ÿWPCü  # ÐUNÛ %) 0(/bWw@_4Ÿ³U@ 0J 0TL 0^  0hþ 0rf 0|Ø 0†T 0Ú 1uj 0dßU>CU*v~«vÓ) ˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLlÎ(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡- ù- ZE[[\]^E_`EabcPn~<$ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ3|xc*Ͼ¦ `(CG TimesScalable2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô  ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(ArialPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  ellan Geneva ÒÒ  ellan Geneva ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ „ ÒÑ ` ÑÔ€ŠÔÔ€ÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ€ÑÑ7€ÖkXXdìXXdð7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÓ  Óò òÞ ÞÌIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌAT€JACKSONÌÌMARCH€SESSION,€1998ÌÌÌÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à à)à àC.C.A.€NO.€02C01„9710„CR„00405Ìà àà àà àà àà àó ó)Ìà àAppellee,à àà àà àò ò)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà à)à àSHELBY€COUNTYÌVS.à àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà à)à àHON.€L.T.€LAFFERTYó óÌò òGEORGE€ROSE,ó óà àà àà àò ò)à àJUDGEó óÌà àà àà àà àà àò ò)ó óÌà àAppellant.à àà àà àò ò)à à(Direct€Appeal€„€Possession€ofÏà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àControlled€Substance)Ìó óÌÌÓ  ÓÌÌÓ  ÓòòFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:à àà àà àòòFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:ÌÌTONY€N.€BRAYTONà àà àà àJOHN€KNOX€WALKUPÌAssistant€Public€Defenderà àà àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌ201€Poplar,€Suite€2„01ÌMemphis,€TN€€38103à àà àà àDOUGLAS€D.€HIMESÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àà à425€Fifth€Avenue€NorthÌà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€€37243ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àWILLIAM€L.€GIBBONSÌà àà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àCHARLES€W.€BELLÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€AttorneyÌà àà àà àà àà àà à201€Poplar€Avenue€„€Third€FloorÌà àà àà àà àà àà àMemphis,€TN€€38103ÌÌÌOPINION€FILED€________________________ÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌJERRY€L.€SMITH,€JUDGEÇÓ  Óò òòòÔ€„ÔOPINIONóóó óÔ€ŠÔÌÌÓ  ÓÓÓÑ7€ rC XXdðXXdì7Ñà àAppellant€George€S.€Rose€was€convicted€on€April€16,€1997€by€a€jury€inÏthe€Shelby€County€Criminal€Court€of€possession€of€a€controlled€substance,€toÏwit:€€cocaine,€with€intent€to€sell.€€As€a€Range€I€standard€offender,€AppellantÏwas€sentenced€to€210€days€incarceration€in€the€Shelby€County€CorrectionalÏCenter€and€five€years€probation.€€The€trial€court€also€imposed€a€$2,000.00€fine.€ÏAppellant€presents€the€following€issue€for€our€consideration€on€this€direct€appeal:€Ïwhether€the€trial€court€denied€Appellant€his€constitutional€right€to€trial€by€jury€byÏrefusing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€lesser€included€offense€of€simple€possessionÏof€a€controlled€substance€or€casual€exchange.Ìà àAfter€a€review€of€the€record,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà@ àò òI.€€FACTUAL€BACKGROUNDó óÌà àThe€proof€shows€that€during€the€evening€of€July€20,€1995,€the€OrganizedÏCrime€Unit€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department€conducted€a€"buy„bust"€drugÏoperation€directed€at€apprehending€street„level€drug€dealers.€€The€focus€of€thisÏparticular€operation€was€the€Whitehaven€area,€specifically,€Shelby€Drive€andÏHodge€in€Memphis.Ìà àOfficer€Michael€Hardy€testified€at€trial€that€he€posed€as€the€decoy€officerÏon€July€20.€€Officer€Hardy€marked€approximately€$100.00€in€"buy€money"€byÏwriting€his€initials€in€the€corner€of€the€bills.Ìà àAt€approximately€8:15€P.M.,€Officer€Hardy€was€parked€at€the€corner€ofÏShelby€and€Hodge.€€He€testified€that€he€motioned€to€a€black€female„„laterÏdetermined€to€be€Edna€Strickland„„to€his€car.€€After€Strickland€approached€theÏautomobile,€Officer€Hardy€informed€her€that€he€wanted€to€purchase€a€twenty„dollar€rock€of€cocaine.€€Ms.€Strickland€replied€that€she€knew€where€to€get€it€andÏstepped€into€the€car.€€She€directed€Hardy€to€4503€Neeley€Road€in€Memphis.€ÏHardy€testified€that€he€handed€Strickland€twenty€dollars€of€marked€buy€moneyÏconsisting€of€one€ten„dollar€bill€and€two€five„dollar€bills.€€At€approximately€8:20ÏP.M.,€Strickland€got€out€of€the€car€and€walked€up€to€a€window€of€the€house.€ÏMs.€Strickland€knocked€on€the€window,€and€a€black€male€answered€her€knock,Ïappearing€at€the€window.€€At€trial,€Officer€Hardy€identified€Appellant€as€theÏsame€person€who€appeared€inside€the€house€at€the€window.€€According€toÏOfficer€Hardy,€Appellant€wore€a€white€T„shirt€and€dark€pants€on€the€evening€ofÏJuly€20.€€€Officer€Hardy€recalled€that€Appellant€opened€the€window€andÏengaged€in€a€short€conversation€with€Ms.€Strickland.€€After€the€conversation,ÏAppellant€walked€away€from€the€window€for€a€short€time.€€Upon€returning,ÏAppellant€handed€Strickland€the€cocaine,€and€she€gave€Appellant€the€twentyÏdollars.€€Ms.€Strickland€returned€to€the€automobile.€€Officer€Hardy€testified€that€heÏnever€lost€sight€of€Strickland's€clasped€hand€containing€the€object€given€to€herÏby€Appellant.€€Once€inside€the€vehicle,€Strickland€gave€Hardy€a€white€rock„likeÏobject.€€Officer€Hardy€drove€down€the€road€a€short€distance€and€gave€the€"take„down"€signal.€€Support€officers€immediately€arrived€at€the€house€and€Hardy'sÏcar.Ìà àOn€cross„examination,€Officer€Hardy€testified€that€the€distance€betweenÏhis€vehicle€and€the€house€was€approximately€fifty€feet.€€Moreover,€he€statedÏthat€he€had€an€unobstructed€side€view€of€the€transaction€and€that€ampleÏdaylight€enabled€him€to€see€clearly.€€Hardy€conceded€that€he€could€not€see€theÏitem€which€Appellant€placed€into€Ms.€Strickland's€hand€but€reiterated€that€heÏnever€lost€sight€of€her€hand€after€Appellant€put€the€object€into€it.€€Officer€HardyÏstated€that€the€buy€money€was€recovered€from€Appellant€and€was€later€reused.Ìà àDetective€Byron€Hardaway€testified€that€he€was€a€"take„down"€officer€atÏthe€Neeley€Road€address€on€the€evening€of€July€20,€1995.€€HardawayÏexplained€that€the€take„down€officer's€responsibility€is€to€locate€and€detainÏsuspects€after€the€decoy€officer€gives€the€take„down€signal.€€After€Officer€HardyÏgave€the€take„down€signal,€Hardaway€and€other€officers€approached€theÏNeeley€Road€residence.€€Officer€Hardy€had€described€Appellant€over€the€radioÏas€a€black€male€with€a€shoulder€length€jheri„curl€and€wearing€a€white€T„shirt.€ÏDetective€Hardaway€knocked€on€the€door,€and€Appellant's€mother,€RuthieÏRose,€answered€the€door€and€let€in€Hardaway€and€the€other€officers.€€At€thisÏtime,€Appellant€was€walking€down€the€hall€behind€his€mother.€€The€officers€tookÏAppellant€outside,€and€Detective€Hardaway€recovered€the€buy€money€fromÏAppellant's€right€front€pocket.€€At€this€time,€Appellant€wore€jogging€pants.Ìà àDetective€Hardaway€testified€on€cross„examination€that€he€and€the€otherÏofficers€arrived€at€the€house€within€one€to€two€minutes€following€the€take„downÏsignal.€€He€stated€that€it€was€still€daylight€when€he€and€the€other€officers€arrivedÏbut€that€it€was€getting€dark.€€Detective€Hardaway€saw€only€Appellant,ÏAppellant's€mother,€and€a€younger€boy€inside€the€home.€€Hardaway€explainedÏthat€he€did€not€search€Appellant's€bedroom€because€it€was€so€filthy.€€HeÏreturned€the€buy€money€to€Officer€Hardy.€€Detective€Hardaway€identifiedÏAppellant€as€the€individual€arrested€at€4503€Neeley€Road.Ìà àOfficer€Phillip€Funderburk€stated€that€he€was€a€take„down€officer€on€thisÏparticular€occasion.€€Funderburk€testified€that€several€moments€passed€beforeÏanyone€opened€the€door.€€Appellant's€mother€finally€answered€the€door,€andÏAppellant€and€a€younger€boy€stood€behind€her.€€Appellant€matched€theÏdescription€of€the€person€who€made€the€exchange€with€Ms.€Strickland.€€He€hadÏa€jheri„curl€and€wore€a€white€T„shirt.€€Officer€Funderburk€testified€that€onceÏoutside,€Detective€Hardaway€performed€a€pat„down€search€of€Appellant€andÏrecovered€the€buy€money€containing€Officer€Hardy's€initials.Ìà àOn€cross„examination,€Officer€Funderburk€testified€that€Ms.€Ruthie€RoseÏconsented€to€a€search€of€her€son's€bedroom.€€The€search€lasted€forÏapproximately€five€to€ten€minutes.Ìà àOfficer€Preston€Morton€testified€that€he€was€in€charge€of€the€holding€andÏtesting€of€evidence.€€Officer€Hardy€took€the€rock„like€object€to€Officer€Morton€in€theÍtesting€van.€€Officer€Hardy€watched€as€Morton€performed€a€Ferguson€field€testÏon€a€portion€of€the€suspected€crack€cocaine.€€The€test€revealed€the€substanceÏto€be€cocaine.€€Subsequently,€the€substance€was€sent€to€the€University€ofÏTennessee€Toxicology€Laboratory€for€further€analysis.€€Frieda€Saharovici,€aÏprofessional€chemist,€testified€that€analysis€revealed€the€substance€to€beÏcondensed€cocaine€in€its€free€base€form.Ìà àMs.€Ruthie€Rose,€Appellant's€mother,€testified€that€five€individuals€wereÏinside€the€residence€on€July€20,€1995€€when€the€police€knocked€on€the€door.€ÏThese€five€people€were€herself;€her€husband,€George€Rose,€Sr.;€Appellant;€herÏgrandson,€Spencer€Miller€(also€known€as€"Darrell");€and€Appellant's€friend,ÏNathaniel€Turner€(also€known€as€"Main").€€According€to€Ms.€Rose's€testimony,ÏAppellant€answered€the€door,€and€the€police€entered€the€residence€andÏsearched€Appellant's€room€without€permission.€€One€of€the€officers€stated€thatÏhe€had€found€something€and€walked€from€the€bedroom€carrying€a€bag€of€lyeÏsoap.€€She€denied€that€drugs€were€being€sold€from€her€residence.According€toÏMs.€Rose,€Appellant€wore€cut„off€jogging€pants€with€no€pockets€and€wore€noÏshirt.€€She€further€stated€that€officers€recovered€no€money€from€Appellant.€€Ms.ÏRose€further€averred€that€people€visiting€Appellant€typically€knocked€on€hisÏwindow.€€Finally,€Ms.€Rose€stated€that€she€did€not€hear€anyone€knock€at€herÏson's€window€on€the€evening€of€July€20€but€believed€that€she€would€haveÏheard€the€knock€had€someone€done€so.Ìà àCedric€Brownlee,€Appellant's€cousin,€testified€that€he€visited€the€NeeleyÏRoad€residence€on€July€20€but€left€before€the€police€arrived.€€Mr.€Brownlee€wasÏin€Appellant's€room€when€Ms.€Strickland€came€to€the€window.€€BrownleeÏtestified€that€Strickland€and€Appellant€spoke€briefly€and€that€Strickland€handedÏAppellant€something€which€he€threw€back€out€of€the€window.€€BrownleeÏdeparted€before€the€conversation€between€Appellant€and€Strickland€ended.€ÏAccording€to€Brownlee's€testimony,€he€never€saw€Appellant€hand€drugs€toÏanyone€and€saw€no€drugs€in€Appellant's€room.€€Appellant€wore€cut„off€sweatÏpants€and€no€shirt.€€As€Mr.€Brownlee€walked€from€the€house,€he€saw€Ms.ÏStrickland€retrieve€something€from€the€ground.Ìà àSpencer€Miller,€Appellant's€nephew€and€Ms.€Ruthie€Rose's€grandson,Ïtestified€that€he€was€in€the€house€when€the€police€arrived.€€He€also€stated€thatÏAppellant,€Appellant's€mother€and€father,€and€Cedric€Brownlee€were€also€thereÏat€that€time.€€Appellant€answered€the€door.€€According€to€Miller,€Appellant€woreÏcut„off€sweat€pants€with€no€pockets€and€wore€no€shirt.€€Miller€averred€that€theÏpolice€officers€recovered€no€drugs€or€money€from€Appellant.€€Additionally,€MillerÏadmitted€that€prior€to€trial,€he€had€discussed€the€incident€with€Appellant,€Ms.ÏRose,€and€Mr.€Brownlee.Ìà àAppellant€stated€that€he€was€at€home€on€July€20,€1995.€€He€testified€thatÏhis€parents,€Spencer€Miller,€Cedric€Brownlee,€and€Nathaniel€Turner€were€thereÏas€well.€€Mr.€Brownlee€was€in€Appellant's€room€when€Edna€Strickland€came€toÍthe€window.€€According€to€Appellant,€Edna€Strickland€was€intoxicated€and€flirtedÏwith€him.€€Ms.€Strickland€allegedly€told€Appellant€that€she€"had€a€trick€in€the€car"Ïand€that€she€was€"trying€to€buy€some€dope."€€Strickland€asked€AppellantÏwhere€she€could€get€some€drugs,€and€he€told€her€that€he€did€not€know.€€Ms.ÏStrickland€threw€some€money€in€the€window,€but€Appellant€picked€it€up€andÏthrew€it€back€to€her.€€Appellant€saw€Strickland€retrieve€the€money€and€put€it€intoÏher€pants.€€She€walked€away€and€got€into€a€car.€€Appellant€denied€sellingÏcocaine€to€and€receiving€money€from€Ms.€Strickland.€€He€testified€that€he€spokeÏto€Strickland€for€about€four€or€five€minutes€and€that€he€never€left€the€window.€ÏThe€police€arrived€at€the€residence€about€one„half€hour€later€and€arrested€him.€ÏHe€stated€that€he€wore€shorts€with€no€pockets€and€was€shirtless.€€According€toÏAppellant,€one€officer€searched€him€and€said€that€he€had€recovered€the€twentyÏdollars.€€However,€Appellant€claimed€that€the€police€took€nothing€from€him.€ÏAppellant€testified€that€when€he€asked€if€he€could€see€the€money,€one€of€theÏofficers€directed€him€to€"shut€up."€€The€police€searched€Appellant's€room€withoutÏpermission€and€discovered€a€bag€of€homemade€lye€soap€and€a€mothball.ÌÌà@ àò òII.€€JURY€INSTRUCTIONSó óÌà àAppellant's€only€complaint€on€this€direct€appeal€is€that€he€was€denied€hisÏconstitutional€right€to€trial€by€jury€because€the€trial€court€refused€to€instruct€the€juryÍon€the€lesser€included€offense€of€simple€possession€of€a€controlled€substance€orÏcasual€exchange.€€We€disagree.Ìà àBoth€the€Sixth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,Ïðð€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€guarantee€an€accused€the€right€to€trial€by€jury.€ÏEncompassed€within€the€constitutional€right€to€trial€by€jury€is€the€accused's€rightÏto€a€correct€and€complete€charge€of€the€law€applicable€to€the€case.€€òòState€v.ÏPhippsóó,€883€S.W.2d€138,€142€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994);€òòState€v.€Wrightóó,€618ÏS.W.2d€310,€315€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981).€€The€trial€court's€failure€to€instruct€theÏjury€on€any€lesser€included€offenses€denies€a€defendant€his€constitutional€right€toÏtrial€by€jury.€€òòWrightóó,€618€S.W.2d€310,€315€(citing€òòState€v.€Staggsóó,€554€S.W.2dÏ620,€626€(Tenn.€1977)).Ìà àTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„18„110€provides€in€part:ÓÓÌÌà8 àà0 à(a)€It€is€the€duty€of€all€judges€charging€juries€in€cases€ofÏcriminal€prosecutions€for€any€felony€wherein€two€(2)€or€moreÏgrades€or€classes€of€offense€may€be€included€in€theÏindictment,€to€charge€the€jury€as€to€all€of€the€law€of€eachÏoffense€included€in€the€indictment,€without€any€request€on€theÏpart€of€the€defendant€to€do€so.ÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„18„110(a).ÓÓÌTennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure€31(c)€permits€a€defendant€to€beÏconvicted€of€"an€offense€necessarily€included€in€the€offense€charged.€.€.€."€€òòTenn.ÏR.€Crim.€P.óó€31(c).Ìà àTennessee€case€law€is€clear€that€a€defendant€is€entitled€to€a€juryÏinstruction€"on€all€lesser€included€offenses€where€`any€facts.€.€.€are€susceptibleÍof€inferring€guilt€of€any€lesser€included€offense.'"€€òòState€v.€Trustyóó,€919€S.W.2dÏ305,€310€(Tenn.€1996)€(quoting€òòState€v.€Wrightóó,€618€S.W.2d€310,€315€(Tenn.ÏCrim.€App.€1981)).€€In€òòHoward€v.€Stateóó,€the€Tennessee€Supreme€CourtÏarticulated€the€appropriate€test€for€determining€whether€a€particular€offense€is€aÏlesser€offense€necessarily€included€in€the€indictment.€€578€S.W.2d€83,€85€(Tenn.Ï1979).€€"[A]n€offense€is€necessarily€included€in€another€if€the€elements€of€theÏgreater€offense,€as€those€elements€are€set€forth€in€the€indictment,€include,€but€areÏnot€congruent€with,€all€the€elements€of€the€lesser."€€òòId.óó€€òòSee€Trustyóó,€919€S.W.2dÏ305,€311€(approving€the€definition€of€"lesser€included€offense"€as€set€forth€in€theÏòòHowardóó€decision).Ìà àTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„418€provides€in€pertinent€part:€€"(a)€It€is€anÏoffense€for€a€person€to€knowingly€possess€or€casually€exchange€a€controlledÏsubstance€unless€the€substance€was€obtained€directly€from€or€pursuant€to€aÏvalid€prescription€or€order€of€a€practitioner€while€acting€in€the€course€ofÏprofessional€practice."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„418(a).€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ39„17„419€provides:ÓÓÌÌà8 àà0 àIt€may€be€inferred€from€the€amount€of€a€controlled€substanceÏor€substances€possessed€by€an€offender,€along€with€otherÏrelevant€facts€surrounding€the€arrest,€that€the€controlledÏsubstance€or€substances€were€possessed€with€theÏpurpose€of€selling€or€otherwise€dispensing.€€It€may€beÏinferred€from€circumstances€indicating€a€casual€exchangeÏamong€individuals€of€a€small€amount€of€a€controlledÏsubstance€or€substances€that€the€controlled€substance€orÏsubstances€so€exchanged€were€possessed€not€with€theÍpurpose€of€selling€or€otherwise€dispensing€in€violation€of€theÏprovisions€of€ðð€39„17„417(a).€€Such€inferences€shall€beÏtransmitted€to€the€jury€by€the€trial€judge's€charge,€and€the€juryÏwill€consider€such€inferences€along€with€the€nature€of€theÏsubstance€possessed€when€affixing€the€penalty.ÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„419.ÓÓÌà àAppellant€was€convicted€of€possession€of€cocaine€with€intent€to€sell.€ÏOfficer€Michael€Hardy€purchased€twenty€dollars€worth€of€cocaine€as€part€of€theÏOrganized€Crime€Unit's€"buy„bust"€drug€operation.€€Under€similar€circumstances,Ïthis€Court€previously€has€refused€to€require€that€the€jury€be€instructed€as€toÏsimple€possession€of€a€controlled€substance€as€a€lesser€included€offense€ofÏpossession€with€intent€to€sell.€€òòSee,€e.g.,€State€v.€William€Howard€Hortonóó,€No.Ï01C01„9312„CR„00435,€Davidson€County€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,ÏOctober€6,€1994),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1995);€òòState€v.€J.€Salts€IIIóó,€No.Ï01C01„9306„CC„00181,€Sumner€County€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€MarchÏ29,€1994).€€The€trial€court€was€not€required€to€instruct€the€jury€as€to€the€inferencesÏwhich€are€permitted€by€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„17„419.Ìà àThe€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.ÌÓ  ÓÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà à____________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àJERRY€L.€SMITH,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌòò€€(See€Below)€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌóóJOE€B.€JONES,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÌÌÌÌ_________________________________ÌGARY€R.€WADE,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà àThe€Honorable€Joe€B.€Jones€died€May€1,€1998,€and€did€not€participate€inÏthis€Opinion.€€We€acknowledge€his€faithful€service€to€this€Court,€both€as€aÏmember€of€the€Court€and€as€its€Presiding€Judge.