ÿWPC• e™µ|ÏFLG£¤ã‘² D}F¿(@”Iј„‘;x'1õ9S,1Þ’x­x ÛOAÁPà˜ßÄÑ-h UÐoPê ¶u± Ž*~ Úú'xY»¿A•h6í}]"T†3Äáhð+ÿ@&rö`[ËËÌèxd–hç rðŸ+„Ü~ÞüßGÞ|!€|™a­•‹&ååìS.Ò7<-D Ã÷a5Ÿ$ eå—sæa¬ÎPœ¿‹j Ú8߃BÿÆtnuEŠ£ƒª3#Dœö&ò‹I¶,Øe»s¾®Ô‰Idö¦ùý5ƒñpàÒ¶4¹ÒMr¬Ê9Å0¶ru¬íIŽÏ“±m50à°™7ÍôGãZ>/C~Èwñwº6¡0±2…¿” ™æ§øzX°çåÌY´¬)m`…;]ŠqŽä—‚`úAšUˆÝÂ%çé×;i½ÊX€=e?ú;?“Θâ×yóçôYÛ|OæC¼‡Ã Y.¸i{/e’ïŸè"NY7e²Ã“T¬ ¥ÙÌ÷oj,wyöΘ††ý|Äd¬ DUâm½âPè,‡–°nJÅM¬Å¢¬ùmnä¼év¨’zê~üez…¢j*Z%Pù¦½E—03ÎÕÏ÷ªib#Á\ % UN# 0ˆq UNù dG }« z( Ò¢ t°ƒ«3 0DÞÆ"ÆèÆ®Æt^ :NFwH4LE`bq msssssssssssssssssssssbŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠ 0ë’’’’ B}} 0¤š D3> D-q 0Kžž ASéÆ< 0¤ 0D¦ A«ê˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular ZÝ ƒR@ü$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôáýò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àIn€order€to€do€so,€Ô_ÔMs.Ô_Ô€Kelley€had€to€enter€the€vehicle€through€the€driver„side€door€and€climb€into€theÐ ° Ðpassenger€Ô_Ôseat.ò òó óÔ_Ô sÝ ƒR@ü$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôáýò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àWhile€the€defendant€claimed€that€the€credit€card€belonged€to€a€friend€who€had€left€the€card€in€theÐ ° Ðvehicle,€the€police€officers€later€learned€that€this€credit€card€was€Ô_Ôstolen.ò òó óÔ_Ô ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt Ý ƒR@ü$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôáýò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àMr.€Kelley€could€not€positively€identify€the€defendant€as€his€kidnapper€until€trial.€Ô_Ôò òó óÔ_Ô ¦Ý ƒR@ü$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôáýò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àJoe€Kelley€and€Tiffany€Kelley€are€not€related,€but€merely€share€the€same€last€name.€Ô_Ôò òó óÔ_Ô€They€were€datingÐ ° Ðat€the€time€that€the€crimes€were€committed€and€were€still€dating€at€the€time€of€Ô_Ôtrial.ò òó óÔ_Ô ¡Ý ƒR@ü$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôáýò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAlthough€the€arresting€officer€did€not€articulate€this€reason€for€arresting€in€lieu€of€citation,€the€standard€forÐ ° Ðreviewing€the€propriety€of€a€custodial€arrest€of€a€Ô_ÔmisdemenantÔ_Ô€appears€to€be€whether€there€is€an€objective€basis€forÐ tÄ Ðarresting€the€Ô_ÔmisdemeanantÔ_Ô.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Walkeróó,€12€S.W.3d€460,€464€(Tenn.€2000).€€Furthermore,€although€òòWalkeróóÐ 8ˆ Ðindicates€that€an€arresting€officer€must€note€his€or€her€reason€for€arresting€the€Ô_ÔmisdemeanantÔ_Ô€rather€than€citing€him€onÐ üL Ðthe€arrest€ticket,€òòseeóó€òòWalkeróó,€12€S.W.3d€at€464€n.10€(citing€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„7„118(j)€(1997)),€the€defendant€in€theÐ À Ðinstant€case€does€not€argue€that€the€custodial€arrest€was€invalid€on€this€basis.€€Therefore,€we€deem€this€argument€waived.€Ð „Ô ÐòòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€10(b).(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5JƒY+ ÖJ~'ê:i¢Ø+003|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ- ù-(|G2@ü$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€^å»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôáýò»»Ô d(|3G”$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€^å»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3G”$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€^å»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€^å»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼^å»»»ÔÑ8€ ùXXdì»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îK„^åÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼^å»îîK„ #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àJanuary€17,€2001€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡X ùX»¼^åÔÌò òÔ#†¼^å»XX ù#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€JERRY€LANE€Ô_ÔRUBERTÔ_ÔòòóóÔ‡X ùX»¼^åÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Maury€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€10,461€€€€€€Robert€L.€Holloway,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2000„00914„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€October€25,€Ô_Ô2001Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔA€Maury€County€grand€jury€indicted€the€defendant,€Jerry€Lane€Ô_ÔRubertÔ_Ô,€for€two€counts€of€aggravatedÐ xÈ  ÐÔ_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô€and€three€counts€of€especially€aggravated€rape.€€ò òó óThe€defendant€moved€to€suppress€theÐ d´ Ðevidence€seized€from€his€vehicle,€as€well€as€the€evidence€and€statements€derived€from€that€seizure,Ð P  Ðon€the€grounds€that€the€evidence€was€illegally€seized.€ò ò€ó óThe€trial€court€denied€the€defendantððs€motion,ò òó óÐ <Œ Ðand€at€trial€the€prosecution€introduced€the€evidence€at€issue.€€After€the€conclusion€of€this€trial,€aÐ ,| ÐMaury€County€jury€found€the€defendant€guilty€on€all€counts.ò ò€ó ó€The€defendant€now€brings€this€appeal,Ð h Ðchallenging€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€his€motion€to€suppress.€After€reviewing€the€record€and€theÐ X Ðapplicable€law,€we€find€that€the€defendantððs€allegations€do€not€merit€relief,€and€therefore€affirm€hisÐ ôD Ðconvictions.Ô#†X ùXXX ùá#ÔÔ#†¼^å»XX ù¯#ÔÔ‡X ùX»¼^åÔÐ à0 ÐÓÕÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€is€Affirmed.ó óÐ ¸ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼^å»àX ùs #ÔÔ‡X ùX.¼^åÔJerry€L.€Smith,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòThomas€T.€Ô_ÔWoodallÔ_Ôóó€and€òòRobertÐ à ÐW.€Ô_ÔWedemeyerÔ_Ô,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð |Ì ÐÌJohn€S.€Ô_ÔColleyÔ_Ô,€III,€Columbia,€Tennessee,€for€appellant,€Jerry€Lane€Ô_ÔRubertÔ_Ô.Ð T ¤ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€David€H.€Ô_ÔFindleyÔ_Ô,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð ,"|! ÐMike€Bottoms,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Daniel€J.€Ô_ÔRundeÔ_Ô,€Assistant€District€Attorney,€forÐ #h" Ðappellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð $T# ÐÓ( ÓÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ <-Œ(-ýG Їà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼^å»XX ùW #ÔÔ‡X ùX»¼^åÔÐ ° ÐòòóóÔ#†¼^å»XX ùÒ #ÔÔ‡X ùX»¼^åÔÓ  Óò òòòÔ‡X ùXXX ùÔÓÓÌà@!ìàFactual€Backgroundó óóóˆÐ tÄ ÐÓÓà  àSometime€around€midnight€on€June€21,€1997,€Joe€Kelley€and€Tiffany€Kelley׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€went€to€a€localÐ L œ Ðswimming€spot€to€swim€with€friends.€ò ò€€ó óAlthough€their€friends€went€to€the€swim€site€immediatelyÐ 8 ˆ Ðupon€arrival,€Mr.€and€Ms.€Kelley€remained€in€the€vehicle€while€Ms.€Kelley€finished€her€fast„foodÐ ( x Ðmeal.ò ò€ó ó€Shortly€after€their€friends€left€Mr.€and€Ms.€Kelley€in€the€vehicle€alone,€the€defendant€parkedÐ  d Ðhis€vehicle€directly€behind€Ms.€Kelleyððs€vehicle.€ò ò€€ó óMr.€Kelley€exited€the€vehicle,ò òó ó€and€the€defendant,Ð  T  Ðwho€was€holding€a€flashlight€and€a€gun,€told€Mr.€Kelley€to€give€him€all€of€his€money.€ò ò€ó ó€Mr.€KelleyÐ ô D  Ðthrew€€three€(3)€dollars€on€the€ground,€and€the€defendant€then€ordered€Mr.€and€Ms.€Kelley€to€lay€faceÐ ä4  Ðdown€on€the€ground€while€he€searched€their€vehicle.ò òó óÐ Ð  Ðà  àOnce€Mr.€and€Ms.€Kelley€were€on€the€ground,€he€placed€thumb„cuffs€on€them€andÐ ¼  Ðsubsequently€tied€their€hands€with€white€nylon€rope.ò òó ó€€He€then€ordered€Mr.€Kelley€into€the€back€ofÐ ¨ø  Ðhis€hatchback€vehicle,ò òó ó€which€the€victims€described€as€a€blue€or€brown€two„door€hatchback€ToyotaÐ ”ä  Ðwith€two€(2)€NASCAR€number€two€(2)€emblems€and€an€inoperable€passenger€side€door.€ò òó óTheÐ €Ð Ðdefendant€ordered€Ms.€Kelley€to€sit€in€the€passenger€seat.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€ò ò€ó óHe€then€drove€the€victims€into€a€countryÐ l¼ Ðfield€and€ordered€Ms.€Kelley€out€of€the€vehicle.€ò òó óÐ \¬ Ðà  àAfter€talking€to€them€for€several€minutes,€the€defendant€told€the€victims€that€the€reason€thatÐ H˜ Ðhe€brought€them€there€was€in€order€to€have€sex€with€Ms.€Kelley.€€ò ò€ó óHe€also€told€them€that€if€theyÐ 4„ Ðfailed€to€cooperate,€they€would€ð ðnot€make€it€out€of€the€woods€alive.ðð€ò òó óAfter€unsuccessfully€pleadingÐ $t Ðwith€the€defendant€not€to€follow€through€with€his€plans€and€offering€him€her€jewelry€and€her€vehicleÐ ` Ðin€exchange,€Ms.€Kelley,€still€bound,€accompanied€the€defendant€on€one€of€two€ð ðwalksðð.€ò òó ó€€DuringÐ üL Ðthese€two€walks,€the€defendant€raped€her€twice€vaginally€and€forced€her€to€perform€oral€sex€on€himÐ è8 Ðonce.ò ò€ó ó€The€defendant€then€released€the€victims€in€the€vicinity€of€their€vehicle€at€sometime€close€toÐ Ô$ Ðsunrise.ò òó óÐ Ä Ðà  àOn€October€11,€1997,€patrolling€police€officers€drove€by€a€stopped€vehicle€that€had€itsÐ ° Ðheadlights€on€and€that€was€parked€partially€on€the€road.€ò òó ó€€The€officers€turned€their€vehicle€around€toÐ œì Ðinvestigate€further.ò òó ó€€The€officers€observed€that€since€they€had€first€noticed€the€vehicle,€its€headlightsÐ ˆØ Ðhad€been€extinguished.€ò òó ó€Upon€further€inspection,€they€discovered€that€there€were€no€occupants€in€theÐ t Ä Ðvehicle.€ò ò€ó óAfter€hearing€the€sound€of€limbs€breaking€in€the€nearby€woods,€ò òó óone€officer€went€into€theÐ `!° Ðforest€to€investigate€the€noise€and€found€the€defendant€lying€down€in€the€brush.€€ò òó óThe€defendantÐ P"   Ðclaimed€that€he€had€entered€the€woods€for€the€purpose€of€relieving€himself.€€ò òó óWhile€this€officer€wasÐ <#Œ! Ðinvestigating€the€noise,€the€other€officer€saw€an€open€container€in€the€defendantððs€vehicle,€and€whenÐ ($x" Ðhe€reached€into€the€vehicle€through€an€open€window€to€obtain€the€container,€he€noticed€a€credit€cardÐ %d # Ðin€plain€view.€€ò òó óWhen€the€defendant€returned€to€his€vehicle€with€the€officer€who€had€found€him,€theÐ &P!$ Ðofficer€who€found€the€credit€card€asked€the€defendant€his€name€and€ascertained€that€the€credit€cardÐ ° Ðdid€not€belong€to€the€defendant.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€ò òó óInside€the€vehicle,€the€officer€also€identified€an€unregistered€pistolÐ œì Ðlocated€in€plain€view.ò òó ó€€The€police€officer€also€searched€a€camouflage€fanny€pack€€located€next€to€theÐ ˆØ Ðpistol.ò òó ó€Inside€the€fanny€pack,€he€discovered€a€homemade€mask,€latex€gloves,€blindfolds,€and€whiteÐ tÄ Ðnylon€rope.€ò òó óÐ `° Ðà  àThe€officers€arrested€the€defendant€for€a€violation€of€the€open€container€law€and€for€carryingÐ L œ Ðan€unregistered€firearm,€both€misdemeanors.ò ò€ó ó€Subsequently,€the€officers€had€the€defendantððs€vehicleÐ 8 ˆ Ðimpounded€in€order€to€search€it€more€thoroughly€and€because€it€was€partially€obstructing€traffic.ò ò€ó óÐ ( x ÐAfter€the€car€was€impounded,€the€defendant€consented€to€another€search€of€his€vehicle.€ò ò€ó óThis€searchÐ  h Ðrevealed€another€credit€card,€later€determined€to€be€stolen,€a€hammer,€more€nylon€rope,€and€a€bookÐ  X  Ðof€police€scanner€frequency€codes.ò òó óÐ ô D  Ðà  àAfter€the€police€arrested€the€defendant€for€these€misdemeanor€charges,€they€provided€Ms.Ð à0  ÐKelley€with€a€picture€of€the€defendant.ò ò€ó ó€Based€on€this€photograph,€Ms.€Kelley€identified€theÐ Ì  Ðdefendant€as€her€rapist€.ò ò€ó ó€Ms.€Kelley€also€identified€the€defendantððs€vehicle€as€the€vehicle€driven€byÐ ¼  Ðher€attacker.׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€ò òó ó€Based€on€Ms.€Kelleyððs€identifications€and€on€the€evidence€obtained€through€theÐ ¬ü  Ðsearches€of€the€vehicle,€the€police€interrogated€the€defendant€regarding€his€involvement€in€theÐ ˜è  Ðvictimsðð€rapes€and€Ô_ÔkidnappingsÔ_Ô.€ò ò€ó óIn€response,€the€defendant€made€statements€which,€while€not€aÐ „Ô Ðconfession,€did€tend€to€corroborate€some€of€the€victimsðð€statements€to€police.€€Thereafter,€the€policeÐ tÄ Ðarrested€the€defendant€for€those€crimes.€ò òó óBoth€Mr.€and€Ms.€Kelley€identified€the€defendant€as€theirÐ `° Ðrapist/kidnapper€at€trial.€ò òó óÐ Lœ Ðà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€denying€the€defendantððs€motion€to€suppressÐ 8ˆ Ðthe€fruits€of€an€illegal€search€and€seizure,€because€(1)€the€police€improperly€placed€the€defendant€Ð $t Ðin€custodial€arrest€for€his€violation€of€two€misdemeanors,€and€therefore€the€search€incident€to€arrestÐ ` Ðwas€improper,€and€(2)€the€police€improperly€seized€the€defendantððs€vehicle.€€Furthermore,€theÐ üL Ðdefendant€alleges€that€€the€evidence€found€in€the€defendantððs€fanny€pack€should€have€beenÐ è8 Ðsuppressed€pursuant€to€his€motion€òòin€Ô_ÔlimineÔ_Ôóó€because€the€evidenceððs€potential€prejudicial€effectÐ Ô$ Ðoutweighed€its€probative€value.€€For€the€forgoing€reasons,€we€find€that€the€defendantððs€claims€lackÐ À Ðmerit.Ð ¬ü ÐÌÌÓ  Óòòò òStandard€of€Review€for€Denial€of€Motion€to€Suppressó óóóÐ p À ÐÌÓŒ+Óà  àThe€defendant€challenges€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€his€motion€to€suppress€on€severalÐ H"˜  Ðgrounds.€€We€note€that€"a€trial€court's€findings€of€fact€in€a€suppression€hearing€will€be€upheld€unlessÐ 4#„! Ðthe€evidence€preponderates€otherwise."€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔCrutcherÔ_Ôóó,€989€S.W.2d€295,€299€(Tenn.€1999)Ð  $p" Ð(quoting€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔOdomÔ_Ôóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.1996)).€€However,€the€application€of€the€law€toÐ  %\ # Ðthese€fact„findings€is€a€question€of€law€that€this€court€reviews€de€novo.€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔYearganÔ_Ôóó,€958Ð ø%H!$ ÐS.W.2d€626,€629€(Tenn.€1997);€òòÔ_ÔOdomÔ_Ôóó,€928€S.W.2d€at€23.€€€Ð ä&4"% ÐÓ  Óò òòòDefendantððs€Expectation€of€Privacy€Regarding€the€Abandoned€Vehicleóóó óÐ ° ÐÌÓ1/Óà  àThe€state€challenges€the€defendantððs€ability€to€contest€the€validity€of€the€search€of€his€vehicle,Ð ˆØ Ðcontending€that€the€defendant€abandoned€his€vehicle€before€the€police€searched€it,€thereby€negatingÐ tÄ Ðhis€expectation€of€privacy€regarding€his€vehicle€and€its€contents€and€forfeiting€his€right€to€contest€aÐ `° Ðsearch€of€the€vehicle.€€When€denying€the€defendantððs€motion€to€suppress,€the€trial€court€found€thatÐ L œ Ðthe€defendant€did€abandon€his€vehicle€when€he€fled€from€the€police€into€the€nearby€brush.ò òó ó€€TheÐ 8 ˆ Ðpolice€officer€who€discovered€the€defendant€testified€that€he€found€the€defendant€75„100€feet€awayÐ $ t Ðfrom€his€vehicle,€laying€down€in€the€brush€apparently€hiding.ò ò€ó ó€We€find€that€the€evidence€in€the€recordÐ  ` Ðis€sufficient€to€support€this€finding€of€fact.€€Ð  P  Ðà  àWhen€an€individual€flees€from€a€vehicle,€he€or€she€is€deemed€to€have€abandoned€the€vehicle,Ð ì <  Ðthereby€losing€an€expectation€of€privacy€in€that€vehicle.€€òòSeeóó€òòóó€òòCampbell€v.€Stateóó,€469€S.W.2d€506Ð Ø(  Ð(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1971);€òòÔ_ÔProckÔ_Ô€v.€Stateóó,€455€S.W.2d€658€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1969).€€Therefore,€weÐ Ä  Ðfind€that€the€trial€court€properly€determined€that€the€defendant€ð ðabandoned€his€vehicle€or€at€leastÐ °  Ðsurrendered€any€expectation€of€privacy€by€fleeing€from€the€car€and€officers,€by€hiding€in€the€brushÐ œì  Ðand€weeds,€and€by€having€to€be€brought€to€the€car€€by€an€officer€with€his€weapon€drawn.ðð€ò òó ó€However,Ð ˆØ  Ðeven€if€the€defendant€had€a€legitimate€expectation€of€privacy€in€the€vehicle€that€he€abandoned,€hisÐ tÄ Ðchallenge€of€the€search€would€not€merit€relief.Ð `° ÐÌÌÓ  Óò òòòPropriety€of€Arrest€and€Subsequent€Search€Incident€to€Arrestóóó óÐ $t ÐÌÓ  Óà  àThe€defendant€committed€two€misdemeanors€in€the€presence€of€police€officers,€a€violationÐ üL Ðof€the€open€container€law€and€carrying€an€unregistered€firearm.€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€SectionÐ è8 Ð40„7„118(b)(1)€(1997)€mandates€that€police€officers€who€witness€a€misdemeanor€committed€in€theirÐ Ô$ Ðpresence€issue€a€citation€in€lieu€of€affecting€a€custodial€arrest,€unless€one€of€eight€exceptions€apply:Ð À Ðà8  à(1)€The€person€arrested€requires€medical€examination€or€medical€care,€or€if€suchÐ ¬ü Ðperson€is€unable€to€care€for€such€person's€own€safety;ИèÐ Ð  Ðà8  à(2)€There€is€a€reasonable€likelihood€that€the€offense€would€continue€or€resume,€orÐ „Ô Ðthat€persons€or€property€would€be€endangered€by€the€arrested€person;ÐpÀÐ Ð  Ðà8  à(3)€The€person€arrested€cannot€or€will€not€offer€satisfactory€evidence€ofÐ \ ¬ Ðidentification,€including€the€providing€of€a€field-administered€fingerprint€or€thumbÐ H!˜ Ðprint€which€a€peace€officer€may€require€to€be€affixed€to€any€citation;Ð4"„ Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(4)€The€prosecution€of€the€offense€for€which€the€person€was€arrested,€or€of€anotherÐ  #p! Ðoffense,€would€thereby€be€jeopardized;Ð $\"Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(5)€A€reasonable€likelihood€exists€that€the€arrested€person€will€fail€to€appear€in€court;Ðø$H #Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(6)€The€person€demands€to€be€taken€immediately€before€a€magistrate€or€refuses€toÐ ä%4!$ Ðsign€the€citation;ÐÐ& "%Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(7)€The€person€arrested€is€so€intoxicated€that€such€person€could€be€a€danger€to€suchÐ ¼' #& Ðperson€or€to€others;€orШ(ø#'Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(8)€There€are€one€(1)€or€more€outstanding€arrest€warrants€for€the€person.€€€Ð”)ä$(Ð Ð  ÐÓÓÐ €*Ð%) ÐÓÓTenn.€Code.€Ann.€ðð€40„7„118(b)(1),€(c)€(1997).€€Moreover,€if€the€Ô_ÔarresteeÔ_Ô€is€placed€under€custodialÐ ° Ðarrest€in€violation€of€this€statute,€any€search€performed€incident€to€that€unlawful€custodial€arrest€isÐ œì Ðinvalid.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Adam€George€Ô_ÔColzieÔ_Ôóó,€No.€M1998€00253€CCA€R3€CD,€1999€WL€1074111,€atÐ ˆØ Ð*4€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€at€Nashville,€Nov.€30,€1999).Ð tÄ Ðà  àIn€the€instant€case,€the€trial€court€found€that€the€police€properly€placed€the€defendant€underÐ `° Ðcustodial€arrest€for€his€commission€of€two€misdemeanors€because,€òòinter€aliaóó,€the€defendant€fledÐ L œ Ðbefore€the€police€apprehended€him,€therefore€indicating€a€reasonable€likelihood€that€the€defendantÐ 8 ˆ Ðwould€fail€to€appear€in€court.€ò ò€€ó óòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„7„118(c)(5)€(1997).€€The€trial€court€basedÐ $ t Ðthis€finding€on€the€police€officersðð€testimony€that€the€defendant€fled€from€his€vehicle€and€hid€fromÐ  d Ðthe€police€officers.ò òó ó€€We€find€that€the€evidence€in€the€record€is€sufficient€to€support€this€finding.Ð  P  Ðà  àAs€our€supreme€court€noted€in€òòState€v.€Walkeróó,€12€S.W.3d€460,€466€(Tenn.€2000),Ð ì <  Ðð ðTennesseeððs€ððcite€and€releaseðð€statute€works€on€an€ððhonor€system,ðð€operating€under€the€assumptionÐ Ø(  Ðthat€the€Ô_ÔmisdemeanantÔ_Ô€will€act€in€good€faith€.€.€.€.ðð€€òòId.óó€(referring€to€the€Ô_ÔarresteeÔ_Ôððs€duty€to€furnishÐ Ä  Ðaccurate€identification).€€Inherent€in€this€honor€system€is€the€defendantððs€€duty€to€properly€identifyÐ °  Ðhimself,€òòid.óó,€and€to€appear€in€court€on€the€date€specified€in€the€citation.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„7„Ð œì  Ð118(c)(3),€(5)€(1997).€€Without€assurance€of€the€defendantððs€identity€and€cooperation,€a€police€officerÐ ˆØ  Ðmay€justifiably€place€the€defendant€under€custodial€arrest.€€òòSeeóó€òòid.óó€€As€noted€above,€the€trial€courtÐ tÄ Ðfound€that€the€arresting€police€officer€had€reason€to€believe€that€the€defendant€would€not€appear€inÐ `° Ðcourt,Ô_Ô׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_Ô€and€therefore€we€hold€that€the€trial€court€properly€found€that€the€police€legally€placed€theÐ Lœ Ðdefendant€under€custodial€arrest.Ð 8ˆ Ðà  àOnce€an€Ô_ÔarresteeÔ_Ô€is€properly€placed€under€custodial€arrest,€the€police€may€conduct€a€searchÐ $t Ðincident€to€arrest.€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔCrutcherÔ_Ôóó,€989€S.W.2d€295€(Tenn.€1999).€€€If€the€Ô_ÔarresteeÔ_Ô€is€the€occupantÐ ` Ðof€a€vehicle,€the€scope€of€the€search€incident€to€arrest€expands€to€the€entire€passenger€compartmentÐ üL Ðof€the€vehicle€and€any€containers€found€therein.€€òòNew€York€v.€Ô_ÔBeltonÔ_Ôóó,€453€U.S.€454,€457,€101€S.€Ct.Ð è8 Ð2860,€2862,€69€L.€Ed.€2d€768€(1981);€òòÔ_ÔCrutcherÔ_Ôóó,€989€S.W.2d€295.€€€In€the€instant€case,€when€theÐ Ô$ Ðpolice€conducted€their€search€of€the€passenger€compartment,€they€discovered€an€unregistered€firearm,Ð À Ða€credit€card€that€did€not€belong€to€the€defendant,€and€a€fanny€pack€containing€several€items€that€theÐ ¬ü Ðpolice€characterized€as€burglary€tools,€a€mask,€blindfolds,€nylon€rope,€and€gloves€€These€items€wereÐ ˜è Ðdiscovered€pursuant€to€a€lawful€search€incident€to€arrest€and€therefore€were€legally€seized.€€Thus,€thisÐ „Ô Ðissue€lacks€merit.Ð pÀ ÐÌÌòòò òÓ  ÓSeizure€of€the€Defendantððs€Vehicleóóó óÐ 4"„  ÐÌÓtOÓà  àThe€defendant€next€contends€that€the€impoundment€of€the€defendantððs€vehicle€and€subsequentÐ  $\" Ðsearch€were€unlawful€because€the€state€did€not€prove€that€the€impoundment€was€necessary.€€TheÐ ø$H # Ðdefendant€cites€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔLunsfordÔ_Ôóó,€655€S.W.2d€921€(Tenn.€1983),€for€the€proposition€that€police€mayÐ ° Ðnot€impound€a€vehicle€unless€impoundment€is€reasonably€necessary.€€However,€òòÔ_ÔLunsfordÔ_Ôóóððs€necessityÐ œì Ðrequirement€only€applies€if€the€police€do€not€have€probable€cause€to€believe€that€the€vehicle€containsÐ ˆØ Ðcontraband.€€òòÔ_ÔLunsfordÔ_Ôóó,€655€S.W.2d€at€923.€€Therefore,€the€inquiry€that€is€Ô_ÔdispositiveÔ_Ô€of€the€legalityÐ tÄ Ðof€the€search€is€not€whether€the€impoundment€was€necessary€but€whether€the€police€had€probableÐ `° Ðcause€to€search€the€defendantððs€vehicle.€€Because€the€search€of€the€passenger€compartment€revealedÐ L œ Ðcontraband,€namely€an€unregistered€firearm,€a€credit€card€that€did€not€belong€to€the€defendant,€andÐ 8 ˆ Ðburglary€tools,€the€police€had€probable€cause€to€search€the€entire€vehicle.€€The€police€may€conductÐ $ t Ðsuch€a€search€of€a€vehicle€based€on€probable€cause€either€immediately€or€pursuant€to€an€inventoryÐ  ` Ðsearch€after€the€vehicle€has€been€impounded.€€Therefore,€the€police€in€the€instant€case€correctlyÐ ü L  Ðinventoried€the€defendantððs€vehicle€after€they€impounded€it.€€Accordingly,€we€find€that€the€evidenceÐ è 8  Ðdiscovered€pursuant€to€the€inventory€search€was€legally€obtained€and€therefore€not€the€fruit€of€anÐ Ô$  Ðillegal€search.Ð À  ÐÌÌÓ  Óò òòòDenial€of€the€Defendantððs€Motion€in€Ô_ÔLimineÔ_Ôóóó óÐ „Ô  ÐÌÓ  Óà  àThe€defendant€alleges€that€the€trial€court€erroneously€denied€his€motion€òòin€Ô_ÔlimineÔ_Ôóó€to€excludeÐ \¬ Ðthe€contents€of€the€camouflage€fanny€pack€as€evidence€at€trial€because€the€potential€prejudicial€effectÐ H˜ Ðof€this€evidence€outweighed€its€probative€value.€€When€evaluating€a€trial€court's€ruling€on€aÐ 4„ ÐTennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€403€motion€to€exclude€evidence,€the€initial€inquiry€is€whether€theÐ  p Ðevidence€offered€was€relevant€to€the€case€under€Tennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€401.€€Ð  \ Ðà8  àThe€determination€of€whether€evidence€is€relevant,€or,€if€relevant,€should€be€excludedÐ øH Ðfor€one€of€the€reasons€set€forth€in€€Rule€403,€addresses€itself€to€the€sound€discretionÐ ä4 Ðof€the€trial€court.€€òòState€v.€Hillóó,€885€S.W.2d€357,€361€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1994).€€InÐ Ð  Ðdeciding€these€issues,€the€trial€court€must€consider,€among€other€things,€the€questionsÐ ¼  Ðof€fact€that€the€jury€will€have€to€consider€in€determining€the€accused's€guilt€as€wellÐ ¨ø Ðas€other€evidence€that€has€been€introduced€during€the€course€of€the€trial.ДäÐ Ð  ÐÌòòState€v.€Ô_ÔDulsworthÔ_Ôóó,€781€S.W.2d€277,€287€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1989).€Ð l¼ ЀÌà8  àIf€a€trial€court€in€the€exercise€of€its€discretion€finds€that€evidence€is€relevant€withinÐ D!” Ðthe€meaning€of€Rule€401,€and€the€accused€is€not€entitled€to€have€the€evidenceÐ 0"€  Ðexcluded€for€one€of€the€grounds€set€forth€in€Rule€403,€this€Court€will€not€interfereÐ #l! Ðwith€the€exercise€of€this€discretion€unless€it€appears€on€the€face€of€the€record€that€theÐ $X" Ðtrial€court€clearly€abused€its€discretion.€€€òòState€v.€Hayesóó,€899€S.W.2d€175,€183€(Tenn.Ð ô$D # ÐÔ_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1995).Ðà%0!$Ð Ð  ÐÌòòState€v.€Williamsonóó,€919€S.W.2d€69,€79€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1995).Ð ¸'#& Ðà  àTennessee€Rule€of€Evidence€Rule€403€permits€a€court€to€exclude€relevant€evidence€"if€itsÐ ¤(ô#' Ðprobative€value€is€substantially€outweighed€by€the€danger€of€unfair€prejudice."€€Our€supreme€courtÐ )à$( Ðhas€stated€that€unfair€prejudice€is€"[Ô_Ôa]nÔ_Ô€undue€tendency€to€suggest€decision€on€an€improper€basis,Ð |*Ì%) Ðcommonly,€though€not€necessarily,€an€emotional€one."€€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔDuBoseÔ_Ôóó,€953€S.W.2d€649,€654Ð h+¸&* Ð(Tenn.€1997)€(citing€€òòState€v.€Banksóó,€564€S.W.2d€947,€951€(Tenn.1978));€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔMcCaryÔ_Ôóó,Ð ° Ð922€S.W.2d€511,€515€(Tenn.€1996).Ð œì Ðà  àIn€òòState€v.€Banksóó,€the€supreme€court€recognized€the€"policy€of€liberality€in€the€admission€ofÐ ˆØ Ðevidence€in€both€civil€and€criminal€cases."€€òòBanksóó,€564€S.W.2d€at€949.€€When€implementing€theirÐ tÄ Ðpolicy,€the€trial€court€must€weigh€the€probative€value€against€prejudicial€effect.€€Furthermore,€thisÐ `° Ðcourt€cannot€substitute€its€judgment€for€that€of€the€trial€court€or€declare€error€absent€a€finding€thatÐ L œ Ðthe€trial€court€abused€its€discretion.€€òòState€v.€Robinsonóó,€930€S.W.2d€78,€85€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1995)Ð 8 ˆ Ð(citing€òòState€v.€Ô_ÔMelsonÔ_Ôóó,€638€S.W.2d€342€(Tenn.€1982)).Ð $ t Ðà  àAs€noted€above,€we€begin€our€analysis€of€the€instant€case€by€determining€whether€theÐ  ` Ðcontents€of€the€fanny€pack,€namely€the€white€nylon€rope,€mask,€gloves,€and€pair€of€blindfolds,€wereÐ ü L  Ðrelevant€to€the€case.€€€The€trial€court€ruled€that€all€of€the€contents€of€the€fanny€pack€were€admissibleÐ è 8  Ðbecause€they€were€the€type€of€items€used€to€bind€and€control€individuals,€and€the€defendant€wasÐ Ô$  Ðcharged€with€binding€and€controlling€the€victims€in€the€instant€case.ò òó ó€€Arguably,€the€white€nylon€ropeÐ À  Ðfound€in€the€fanny€pack€could€be€relevant€to€the€case,€as€it€is€the€same€type€of€rope€that€the€victimsÐ ¬ü  Ðreported€their€kidnapper/rapist€used€to€bind€them.€€However,€the€remaining€items,€the€mask,Ð ˜è  Ðblindfolds,€and€gloves,€were€not€used€by€the€kidnapper/rapist.€€Moreover,€no€evidence€was€presentedÐ „Ô  Ðto€establish€the€relevancy€of€the€contents€of€the€fanny€pack€on€other€grounds.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Ô_ÔEvidÔ_Ô.Ð pÀ Ð401.€Ð \¬ Ðà  àHowever,€regardless€of€whether€the€evidence€was€relevant,€the€potential€prejudicial€effect€ofÐ H˜ Ðthis€evidence,€with€the€exception€of€the€white€nylon€rope,€outweighs€its€probative€value€under€a€RuleÐ 4„ Ð403€analysis,€as€we€can€discern€no€probative€value€to€be€gained€by€admission€of€this€evidence.€€TheÐ  p Ðvictimððs€kidnapper/rapist€did€not€use€a€mask,€gloves,€or€blindfolds.€€Moreover,€the€evidence€wasÐ  \ Ðpotentially€prejudicial.€€A€police€officer€who€testified€on€behalf€of€the€state€characterized€the€contentsÐ øH Ðof€the€fanny€pack€as€ð ðburglary€tools,ðð€ò òó ósuggesting€the€defendantððs€criminal€propensity.€Ð ä4 Ðà  àAlthough€it€was€error€to€admit€the€mask,€gloves,€and€blindfolds€into€evidence,€we€find€thatÐ Ð  Ðerror€to€be€harmless€because€defense€counsel€fully€developed€the€fact€that€these€items€were€not€usedÐ ¼  Ðby€the€kidnapper/rapist€on€cross„examination€of€a€stateððs€witness.ò ò€ó ó€òòSeeóó€òòJones€v.€Stateóó,€489€S.W.2dÐ ¨ø Ð44€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1972)€(finding€that€the€erroneous€admission€of€testimony€regarding€a€revolverÐ ˜è Ðthat€was€not€used€in€the€commission€of€the€offense€at€issue€was€harmless€error€because€there€was€no€Ð „Ô Ðproof€that€the€admission€of€this€evidence€affected€the€outcome€of€the€trial€and€because€defenseÐ pÀ Ðcounsel€fully€developed€the€issue€on€cross„examination).€€Ð \ ¬ Ðà  àFurthermore,€the€evidence€of€the€defendantððs€guilt€was€strong,€suggesting€harmless€error.€Ð H!˜ ÐòòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Roger€Clayton€Davisóó,€C.C.A.€No.€170,€1989€WL€112748,€at€*3€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€atÐ 4"„  ÐKnoxville,€Sept.€29,€1989)€(finding€that€the€erroneous€admission€of€a€sawed„off€shotgun€that€was€notÐ  #p! Ðused€in€the€commission€of€the€instant€crime€was€harmless€error€because€it€most€likely€did€not€affectÐ  $\" Ðthe€verdict);€òòState€v.€Larry€Wayne€Sheffieldóó,€No.€85„362„III,€1987€WL€6084,€at€*3€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.Ð ø$H # Ðat€Nashville,€Feb.€6,€1987)€(finding€that€the€erroneous€admission€of€a€double„edged€knife€that€wasÐ ä%4!$ Ðnot€used€to€commit€the€instant€crime€was€harmless€error€because€the€trial€court€gave€curativeÐ Ð& "% Ðinstructions€and€because€the€evidence€of€the€defendantððs€guilt€was€overwhelming).€€The€two€victimsÐ ¼' #& Ðidentified€the€defendant€as€their€kidnapper/rapist;€ò òó óthe€sketch€of€the€kidnapper/rapist€drawn€at€theÐ ¨(ø#' Ðvictims€direction€closely€resembles€the€defendant;ò òó ó€Ms.€Kelley€positively€identified€the€defendantððsÐ ”)ä$( Ðvehicle€as€the€vehicle€driven€by€her€kidnapper/rapist;ò òó ó€and€the€victimsðð€description€of€theÐ €*Ð%) Ðkidnapper/rapistððs€vehicle€closely€resembles€the€defendantððs€vehicle,€including€the€vehicleððs€color,Ð l+¼&* Ðapproximate€model€year,€make,€interior,€and€inoperable€passenger„side€door.€€Therefore,€we€find€thatÐ ° Ðthe€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€defendantððs€motion€òòin€Ô_ÔlimineÔ_Ôóó€was€harmless€error.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.Ð œì ÐP.€52(a).Ð ˆØ ÐÌÌÓ  Óòòò òConclusionó óóóÐ L œ ÐÌÓ  Óà  àFor€the€forgoing€reasons,€we€find€that€none€of€the€defendantððs€allegations€merit€relief.€Ð $ t ÐAccordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€AFFIRMED.Ô#†X ùXXX ù`#ÔÔ#†¼^å»XX ù/#ÔÔ€X ùX»¼^åÔÐ  ` ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð À  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJERRY€L.€SMITH,€JUDGE