ÿWPC  B̀ܟ*[``ZzÜìH`eZÝTÍoKÐAàd¨Igò«Ä‹ßˆÖÃ\ó'K['à_ÑW«õô %AJv¦M€B-µ”ÿb¨È°HÇGý²„ë`…VH¥° Fq¢™> oà ]º‹ò‡¿V£us\ú{_N1L¯"ìŸkÌ)¶âsƒQe&ËÝhÐ̽ph¡ƒ2ÒÍ]Ó =@*}_Æžò¤m3÷p²zä2—_ÿùê:•†wõôØ[aXÓ¶ë ;¬yéÞ¤mÚ·µy}<¬·ûŸ÷½¶Ç …7R²¿_WS·ðzËy QˉqhÖ2œDzÊÊ«;8du‚ Ž˜+Gùî½âÃgõõºœ`Ù°ÿ•äÿƒöær*nãæ²É.§‹•¼Yõ£à¦B¬äwˆ¹ÒL>’@ ­±olÁ‚þÊLÇëù$ƒHF wß›}#}¥ƒ>OÉu®g®6Ê$ÇÂûÉꀑúó@‘bÅo–7t•Ûë tzútBÿ!ë;euüiL¬òéƒþLçs¶ôGÑjôú¼ö¬J½°“(Œ AäLJ*Ç5sóc‰aä6[;^ådqͤ\µPðjÁRv8c%Ìý›¢)\n÷5™Y{ÓÚ{3Äè.h#ɰ %y ^  0ˆ‹ U,N wa 4e zy Òó Å Ô mÖ UNí Æ; ÆÆÇÆU >SN‘U@“XÓE+ä- 0DbUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU 0Y]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] 0ë¶¶¶¶ B¡¡ 0¤¾ D5b D-— 0KÄÄ ASÆb 0¤( 0DÌ A« 0N»»»» ˜\\IB01S02\CLERKJACÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»ƒ€~1Ï (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular ~‰/B013R2 ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5ô\  `‹&Times New Roman(ÈhH  Z‹(Times New Roman  misindictedBlakely P.J.BraytonCarnesaleDelbridgeDarnaSublettePappasBolinT.C.A.HamiltionAshby CmtsApprendi J.F. O]n t]he ÚÝ ƒR5˜$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô³Tò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIt€is€the€policy€of€this€court€to€identify€victims€of€sexual€assault€by€their€initials€only.(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó- ù-6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô(|G25˜$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€™»»dXXdé8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô³Tò»»Ô d(|3ÀŸ$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€™»»dXXdé8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3ÀŸ$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€™»»dXXdé8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKK(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔhttp://web2.westlaw.com/find/default.wl?DB=713&SerialNum=1997107523&FindType=Y&ReferencePositionType=S&ReferencePosition=96&AP=&Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€™»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼™»»»ÔÑ8€ßXXdé»»d8Ñà@hhìàÔ‡îyN™ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@òò%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼™»îîyN#ԈРÓ# ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAssigned€on€Briefs€September€14,€2004Ð öF ÐÔ‡XßX»¼™ÔÌò òÔ#†¼™»XXß1#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€LAMAR€ROSSÔ‡XßX»¼™Ôó óÐ ï? ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ é 9 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€02„08113€€€€€€Joseph€B.€Dailey,€JudgeÐ Ó # ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` AßÐ ‘á  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2003„02823„CCA„R3„CD€€„€Filed€November€22,€Ô_Ô2004Ô_ÔÐ ŠÚ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<]` AßÐ ^®  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant,€Lamar€Ross,€was€indicted€by€the€Shelby€County€Grand€Jury€on€two€counts€ofÐ V¦  Ðaggravated€rape,€a€Class€A€felony,€under€alternate€theories,€for€one€offense.€€Following€a€jury€trial,Ð ? Ðhe€was€convicted€of€both€counts,€which€were€merged€into€a€single€judgment€of€conviction,€andÐ (x Ðsentenced€by€the€trial€court€as€a€Range€I,€violent€offender€to€twenty„four€years€in€the€DepartmentÐ a Ðof€Correction.€€In€a€timely€appeal€to€this€court,€he€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€and€theÐ úJ Ðsentencing€imposed.€€Based€on€our€review,€we€modify€the€conviction€in€Count€2€to€rape,€a€Class€BÐ ã3 Ðfelony,€in€accordance€with€the€offense€with€which€the€defendant€was€charged.€€Further,€we€concludeÐ Ì Ðthat€two€of€the€four€enhancement€factors€are€inapplicable,€in€light€of€the€United€States€SupremeÐ µ ÐCourtððs€subsequent€opinion€in€òòBlakely€v.€Washingtonóó,€542€U.S.€___,€124€S.€Ct.€2531€(2004).€Ð žî ÐAccordingly,€we€modify€the€aggravated€rape€conviction€in€Count€2€to€rape,€which€merges€into€theÐ ‡× Ðconviction€for€aggravated€rape€in€Count€1,€and€reduce€the€defendantððs€sentence€to€twenty„two€yearsÐ pÀ Ðin€the€Department€of€Correction.Ô#†¼™»XXß#ÔÔ‡XßX»¼™ÔÐ Y© ÐÌÓÇÓò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmed€asÐ +{ ÐModifiedó óÐ e ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼™»àXß* #ÔÔ‡XßX.¼™ÔAlan€E.€Glenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòNorma€McGee€Ogle,€J.óó,€joined.€Ð è 8  ÐòòGary€R.€Wade,€P.Jóó.,€filed€a€concurring€and€dissenting€opinion.Ð Ñ!!! ÐÌRobert€Wilson€Jones,€Shelby€County€Public€Defender,€and€Tony€N.€Brayton,€Assistant€PublicÐ £#ó# ÐDefender,€for€the€appellant,€Lamar€Ross.Ð Œ$Ü$ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Jennifer€Ô_ÔBledsoeÔ_Ô,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð ^&®!& ÐWilliam€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Betsy€Carnesale,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ G'—"' ÐGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ô#†¼™»XXß+ #ÔÔ‡XßX»¼™Ô€Ð 0(€#( ÐÓü ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼™»XXß##ÔÔ‡XßX»¼™ÔÐ *R%* ÐòòóóÔ#†¼™»XXß«#ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XßX»¼™Ôà  àÌà@¥¥(ìàò òòòFACTSóóó óˆÐ Õ+%', Ðâ âÐ ¿,(-ýþ ÐÔ_Ôà  àThe€victim€in€this€case,€J.F.,׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€is€a€resident€of€the€Barry€Homes,€a€Memphis€public€housingÐ ° Ðâ âdevelopment€reserved€for€the€physically€and€mentally€disabled.€€At€approximately€11:50€p.m.€onÐ ™é ÐJuly€1,€2002,€the€victim€reported€to€Carolyn€Delbridge,€a€Memphis€Housing€Authority€criminalÐ ‚Ò Ðinvestigator€assigned€to€the€building,€that€earlier€in€the€day€a€man€had€enticed€him€into€walking€withÐ k» Ðhim€to€a€nearby€abandoned€public€housing€complex,€where€he€had€forced€the€victim€at€knifepointÐ T¤ Ðto€perform€oral€sex€and€had€penetrated€him€anally€with€his€penis.€€From€the€victimððs€description,Ð =  ÐDelbridge€recognized€the€defendant,€who€was€a€regular€visitor€in€the€Barry€Homes,€and€whom€sheÐ & v Ðhad€seen€in€the€building€earlier€that€afternoon.€€€€Ð  _ ÐÌà  àThe€victim€subsequently€led€Delbridge,€her€supervisor,€and€a€group€of€Memphis€policeÐ á 1  Ðofficers€to€the€abandoned€housing€complex€and€pointed€out€the€room€in€which€the€rape€occurred.€Ð Ê   ÐThere,€the€officers€discovered€the€defendant€asleep€on€the€floor,€a€gray€knife€matching€the€victimððsÐ ³  Ðdescription€of€the€weapon€used€in€the€attack€underneath€a€blanket€beside€his€left€hand.€€In€addition,Ð œì  Ðthe€victim€immediately€identified€the€defendant€as€the€perpetrator€when€the€officers€removed€himÐ …Õ  Ðfrom€the€room.€€As€a€result,€the€defendant€was€arrested€and€charged€with€two€counts€of€aggravatedÐ n¾  Ðrape,€based€on€his€use€of€a€weapon€in€the€attack€and€his€rape€of€a€victim€he€knew€or€had€reason€toÐ W§  Ðknow€was€mentally€defective.€Ð @ ЀÌà  àAt€the€defendantððs€September€22„24,€2003,€trial,€the€victim€testified€he€was€forty„one€yearsÐ b Ðold€and€had€lived€in€the€Barry€Homes€Housing€Development€in€downtown€Memphis€for€the€past€twoÐ ûK Ðyears€and€four€months.€€He€said€he€was€sitting€outside€the€building€on€July€1,€2002,€when€a€manÐ ä4 Ðdressed€in€blue€jeans€and€a€black€shirt€with€a€black€design€approached€and€asked€him€to€accompanyÐ Í Ðhim€to€where€he€was€living,€saying€something€about€wanting€to€show€the€victim€a€ð ðcat€holeðð€andÐ ¶ Ðalso€about€having€the€victim€play€basketball€with€him.€€The€victim€said€he€declined,€but€the€manÐ Ÿï Ðgrabbed€him€by€the€arm€and€told€him€to€come€with€him,€repeating€that€he€had€something€to€showÐ ˆØ Ðhim.€€As€they€walked€together€down€the€street,€the€man€introduced€himself€to€the€victim€as€ð ðLamarÐ qÁ ÐRoss.ðð€Ð Zª ÐÌà  àAfter€leading€the€victim€into€an€upstairs€vacant€room€inside€the€nearby€abandonedÐ ,| ÐLauderdale€Court€housing€project,€the€man€suddenly€pulled€down€his€clothes,€telling€the€protestingÐ e Ðvictim€that€he€had€to€ð ðdo€[his]€job.ðð€€The€victim€said€he€refused€and€tried€to€leave,€but€the€manÐ þN Ðgrabbed€him€by€the€neck,€pulled€out€a€gray€knife,€and€threatened€that€he€would€be€ð ða€dead€suckerððÐ ç 7 Ðif€he€did€not€ð ðsuck€his€penis.ðð€€Because€he€was€afraid€the€man€would€hurt€him,€the€victim€complied.€Ð Ð!   ÐHe€said€that€afterwards,€the€man€forced€him€to€lower€his€pants€and€then€penetrated€his€rectum€withÐ ¹" ! Ðhis€penis€four€times,€which€hurt€him.€€When€finished,€the€man€forced€him€to€wait€and€walk€backÐ ¢#ò" Ðtoward€the€Barry€Homes€complex€with€him,€threatening€that€the€victim€was€ð ðgonna€get€[his]€buttÐ ‹$Û# Ðkicked€againðð€if€he€refused.Ð t%Ä $ ÐÌà  àThe€victim€testified€that€when€he€returned€home€he€first€related€the€incident€to€the€managerÐ F'–"& Ðof€his€building,€who€refused€to€help,€and€later€to€Ms.€Delbridge,€the€buildingððs€security€officer,€whoÐ /(#' Ðcalled€her€supervisor€and€the€police.€€After€describing€the€rapist,€he€led€officers€to€the€abandonedÐ )h$( Ðhousing€complex,€where€the€police€discovered€a€man€fitting€the€rapistððs€description€asleep€in€theÐ ° Ðroom€where€the€incident€occurred.€€The€victim€testified€he€immediately€recognized€and€identifiedÐ ™é Ðthe€man€as€the€perpetrator€when€the€police€brought€him€out€of€the€room.€€However,€the€victim€wasÐ ‚Ò Ðunable€to€identify€the€defendant€at€trial.Ð k» ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€victim€testified€he€completed€the€eleventhòòóó€grade€but€did€notÐ =  Ðgraduate.€€He€was€unsure€of€the€exact€time€the€incident€occurred,€but€was€confident€it€was€beforeÐ & v Ðdark.€€He€was€also€confident€that€the€defendant€told€him€his€name€was€ð ðLamar€Ross.ðð€€HeÐ  _ Ðacknowledged€he€had€reported€the€time€of€the€incident€as€4:00€p.m.€in€his€statement€to€police,€andÐ ø H Ðhad€said€that€Ms.€Delbridge€told€him€the€perpetratorððs€name€was€Lamar.€€He€testified€he€describedÐ á 1  Ðthe€perpetrator€as€a€tan€or€ð ðkhaki„skinnedðð€man€with€facial€hair,€shorter€than€he€was,€and€dressedÐ Ê   Ðin€blue€jeans,€a€black€shirt,€and€white€tennis€shoes.€€The€victim€said€he€did€not€think€the€defendantÐ ³  Ðhad€been€wearing€a€condom,€and€he€did€not€ejaculate€in€his€mouth.€€He€denied€having€told€anyoneÐ œì  Ðthat€the€defendant€ejaculated,€but€said€he€had€mentioned€that€he€saw€ð ðsome€white€stuff€caked€aroundÐ …Õ  Ð[the€defendantððs]€penis,ðð€which€had€an€ð ðill€smell€to€it.ðð€€The€victim€acknowledged€he€told€police€thatÐ n¾  Ðhe€was€5'€6"€and€thought€his€assailant€was€six€feet€tall.€€He€was€unable€to€say€whether€six€feet€wasÐ W§  Ðtaller€than€his€height,€but€indicated€that€the€man€who€raped€him€came€up€to€his€ear.€€On€redirect,€heÐ @ Ðaffirmed€that€he€had€been€able€to€point€out€the€defendant€to€the€judge€in€an€earlier€court€proceedingÐ )y Ðin€the€case.€€Ð b ÐÌà  àCarolyn€Delbridge€testified€she€was€working€at€the€Barry€Homes€as€a€criminal€investigatorÐ ä4 Ðfor€the€Memphis€Housing€Authority€on€July€1,€2002,€when€the€ð ðcrying€ð!ð€shaken€ð!ð€real€distraughtððÐ Í Ðvictim€came€to€her€at€11:50€p.m.€and€reported€that€ð ðsomebody€made€him€put€their€nasty€thing€in€hisÐ ¶ Ðmouth.ðð€€She€said€the€victim€related€that€he€had€been€sitting€on€the€stoop€when€a€man€wearing€darkÐ Ÿï Ðjeans,€a€black€long„sleeved€shirt€with€white€writing€on€it,€and€white€tennis€shoes€asked€him€for€aÐ ˆØ Ðbeer.€€The€victim€told€her€that€he€refused€to€buy€him€a€beer,€and€the€man€asked€him€to€accompanyÐ qÁ Ðhim€to€the€store.€€However,€when€they€reached€the€abandoned€Lauderdale€Court€Apartments,€theÐ Zª Ðman€ð ðpushed€.€.€.€and€shoved€himðð€inside€an€apartment,€pulled€a€gray€knife,€forced€him€to€go€upstairsÐ C“ Ðinto€a€room€with€a€folded€blanket€on€the€floor€and€a€pink€candle€in€the€window,€and€then€made€himÐ ,| Ðperform€oral€sex€and€anally€penetrated€him.€€Delbridge€stated€that€the€victim€did€not€know€what€aÐ e Ðcondom€was,€but€answered€in€the€affirmative€when€she€asked€if€he€had€been€wet€where€the€manÐ þN Ðpenetrated€him.€€She€agreed€that€the€victim€was€mentally€disabled,€or€ð ða€little€slow.ððÐ ç 7 ÐÌà  àDelbridge€testified€that€the€victim€led€her,€her€supervisor,€and€several€Memphis€policeÐ ¹" ! Ðofficers€to€the€apartment,€where€they€found€the€defendant€asleep€on€some€folded€blankets€on€theÐ ¢#ò" Ðfloor.€€She€said€the€victim€had€previously€described€the€perpetratorððs€foot€odor,€and€she€and€the€otherÐ ‹$Û# Ðofficers€were€able€to€smell€the€defendantððs€feet€ð ðas€soon€as€[they]€hit€that€bedroom.ðð€€She€confirmedÐ t%Ä $ Ðthat€the€victim€identified€the€defendant€as€his€rapist€at€the€scene,€and€testified€that€a€gray€knife€wasÐ ]&­!% Ðdiscovered€near€the€defendantððs€left€hand€on€the€floor€under€a€blanket.€€On€cross„examination,Ð F'–"& ÐDelbridge€testified€that€the€defendant€checked€into€the€Barry€Homes€for€a€visit€at€5:00€p.m.€and€leftÐ /(#' Ðaround€5:30€or€5:40€p.m.€€She€said€the€victim€told€her€that€the€rape€occurred€between€8:00€and€8:30Ð )h$( Ðp.m.€€She€acknowledged€she€recognized€the€defendant€from€the€victimððs€initial€description€of€hisÐ *Q%) Ðâ ârapist,€but€was€confident€she€did€not€tell€the€victim€his€name.€€On€redirect,€she€testified€sheÐ ê*:&* Ðrecognized€the€defendant€from€the€victimððs€description€of€his€perpetratorððs€bad€case€of€acne€and€hisÐ ° Ðclothing.€€€€€Ð ™é Ðâ âÌà  àMemphis€Police€Officer€Christopher€Patterson€testified€that€shortly€after€midnight€on€JulyÐ k» Ð2,€2002,€the€victim€led€him€and€several€other€officers€to€the€Lauderdale€Court€apartment€in€whichÐ T¤ Ðthe€attack€had€occurred,€where€they€discovered€the€defendant€asleep€on€the€floor.€€He€confirmed€thatÐ =  Ðthe€victim€identified€the€defendant€at€the€scene€as€the€man€who€had€raped€him.€€Ð & v ÐÌà  àJerry€Hamilton€testified€he€was€the€manager€of€clinical€services€for€Case€ManagementÐ ø H ÐIncorporated,€a€private€agency€that€assists€clients€with€mental€health€problems€to€locate€housing,Ð á 1  Ðfood,€and€other€resources€in€order€to€ð ðmake€adjustments€to€the€communityðð€and€to€function€asÐ Ê   Ðindependently€as€possible.€€He€said€that€the€victim,€a€client€of€his€company,€had€been€diagnosed€withÐ ³  Ða€mood€disorder€and€mental€retardation€and€received€a€government€disability€check€based€on€hisÐ œì  Ðmental€disability.€€Ð …Õ  ÐÌà  àDarna€Davis€testified€she€was€a€caseworker€for€Case€Management,€Inc.,€and€had€managedÐ W§  Ðthe€victimððs€case€since€May.€€She€said€her€understanding€was€that€the€victim€had€been€diagnosedÐ @ Ðwith€both€mental€retardation€and€a€mood€disorder.€€She€stated€that€her€company€managed€theÐ )y Ðvictimððs€money,€paid€his€bills,€filled€and€delivered€his€monthly€prescriptions,€and€providedÐ b Ðtransportation€for€him€to€and€from€the€clinic.€€However,€the€defendant€lived€on€his€own€at€the€BarryÐ ûK ÐHomes,€was€responsible€for€taking€his€medication€daily,€and€appeared€to€her€to€be€able€to€take€careÐ ä4 Ðof€himself€on€a€daily€basis.€Ð Í ÐÌà  àNina€Sublette,€a€nurse€practitioner€who€was€accepted€by€the€trial€court€as€an€expert€in€theÐ Ÿï Ðfield€of€forensic€nursing,€testified€she€examined€the€victim€at€the€Memphis€Sexual€Assault€ResourceÐ ˆØ ÐCenter€at€2:30€a.m.€on€July€2,€2002.€€Although€she€observed€nothing€unusual€with€respect€to€theÐ qÁ Ðvictimððs€mouth€and€lips,€she€found€four€subacute€lacerations€to€his€anal€verge,€or€the€wrinkled€partÐ Zª Ðof€his€rectum,€as€well€as€a€larger€laceration€located€outside€the€anal€verge€at€the€ð ðperi„anal€skinÐ C“ Ðarea.ðð€All€five€lacerations€bled€easily€upon€slight€manipulation.€€Sublette€opined€that€the€injuriesÐ ,| Ðwere€ð ðvery€recent,ðð€had€definitely€occurred€within€the€past€twenty„four€hours€and€probably€withinÐ e Ðthe€past€twelve,€and€were€consistent€with€ð ðblunt€penetrating€trauma.ðð€€She€testified€there€was€noÐ þN Ðsemen€detected€on€the€oral€or€rectal€swabs€she€collected€from€the€victim€or€from€his€underwear.€€OnÐ ç 7 Ðcross„examination,€Sublette€testified€she€had€estimated€the€time€of€the€assault€as€4:00€p.m.€based€onÐ Ð!   Ðwhat€the€victim€told€her.€€She€acknowledged€the€victim€told€her€he€thought€his€assailant€wore€aÐ ¹" ! Ðcondom,€but€could€not€recall€if€she€had€to€first€explain€to€him€what€a€condom€was.€Ð ¢#ò" ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€elected€not€to€testify€and€rested€his€case€without€presenting€any€proof.€€AfterÐ t%Ä $ Ðdeliberating,€the€jury€returned€guilty€verdicts€in€both€counts€of€the€indictment.€€At€the€conclusionÐ ]&­!% Ðof€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€trial€court€announced€that€the€convictions€would€be€merged€into€aÐ F'–"& Ðsingle€judgment€of€conviction€and€applied€the€following€enhancement€factors€to€the€offense:€(2),€theÐ /(#' Ðdefendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€or€criminal€behavior€in€addition€to€thoseÐ )h$( Ðnecessary€to€establish€his€range;€(6),€the€defendant€treated€or€allowed€a€victim€to€be€treated€withÐ *Q%) Ðexceptional€cruelty€during€the€commission€of€the€offense;€and€(7),€the€personal€injures€inflicted€uponÐ ê*:&* Ðthe€victim€were€particularly€great.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(2),€(6),€(7)€(2003).€€WithoutÐ Ó+#'+ Ðspecifying€which,€the€trial€court€also€found€that€because€of€the€alternate€theories€under€which€theÐ ° Ðdefendant€had€been€convicted€of€the€two€separate€counts,€which€had€merged,€either€enhancementÐ ™é Ðfactor€(5),€the€victim€was€particularly€vulnerable€because€of€age€or€physical€or€mental€disability,€orÐ ‚Ò Ðenhancement€factor€(10),€the€defendant€possessed€or€employed€a€deadly€weapon€during€theÐ k» Ðcommission€of€the€offense,€applied.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€ðð€40„35„114(5),€(10).€€Finding€no€mitigating€factorsÐ T¤ Ðapplicable,€the€trial€court€enhanced€the€defendantððs€sentence€from€the€presumptive€midpoint€ofÐ =  Ðtwenty€years€for€a€Range€I€offender€convicted€of€a€Class€A€felony€to€twenty„four€years.Ð & v ÐÌà@ôô&ìàò òòòANALYSISˆÐ ø H ÐÌóóà@øøìàI.€€Sufficiency€of€the€EvidenceˆÐ Ì   ÐÌó óà  àAs€his€first€issue,€the€defendant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€for€his€aggravatedÐ  ð  Ðrape€conviction€in€Count€2,€arguing€that€the€State€failed€to€introduce€sufficient€proof€that€the€victimÐ ‰Ù  Ðwas€mentally€defective€or€that€the€defendant€knew€or€should€have€known€of€his€condition.€€The€StateÐ r  Ðconcedes€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€sustain€a€conviction€for€aggravated€rape€in€Count€2,Ð [«  Ðmaking€the€concession€only€because€that€count€of€the€indictment€mistakenly€charged€the€defendantÐ D” Ðwith€rape,€rather€than€aggravated€rape.€€However,€the€State€contends€ample€proof€was€presented€thatÐ -} Ðthe€victim€was€mentally€defective,€and€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€sustain€a€rape€conviction€on€thatÐ f Ðbasis.€Ð ÿO ÐÌà  àWhen€the€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence€is€challenged€on€appeal,€the€relevantÐ Ñ! Ðquestion€of€the€reviewing€court€is€ð ðwhether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorableÐ º  Ðto€the€prosecution,€òòanyóó€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crimeÐ £ó Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789,€61€L.Ð ŒÜ ÐEd.€2d€560,€573€(1979);€òòsee€alsoóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e)€(ð ðFindings€of€guilt€in€criminal€actionsÐ uÅ Ðwhether€by€the€trial€court€or€jury€shall€be€set€aside€if€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€theÐ ^® Ðfindings€by€the€trier€of€fact€of€guilt€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð);€òòState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,Ð G— Ð190„92€(Tenn.€1992);€òòState€v.€Andersonóó,€835€S.W.2d€600,€604€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992)òòóó.€€AllÐ 0€ Ðquestions€involving€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€the€evidence,€andÐ i Ðall€factual€issues€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Pappasóó,€754€S.W.2d€620,€623€(Tenn.Ð  R ÐCrim.€App.€1987)òòóó.€€ð ðA€guilty€verdict€by€the€jury,€approved€by€the€trial€judge,€accredits€the€testimonyÐ ë ; Ðof€the€witnesses€for€the€State€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€favor€of€the€theory€of€the€State.ðð€€òòState€v.Ð Ô!$  ÐGraceóó,€493€S.W.2d€474,€476€(Tenn.€1973).€€Our€supreme€court€stated€the€rationale€for€this€rule:Ð ½" ! ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àThis€well„settled€rule€rests€on€a€sound€foundation.€€The€trialÐ $ß# Ðjudge€and€the€jury€see€the€witnesses€face€to€face,€hear€their€testimonyÐ x%È $ Ðand€observe€their€demeanor€on€the€stand.€€Thus€the€trial€judge€andÐ a&±!% Ðjury€are€the€primary€instrumentality€of€justice€to€determine€the€weightÐ J'š"& Ðand€credibility€to€be€given€to€the€testimony€of€witnesses.€€In€the€trialÐ 3(ƒ#' Ðforum€alone€is€there€human€atmosphere€and€the€totality€of€theÐ )l$( Ðevidence€cannot€be€reproduced€with€a€written€record€in€this€Court.Ð*U%)` x` x ÐòòBolin€v.€Stateóó,€219€Tenn.€4,€11,€405€S.W.2d€768,€771€(1966)€(citing€òòCarroll€v.€Stateóó,€212€Tenn.€464,Ð î*>&* Ð370€S.W.2d€523€(1963)).€€A€jury€conviction€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€with€which€aÐ ×+''+ Ðdefendant€is€initially€cloaked€and€replaces€it€with€one€of€guilt,€so€that€on€appeal,€a€convictedÐ ° Ðdefendant€has€the€burden€of€demonstrating€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639Ð ™é ÐS.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).Ô‡ X¨ XXXßÔÐ ‚Ò ÐÌà  àCount€2€of€the€indictment,€which€charged€aggravated€rape€based€on€the€mental€status€of€theÐ T¤ Ðvictim,€alleged€that€the€defendant:€€Ð =  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[O]n€July€1,€2002€in€Shelby€County,€Tennessee,€and€before€theÐ  _ Ðfinding€of€this€indictment,€did€unlawfully€and€intentionally€sexuallyÐ ø H Ðpenetrate€[J.F.],€and€having€reason€to€know€that€the€said€[J.F.]€wasÐ á 1  Ðmentally€defective,€in€violation€of€T.C.A.€39„13„502,€against€theÐ Ê   Ðpeace€and€dignity€of€the€State€of€Tennessee.€Ð³ ` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€aggravated€rape€statute€provides€in€pertinent€part:Ð …Õ  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(a)€Aggravated€rape€is€unlawful€sexual€penetration€of€a€victimÐ W§  Ðby€the€defendant€or€the€defendant€by€a€victim€accompanied€by€any€ofÐ @ Ðthe€following€circumstances:€Ð)y` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(3)€The€defendant€is€aided€or€abetted€by€one€(1)€or€more€otherÐ ûK Ðpersons;€òòandÐä4` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àóó(A)€Force€or€coercion€is€used€to€accomplish€the€act;€orд` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(B)€The€defendant€knows€or€has€reason€to€know€that€theÐ †Ö Ðvictim€is€mentally€defective,€mentally€incapacitated€or€physicallyÐ o¿ Ðhelpless.€ÐX¨` x` x ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„502(a)(3)€(2003)€(emphasis€added).€€€Ð *z ÐÌà  àAs€noted€by€the€State,€although€the€indictment€denominates€the€offense€as€ð ðAg.€Rapeðð€andÐ üL Ðreferences€the€aggravated€rape€statute,€it€omits€the€necessary€element€of€the€defendantððs€having€beenÐ å 5 Ðaided€or€abetted€by€one€or€more€other€persons€in€the€commission€of€the€rape.€€Therefore,€the€offenseÐ Î!  Ðactually€charged€in€the€indictment€is€rape,€defined€in€pertinent€part€as:Ð ·"! ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àunlawful€sexual€penetration€of€a€victim€by€the€defendant€or€of€theÐ ‰$Ù# Ðdefendant€by€a€victim€accompanied€by€any€of€the€followingÐ r% $ Ðcircumstances:Ð[&«!%` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à(3)€The€defendant€know€or€has€reason€to€know€that€the€victimÐ -(}#' Ðis€mentally€defective,€mentally€incapacitated€or€physically€helpless[.]Ð)f$(` x` x ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„503(a)(3)€(2003).€€Apparently,€the€trial€court€also€omitted€the€ð ðaided€orÐ ÿ)O%) Ðabettedðð€language€in€its€instructions€to€the€jury.€€The€typewritten€jury€instructions€included€in€theÐ è*8&* Ðrecord€reflect€the€following€instructions€under€ð ðAggravated€Rapeðð:€Ð Ñ+!'+ Їà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àAny€person€who€commits€the€offense€of€aggravated€rape€isÐ ° Ðguilty€of€a€crime.Йé` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àFor€you€to€find€the€defendant€guilty€of€this€offense,€the€stateÐ k» Ðmust€have€proven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€the€existence€of€theÐ T¤ Ðfollowing€essential€elements:Ð= ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàthat€the€defendant€had€unlawful€sexual€penetration€ofÐ  _ Ðthe€alleged€victim€or€the€alleged€victim€had€unlawfulÐ ø H Ðsexual€penetration€of€the€defendant;Ðá 1 ¸ ¸  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàà8¸ ¸ àà8hÈÈàandг hphp ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàthat€force€or€coercion€was€used€to€accomplish€the€act,Ð …Õ  Ðand€the€defendant€was€armed€with€a€weapon€or€anyÐ n¾  Ðarticle€used€or€fashioned€in€a€manner€to€lead€theÐ W§  Ðalleged€victim€reasonably€to€believe€it€to€be€aÐ @ Ðweapon;Ð)y¸ ¸  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàà8¸ ¸ àà8hÈÈàorÐûKhphp ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàthat€the€defendant€knew€or€had€reason€to€know€thatÐ Í Ðthe€alleged€victim€was€mentally€defective,€mentallyÐ ¶ Ðincapacitated€or€physically€helpless;€ÐŸï¸ ¸  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàà8¸ ¸ àà8hÈÈàand€ÐqÁhphp ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàthat€the€defendant€acted€intentionally,€knowingly€orÐ C“ Ðrecklessly.Ð,|¸ ¸  ÐÌThus,€the€trial€court€provided€the€correct€instructions€with€respect€to€the€lesser„included€offense€ofÐ þN Ðrape.€Ð ç 7 ÐÌà  àA€defendant€cannot€be€convicted€of€an€offense€that€was€not€charged€in€an€indictment.€€òòSeeóóÐ ¹" ! ÐòòState€v.€Trustyóó,€919€S.W.2d€305,€314€(Tenn.€1996),€òòoverruled€on€other€grounds€byóó€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,Ð ¢#ò" Ð6€S.W.3d€453€(Tenn.€1999).€€We€conclude,€therefore,€that€the€defendantððs€conviction€for€aggravatedÐ ‹$Û# Ðrape€under€Count€2€of€the€indictment€constitutes€plain€error€and€must€be€reversed.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€JoeÐ t%Ä $ ÐDavid€Sloanóó,€No.€W2000„02861„CCA„R3„CD,€2002€WL€1558586,€at€*5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Jan.€4,Ð ]&­!% Ð2002)€(reversing€defendantððs€conviction€of€felony€evading€arrest€and€reducing€conviction€toÐ F'–"& Ðmisdemeanor€evading€arrest€on€basis€that€indictment€charged€misdemeanor€offense€rather€thanÐ /(#' Ðfelony).€€The€question€that€now€remains€is€whether€there€was€sufficient€evidence€to€sustain€theÐ )h$( Ðdefendantððs€conviction€for€rape,€the€offense€actually€charged€in€Count€2€of€the€indictment.€€Ð *Q%) Ðâ âÐ ê*:&* Ðà  àTo€prove€the€defendant€guilty€of€rape€under€the€mental€defect€of€the€victim€theory€of€theÐ ° Ðâ âindictment,€the€State€had€to€show€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€defendant€committed€the€rapeÐ ™é Ðof€a€victim€he€either€knew€or€had€reason€to€know€was€mentally€defective.€€The€defendant€contendsÐ ‚Ò Ðthat€the€State€failed€to€prove€this€element€of€the€offense,€citing€Darna€Davisðð€testimony€that€theÐ k» Ðvictim€is€able€to€care€for€himself€on€a€daily€basis€and€asserting€that€ð ð[t]he€record€is€devoid€of€anyÐ T¤ Ðevidence€that€the€victim€suffered€any€mental€defects.ðð€€We€respectfully€disagree.Ð =  ÐÌà  àTaken€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€there€was€ample€evidence€to€show€that€theÐ  _ Ðvictim€was€mentally€defective.€€Jerry€Hamiltion€and€Darna€Davis,€employees€of€the€company€thatÐ ø H Ðmanaged€the€victimððs€government€disability€income€and€provided€assistance€for€him€to€liveÐ á 1  Ðindependently€in€the€community,€each€testified€that€the€victim€had€been€diagnosed€with€mentalÐ Ê   Ðretardation€and€a€mood€disorderÔ#†XßX X X¨V#ÔÔ‡ X¨ XXXßÔ.€€In€addition,€Carolyn€Delbridge,€the€Memphis€Housing€AuthorityÐ ³  Ðinvestigator€assigned€to€the€victimððs€building€who€was€familiar€with€the€victim,€testified€that€he€wasÐ œì  Ðð ða€little€slowðð€mentally.€€Finally,€the€victimððs€own€testimony€revealed€that€he€suffered€from€someÐ …Õ  Ðsort€of€mental€deficit.€€For€example,€he€believed€that€a€ð ðside€effectðð€of€medication€meant€that€oneÐ n¾  Ðexperienced€problems€with€oneððs€side,€was€unable€to€say€whether€six€feet€was€taller€than€five€feetÐ W§  Ðsix€inches,€and€appeared€unable€to€appreciate€apparent€inconsistencies€between€his€trial€testimonyÐ @ Ðand€the€statements€he€had€made€to€police€and€housing€authority€officers.€€The€following€exchangeÐ )y Ðbetween€defense€counsel€and€the€victim€is€illustrative€of€the€victimððs€artless€testimony:€Ð b ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà ¸ àDo€you€remember€telling€Ms.€Delbridge€that€this€person€askedÐ ä4 Ðyou€for€a€bottle€of€beer?ÐÍ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà ¸ àRight.Пï` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà ¸ àDo€you€remember€telling€her€that?ÐqÁ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà0¸ ` x` xàYeah.ÐC“¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà ¸ àAnd€do€you€remember€telling€her€that€this€person€wanted€youÐ e Ðto€walk€with€him€to€the€store?ÐþN` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà ¸ àRight.€€To€some€store.€€I€donððt€know.€€It€wasnððt€„„€it€wasnððt€„„Ð Ð!   Ðit€wasnððt€the€store€down€there€by€our€building,€but€itððs€a€storeÐ ¹" ! Ðsomewhere€else€where€he€say€he€know€where€some€at.€€I€didnððt€walkÐ ¢#ò" Ðto€the€store€with€him.€€So€he€told€me€to€just€come€on€in€the€house,€andÐ ‹$Û# Ðhe€would€show€me€a€something€over€there,€and€thatððs€when€he€didÐ t%Ä $ Ðthat€accident€to€me.Ð]&­!%` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà ¸ àOkay.€€All€right.€€Do€you€remember€telling€Ms.€Delbridge€thatÐ /(#' Ðthis€person€forced€you€to€go€up€the€stairs€and€that€you€went€up€theÐ )h$( Ðstairs€ahead€of€him€and€he€had€pulled€a€knife€and€was€using€that€knifeÐ *Q%) Ðto€make€you€go€up€the€stairs?Ðê*:&*` x` x ÐÐ Ó+#'+ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà ¸ àYeah,€and€you€know,€I€followed€behind€him€because€he€wasÐ ° Ðin€front€of€me.€€But€I€was€behind€him€going€up€the€stairs.€Ð™é` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà ¸ àWhy€„„€had€he€pulled€the€„„€do€you€remember€telling€Ms.Ð k» ÐDelbridge€that€this€person€had€pulled€a€knife€on€you€at€the€bottom€ofÐ T¤ Ðthe€stairs€and€forced€you€up€those€stairs€at€knife€point?€€Do€youÐ =  Ðremember€telling€her€that?Ð& v` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà ¸ àYeah,€but€see€what€he€put€„„€when€he€went€upstairs€and€pulledÐ ø H Ðhis€clothes€down,€and€I€told€him€I€ainððt€gonna€do€no€sucking€him.€€IÐ á 1  Ðsaid,€ð ðMan,€you€better€forget€that€stuff.ðð€€I€went€around€„„€when€I€wasÐ Ê   Ðtrying€to€go€out€the€door,€thatððs€when€he€grabbed€me€from€the€doorÐ ³  Ðand€laid€me€on€the€floor€and€then€took€his€knife€out€trying€to€stab€me.€Ð œì  ÐThatððs€all€I€know.€€Ð…Õ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà ¸ àLet€me€make€sure€I€understand€what€youððre€telling€me.€€Okay.€Ð W§  ÐÐ ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà0¸ ` x` xàAll€right.Ð)y¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà ¸ àWhat€youððre€telling€me€is€that€you€told€Ms.€Delbridge€that€heÐ ûK Ðpulled€the€knife€out€and€made€you€go€up€the€stairs?Ðä4` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà ¸ àRight.ж` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà ¸ àBut€today€youððre€telling€us€you€didnððt€see€that€knife€until€heÐ ˆØ Ðwas€upstairs€and€he€pulled€his€pants€down€and€you€had€refused€toÐ qÁ Ðsuck€his€penis.ÐZª` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà0¸ ` x` xàRight.Ð,|¸ x¸ x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àQà ¸ àIs€that€right?ÐþN` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAà0¸ ` x` xàYeah,€um„hum.ÐÐ!  ¸ x¸ x Ðà  àÌà  àThere€was€also€sufficient€proof€from€which€the€jury€could€conclude€that€the€defendant€knewÐ ¢#ò" Ðor€had€reason€to€know€that€the€victim€suffered€from€a€mental€defect.€€The€evidence€wasÐ ‹$Û# Ðuncontradicted€that€the€victim€lived€in€a€housing€unit€reserved€for€the€physically€and€mentallyÐ t%Ä $ Ðdisabled€and€that€the€defendant€was€a€regular€visitor€in€the€building.€€The€victim€testified€that€theÐ ]&­!% Ðdefendant€spoke€with€him€outside€the€home€and€enticed€him€into€accompanying€him€to€where€heÐ F'–"& Ðlived€by€promises€that€he€would€either€play€basketball€with€him€or€show€him€ð ða€cat€holeðð€orÐ /(#' Ðsomething€similar.€€From€this€evidence,€the€jury€could€have€reasonably€inferred€that€the€defendantÐ )h$( Ðwas€aware€of€the€type€of€residents€who€lived€in€the€building,€suspected€the€victimððs€mentalÐ *Q%) Ðdisability,€and€realized€from€his€conversation€with€him€that€the€victim€suffered€from€a€mental€deficitÐ ê*:&* Ðwhich€he€could€exploit€to€commit€the€crime.€€We€conclude,€therefore,€that€the€evidence€is€sufficientÐ Ó+#'+ Ðto€sustain€a€conviction€for€rape€under€Count€2.€€Accordingly,€we€reverse€the€conviction€forÐ ° Ðaggravated€rape,€as€charged€in€Count€2,€and€reduce€the€offense€to€rape,€a€Class€B€felony,€whichÐ ™é Ðmerges€into€the€conviction€for€aggravated€rape€in€Count€1€of€the€indictment.€€òòSeeóó€Ô#†XßX X X¨s#ÔÔ‡X¨ XXXßÔòòState€v.€Banesóóòò,Ô#†XßX XX¨«‹#ÔóóÔ‡X¨ XXXßÔ€874Ð ‚Ò ÐS.W.2d€73,€81€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993)€(ð ðÔ#†XßX XX¨Œ#ÔòòóóÔ‡X¨ XXXßÔIn€the€circumstance,€in€which€two€guilty€verdicts€areÐ k» Ðreturned€as€to€alternative€charges,€the€guilty€verdict€on€the€greater€charge€stands€and€the€guiltyÐ T¤ Ðverdict€on€the€lesser€charge€Ô#†XßX XX¨”Œ#ÔÔ‡X¨ XXXßÔmergesÔ#†XßX XX¨´#ÔÔ‡X¨ XXXßÔ€into€the€greater€charge.€The€judge€should€enter€a€judgment€ofÐ =  Ðconviction€on€the€greater€offense€and€a€judgment€merging€the€lesser€offense€into€the€greater.ðð)€Ð & v ÐÔ#†XßX XX¨ü#ÔÔ‡ X¨ XXXßÔÌà@€€#ìàò òII.€€SentencingˆÐ ø H ÐÌà  àó óAs€his€next€issue,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€misapplied€the€enhancementÐ Ì   Ðfactors€upon€which€it€relied€to€enhance€his€sentence€beyond€the€presumptive€midpoint€in€the€range.€Ð µ  ÐÔ#†XßX X X¨ #ÔÔ‡X¨ XXXßÔWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length€and€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€it€is€the€duty€of€thisÐ žî  Ðcourt€to€conduct€a€òòóóòòde€novoóó€review€on€the€record€with€a€presumption€that€ð ðthe€determinations€madeÐ ‡×  Ðby€the€court€from€which€the€appeal€is€taken€are€correct.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€ThisÐ pÀ  Ðpresumption€is€ð ðconditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€courtÐ Y©  Ðconsidered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823Ð B’ ÐS.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).òòóó€€In€conducting€a€òòóóòòde€novoóó€review€of€a€sentence,€this€court€mustÐ +{ Ðconsider€(a)€any€evidence€received€at€the€trial€and/or€sentencing€hearing,€(b)€the€presentence€report,Ð d Ð(c)€the€principles€of€sentencing,€(d)€the€arguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencing€alternatives,€(e)Ð ýM Ðthe€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€offense,€(f)€any€mitigating€or€enhancement€factors,€(g)€anyÐ æ6 Ðstatements€made€by€the€accused€in€his€own€behalf,€and€(h)€the€accusedððs€potential€or€lack€ofÐ Ï Ðpotential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„103,€„210;€òòState€v.€Tayloróó,€63Ð ¸ ÐS.W.3d€400,€411€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2001)òòóó.€€The€party€challenging€the€sentence€imposed€by€the€trialÐ ¡ñ Ðcourt€has€the€burden€of€establishing€that€the€sentence€is€erroneous.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401,Ð ŠÚ ÐSentencing€Commission€Cmts.;€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169òòóó.€€Ð sà ÐÌà  àAs€a€Range€I€offender€convicted€of€a€Class€A€felony,€the€defendant€was€subject€to€a€sentenceÐ E• Ðranging€from€fifteen€to€twenty„five€years.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„112(a)(1)€(2003).€€OurÐ .~ ÐSentencing€Act€provides€that€in€calculating€a€sentence€for€a€Class€A€felony,€the€trial€court€starts€atÐ g Ðthe€midpoint€in€the€range,€enhances€the€sentence€as€appropriate€based€on€the€existence€of€anyÐ  P Ðenhancement€factors€its€finds€applicable,€and€then€reduces€the€sentence€based€on€the€existence€ofÐ é 9 Ðany€applicable€mitigating€factors.€€€òòId.óó€ðð€40„35„210(c),€(d),€(e).€€However,€the€òòóóopinion€of€the€UnitedÐ Ò!"  ÐStates€Supreme€Court€in€òòBlakely€v.€Washingtonóó,€542€U.S.€__,€124€S.€Ct.€2531€(2004),€calls€intoÐ »" ! Ðquestion€the€validity€of€the€trial€courtððs€finding€and€application€of€certain€enhancement€factors€toÐ ¤#ô" Ðincrease€a€defendantððs€sentence.€€In€that€case,€the€Court€applied€the€rule€inÔ#†XßX XX¨}#Ô€òòApprendi€v.€New€Jerseyóó,Ð $Ý# Ð530€U.S.€466,€490,€120€S.€Ct.€2348,€2362„63€(2000)€(ð ðOther€than€the€fact€of€a€prior€conviction,€anyÐ v%Æ $ Ðfact€that€increases€the€penalty€for€a€crime€beyond€the€prescribed€statutory€maximum€must€beÐ _&¯!% Ðsubmitted€to€a€jury,€and€proved€beyond€a€reasonable€doubtðð),€to€conclude€that€a€criminal€defendantððsÐ H'˜"& ÐSixth€Amendment€right€to€trial€by€jury€encompasses€the€right€to€have€the€jury,€rather€than€the€judge,Ð 1(#' Ðdetermine€the€existence€of€any€sentence€enhancements€other€than€those€based€on€facts€reflected€inÐ )j$( Ðthe€jury€verdict€or€admitted€by€the€defendant.òòóóÔ‡X¨ XXXßÔ€€Ô#†XßX XX¨Cž#ÔòòÔ‡X¨ XXXßÔòòóóBlakelyóó,€542€U.S.€at€__,€124€S.€Ct.€at€2536„38.òòòòóóÔ#†XßX XX¨Šž#ÔóóÔ‡X¨ XXXßÔ€Ô#†XßX XX¨Ÿ#ÔÔ‡X¨ XXXßÔ€AsÐ *S%) Ðthe€òòBlakelyóó€Court€wrote:€Ð ì*<&* ÐÐ Õ+%'+ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àOur€precedents€make€clear,€however,€that€the€ð ðstatutory€maximumððÐ ° Ðfor€òòApprendióó€purposes€is€the€maximum€sentence€a€judge€may€imposeÐ ™é Ðòòsolely€on€the€basis€of€the€facts€reflected€in€the€jury€verdict€orÐ ‚Ò Ðadmitted€by€the€defendantóó.€€In€other€words,€the€relevant€ð ðstatutoryÐ i¹ Ðmaximumðð€is€not€the€maximum€sentence€a€judge€may€impose€afterÐ R¢ Ðfinding€additional€facts,€but€the€maximum€he€may€impose€òòwithoutóóÐ ; ‹ Ðany€additional€findings.€€When€a€judge€inflicts€punishment€that€theÐ $ t Ðjuryððs€verdict€alone€does€not€allow,€the€jury€has€not€found€all€the€factsÐ  ] Ðð ðwhich€the€law€makes€essential€to€the€punishment,ðð€and€the€judgeÐ ö F Ðexceeds€his€proper€authority.€Ðß / ` x` x ÐÌòòId.óó€at€2537€(emphasis€in€original)€(citations€omitted).€Ð ±  ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€applied€enhancement€factor€(2)€based€on€proof€of€the€defendantððs€out„of„stateÐ ƒÓ  Ðconvictions€for€escape€and€uttering€forged€instruments.€€òòBlakelyóó€permits€a€trial€court€to€enhance€aÐ l¼  Ðdefendantððs€sentence€based€on€prior€convictions,€and€the€defendant€does€not€challenge€theÐ U¥  Ðapplication€of€this€factor€on€appeal.€€The€trial€court€also€applied€either€enhancement€factor€(5)€orÐ >Ž Ðenhancement€factor€(10),€based€on€the€juryððs€verdicts€in€the€separate€counts€of€the€indictment,€whichÐ 'w Ðmerged€into€a€single€judgment€of€conviction.€€The€defendant€argued€at€sentencing€and€on€appeal€thatÐ ` Ðneither€of€these€enhancement€factors€was€applicable€because€each€was€an€essential€element€of€oneÐ ùI Ðof€the€offenses€of€which€he€had€been€convicted,€which€had€merged.€€Ô#†XßX XX¨SŸ#ÔÔ‡X¨ XXXßÔThe€test€for€determiningÐ â2 Ðwhether€an€enhancement€factor€is€an€essential€element€of€an€offense€is€whether€the€same€proofÐ Ë Ðnecessary€to€establish€a€particular€element€would€also€establish€the€enhancement€factor.€€Ô#†XßX XX¨n§#ÔòòÔ‡X¨ XXXßÔòòóóSeeòòóó€óóòòStateÐ ´ Ðv.€Pooleóó,€945€S.W.2dòòóó€93,€96€(Tenn.€1997)Ô#†XßX XX¨¬¨#ÔÔ‡X¨ XXXßÔ;€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597,€601€(Tenn.€1994)òòóó.Ô#†XßX XX¨O©#ÔòòÔ4‚gg€ÔÔ5  ÔÝ‚BÿÝòòÔÿÔÝ  ÝóóóóÝ‚Bÿñ©is€mÝÔÿÔÝ  ÝÝ‚BÿÝòòÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ6Ó©ÔÝ‚cÍOÿÿÿÿ` ÝóóÔÿÔÝ  ÝÔ7g€ç©ÔÔ‡X¨ XXXßԀРí ÐÔ#†XßX XX¨Ýª#ÔÓ?+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ °œX?ÓÔ‡X¨ XXXßÔBecause€of€the€juryððs€guilty€verdict€in€Count€2,€by€which€it€found€that€the€defendant€knew€or€hadÐ †Ö Ðreason€to€know€that€the€victim€was€mentally€defective,€we€conclude€that€enhancement€factor€(5),€aÐ o¿ Ðvictim€of€the€offense€was€particularly€vulnerable€due€to€mental€disability,€is€appropriate€to€enhanceÐ X¨ Ðthe€defendantððs€sentence€for€aggravated€rape€under€the€alternate€rape€theory€in€Count€1.€Ô#†XßX XX¨t«#ÔÔ‡X¨ XXXßÔ€Ô#†XßX XX¨{­#ÔHowever,Ð A‘ Ðenhancement€factors€(6)€and€(7),€are€both€inappropriate€under€òòBlakelyóó,€as€they€were€neither€admittedÐ *z Ðby€the€defendant€nor€reflected€in€the€juryððs€verdicts.€€Ð c ÐÌà  àGiven€the€two€applicable€enhancement€factors€and€the€absence€of€any€mitigating€factors,€weÐ å 5 Ðconclude€that€an€enhanced€sentence€of€twenty„two€years€is€appropriate€in€this€case.€€€Accordingly,Ð Î!  Ðwe€reduce€the€defendantððs€sentence€from€twenty„four€to€twenty„two€years.€Ð ·"! ÐÌà@GG%ìàò òòòCONCLUSIONˆÐ ‰$Ù# ÐÌóóó óà  àBased€on€the€foregoing€authorities€and€reasoning,€we€modify€the€defendantððs€conviction€forÐ ]&­!% Ðaggravated€rape€in€Count€2€to€rape,€which€merges€into€the€conviction€for€aggravated€rape€in€CountÐ F'–"& Ð1;€reduce€his€sentence€for€aggravated€rape€to€twenty„two€years,€to€be€served€at€100%€in€theÐ /(#' ÐDepartment€of€Correction;€and€remand€the€case€to€the€trial€court€for€further€proceedings€consistentÐ )h$( Ðwith€this€opinion.Ð *Q%) ÐÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð Ó+#'+ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGE