theŠ /(#' Ševidence€vault.€€Š )h$( ŠĢą  ąRose€testified€that€her€laboratory€tests€revealed€that€the€sample€she€labeled€as€exhibit€one,Š ź*:&* Šwhich€she€referred€to€the€official€laboratory€report€as€a€š š[t]an€powder,šš€consisted€of€0.6€grams€ofŠ Ó+#'+ Šheroin,€and€that€the€second€sample,€referred€to€as€š šplant€material,šš€consisted€of€4.8€grams€ofŠ ° Šmarijuana.€€Because€she€worked€only€one€case€at€a€time,€there€was€no€possibility€of€cross„Š ™é Šcontamination€from€another€case.€€€On€cross„examination,€she€testified€that€tan,€to€her,€was€any€colorŠ ‚Ņ Šranging€from€off„white€to€light€brown€and€included€š šyellowish.ššŠ k» ŠĢą  ąAt€the€conclusion€of€Roseššs€testimony,€the€defendant€moved€to€strike€the€drug€evidence€forŠ =  Šfailure€to€establish€a€proper€chain€of€custody,€based€on€the€conflicting€testimony€about€the€natureŠ & v Šand€characteristics€of€the€substance€contained€in€the€foil€packets.€€The€trial€court€overruled€theŠ  _ Šmotion,€finding€that€the€chain€of€custody€was€sufficiently€established€through€the€testimony€of€theŠ ų H Švarious€individuals€in€the€chain:€Š į 1  ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą × ąWell,€what€I€have€proof€of€is€that€the€officers€who€recovered€theŠ ³  Šsubstances€from€the€defendant€took€them€to€the€property€room€andŠ œģ  Šsealed€them.€€And€then€I€have€a€witness€who€picked€up€the€propertyŠ …Õ  Šstill€sealed,€took€it€to€the€TBI€Lab.€€The€TBI€Lab€person€testified€thatŠ n¾  Šthe€property€was€sealed.€€They€opened€it€and€tested€it,€sealed€it€back.€Š W§  ŠThere€was€a€witness€that€said€they€received€it€in€a€sealed€conditionŠ @ Šand€brought€it€back€to€the€property€room€sealed.€€And€then€it€wasŠ )y Šsealed€when€it€was€brought€into€court€and€unsealed€here.€€So€I€donšštŠ b Šsee€any€proof€of€possibility€of€tampering.ŠūK` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą × ąNow,€we€have€not€opened€these€exhibits€to€look€at€the€color€ofŠ Ķ Šthe€powder€in€the€aluminum€foil.€€And€Iššm€sure€if€that€argument€isŠ ¶ Šgoing€to€be€made€by€the€Defense,€at€some€point€thatššs€going€to€beŠ Ÿļ Šdone.€€But€as€of€right€now,€I€canššt€see€that€the€chain€of€custody€hasnšštŠ ˆŲ Šbeen€shown.€€ŠqĮ` x` x ŠĢą  ąThe€Stateššs€final€witness€was€Alnita€Campbell,€the€supervisor€of€the€Property€and€EvidenceŠ C“ ŠDivision€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department,€who€testified€her€records€showed€the€followingŠ ,| Šproperty€tagged€on€July€20,€2001,€under€š šNumber€010701183šš:€€š š2.6€grams€total€gross€weight€ofŠ e Šcrack€cocaine,€8€grams€total€gross€weight€of€marijuana,šš€and€$222€in€cash.€€She€said€gross€weightŠ žN Šincluded€the€weight€of€the€drugs€and€the€packaging,€and€a€substanceššs€having€been€tagged€as€š šcrackŠ ē 7 Šcocainešš€meant€only€that€it€had€tested€positive€for€cocaine€by€turning€blue€in€the€š šScott€test.ššŠ Š!   ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€elected€not€to€testify€and€presented€no€evidence€in€his€defense.€€Š ¢#ņ" ŠĢņ ņŌ‡X'`XXXƒēŌą  ąó óAt€the€September€22€and€September€26,€2003,€sentencing€hearing,€Memphis€Police€OfficerŠ t%Ä $ ŠChristopher€Moffatt€testified€he€participated€in€a€January€14,€2001,€undercover€drug€operation€inŠ ]&­!% Šwhich€the€defendant€fled€from€police,€fought€when€captured,€and€required€two€applications€ofŠ F'–"& Šchemical€agent€and€the€efforts€of€five€or€six€officers€to€subdue.€€He€said€that€as€a€result€of€thatŠ /(#' Šincident,€the€defendant€was€charged€with€possession€of€a€controlled€substance€with€the€intent€to€sellŠ )h$( Šor€deliver,€evading€arrest,€and€resisting€official€detention.€€Š *Q%) Šā āŠ ź*:&* Šą  ąTemika€Gipson€testified€she€was€an€employee€of€the€Shelby€County€Criminal€Court€ClerkššsŠ ° Šā āoffice€and€a€€keeper€of€the€official€court€records.€€According€to€the€records€she€had€brought€with€herŠ ™é Što€court,€the€defendant€pled€guilty€in€Case€No.€W0100094€to€unlawful€possession€of€marijuana€withŠ ‚Ņ Šthe€intent€to€sell,€a€Class€E€felony,€received€a€one„year€sentence,€and€was€released€on€determinantŠ k» Šstatus€on€April€19,€2001.׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€Her€records€further€reflected€that€an€order€revoking€the€defendantššsŠ T¤ Šsuspension€of€sentence€was€signed€on€September€24,€2001.€€Gipson€testified€that€the€defendant€alsoŠ =  Špled€guilty€in€Case€No.€93„08774€to€aggravated€robbery,€a€Class€B€felony,€for€which€he€received€anŠ & v Šeight„year€sentence.€€€Š  _ ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€testified€he€had€made€a€mistake€as€a€young€man€that€led€to€his€eight„yearŠ į 1  Šsentence€for€aggravated€robbery,€but€had€served€his€time€and€š šdid€the€best€that€[he]€could€.€.€.€tryingŠ Ź   Što€fend€for€[himself]šš€when€he€was€released€from€prison.€€However,€despite€his€best€efforts,€potentialŠ ³  Šemployers€would€not€hire€him€because€of€his€criminal€record,€and€he€was€unable€to€secure€anythingŠ œģ  Šbut€temporary€employment.€€The€defendant€said€he€attempted€to€attend€college€and€offered€hisŠ …Õ  Šprobation€officer€copies€of€his€transcripts€to€prove€he€was€in€school,€but€was€hindered€fromŠ n¾  Šcontinuing€his€education€by€the€proceedings€in€the€instant€case.€€No€one€had€offered€him€anyŠ W§  Šrehabilitation,€his€efforts€to€succeed€on€his€own€had€failed,€and€he€had€been€forced€to€sell€drugs€inŠ @ Šorder€to€support€himself.€€The€defendant€testified€he€had€been€on€medications€for€hyperactivity€andŠ )y Šdepression€and€had€been€hospitalized€for€those€conditions€in€the€past,€but€since€that€time€had€madeŠ b Ša€genuine€effort€to€learn€self„control.€€He€stated€that€he€wished€to€turn€his€life€around€and€continueŠ ūK Šhis€education€and€requested€that€the€trial€court€take€those€things€in€consideration€and€š štry€to€helpŠ ä4 Š[him]€out€.€.€.€to€reconstruct€[his]€life.šš€Š Ķ ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€the€defendant€acknowledged€he€sold€drugs€more€times€than€he€hadŠ Ÿļ Šbeen€caught,€but€denied€he€was€a€š šdope€dealeršš:€Š ˆŲ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQą × ąBut€you€had€to€sell€drugs€in€order€to€make€enough€money€to€getŠ ZŖ Šby?ŠC“` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąAą × ąNot€actually€just€sell€drugs.€€I€was€not€a€dope€dealer.€€I€was€just€„Š e Š„€I€did€things€to,€you€know,€I€didnššt€rob€or€steal€or€kill€anybody.€€I€justŠ žN Šdid€things€just€to€make,€you€know,€tried€to€sustain€my€life,€you€know.€Š ē 7 ŠŠ ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ą.€.€.€.€Š¢#ņ"` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQą × ąOh,€I€understand€that.€€But€I€mean,€youššve€been€convicted€ofŠ t%Ä $ Šselling€drugs€or€possession€with€intent€to€sell€drugs€right€after.€€AndŠ ]&­!% Šyou€had,€you€know€„€„€ŠF'–"&` x` x ŠŠ /(#' Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąAą × ąOne€incident.€€Excuse€me.€€One€incident.€€The€first€oneŠ ° Š(indiscernible)€or€the€young€lady€spoke€about,€it€was€just€.€.€.€it€wasnšštŠ ™é Šan€attempt€to€sell€any€.€.€.€that€was€just€the€charge€that€they€gave€me.Š‚Ņ` x` x ŠĢą  ąą ` ą.€.€.€.Š T¤ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQą × ąBut€before€that,€you€were€arrested€twice€for€drugs;€right?Š& v` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąAą × ąRight.Šų H` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQą × ąAnd€you€were€out€selling€it€to€get€by;€right?€Because€youŠ Ź   Šcouldnššt€find€a€job€and€because€of€your€record;€isnššt€that€fair?г ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąAą × ąYeah.€€Well,€.€.€.€it€would€be€unfair€to€say€on€one€account.€€ButŠ …Õ  Šon€„€„€on€one€count,€yeah.Šn¾ ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąQą × ąWell,€you€were€doing€it€more€than€you€got€caught?Š@` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąAą × ąRight.€€Šb` x` x ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€acknowledged€he€was€required€to€report€to€a€probation€officer€in€the€drug€caseŠ ä4 Šreferred€to€by€Ms.€Gipson,€but€denied€that€the€instant€offense€occurred€either€while€he€was€onŠ Ķ Šprobation€in€that€case€or€out€on€bond€in€the€case€described€by€Officer€Moffatt.ą8 @ ąą8 @ ąŠ ¶ ŠĢą  ąAt€the€conclusion€of€the€hearing,€the€trial€court€applied€the€following€four€enhancementŠ ˆŲ Šfactors€to€the€defendantššs€heroin€conviction:€(2)€the€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminalŠ qĮ Šconvictions€or€criminal€behavior€in€addition€to€those€necessary€to€establish€his€range,€to€which€theŠ ZŖ Šcourt€assigned€š šenormous€weightšš;€(9)€the€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€unwillingness€toŠ C“ Šcomply€with€the€conditions€of€a€sentence€involving€release€in€the€community;€(14),€the€felony€wasŠ ,| Šcommitted€while€the€defendant€was€on€release€status€from€a€prior€felony€conviction;€and€(21),€theŠ e Šdefendant€was€adjudicated€to€have€committed€a€delinquent€act€or€acts€as€a€juvenile€that€wouldŠ žN Šconstitute€a€felony€if€committed€by€an€adult.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„114(2),€(9),€(14),€(21)Š ē 7 Š(2003).€€Finding€no€mitigating€factors€applicable,€the€trial€court€enhanced€the€defendantššs€heroinŠ Š!   Šsentence€from€the€presumptive€eight„year€minimum€for€his€range€to€the€maximum€sentence€ofŠ ¹" ! Štwelve€years.€€Š ¢#ņ" ŠĢą  ąThe€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€to€eleven€months,€twenty„nine€days€on€the€marijuanaŠ t%Ä $ Šconviction€and€on€each€of€the€assault€convictions.€€The€court€ordered€that€the€marijuana€sentenceŠ ]&­!% Šbe€served€concurrently€to€the€heroin€sentence,€but€that€the€assault€sentences€be€served€consecutivelyŠ F'–"& Što€each€other€and€consecutively€to€the€heroin€sentence.€€Pursuant€to€Tennessee€Code€AnnotatedŠ /(#' Šsection€40„35„115,€the€trial€court€supported€the€imposition€of€consecutive€sentencing€with€theŠ )h$( Šfollowing€findings:€Š *Q%) Šā āŠ ź*:&* Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą × ąAs€to€consecutive€sentencing,€I€find€that€he€is€a€professionalŠ ° Šā ācriminal€whoššs€knowingly€devoted€his€life€to€criminal€acts€as€a€majorŠ ™é Šsource€of€livelihood,€that€heššs€an€offender€whose€record€of€criminalŠ ‚Ņ Šactivity€is€extensive.€€I€also€find€that€running€„€„€particularlyŠ k» Štestimony€of€the€officer€at€the€last€part€of€the€sentencing€hearing,€thatŠ T¤ Šhe€resisted€arrest€there.€€It€appears€that€[the€defendant]€when€caught,Š =  Šwill€fight€with€police€officers.Š& v` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą × ąAnd€.€.€.€and€I€find,€therefore,€that€as€to€the€misdemeanors,€theŠ ų H Šassaults,€his€behavior€„€„€heššs€a€dangerous€offender€and€his€behaviorŠ į 1  Šindicates€little€or€no€regard€to€human€life€and€no€hesitation€aboutŠ Ź   Šcommitting€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€is€high.€€He€justŠ ³  Šwill€not€care.€€He€will€do€whatever€he€can€to€stop€being€caught.Šœģ ` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą × ąAs€to€the€assaults,€I€found€that€the€circumstances€surrounding€theŠ n¾  Šcommission€of€the€offense€are€aggravated.€€The€testimony€of€theŠ W§  Špolice€officers,€they€basically€had€to€pile€on€him.€€He€just€keptŠ @ Šstruggling€for€a€long€period€of€time.€€I€think€confinement€for€anŠ )y Šextended€period€of€time€is€necessary€to€protect€society€from€this€man,Š b Šfrom€his€unwillingness€pursuant€to€statute€to€lead€a€productive€lifeŠ ūK Šand€in€his€resort€to€criminal€activity€and€furtherance€of€an€antisocietalŠ ä4 Šlifestyle€and€also€that€the€aggregate€length€of€the€sentences€I€willŠ Ķ Šimpose€reasonably€relates€to€his€offense.€€We€canššt€allow€him€toŠ ¶ Šcontinue€to€sell€drugs,€commit€crimes€and€then€attack€the€officers€thatŠ Ÿļ Šarrest€him€with€impunity.ŠˆŲ` x` x ŠĢņņSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„115(b)(1),€(2),€(4)€(2003);€ņņState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933€(Tenn.Š ZŖ Š1995).Š C“ ŠŌ#†XƒēXXX'`Ś\#ŌĢą@ōō&ģąņ ņņņANALYSISˆŠ e Šóóó óĢņ ņŌ‡X'`XXXƒēŌą@hhģąI.€€Admission€of€Heroin€Evidenceó óŌ#†XƒēXXX'`¢„#ԈŠ č 8 ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€š šin€refusing€to€strike€theŠ »" ! Štestimony€concerning€the€testing€of€the€suspected€heroin€when€the€State€failed€to€satisfy€the€ššchainŠ ¤#ō" Šof€evidencešš€requirement€for€admissibility€of€such€evidence.šš€€In€support,€he€cites€the€variousŠ $Ż# Šdiscrepancies€in€the€description€of€the€drugs€provided€by€the€arresting€officers,€the€officer€whoŠ v%Ę $ Štransported€the€drugs€to€the€TBI,€and€the€TBI€agent€who€performed€the€testing.€€The€State€respondsŠ _&Æ!% Šby€arguing€that€the€defendant€has€waived€the€issue€of€whether€the€chain€of€custody€was€properlyŠ H'˜"& Šestablished€by€failing€to€include€it€as€an€issue€in€his€motion€for€a€new€trial.€€The€State€further€arguesŠ 1(#' Šthat,€even€if€not€waived,€the€trial€court€properly€found€that€the€chain€of€custody€was€sufficientlyŠ )j$( Šestablished€based€on€the€evidence€introduced€at€trial.€Š *S%) Šā āŠ ģ*<&* Šą  ąThe€defendantššs€motion€for€a€new€trial€includes€the€following€as€ground€three:€€š šThe€CourtŠ ° Šā āerred€in€not€granting€the€defendantššs€motion€to€strike€testimony€for€failure€to€prove€chain€ofŠ ™é Šcustody.šš€€Furthermore,€the€trial€court€specifically€addressed€the€chain€of€custody€issue€in€its€rulingŠ ‚Ņ Šon€the€motion,€stating,€š šAnd€as€far€as€not€granting€the€defendantššs€motion€to€strike€the€testimony€forŠ k» Šfailure€to€prove€chain€of€custody,€I€found€at€the€time€that€the€evidence€was€properly€admissible.šš€Š T¤ ŠWe€conclude,€therefore,€that€the€chain€of€custody€issue€was€sufficiently€preserved€for€appeal€and€isŠ =  Šproperly€before€this€court.€€Š & v ŠĢ€€ą  ąIn€order€for€tangible€evidence€to€be€introduced€at€trial,€the€State€must€either€introduce€aŠ ų H Šwitness€who€is€able€to€identify€the€evidence€or€establish€an€unbroken€chain€of€custody.€€ņņState€v.Š į 1  ŠGoodmanóó,€643€S.W.2d€375,€381€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1982).€€The€purpose€of€the€chain€of€custody€isŠ Ź   Što€š šdemonstrate€that€there€has€been€no€tampering,€loss,€substitution,€or€mistake€with€respect€to€theŠ ³  Ševidence.šš€€ņņState€v.€Bradenóó,€867€S.W.2d€750,€759€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).Š œģ  ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą × ąThe€concept€of€a€š šchainšš€of€custody€recognizes€that€realŠ n¾  Ševidence€may€be€handled€by€more€than€one€person€between€the€timeŠ W§  Šit€is€obtained€and€the€time€it€is€either€introduced€into€evidence€orŠ @ Šsubjected€to€scientific€analysis.€€Obviously,€any€of€these€personsŠ )y Šmight€have€the€opportunity€to€tamper€with,€confuse,€misplace,Š b Šdamage,€substitute,€lose€and€replace,€or€otherwise€alter€the€evidenceŠ ūK Šor€to€observe€another€doing€so.€€Each€person€who€has€custody€orŠ ä4 Šcontrol€of€the€evidence€during€this€time€is€a€š šlinkšš€in€the€chain€ofŠ Ķ Šcustody.€€Generally,€testimony€from€each€link€is€needed€to€verify€theŠ ¶ Šauthenticity€of€the€evidence€and€to€show€that€it€is€what€it€purports€toŠ Ÿļ Šbe.€€Each€link€in€the€chain€testifies€about€when,€where,€and€howŠ ˆŲ Špossession€or€control€of€the€evidence€was€obtained;€its€conditionŠ qĮ Šupon€receipt;€where€the€item€was€kept;€how€it€was€safeguarded,€if€atŠ ZŖ Šall;€any€changes€in€its€condition€during€possession;€and€when,€whereŠ C“ Šand€how€it€left€the€witnessššs€possession.Š,|` x` x ŠĢNeil€P.€Cohen€et€al.,€ņņTennessee€Law€of€Evidenceó󀚚€9.01[13][c]€(4th€ed.€2000)€(footnotes€omitted).€Š žN ŠWhether€or€not€the€required€chain€of€custody€has€been€sufficiently€established€lies€within€the€soundŠ ē 7 Šdiscretion€of€the€trial€court,€and€the€trial€courtššs€determination€will€not€be€reversed€on€appeal€absentŠ Š!   Ša€clear€showing€of€abuse€of€discretion.€€ņņState€v.€Beechóó,€744€S.W.2d€585,€587€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Š ¹" ! Š1987).Š ¢#ņ" ŠĢą  ąWe€find€no€abuse€of€discretion€by€the€trial€court€in€this€matter.€€As€the€trial€court€noted€inŠ t%Ä $ Šits€ruling,€the€State€introduced€testimony€from€the€arresting€officers€who€seized€the€drugs€from€theŠ ]&­!% Šdefendant,€the€officer€who€transported€the€drugs€to€the€TBI€laboratory€and€back€to€the€evidenceŠ F'–"& Šroom,€and€the€TBI€agent€who€tested€the€drugs.€€Each€individual€described€in€detail€the€procedureŠ /(#' Šused€for€identifying,€packaging,€and€securing€the€evidence.€€None€of€these€witnesses€testified€toŠ )h$( Šhaving€tampered€with€the€evidence,€having€witnessed€anyone€else€tampering€with€it,€or€of€havingŠ *Q%) Šreceived€the€evidence€in€a€condition€that€would€indicate€tampering.€€Š ź*:&* ŠŠ Ó+#'+ Šą  ąThe€defendant€makes€much€of€the€differing€descriptions€of€the€drug€as€a€š šwhite€powder,ššŠ ° Šš šyellowish€rock€like€substance[]€suspected€to€be€crack€cocaine,šš€and€š štan€powder,šš€arguing€that€inŠ ™é Šlight€of€these€discrepancies,€the€State€should€have€been€required€to€call€š šall€of€the€people€whoŠ ‚Ņ Šhandled€the€evidence€and€someone€should€have€provided€testimony€concerning€how€the€evidenceŠ k» Šwas€safeguarded€and€protected.šš€€However,€the€State€is€not€required€to€establish€facts€that€excludeŠ T¤ Šany€possibility€of€tampering;€reasonable,€rather€than€absolute,€assurance€as€to€the€identity€andŠ =  Šintegrity€of€the€evidence€is€all€that€is€required.€€ņņState€v.€Scottóó,€33€S.W.3d€746,€760€(Tenn.€2000)Š & v Š(citations€omitted).€ņņóó€In€our€view,€the€differences€were€€adequately€explained€by€Officer€JonesššsŠ  _ Štestimony€with€respect€to€the€limited€manner€in€which€she€examined€the€evidence€before€writing€herŠ ų H Šdescription,€Agent€Roseššs€testimony€about€the€presumptive€nature€of€the€Cobalt€Thiocyanate€testŠ į 1  Šand€the€fact€that€heroin€would€yield€a€positive€result,€and€the€natural€tendencies€of€individuals€to€seeŠ Ź   Šor€describe€the€same€color€in€different€terms.€€We€conclude,€therefore,€that€the€circumstancesŠ ³  Šestablish€with€reasonable€assurance€the€identity€and€integrity€of€the€evidence€at€issue€in€this€case.Š œģ  ŠĢņ ņŌ‡X'`XXXƒēŌÓ  ÓII.€€SentencingŠ n¾  ŠÓŗŸÓ€Ģą  ąó óThe€defendant€contends€the€United€States€Supreme€Courtššs€recent€ņņBlakelyŌ#†XƒēXXX'`›Ÿ#Ō€v.€Washingtonóó,Š B’ Š542€U.S.€___,€124€S.€Ct.€2531€(2004),Ō‡X'`XXXƒēŌ€opinion€invalidates€the€trial€courtššs€application€ofŠ +{ Šenhancement€factors€to€increase€his€heroin€sentence€from€the€presumptive€eight„year€minimum€inŠ d Šthe€range,€as€well€as€its€finding€of€the€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„115€factors€uponŠ żM Šwhich€it€relied€to€order€consecutive€sentencing€for€his€assault€convictions.€€The€State€responds€ņņóóthatŠ ę6 Šthe€defendant€has€waived€the€issue€by€failing€to€raise€it€in€the€trial€court€or€in€his€appellate€brief;€thatŠ Ļ Šthe€issue€cannot€be€addressed€as€plain€error€because€the€ņņBlakelyóó€Court€merely€clarified€the€ruleŠ ø Špreviously€announced€in€ņņApprendi€Ō#†XƒēXXX'`Ē #Ōv.€New€Jerseyóó,€530€U.S.€466,€490,€120€S.€Ct.€2348,€147€L.€Ed.Š ”ń Š2d€435€(2000)Ō‡X'`XXXƒēŌ,€rather€than€establishing€a€new€rule€of€law;€and,€finally,€that€any€error€in€the€trialŠ ŠŚ Šcourtššs€application€of€enhancement€factors€is€harmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€because€š štheŠ sĆ Ševidence€underlying€the€enhancement€factors€[was]€uncontested€and€overwhelmingšš€and€š ša€juryŠ \¬ Špresented€with€such€facts€would€have€found€them€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€in€this€case.šš€€Š E• ŠĢą  ąŌ#†XƒēXXX'`@¤#ŌŌ‡X'`XXXƒēŌWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length€and€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€it€is€the€dutyŠ g Šof€this€court€to€conduct€a€ņņóóņņde€novoóó€review€on€the€record€with€a€presumption€that€š šthe€determinationsŠ  P Šmade€by€the€court€from€which€the€appeal€is€taken€are€correct.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„401(d)Š é 9 Š(2003).€€This€presumption€is€š šconditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trialŠ Ņ!"  Šcourt€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.šš€€ņņState€v.€Ashbyóó,Š »" ! Š823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).ņņóó€€In€conducting€a€ņņóóņņde€novoóó€review€of€a€sentence,€this€court€mustŠ ¤#ō" Šconsider€(a)€any€evidence€received€at€the€trial€and/or€sentencing€hearing,€(b)€the€presentence€report,Š $Ż# Š(c)€the€principles€of€sentencing,€(d)€the€arguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencing€alternatives,€(e)Š v%Ę $ Šthe€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€offense,€(f)€any€mitigating€or€enhancement€factors,€(g)€anyŠ _&Æ!% Šstatements€made€by€the€accused€in€his€own€behalf,€and€(h)€the€accusedššs€potential€or€lack€ofŠ H'˜"& Špotential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šššš€40„35„103,€„210;€ņņState€v.€Tayloróó,€63Š 1(#' ŠS.W.3d€400,€411€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2001)ņņóó.€€The€party€challenging€the€sentence€imposed€by€the€trialŠ )j$( Šcourt€has€the€burden€of€establishing€that€the€sentence€is€erroneous.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„401,Š *S%) ŠSentencing€Commission€Cmts.;€ņņAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169ņņóó.€€Š ģ*<&* ŠŠ Õ+%'+ Šą  ąAs€a€Range€I€offender€convicted€of€a€Class€B€felony,€the€defendant€was€subject€to€a€sentenceŠ ° Šranging€from€eight€to€twelve€years.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„35„112(a)(2)€(2003).€€Our€SentencingŠ ™é ŠAct€provides€that€in€calculating€a€sentence€for€a€Class€B€felony,€the€trial€court€starts€at€the€minimumŠ ‚Ņ Šin€the€range,€enhances€the€sentence€as€appropriate€based€on€the€existence€of€any€enhancement€factorsŠ k» Šits€finds€applicable,€and€then€reduces€the€sentence€based€on€the€existence€of€any€applicableŠ T¤ Šmitigating€factors.€€€ņņId.ó󀚚€40„35„210(d),€(e).€€However,€the€ņņBlakelyóó€opinion€calls€into€question€theŠ =  Švalidity€of€the€trial€courtššs€finding€and€application€of€enhancement€factors€to€increase€a€defendantššsŠ & v Šsentence.€€In€that€case,€the€Court€applied€the€rule€inŌ#†XƒēXXX'`[¦#Ō€ņņApprendióó,€530€U.S.€at€490,€120€S.€Ct.€at€2362Š  _ Š(š šOther€than€the€fact€of€a€prior€conviction,€any€fact€that€increases€the€penalty€for€a€crime€beyond€theŠ ų H Šprescribed€statutory€maximum€must€be€submitted€to€a€jury,€and€proved€beyond€a€reasonableŠ į 1  Šdoubt.šš),€to€conclude€that€a€criminal€defendantššs€Sixth€Amendment€right€to€trial€by€juryŠ Ź   Šencompasses€the€right€to€have€the€jury,€rather€than€the€judge,€determine€the€existence€of€anyŠ ³  Šsentence€enhancements€other€than€those€based€on€facts€reflected€in€the€jury€verdict€or€admitted€byŠ œģ  Šthe€defendant.ņņóóŌ‡X'`XXXƒēŌ€€Ō#†XƒēXXX'`—³#ŌņņŌ‡X'`XXXƒēŌņņóóBlakelyóó,€542€U.S.€at€__,€124€S.€Ct.€at€2536„38.ņņņņóóŌ#†XƒēXXX'`޳#ŌóóŌ‡X'`XXXƒēŌ€Ō#†XƒēXXX'`d“#ŌŌ‡X'`XXXƒēŌ€The€Court€stated:Š …Õ  ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąOur€precedents€make€clear,€however,€that€the€š šstatutory€maximumššŠ W§  Šfor€ņņApprendióó€purposes€is€the€maximum€sentence€a€judge€may€imposeŠ @ Šņņsolely€on€the€basis€of€the€facts€reflected€in€the€jury€verdict€orŠ )y Šadmitted€by€the€defendantóó.€€In€other€words,€the€relevant€š šstatutoryŠ ` Šmaximumšš€is€not€the€maximum€sentence€a€judge€may€impose€afterŠ łI Šfinding€additional€facts,€but€the€maximum€he€may€impose€ņņwithoutóóŠ ā2 Šany€additional€findings.€€When€a€judge€inflicts€punishment€that€theŠ Ė Šjuryššs€verdict€alone€does€not€allow,€the€jury€has€not€found€all€the€factsŠ “ Šš šwhich€the€law€makes€essential€to€the€punishment,šš€and€the€judgeŠ ķ Šexceeds€his€proper€authority.€Š†Ö` x` x ŠņņĢId.óó,€542€U.S.€at€__,€124€S.€Ct.€at€2537€(citations€omitted).€€Š XØ ŠĢą  ąThe€State€first€contends€the€defendant€has€waived€any€sentencing€challenge€under€ņņBlakelyóóŠ *z Šby€his€failure€to€raise€the€issue€in€the€trial€court€or€in€his€appellate€brief,€and€the€issue€may€not€beŠ c Šaddressed€as€plain€error€because€the€ņņBlakelyóó€Court€made€it€clear€it€was€applying€the€rule€previouslyŠ üL Šannounced€in€ņņApprendióó€rather€than€pronouncing€a€new€rule€of€law.€€However,€this€court€has€recentlyŠ å 5 Šrejected€identical€arguments.€€In€two€separate€opinions,€ņņState€v.€Charles€Bensonóó,€No.€M2003„02127„Š Ī!  ŠCCA„R3„CD,€2004€WL€2266801,€at€*8€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Oct.€8,€2004),€and€ņņState€v.€ChesterŠ ·"! ŠWayne€Waltersóó,€No.€M2003„03019„CCA„R3„CD,€2004€WL€2246196,€at€*19€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Oct.Š  #š" Š4,€2004),€we€concluded€that€ņņBlakelyóó€establishes€a€new€rule€in€Tennessee,€recognizing€that€ourŠ ‰$Ł# Šsupreme€court€had€previously€held€that€Tennesseeššs€noncapital€sentencing€scheme€did€not€violateŠ r%Ā $ Šthe€rule€announced€in€ņņŌ#†XƒēXXX'`§“#ŌŌ‡X'`XXXƒēŌApprendióó:Š [&«!% ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą × ąThe€state€contends€that€ņņBlakelyóó€merely€extends€the€ruleŠ -(}#' Šannounced€in€ņņApprendióó.€€However,€in€ņņGraham€v.€Stateóó,€90€S.W.3dŠ )f$( Š687,€692€(Tenn.€2002),€our€supreme€court€held€that€the€noncapitalŠ ’)O%) Šsentencing€procedure€in€this€state€complied€with€ņņApprendióó,€.€.€.€.Šč*8&*` x` x ŠŠ Ń+!'+ Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ą.€.€.€.€Š°` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą × ąWe€acknowledge€that€ņņBlakelyóó€extended€ņņApprendióóššs€holding€that,Š ‚Ņ Šunder€the€Sixth€Amendment,€a€jury€must€find€all€facts€used€toŠ k» Šincrease€a€defendantššs€sentence€beyond€the€statutory€maximum.€Š T¤ ŠHowever,€nothing€in€ņņApprendióó€suggested€that€the€phrase€š šstatutoryŠ =  Šmaximumšš€equated€to€anything€other€than€the€maximum€in€the€range.€Š & v ŠTo€the€contrary,€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€stated€the€issue€inŠ  _ ŠņņApprendióó€as€š šwhether€the€12„year€sentence€imposed€.€.€.€wasŠ ų H Špermissible,€given€that€it€was€above€the€10„year€maximum€for€theŠ į 1  Šoffense€charged€in€that€count.šš€530€U.S.€at€474,€120€S.€Ct.€at€2354.€Š Ź   ŠWe€also€note€that€the€Supreme€Court€has€considered€the€retroactiveŠ ³  Šeffect€of€the€holding€in€ņņRing€v.€Arizonaóó,€536€U.S.€584,€592„93,€122Š œģ  ŠS.€Ct.€2428,€2435€n.1€(2002),€as€a€new€rule€for€capital€cases€evenŠ …Õ  Šthough€it€was€based€on€ņņApprendióó.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņSchriroóó[ņņv.€Summerlinóó,€___€U.Š n¾  ŠS.€€___,€___€,124€S.€Ct.€2519,€2526„27€(2004)].€€Perhaps€this€resultedŠ W§  Šfrom€the€fact€that€ņņRingóó€overruled€a€case€that€had€held€the€opposite.€Š @ ŠņņSeeóó€ņņWalton€v.€Arizonaóó,€497€U.S.€639,€110€S.€Ct.€3047€(1990).€€In€thisŠ )y Šregard,€with€our€own€supreme€court€expressly€approving€ourŠ b Šsentencing€procedure€under€ņņApprendióó,€we€have€a€difficult€timeŠ ūK Šfaulting€a€defendant€in€Tennessee€for€not€raising€the€issue€beforeŠ ä4 ŠņņBlakelyóó.€€We€conclude€that€ņņBlakelyóó€alters€Tennessee€courtsššŠ Ķ Šinterpretation€of€the€phrase€š šstatutory€maximumšš€and€establishes€aŠ ¶ Šnew€rule€in€this€state.€€The€defendantššs€raising€the€issue€while€hisŠ Ÿļ Šdirect€appeal€was€still€pending€is€proper.€€ą8@q` x` xąŠ ˆŲ ŠĢņņBensonóó,€2004€WL€2266801,€at€*8.Š ZŖ ŠĢą × ąAs€previously€stated,€other€than€a€defendantššs€prior€convictions,Š ,| Šthe€only€facts€upon€which€a€trial€court€may€rely€to€enhance€a€sentenceŠ e Šunder€ņņBlakelyóóŌ#†XƒēXXX'`U½#ŌŌ‡X'`XXXƒēŌ€are€those€which€are€reflected€in€the€juryššs€verdict€orŠ žN Šadmitted€by€the€defendant.€€ņņŌ#†XƒēXXX'`É#ŌŌ‡X'`XXXƒēŌId.óó€at€2537.€Ō#†XƒēXXX'`ČÉ#ŌŌ‡X'`XXXƒēŌ€Of€the€four€enhancementŠ ē 7 Šfactors€applied€by€the€trial€court,€only€enhancement€factor€(2),€whichŠ Š!   Šthe€trial€court€based€on€the€defendantššs€prior€convictions€andŠ ¹" ! Šadmission€of€criminal€behavior€at€the€sentencing€hearing,€wasŠ ¢#ņ" Šappropriately€applied€in€this€case.€€ņņóóHowever,€we€conclude€that€theŠ ‹$Ū# Štrial€court€did€not€err€in€the€weight€to€which€it€assigned€enhancementŠ t%Ä $ Šfactor€(2),€or€in€its€determination€that€there€were€no€applicableŠ ]&­!% Šmitigating€factors,€and€thus,€that€some€enhancement€beyond€theŠ F'–"& Špresumptive€eight€year€minimum€sentence€is€justified€in€this€case.€Š /(#' ŠAccordingly,€we€modify€the€defendantššs€heroin€sentence€from€twelveŠ )h$( Šyears€to€ten€years,€six€months,€to€be€served€in€the€Department€ofŠ *Q%) ŠCorrection.€Šź*:&*` x` x ŠŠ Ó+#'+ Šą  ąThe€defendant€further€contends€that€ņņBlakelyóó€invalidates€the€trial€courtššs€imposition€ofŠ ° Šconsecutive€sentencing€for€his€misdemeanor€assault€convictions,€asserting€that€š š[t]he€courtššs€relianceŠ ™é Šon€facts€not€found€by€the€jury€to€order€consecutive€sentencing€violates€the€defendantššs€right€to€haveŠ ‚Ņ Šall€the€facts€essential€to€punishment€determined€by€a€jury.šš€ņņóó€The€State€argues€that€ņņBlakelyóó€has€noŠ k» Šimpact€on€the€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence.€€In€support,€it€cites€ņņState€v.€Ira€Ishmael€Muhammedóó,Š T¤ ŠNo.€E2003„01629„CCA„R3„CD,€2004€WL€1073889€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€May€10,€2004),€in€which€thisŠ =  Šcourt€concluded€that€ņņApprendióó€did€not€limit€the€trial€courtššs€ability€to€impose€consecutiveŠ & v Šsentencing,€as€well€as€two€recent€opinions€from€other€jurisdictions€in€which€appellate€courts€rejectedŠ  _ Šthe€argument€that€either€ņņBlakelyóó€or€ņņApprendióó€affected€whether€consecutive€sentencing€could€beŠ ų H Šimposed€based€on€facts€found€by€the€trial€court€rather€than€the€jury.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņPeople€v.€Sykesóó,€16€Cal.Š į 1  ŠRptr.€3d€317,€327€ņņóó(Cal.€Ct.€App.€2004);€ņņState€v.€David€Stephen€Souróó,€No.€19913,€2004€WL€1728579Š Ź   Š(Ohio€Ct.€App.€July€30,€2004).€Š ³  ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€in€ņņMuhammedóó€relied€upon€the€holding€in€ņņApprendióó€to€challenge€theŠ …Õ  Šconstitutionality€of€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„115,€under€which€the€trial€court€isŠ n¾  Šgiven€the€discretion€to€determine€if€consecutive€sentencing€is€appropriate€based€on€its€finding€of€theŠ W§  Šexistence€of€any€one€of€several€enumerated€factors.€€ņņMuhammedóó,€2004€WL€1073889,€at€**17„18.€Š @ ŠŌ#†XƒēXXX'`Ź#ŌŌ‡X'`XXXƒēŌWe€rejected€the€claim,€noting€that€several€other€courts€had€concluded€that€ņņApprendióó€did€not€affectŠ )y Šthe€trial€courtššs€ability€to€order€consecutive€sentencing:€Š b ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąą × ąCourts€have€interpreted€the€holding€in€ņņApprendióó€to€allow€the€trialŠ ä4 Šcourt€to€determine€whether€sentences€should€be€served€consecutively.€Š Ķ ŠņņUnited€States€v.€Samuelóó,€296€F.3d€1169,€1175€(D.C.€Cir.€2002)Š ¶ Š(š š[T]he€district€court€did€not€commit€ņņApprendióó€error€when€itŠ Ÿļ Šenhanced€[the€defendantššs]€sentence€because€he€committed€theŠ ˆŲ Šsecond€of€his€narcotics€offenses€while€he€was€on€release€for€theŠ qĮ Šfirst.šš),€ņņcert.€deniedóó,€537€U.S.€1078,€123€S.€Ct.€680€(2002);€ņņPeople€v.Š ZŖ ŠWilliamsonóó,€747€N.E.2d€26,€34€(Ill.€App.€Ct.€2001)€(trial€court€mayŠ C“ Šconsider€š šthe€nature€and€circumstances€of€the€offense€and€the€historyŠ ,| Šand€character€of€the€defendantšš€in€determining€whether€consecutiveŠ e Šsentencing€š šis€required€to€protect€the€public€from€further€criminalŠ žN Šconduct€by€the€defendant,€the€basis€for€which€the€court€shall€set€forthŠ ē 7 Šin€the€recordšš).€Accordingly,€we€conclude€that€the€defendantššsŠ Š!   Šarguments€based€upon€the€ņņApprendióó€holding€are€without€merit.€Š¹" !` x` x ŠĢņņId.óó€at€*18.€Š ‹$Ū# ŠĢą  ąAs€the€State€points€out,€since€the€release€of€the€ņņBlakelyóó€opinion,€other€jurisdictions€have€Š ]&­!% Šconcluded€that€ņņBlakelyóó€does€not€affect€the€trial€courtššs€ability€to€impose€consecutive€sentencing,€onŠ F'–"& Šthe€basis€that€both€ņņBlakelyóó€and€ņņApprendióó€dealt€with€the€range€of€punishment€imposed€for€a€ņņsingleóóŠ /(#' Šoffense,€not€whether€consecutive€sentencing€may€be€applied€in€cases€where€the€defendant€has€beenŠ )h$( Šduly€convicted€of€multiple€offenses.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Abdul€A.€Abdullahóó,€No.€A„1982„02T4,€2004€WLŠ *Q%) Š2281236,€at€*17€(N.J.€Super.€Ct.€App.€Div.€Oct.€12,€2004)€(š šBoth€ņņBlakelyóó€and€ņņApprendióó€involvedŠ ź*:&* Ša€single€offense.€€Neither€dealt€with,€nor€are€they€applicable€to,€the€determination€of€consecutiveŠ Ó+#'+ Šsentences.šš);€Ō#†XƒēXXX'`²Õ#ŌŌ‡X'`XXXƒēŌņņPeople€v.€Vaughnóó,€19€Cal.€Rptr.€3d€460,€462„63€(Cal.€Ct.€App.€2004)ņņóó€(š šWe€agree€thatŠ ° Ša€trial€courtššs€imposition€of€consecutive€sentences€does€not€result€in€a€usurpation€of€the€juryššsŠ ™é Šfactfinding€powers€or€appellantššs€due€process€rights€as€long€as€each€sentence€imposed€is€within€eachŠ ‚Ņ Šoffenseššs€prescribed€statutory€maximum.šš);€ņņSykesóóŌ#†XƒēXXX'`¤ß#ŌŌ‡X'`XXXƒēŌ,€2004€WL€1682060,€at€*8.€€We€find€suchŠ k» Šreasoning€persuasive,€and€conclude,€ņņóólikewise,€that€ņņBlakelyóó€does€not€impact€the€trial€courtššsŠ T¤ Šdiscretion€under€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„115€to€order€consecutive€sentencing€inŠ =  Ša€case€in€which€a€defendant€has€been€convicted€of€two€or€more€criminal€offenses.€Š & v ŠĢą@GG%ģąņ ņņņCONCLUSIONóóó óˆŠ ų H ŠĢą  ąBased€on€our€review€of€the€record,€the€partiesšš€briefs,€and€applicable€law,€we€conclude€that€Š Ė   Šthe€trial€court€did€not€err€in€admitting€the€heroin€evidence€at€trial;€that€three€of€the€four€enhancementŠ “  Šfactors€are€inapplicable€under€ņņBlakelyóó,€but€that€the€remaining€enhancement€factor€justifies€anŠ ķ  Šenhanced€sentence€of€ten€years,€six€months€for€the€defendantššs€heroin€conviction;€and€that€ņņBlakely€óóŠ †Ö  Šdoes€not€impact€the€trial€courtššs€ability€to€order€consecutive€sentencing€under€Tennessee€CodeŠ oæ  ŠAnnotated€section€40„35„115.€€Accordingly,€we€affirm€the€convictions€and€the€consecutiveŠ XØ  Šsentencing€imposed,€but€modify€the€defendantššs€heroin€sentence€to€ten€years,€six€months.€Š A‘ ŠĢŌ#†XƒēXXX'`‘į#Ōņņóóņ ņó óĢą  ąą ` ąą × ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ą___________________________________€Š üL Šą  ąą ` ąą × ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGE