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Ðmeans€of€a€fire€or€explosion[,]€.€.€.€[w]ithout€the€consent€of€all€persons€who€have€a€possessory,€proprietary€or€securityÐ )Ä Ðinterest€therein.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„14„301(a)(1)€(2003).Ð íˆ ÐÌà  àCode€section€39„14„303€is€captioned,€ð ðSetting€fire€to€personal€property€or€land,ðð€and€it€reads€in€relevant€part,Ð u ÐÌÓ€ j(× 83\Óà  àà ` à(a)€€A€person€commits€arson€who€knowingly€damages€Ð ý˜ Ðà  àà ` à€any€personal€property,€land,€or€other€property,€except€buildings€orÐ Á \ Ðà  àà ` àstructures€covered€under€ðð€39„14„301,€by€means€of€fire€or€Ð …  Ðà  àà ` àexplosion:Ð I ä  ÐÌÓ€ h(¶Ù88jÓà  àà ` à(1)€€Without€the€consent€of€all€persons€who€have€a€Ð Ñ l  Ðà  àà ` àpossessory€or€proprietary€interest€therein;€orÐ • 0  ÐÌà  àà ` à(2)€€With€intent€to€destroy€or€damage€any€such€propertyÐ ¸  Ðà  àà ` àfor€any€unlawful€purpose.Ð á|  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„14„303(a)(1),€(2)€(2003).à À à(× CEMU]emu}AutoList1(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)(a)j(a)h(1)Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€OÉ»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼OÉ»»»ÔÑ8€­XXdì»»d8ÑÑ  Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îVOÉÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEÔ#†¼OÉ»îîV #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓMay€20,€2003€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡X­X»¼OÉÔÌò òÔ#†¼OÉ»XX­ú#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€GENE€SHELTON€RUCKER,€JR.òòóóÔ‡X­X»¼OÉÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òAppeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Hamilton€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€235483€€€€€€Douglas€A.€Meyer,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€E2002„02101„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€December€9,€Ô_Ô2004Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓA€Hamilton€County€Grand€Jury€indicted€the€defendant,€Gene€Shelton€Rucker,€Jr.,€for€felony€murderÐ xÈ  Ðand€aggravated€arson€in€connection€with€a€fire€that€took€the€life€of€an€individual€who€resided€in€theÐ d´ Ðapartment€structure€that€was€burned.€€Following€a€jury€trial,€the€defendant€was€convicted€of€theÐ P  Ðlesser„included€offense€of€criminally€negligent€homicide€and€aggravated€arson,€as€charged.€€TheÐ <Œ Ðdefendant€now€appeals€his€convictions€and€sentence.€€Specifically,€the€defendant€argues€(1)€that€theÐ (x Ðtrial€court€erred€by€instructing€the€jury€on€criminal€responsibility€for€the€conduct€of€another;€(2)€thatÐ d Ðsetting€fire€to€personal€property€is€a€lesser„included€offense€of€aggravated€arson€and€should€haveÐ P Ðbeen€included€in€the€charge€to€the€jury;€(3)€that€the€instruction€on€the€knowing€òòmens€reaóó€element€ofÐ ì< Ðaggravated€arson€was€incorrect;€(4)€that€the€state€violated€the€defendantððs€due€process€rights€byÐ Ø( Ðadvancing€impermissibly€inconsistent€positions€relative€to€the€defendant€and€an€indicted€co„Ð Ä Ðdefendant;€(5)€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€his€convictions;€and€(6)€that€his€sentenceÐ ° Ðshould€not€have€been€enhanced€on€the€basis€of€prior€convictions€that€were€not€proven€by€certifiedÐ œì Ðcopies€of€the€underlying€judgments.€€After€a€thorough€review€of€the€record,€we€affirm€the€defendantððsÐ ˆØ Ðconvictions€and€sentence.Ô#†¼OÉ»XX­z#ÔÔ‡X­X»¼OÉÔÐ tÄ ÐÓ›ÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Judgments€of€the€Criminal€Court€are€Affirmed.ó óÐ L œ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼OÉ»àX­ #ÔÔ‡X­X.¼OÉÔJames€Curwood€Witt,€Jr.,€óóJ.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòGary€R.€Wade,€P.J.,óóÐ $"t! Ðand€òòThomas€T.€Woodall,€J.óó,€joined.Ð #`" ÐÌMelanie€R.€Snipes,€Chattanooga,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellant,€Gene€Shelton€Rucker,€Jr.Ð è$8 $ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€&€Reporter;€Braden€H.€Boucek,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð À&"& ÐWilliam€H.€Cox,€III,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Rodney€C.€Strong,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ ¬'ü"' ÐGeneral,€for€the€Appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð ˜(è#( ÐÓ¦ ÓÌÌÌÌÐ 4-„(-ýÈ Ðò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼OÉ»XX­Õ #ÔÔ‡X­X»¼OÉÔÐ ° ÐòòóóÔ#†¼OÉ»XX­Ÿ#ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X­X»¼OÉÔÌò òÑ€NïOÑó óà  àà ` àIn€the€evening€hours€of€November€2,€2000,€a€fire€erupted€in€an€old€building€locatedÐ ˆØ Ðat€332ðð€Martin€Luther€King€Boulevard€in€Chattanooga.€€Roseððs€Lounge,€a€drinking€establishment,Ð tÄ Ðand€another€business€occupied€the€first€floor€of€the€building,€and€approximately€ten€boarding„roomÐ `° Ðtype€apartments€were€situated€on€the€second€floor.€€It€is€undisputed€that€the€fire€originated€on€theÐ L œ Ðupper€level€in€apartment€number€3.€€It€is€also€undisputed€that€Beverly€Young,€who€lived€in€apartmentÐ 8 ˆ Ðnumber€8,€sustained€inhalation€injuries€and€thermal€burns€to€approximately€60€to€70€percent€of€herÐ $ t Ðbody;€she€survived€three€days€in€the€hospital€before€she€succumbed€to€the€lethal€injuries.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendant€and€Jillena€Orr,€who€were€residing€together€in€apartment€number€3,Ð è 8  Ðwere€charged€with€the€felony€murder€of€Ms.€Young€and€aggravated€arson€of€the€building€at€332ððÐ Ô$  ÐMartin€Luther€King€Boulevard.€€Trial€for€the€defendant€began€on€October€30,€2001,€while€Orrððs€caseÐ À  Ðwas€set€for€trial€in€December€2001.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àà ` àDespite€her€pending€charges,€Orr€voluntarily€appeared€and€testified€for€the€state€at€theÐ „Ô  Ðdefendantððs€trial€that€she€and€the€defendant€had€been€cohabiting€in€apartment€number€3€for€almostÐ pÀ Ðtwo€months.€€She€kept€clothing€and€other€personal€items€in€the€apartment.€€Orr€was€not€employedÐ \¬ Ðat€the€time,€whereas€the€defendant€was€gainfully€employed€and€paying€the€rent€for€the€apartment.Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àà ` àNovember€2€was€a€regular€work€day€for€the€defendant.€€Orr€testified€that€he€left€thatÐ  p Ðmorning€to€go€to€work€at€ConAgra€and€did€not€return€until€after€working€hours.€€Orr€was€not€in€theÐ  \ Ðapartment€when€the€defendant€returned;€instead,€she€was€downstairs€in€Roseððs€Lounge€socializingÐ øH Ðand€drinking€with€her€friend,€Tonya€Davis,€Davisðð€boyfriend,€and€another€man.€€Orr€admitted€thatÐ ä4 Ðshe€was€very€intoxicated,€having€consumed€vodka,€beer,€and€Fighting€Cock.€€When€the€defendantÐ Ð  Ðfound€Orr€in€the€lounge,€he€was,€in€Orrððs€words,€ð ðupset€with€me€because€I€was€sitting€with€dude.ðð€Ð ¼  ÐAlthough€Orr€was€a€drug€user,€she€insisted€at€trial€that€she€had€not€taken€any€drugs€that€day.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendant€came€in€and€out€of€the€lounge€several€times€urging€Orr€to€go€upstairsÐ €Ð Ðto€their€apartment.€€Orr€testified€that€she€eventually€went€to€the€apartment€after€deciding€that€sheÐ l¼ Ðwould€get€her€clothes€and€leave.€€The€defendant€followed€her€into€the€apartment,€and€the€two€arguedÐ X ¨ Ðloudly.€€Orr€said€that€she€gathered€her€clothes€to€leave,€but€the€defendant€would€not€permit€her€toÐ D!” Ðleave€the€apartment;€he€physically€blocked€the€doorway.€€Orr€testified€that€she€pulled€a€pocket€knifeÐ 0"€  Ðfrom€her€pocket€and€cut€the€defendant.€€When€the€defendant€did€not€move€out€of€her€way,€she€pickedÐ #l! Ðup€a€pair€of€scissors€to€cut€him.€€Orr€explained€that€the€defendant€was€upset€because€she€was€tryingÐ $X" Ðto€leave,€and€they€were€yelling€at€each€other.Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àà ` àAccording€to€Orr,€she€got€tired€of€arguing,€so€she€walked€to€the€bed€and€sat€downÐ Ì&"% Ðintending€to€sleep.€€When€the€defendant€tried€to€talk€to€her,€Orr€said€that€she€told€him€that€she€wasÐ ¸'#& Ðgoing€to€leave€anyway€as€soon€as€he€went€to€sleep.€€That€remark€prompted€the€defendant€to€threatenÐ ¤(ô#' Ðto€burn€her€clothes€if€she€tried€to€leave,€whereupon€the€defendant€picked€up€some€paper€and€set€itÐ )à$( Ðon€fire.€€Orr€testified€that€she€got€up€and€tried€to€run€out€of€the€door.€€The€defendant,€however,€tossedÐ |*Ì%) Ðthe€burning€paper,€got€in€front€of€her,€and€blocked€her€at€the€door.€€Orr€related€that€she€beganÐ h+¸&* Ðshouting€for€the€defendant€to€let€her€leave,€and€then€she€smelled€smoke.€€Orr€turned€around€and€sawÐ ° Ðfire€behind€her.€€She€asked€the€defendant€to€let€her€leave,€and€that€time€he€said€that€they€would€ð ðjustÐ œì Ðdie€together.ðð€€The€smoke€intensified,€and€Orr€said€she€could€not€breathe.€€At€that€point,€sheÐ ˆØ Ðphysically€shoved€the€defendant€out€the€way€and€ran€down€the€stairs.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àà ` àOrr€recalled€that€she€ran€into€the€lounge,€where€she€encountered€the€manager€andÐ L œ Ðanother€man.€€She€told€them€that€the€defendant€had€tried€to€kill€her.€€The€men€ran€up€the€stairway€toÐ 8 ˆ Ðinvestigate.€€What€Orr€did€next€is€somewhat€unclear.€€She€testified€about€telling€people€in€the€loungeÐ $ t Ðabout€the€fire,€being€in€the€lounge€after€everyone€ran€out,€running€from€the€defendant€when€he€cameÐ  ` Ðinto€the€lounge,€running€up€the€street€to€another€club€to€get€away€from€the€defendant,€and€eventuallyÐ ü L  Ðreturning€to€the€site€of€the€fire,€where€she€learned€that€Young€had€been€injured€in€the€fire.€€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àà ` àOrr€admitted€at€trial€that€she€had€two€prior€theft€convictions€and€had€been€convictedÐ À  Ðof€prostitution.€€Orr€related€that€her€attorney€had€advised€her€that€she€was€not€required€to€testifyÐ ¬ü  Ðbecause€charges€were€pending€against€her.€€When€asked€if€she€was€hoping€for€anything€as€a€resultÐ ˜è  Ðof€her€testimony,€Orr€answered,€ð ðIððm€hoping€for€all€this€to€be€over.ðð€€Additionally,€she€added€thatÐ „Ô  Ðshe€was€testifying€because€she€wanted€to€tell€the€truth.€€Evidently,€Orr€also€had€testified€for€the€stateÐ pÀ Ðat€the€defendantððs€preliminary€hearing.€€At€the€time€of€her€preliminary€hearing€testimony,€the€initialÐ \¬ Ðarrest€warrants€against€her€had€been€dismissed;€afterwards,€however,€the€grand€jury€returned€anÐ H˜ Ðindictment€jointly€charging€the€defendant€and€her€with€felony€murder€and€aggravated€arson.Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àà ` àOn€cross„examination,€the€defense€pointed€out€inconsistences€between€Orrððs€trialÐ  \ Ðtestimony€and€statements€she€had€given€to€the€police€and€the€fire€department€at€the€investigatoryÐ øH Ðstage.€€For€instance,€Orr€told€the€police€and€fire€department€that€the€lighted€paper€landed€in€theÐ ä4 Ðcloset.€€At€trial,€she€recanted€and€insisted,€ð ðI€donððt€know€where€the€paper€went.€€I€was€sitting€on€theÐ Ð  Ðbed.€€As€I€tried€to€run€out€the€door,€he€tossed€the€paper€to€get€to€the€door€before€I€got€there.ðð€€OrrÐ ¼  Ðdenied€that€she€set€the€fire€so€she€could€get€out€of€the€apartment.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àà ` àKirby€Marshall€managed€Roseððs€Lounge€and€the€upstairs€boarding€rooms€for€theÐ €Ð Ðproperty€owner,€Carolyn€Jenkins.€€He€collected€rent€and€kept€the€property€clean.€€Marshall€testifiedÐ l¼ Ðat€trial€that€he€lived€in€the€apartment€next€door€to€the€defendant€and€Orr.€€Marshall€was€downstairsÐ X ¨ Ðwhen€the€fire€started.€€He€recalled€seeing€Orr€come€down€the€stairs;€he€did€not€know€her€personallyÐ D!” Ðbut€knew€who€she€was.€€Marshall€stated€that€Orr€was€making€comments€about€ð ðthat€fool€crazyðð€andÐ 0"€  Ðð ðset€my€clothes€afire.ðð€€As€Orr€passed€by€Marshall€to€walk€inside€the€lounge,€Marshall€heard€Orr€say,Ð #l! Ðin€a€joking€tone,€ð ðThat€fool€said€he€was€going€to€set€my€clothes€on€fire.ðð€€Marshall€testified€that€OrrÐ $X" Ðnever€asked€him€to€call€the€police.Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àà ` àMarshall€did€not€investigate€at€the€time.€€He€testified€that€approximately€ten€minutesÐ Ì&"% Ðlater€the€defendant€came€down€the€stairs€and€advised€that€there€was€ð ða€little€fire€upstairs.ðð€€MarshallÐ ¸'#& Ðdid€not€take€the€comment€seriously,€but€when€he€later€checked,€he€discovered€a€big€fire.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àà ` àRonald€Asberry,€who€had€previously€been€convicted€of€aggravated€assault€andÐ |*Ì%) Ðmultiple€counts€of€passing€worthless€checks,€was€living€in€apartment€number€4€at€the€time€of€the€fire.€Ð h+¸&* ÐÑNïOÑâ NâÑe°Ñâ NâÑ  ÑAsberry€knew€the€defendant€and€Orr,€and€Asberryððs€apartment€was€directly€across€the€hall€from€theirÐ e Ðapartment.€€Asberry€testified€that€he€was€home€that€evening€and€heard€fighting€and€arguingÐ Qì Ðemanating€from€the€defendantððs€and€Orrððs€apartment.€€Although€he€tried€to€ignore€the€noise,€theÐ =Ø Ðapartment€walls€were€very€thin,€and€at€some€point€he€opened€his€apartment€door€and€looked€outside.€Ð )Ä ÐAsberry€recalled€that€he€saw€Orr€heading€down€the€steps,€yelling€and€talking€about€the€defendantÐ ° Ðgetting€ready€to€set€fire€to€the€place.€€The€door€to€the€defendantððs€apartment€was€open,€and€AsberryÐ  œ Ðcould€see€inside€the€apartment.€€He€described€seeing€the€defendant€ð ðstanding€there€with€a€lighter€inÐ í ˆ Ðhis€hand,€and€the€clothes,€they€were€beginning€to€burn,€and€he€was€just€standing€there€and€then€heÐ Ù t Ðlooked€at€me€and€then€he€walked€out€the€room€and€went€down€the€steps.ðð€€Asberry€said€that€he€sawÐ Å ` Ðflames€in€the€room.Ð ± L  ÐÌà  àà ` àAsberry€testified€he€shut€his€apartment€door.€€The€smoke€from€the€fire€then€began€toÐ ‰$  Ðroll€under€his€door,€at€which€point€he€decided€to€leave.€€A€female€companion€was€asleep€in€his€room,Ð u  Ðand€Asberry€roused€her.€€The€two€were€going€down€the€stairs€when€Asberry€heard€a€commotion€inÐ aü  Ðthe€hallway.€€He€stated€that€he€looked€back€up€the€stairs€and€could€see€that€Ms.€Young€was€on€fire.€Ð Mè  ÐHe€saw€Ms.€Young€collapse,€and€fire€rained€down€on€her.Ð 9Ô  ÐÌà  àà ` àOn€cross„examination,€Asberry€said€that€the€reason€he€opened€his€apartment€door€wasÐ ¬ Ðbecause€he€saw€smoke€coming€under€the€door.€€In€terms€of€the€location€of€the€fire,€Asberry€testifiedÐ ý˜ Ðthat€he€saw€the€fire€on€the€wall€in€front€of€the€defendant.€€Asberry€expressed€certainty€that€he€did€notÐ é„ Ðsee€a€fire€near€the€closet€in€the€apartment,€nor€did€he€see€fire€on€the€bed.€€He€described€the€fire€asÐ Õp Ðburning€from€the€bottom€of€some€clothing€that€was€hanging€on€the€wall.€€Asberry€admitted€on€cross„Ð Á\ Ðexamination€that€he€did€not€see€the€defendant€light€the€fire€but€that€the€defendant€was€standing€in€theÐ ­H Ðroom€as€the€fire€was€burning.Ð ™4 ÐÌà  àà ` àLieutenant€Reginald€Clark€with€the€Chattanooga€Fire€Department€investigated€the€fireÐ q  Ðin€this€case.€€He€determined€that€the€fire€originated€in€apartment€number€3.€€Lieutenant€ClarkÐ ]ø Ðexplained€that€typically€when€a€fire€starts€it€travels€up€and€out€in€the€shape€of€a€ð ðV.ðð€€The€heaviestÐ Iä Ðarea€of€charring€at€the€fire€scene€is€at€the€base€of€the€ð ðV,ðð€which€indicates€the€ð ðseatðð€of€the€fire.€€InÐ 5Ð Ðthis€case,€Lieutenant€Clark€testified€that€there€was€an€obvious€ð ðVðð€pattern€going€up€the€north€wall,Ð !¼ Ðnear€the€bed€area.€€The€mattress€and€box€springs€were€completely€burned.€€Another€heavy€area€ofÐ  ¨ Ðcharring€that€could€have€been€a€second€point€of€origin€was€on€the€south€side€of€the€room€near€aÐ ù ” Ðrefrigerator€and€the€doorway€to€the€apartment.€€None€of€the€samples€that€Lieutenant€Clark€collectedÐ å!€  Ðand€sent€for€testing€were€positive€for€any€kind€of€accelerant.Ð Ñ"l! ÐÌà  àà ` àThree€witnesses€testified€for€the€defendant.€€The€first€witness,€Reuben€Sandridge,€wasÐ ©$D # Ðat€the€building€when€the€fire€started.€€He€was€talking€with€Donald€Underwood,€who€shared€anÐ •%0!$ Ðapartment€with€the€victim.€€Sandridge€and€Underwood€were€sitting€in€the€hallway€because€the€victimÐ &"% Ðwas€asleep€inside€the€apartment.€€Sandridge€testified€that€he€heard€arguing€around€the€corner€and€thenÐ m'#& Ðsmelled€smoke.€€When€the€smoke€became€thick,€Sandridge€looked€around€the€corner€and€saw€theÐ Y(ô#' Ðdefendant€and€Orr€running€down€the€stairs.€€Underwood€pushed€open€the€defendantððs€apartmentÐ E)à$( Ðdoor,€and€fire€leaped€out€into€the€hallway.€€Underwood€shouted€for€Sandridge€to€wake€up€the€victimÐ 1*Ì%) Ðand€get€her€out€of€the€apartment.€€While€in€the€hallway,€Sandridge€and€the€victim€became€separated.€Ð +¸&* ÐSandridge€made€it€down€the€stairs€alone.€€When€he€retraced€his€steps,€he€saw€the€victim€sitting€at€theÐ  ,¤'+ Ðtop€of€the€stairs.€€Sandridge€grabbed€and€pulled€the€victim€down€the€stairs€on€top€of€him.€€She€wasÐ e Ðalready€badly€burned.€€Sandridge€testified€that€he€did€not€see€Asberry€in€the€hallway.Ð Qì ÐÌà  àà ` àChattanooga€Police€Detective€Tetzil€Tillery€testified€for€the€defense€that€he€wasÐ )Ä Ðdispatched€to€assist€with€the€suspected€arson€investigation.€€By€the€time€he€arrived€at€the€scene,€theÐ ° Ðdefendant€was€in€police€custody,€and€approximately€50€to€75€people€were€outside€watching€the€fire.€Ð  œ ÐLieutenant€Tillery€interviewed€three€people€that€night:€the€defendant,€Orr,€and€Sandridge.€€Based€onÐ í ˆ Ðthe€interviews,€Lieutenant€Tillery€took€both€Orr€and€the€defendant€into€custody.€€He€testified€that€heÐ Ù t Ðarrested€both€individuals€based€on€their€conflicting€accounts€of€what€occurred€and€the€uncertaintyÐ Å ` Ðconcerning€which€one€actually€started€the€fire.Ð ± L  ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€final€defense€witness€scheduled€to€testify€was€Donald€Underwood.€€Underwood,Ð ‰$  Ðhowever,€could€not€be€located.€€Rather€than€continue€the€trial€until€Underwood€could€be€found,€theÐ u  Ðparties€agreed€that€Underwoodððs€preliminary€hearing€testimony€could€be€read€to€the€jury€and€that€theÐ aü  Ðjury€could€be€advised€that€Underwood€had€been€convicted€in€1998€for€aggravated€assault.Ð Mè  ÐÌà  àà ` àUnderwoodððs€prior€testimony€was€as€follows.€He€heard€arguing€between€theÐ %À Ðdefendant€and€Orr.€€Underwood€was€talking€with€Sandridge€in€the€hallway€when€they€looked€up€andÐ ¬ Ðsaw€smoke€rolling€across€the€hall.€€Underwood€walked€in€the€direction€of€the€smoke€and€encounteredÐ ý˜ Ðthe€defendant€and€Orr€running€towards€the€stairway.€€Underwood€said€that€he€opened€the€defendantððsÐ é„ Ðapartment€door,€and€the€fire€was€blazing.€€Underwood€ducked€and€called€out€for€someone€to€find€theÐ Õp Ðmanager.€€Underwood€testified€that€he€then€ran€to€his€apartment€to€retrieve€Ms.€Young.€€UnderwoodÐ Á\ Ðdid€not€recall€seeing€Asberry€until€everyone€was€downstairs.Ð ­H ÐÌà  àà ` àBased€on€the€evidence,€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€on€felony€murder€and€theÐ …  Ðlesser„included€offenses€of€second€degree€murder,€voluntary€manslaughter,€reckless€homicide,€andÐ q  Ðcriminally€negligent€homicide.€€The€trial€court€also€instructed€on€the€charged€offense€of€aggravatedÐ ]ø Ðarson€and€the€lesser„included€offenses€of€arson€and€reckless€burning.€€Over€defense€objection,€theÐ Iä Ðtrial€court€gave€an€instruction€on€criminal€responsibility.Ð 5Ð ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€jury€deliberated€and€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€criminally€negligent€homicideÐ  ¨ Ðand€aggravated€arson.€€At€a€separate€hearing,€the€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant,€as€a€Range€IÐ ù ” Ðoffender,€to€two€years€on€the€criminally€negligent€homicide€conviction€and€to€22€years€for€theÐ å!€  Ðaggravated€arson,€and€it€ordered€the€sentences€to€be€served€concurrently.Ð Ñ"l! ÐÌà  àà ` àAggrieved€by€his€convictions€and€sentence,€the€defendant€has€appealed.€€He€presentsÐ ©$D # Ðsix€issues€for€our€consideration€involving€claims€of€jury€instructional€error,€prosecutorialÐ •%0!$ Ðmisconduct,€evidence€insufficiency,€and€sentencing€enhancement.׃O×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð &"% Ðò òÌÓ  ÓI.€€JURY€INSTRUCTIONSÐ Y(ô#' Ðà @ àÌÓûQÓà  àà ` àó óThe€first€three€issues€that€the€defendant€raises€on€appeal€relate€to€the€jury€instructionsÐ Qì Ðgiven€in€this€case.ò òÐ =Ø ÐÌÓ  ÓA.€€Criminal€ResponsibilityÐ ° Ðó óÌÓ  Óà  àà ` àA€person€is€criminally€responsible€for€the€conduct€of€another€if,€ð ðacting€with€intentÐ í ˆ Ðto€promote€or€assist€the€commission€of€the€offense,€or€to€benefit€in€the€proceeds€or€results€of€theÐ Ù t Ðoffense,€the€person€solicits,€directs,€aids,€or€attempts€to€aid€another€person€to€commit€the€offense.ðð€Ð Å ` ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„402(2)€(2003).€€Criminal€responsibility€is€not€a€separate€crime;€rather,€itÐ ± L  Ðis€ð ðsolely€a€theory€by€which€the€State€may€prove€the€defendantððs€guilt€of€the€alleged€offense,€.€.€.€,Ð  8  Ðbased€upon€the€conduct€of€another€person.ðð€€òòState€v.€Lemacksóó,€996€S.W.2d€166,€170€(Tenn.€1999)€Ð ‰$  ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€trial€court€in€this€case€gave€a€criminal€responsibility€charge€over€the€defendantððsÐ aü  Ðobjection.€€The€objection,€thereafter,€was€renewed€and€rejected€by€the€trial€court€in€denying€theÐ Mè  Ðdefendantððs€motion€for€new€trial.€€On€appeal,€the€defendant€insists€that€this€case€was€ð ðabout€anÐ 9Ô  Ðalternative€perpetratorðð€because€ð ð[e]ither€the€[defendant]€or€[Orr]€set€the€fire€that€killed€the€victim.ðð€Ð %À ÐHe€argues€that€there€was€no€evidence€of€some€middle„ground€guilt€whereby€he€was€complicit€withÐ ¬ ÐOrr€in€a€course€of€conduct€in€which€Orr€started€the€fire€that€ultimately€took€Beverly€Youngððs€life.€Ð ý˜ ÐAccordingly,€he€claims€it€was€error€to€instruct€the€jury€that€it€could€convict€him€under€a€criminalÐ é„ Ðresponsibility€theory.€Ð Õp ÐÌà  àà ` àWe€are€not€convinced€that€the€jury€was€required€to€take€an€all„or„nothing€approachÐ ­H Ðto€the€charged€offenses.€€It€is€the€juryððs€province,€as€the€trier€of€fact,€to€determine€which€parts€of€theÐ ™4 Ðtestimony€and€evidence€to€credit,€and€there€is€no€requirement€that€a€jury€must€wholly€accept€or€rejectÐ …  Ða€witnessððs€account€of€events.€€òòSee€State€v.€Bolinóó,€922€S.W.2d€870,€876€(Tenn.€1996).€€A€charge€ofÐ q  Ðcriminal€responsibility€is€appropriate€if€it€is€fairly€raised€by€the€evidence.€€òò€See€State€v.€Townesóó,€56Ð ]ø ÐS.W.3d€30,€36€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2000)€(duty€to€charge€when€issue€fairly€raised€by€the€evidence),Ð Iä Ðòòoverruled€in€part€on€other€grounds€by€State€v.€Reginald€D.€Terryóó,€__€S.W.3d€__,€No.€W2001„03027„Ð 5Ð ÐSC„R11„CD€(Tenn.,€Jackson,€Oct.€30,€2003).€In€this€case,€the€issue€whether€the€defendant€wasÐ !¼ Ðcriminally€responsible€was,€in€our€opinion,€fairly€raised€by€the€proof.€€Ð  ¨ ÐÌà  àà ` àIt€is€often€difficult,€as€this€case€illustrates,€to€persuasively€advance€a€theory€of€defenseÐ å!€  Ðif€the€accused€does€not€testify.€€In€this€case,€the€defense€attempted€to€counter€the€stateððs€case€throughÐ Ñ"l! Ðcross„examination€of€Orr.€€Orr€testified€that€the€defendant€started€the€fire,€and€her€testimony€wasÐ ½#X" Ðlargely€corroborated€by€Asberry.€€On€cross„examination,€the€defense€emphasized€that€Orr€was€underÐ ©$D # Ðindictment€for€the€same€offenses€for€which€the€defendant€was€being€tried.€€The€defense€alsoÐ •%0!$ Ðattempted€to€get€Orr€to€admit€that€she€had€started€the€fire€to€force€the€defendant€to€let€her€out€of€theÐ &"% Ðroom.€€In€closing€arguments,€the€defense€then€specifically€advanced€the€theory€that€Orr€wasÐ m'#& Ðmotivated€to€get€away€from€the€defendant€any€way€possible,€and€starting€a€fire€opened€a€route€ofÐ Y(ô#' Ðescape€for€her.Ð E)à$( ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€credibility€of€many€of€the€witnesses€in€this€case,€including€Orr,€was€suspect.€€OrrÐ +¸&* Ðadmitted€that€she€was€highly€intoxicated€the€evening€of€the€fire,€and€the€jury€easily€could€haveÐ  ,¤'+ Ðconcluded€that€others€present€that€evening€were€under€the€influence€of€alcohol€or€narcotics.€Ð e ÐWitnesses€Orr,€Asberry,€and€Underwood€had€multiple€prior€convictions.€€The€physical€evidence€leftÐ Qì Ðby€the€fire€was€not€totally€consistent€with€either€Orrððs€or€Asberryððs€account€of€events.€€By€her€ownÐ =Ø Ðtestimony,€Orr€was€out€of€control€at€times,€screaming€and€stabbing€the€defendant€with€a€pocket€knifeÐ )Ä Ðand€scissors.€€Orr€insisted€that€the€defendant€had€physically€blocked€her€exit€from€the€room,€yet€sheÐ ° Ðalso€admitted€that€she€was€taller€and€weighed€more€than€the€defendant.Ð  œ ÐÌà  àà ` àFrom€the€testimony€and€mixed€evidence,€the€jury€reasonably€could€have€concludedÐ Ù t Ðthat€the€defendant€started€the€fire,€that€Orr€wielded€the€lighter,€or€that€both€were€involved€in€theÐ Å ` Ðconflagration.€€As€the€state€submits€in€its€brief,€a€reasonable€jury€could€have€deduced€that€Orr€lit€aÐ ± L  Ðfire€to€get€out€of€the€room€and€that€the€defendant€set€her€clothes€on€fire€out€of€spite€such€that€he€actedÐ  8  Ðwith€the€requisite€intent€and€aided€Orr€in€the€arson.Ð ‰$  ÐÌà  àà ` àAccordingly,€we€believe€that€the€issue€of€criminal€responsibility€was€fairly€raised€inÐ aü  Ðthis€case,€and€as€a€result,€the€trial€court€correctly€instructed€the€jury€on€that€theory.Ð Mè  ÐÌà  àà ` àAs€a€fallback€position€regarding€criminal€responsibility,€the€defendant€also€argues€thatÐ %À Ðif€the€instruction€was€correctly€included€among€those€given€to€the€jury,€the€trial€court,€nevertheless,Ð ¬ Ðerred€in€omitting€an€instruction€on€the€natural€and€probable€consequences€rule€regarding€felonyÐ ý˜ Ðmurder.Ð é„ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€law€recognizes€a€three„part€test€for€imposition€of€criminal€liability€based€on€theÐ Á\ Ðnatural€and€probable€consequences.€€òòState€v.€Howardóó,€30€S.W.3d€271,€276€(Tenn.€2000).€€PursuantÐ ­H Ðto€that€test,€the€stateððs€evidence€must€show€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€and€the€jury€must€find:Ð ™4 ÐÌÓ °ÓÓ °Ó(1)€the€elements€of€the€crime€or€crimes€that€accompany€the€targetÐ q  Ðcrime;Ð ]ø ÐÌ(2)€that€the€defendant€was€criminally€responsible€pursuant€toÐ 5Ð ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„11„402;€andÐ !¼ ÐÌ(3)€that€the€other€crimes€that€were€committed€were€natural€andÐ ù ” Ðprobable€consequences€of€the€target€crime.Ð å!€  ÐÌÓ °õkÓÓ °çkÓòòIdóó.€€Ð ½#X" ÐÌà  àà ` àRecently,€in€òòState€v.€Robert€Michael€Wintersóó,€€No.€E2002„00160„CCA„R3„CD€(Tenn.Ð •%0!$ ÐCrim.€App.,€Knoxville,€Nov.€7,€2003),€the€court€characterized€the€question€whether€the€natural€andÐ &"% Ðprobable€consequences€instruction€was€required€for€the€felony€murder€count€as€ð ðan€intriguing€one.ðð€Ð m'#& ÐòòRobert€Michael€Wintersóó,€slip€op.€at€16.€€The€question€has€not€lost€its€intrigue,€and€we€adhere€to€theÐ Y(ô#' Ðfollowing€view€expressed€in€òòRobert€Michael€Wintersóó€that€the€natural€and€probable€consequencesÐ E)à$( Ðinstruction€is€not€required€in€conjunction€with€a€charge€of€felony€murder.Ð 1*Ì%) Ðâ âÐ +¸&* ÐÓ °ÓÓ °Óð ðThe€[natural€and€probable€consequences]€rule€underlies€the€doctrineÐ e Ðâ âof€criminal€responsibility€and€is€based€on€the€recognition€that€aidersÐ Qì Ðand€abettors€should€be€responsible€for€the€criminal€harms€they€haveÐ =Ø Ðnaturally,€probably€and€foreseeably€put€into€motion.ðð€€òòHowardóó,€30Ð )Ä ÐS.W.3d€at€276.€€In€contrast,€the€felony€murder€statute€.€.€.€does€notÐ ° Ðrequire€that€a€homicide€committed€during€the€course€of€one€of€theÐ  œ Ðenumerated€felonies€be€foreseeable.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„Ð í ˆ Ð202(a)(2)€(1997€and€2003);€òòState€v.€Hintonóó,€42€S.W.3d€113,€119Ð Ù t Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2000),€òòperm.€app.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€2001).€€ð ðWhenÐ Å ` Ðone€enters€into€a€scheme€with€another€to€commit€one€of€the€feloniesÐ ± L  Ðenumerated€in€the€felony€murder€statutes,€and€death€ensues,€bothÐ  8  Ðdefendants€are€responsible€for€the€death€regardless€of€who€actuallyÐ ‰$  Ðcommitted€the€murder€and€whether€the€killing€was€specificallyÐ u  Ðcontemplated€by€the€other.ðð€€òòIdóó.€(citing€òòState€v.€Brownóó,€756€S.W.2dÐ aü  Ð700,€704€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988)).€.€.€.€As€such,€.€.€.€the€trial€courtÐ Mè  Ðwas€not€required€to€give€the€natural€and€probable€consequencesÐ 9Ô  Ðinstruction€for€the€felony€murder€count.Ð %À ÐÓ °ßpÓÓ °ÑpÓÌòòId.€óóÐ ý˜ ÐÌò òÓ  ÓB.€€Lesser„Included€Offenseó óÐ Õp ÐÓwÓÌà  àà ` àIn€his€next€issue,€the€defendant€maintains€that€his€aggravated€arson€conviction€shouldÐ ­H Ðbe€reversed€and€that€a€new€trial€should€be€ordered€because€the€jury€was€not€instructed€on€the€offenseÐ ™4 Ðof€setting€fire€to€personal€property€as€a€lesser„included€offense.€€The€state€disputes€that€setting€fireÐ …  Ðto€personal€property€is€a€lesser„included€offense€and,€alternatively,€argues€that€harmless€error€curesÐ q  Ðany€possible€instructional€deficiency.€€From€the€record€before€us,€it€appears€that€the€defendantððsÐ ]ø Ðobjection€was€first€raised€in€his€motion€for€new€trial€and,€thereafter,€denied.׃S×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð Iä ÐÌà  àà ` àWhen€an€issue€is€raised€regarding€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€instruct€on€aÐ !¼ Ðlesser-included€offense,€we€must€determine:€(1)€whether€the€offense€is€a€lesser-included€offenseÐ  ¨ Ðunder€the€test€adopted€in€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453€(Tenn.€1999);€(2)€whether€the€evidenceÐ ù ” Ðsupports€an€instruction€on€the€lesser-included€offense;€and€(3)€whether€the€failure€to€instruct€on€theÐ å!€  Ðlesser-included€offense€constitutes€harmless€error.€€òòState€v.€Reginald€D.€Terryóó,€__€S.W.3d€__,€No.Ð Ñ"l! ÐW2001„03027„SC„R11„CD,€slip€op.€at€2€(Tenn.,€Jackson,€Oct.€30,€2003);€òòStateóó€òòv.€Allenóó,€69€S.W.3dÐ ½#X" Ð181,€187€(Tenn.€2002).Ð ©$D # ÐÐ •%0!$ Ðà  àà ` àPursuant€to€the€test€adopted€in€òòBurnsóó,€an€offense€is€lesser-included€if:Ð e ÐÌÓ °ÓÓ °Ó(a)€all€of€its€statutory€elements€are€included€within€the€offenseÐ =Ø Ðcharged;€orÐ )Ä ЀÌ(b)€it€fails€to€meet€the€definition€in€part€(a)€only€in€the€respect€that€itÐ  œ Ðcontains€a€statutory€element€or€elements€establishing:Ð í ˆ ÐÌ(1)€a€different€mental€state€indicating€a€lesser€kind€of€culpability;€orÐ Å ` ЀÌ(2)€a€less€serious€harm€or€risk€of€harm€to€the€same€person,€property€orÐ  8  Ðpublic€interest;€orÐ ‰$  ÐÌ(c)€it€consists€of€facilitation,€attempt€or€solicitation€of€the€offenseÐ aü  Ðcharged.Ð Mè  ÐÌÓ °>~ÓÓ °0~ÓòòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€466„67.Ð %À ÐÌà  àà ` àAs€relevant€to€this€case,€the€crime€of€aggravated€arson€occurs€when€a€person€commitsÐ ý˜ Ðarson,€as€defined€in€section€39„14„301€or€39„14„303,׃i×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€one€or€more€persons€are€present€therein,Ð é„ Ðor€any€person€suffers€serious€bodily€injury€as€a€result€of€the€fire€or€explosion.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÐ Õp Ð39„14„302€(2003).€€This€statute€embodies€several€alternative€modes€for€committing€aggravated€arson.€Ð Á\ ÐThe€mode€of€criminal€conduct€charged€in€the€indictment€in€the€present€case€invoked€the€section€39„Ð ­H Ð14„301€variety€of€arson;€specifically,€the€indictment€alleged€the€defendant€knowingly€damaged€theÐ ™4 Ðstructure€located€at€332ðð€Martin€Luther€King€Boulevard,€without€the€consent€of€all€persons€havingÐ …  Ða€possessory,€proprietary,€or€security€interest€therein,€and€while€one€or€more€persons€were€presentÐ q  Ðin€the€structure.Ð ]ø Їà  àà ` àA€completely€different€variety€of€arson€is€set€forth€in€section€39„14„303,€and€itÐ e Ðexpressly€excludes€buildings€or€structures€covered€under€section€39„14„301.€€òòSee€idóó.€ðð€39„14„303(a)Ð Qì Ð(2003)€(ð ðA€person€commits€arson€who€knowingly€damages€any€personal€property,€land,€or€otherÐ =Ø Ðproperty,€òòexcept€buildings€or€structures€covered€under€ðð€39„14„301óó,€by€means€of€a€fire€orÐ )Ä Ðexplosion.ðð)€(emphasis€added).€€It€is€this€mode€or€variety€of€arson€that€the€defendant€claims€shouldÐ ° Ðhave€been€instructed€as€a€lesser„included€offense.€€We€disagree.Ð  œ ÐÌà  àà ` àAn€analysis€of€lesser-included€offenses€often€entails€a€comparison€of€a€specific€modeÐ Ù t Ðof€the€greater€offense€with€a€specific,€related€mode€of€the€lesser€offense.€€òòSee€State€v.€Mooreóó,€77Ð Å ` ÐS.W.3d€132,€134„36€(Tenn.€2002)€(holding€that€reckless€endangerment€is€not€a€lesser„includedÐ ± L  Ðoffense€of€aggravated€assault€committed€by€intentionally€or€knowingly€causing€another€to€reasonablyÐ  8  Ðfear€imminent€bodily€injury€by€use€or€display€of€a€deadly€weapon).€€Such€a€comparison€in€this€caseÐ ‰$  Ðreveals€that€the€ð ðpersonal€property,€land,€or€other€property,€except€buildings€or€structuresðð€elementÐ u  Ðrequired€for€setting€fire€to€personal€property€or€land€is€not€an€element€necessary€to€establishÐ aü  Ðaggravated€arson€as€alleged€in€the€indictment.€€Because€all€of€the€elements€of€setting€fire€to€personalÐ Mè  Ðproperty€or€land€cannot€be€incorporated€into€the€elements€of€aggravated€arson€alleged€in€theÐ 9Ô  Ðindictment€in€this€case,€€part€(a)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test€is€not€satisfied.Ð %À ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€next€consideration€is€whether€the€disparate€element,€ð ðpersonal€property,€land,€orÐ ý˜ Ðother€property,€except€buildings€or€structures,ðð€qualifies€as€an€exception€afforded€by€part€(b)(1)€orÐ é„ Ð(b)(2)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test.€€In€our€opinion,€the€element€does€not€qualify€for€the€(b)(1)€exception€becauseÐ Õp Ðit€does€not€relate€to€the€relevant€mental€state.€€Likewise,€application€of€the€(b)(2)€exception€to€theÐ Á\ Ðdisparate€element€does€not€transform€the€offense€of€setting€fire€to€personal€property€or€land€into€aÐ ­H Ðlesser„included€offense.€€The€(b)(2)€exception€speaks€in€terms€of€€ð ða€less€serious€harm€or€risk€of€harmÐ ™4 Ðòòto€the€same€óóperson,€òòpropertyóó€or€public€interest.ðð€€òòBurnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€at€467€(emphasis€added).€€TheÐ …  Ðproperty€specified€in€section€39„14„301,€ð ðany€structure,ðð€is€not€the€same€property€specified€in€sectionÐ q  Ð39„14„303,€ð ðpersonal€property,€land,€or€other€property,€òòexcept€buildings€or€structures€covered€underÐ ]ø Ððð€39„14„301.ððóó€€(Emphasis€added).Ð Iä ÐÌà  àà ` àFinally,€part€(c)€of€the€òòBurnsóó€test€does€not€apply€because€setting€fire€to€personalÐ !¼ Ðproperty€or€land€does€not€consist€of€facilitation,€attempt,€or€solicitation€of€aggravated€arson.Ð  ¨ ÐÌà  àà ` àOur€ruling€that€setting€fire€to€personal€property€or€land€is€not€a€lesser„included€offenseÐ å!€  Ðin€this€case€disposes€of€the€defendantððs€claim€without€involving€any€harmless€error€analysis.€€HadÐ Ñ"l! Ðwe€concluded,€however,€that€an€instructional€error€occurred,€it€seems€abundantly€clear€that€it€wouldÐ ½#X" Ðbe€categorized€as€harmless€inasmuch€as€the€jury€was€offered€the€option€of€convicting€the€defendantÐ ©$D # Ðof€the€lesser„included€offenses€of€arson€and€reckless€burning€but€rejected€those€in€favor€of€the€greaterÐ •%0!$ Ðoffense.€€òòSee€Allenóó,€69€S.W.3d€at€189.Ð &"% ÐÌò òÓ  ÓC.€€ð ðKnowingðð€òòMens€Reaóó€Jury€Instructionó óÐ Y(ô#' ÐÓ;•ÓÌà  àà ` àThe€defendantððs€final€jury€instruction€challenge€is€that€the€trial€court€erroneouslyÐ 1*Ì%) Ðinstructed€the€jury€on€the€knowing€element€of€aggravated€arson.€€Relying€on€òòState€v.€Pageóó,€81Ð +¸&* ÐS.W.3d€781€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2002),€the€defendant€argues€that€the€instruction€improperly€andÐ  ,¤'+ Ðharmfully€permitted€a€conviction€based€only€upon€an€awareness€of€the€nature€of€his€conduct€or€thatÐ e Ða€particular€circumstance€existed€and€that€the€instruction€should€have€but€did€not€require€the€jury€toÐ Qì Ðdetermine€that€the€defendant€was€aware€that€his€conduct€was€reasonably€certain€to€cause€the€result.Ð =Ø ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendantððs€argument€is€predicated€on€the€definition€of€ð ðknowingðð€set€forth€inÐ ° ÐCode€section€39„11„302(b).€€The€mental€state€of€ð ðknowingðð€is€defined€in€terms€of€three€possibleÐ  œ Ðconduct€elements:€€(1)€the€nature€of€the€defendantððs€conduct;€(2)€the€circumstances€surrounding€theÐ í ˆ Ðdefendantððs€conduct;€and€(3)€the€result€of€the€defendantððs€conduct.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„Ð Ù t Ð302(b)€(2003);€òòPageóó,€81€S.W.3d€at€787.€€Offenses€within€the€third€category€are€referred€to€as€ð ðresult„Ð Å ` Ðof„conductðð€offenses.€€òòSee€State€v.€Duckeróó,€27€S.W.3d€889,€895„96€(Tenn.€2000).Ð ± L  ÐÌà  àà ` àWe€must€first€determine€if,€as€the€defendant€contends,€the€offense€of€aggravated€arsonÐ ‰$  Ðis€a€result„of„conduct€offense.€€This€is€an€issue€of€first€impression,€and€the€answer€is€not€entirelyÐ u  Ðclear„cut.€€Ultimately,€however,€we€believe€that€the€supreme€courtððs€description€of€result„of„conductÐ aü  Ðoffenses€in€òòDuckeróó€excludes€aggravated€arson€from€the€result„of„conduct€category.Ð Mè  ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€òòDuckeróó,€the€supreme€court€described€a€result„of„conduct€offense€in€the€followingÐ %À Ðfashion:Ð ¬ ÐÌÓ °ÓÓ °Óà ¸ àA€result„of„conduct€offense€requires€that€the€culpable€mentalÐ é„ Ðstate€accompany€the€result€as€opposed€to€the€nature€of€the€conduct.€.Ð Õp Ð.€.€The€focus€is€on€whether€the€actor€possessed€the€required€culpabilityÐ Á\ Ðto€effectuate€the€result€that€the€legislature€has€specified.€€Generally,Ð ­H Ðan€offense€may€be€classified€as€a€result„of„conduct€offense€when€theÐ ™4 Ðresult€of€the€conduct€is€the€only€element€contained€in€the€offense.Ð …  ÐÌÓ °žÓÓ °úÓòòDuckeróó,€27€S.W.3d€at€896.€€To€illustrate€the€point,€the€supreme€court€then€called€forth€TennesseeððsÐ ]ø Ðsecond€degree€murder€statute.׃T×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð Iä ÐÌÓ °ÓÓ °ÓAn€example€of€a€result-of-conduct€offense€is€second€degree€murder,Ð !¼ Ðwhich€is€defined€as€a€ð ðknowing€killing€of€another.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð  ¨ Ððð€39-13-210(a)(1).€€In€second€degree€murder,€the€result€of€the€conductÐ ù ” Ðis€the€sole€element€of€the€offense.€€The€ð ðnature€of€the€conductðð€thatÐ å!€  Ðcauses€death€or€the€manner€in€which€one€is€killed€is€inconsequentialÐ Ñ"l! Ðunder€the€second€degree€murder€statute.€€The€statute€focuses€purelyÐ ½#X" Ðon€the€result€and€punishes€an€actor€who€knowingly€causes€anotherððsÐ ©$D # Ðdeath.€€The€intent€to€engage€in€conduct€is€not€an€explicit€element€ofÐ •%0!$ Ðthe€stateððs€case€in€second€degree€murder.€€Accordingly,€aÐ &"% Ðâ âresult-of-conduct€crime€does€not€require€as€an€element€that€an€actorÐ m'#& Ðengage€in€a€specified€course€of€conduct€to€accomplish€the€specifiedÐ e Ðresult.Ð Qì Ðâ âÌÓ °s¡ÓÓ °e¡ÓòòIdóó.€Ð )Ä ÐÌà  àà ` àUnder€our€arson€statutes,€a€person€commits€aggravated€arson€ð ðwho€commits€arsonððÐ  œ Ðunder€additional,€specified€circumstances€necessary€to€elevate€the€arson€into€aggravated€arson.€€Tenn.Ð í ˆ ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€39„14„302(a)(1),€(2)€(2003).€€Simple€arson€is€defined€in€terms€of€a€person€ð ðwhoÐ Ù t Ðòòknowinglyóó€damages€any€structure€by€means€of€a€fire€or€explosion.ðð€€òòIdóó.€ðð€39„14„301(a)€(2003)Ð Å ` Ð(emphasis€added).€€Grammatically€speaking,€the€word€ð ðknowinglyðð€modifies€ð ðdamages,ðð€whichÐ ± L  Ðrefers€to€the€result€of€the€personððs€conduct.€€Nonetheless,€the€arson€statute€does€not€focus€purely€onÐ  8  Ðthe€result€„„€that€is,€damage€to€a€structure.€€Instead,€the€nature€of€the€conduct€„„€creating€a€fire€orÐ ‰$  Ðexplosion€„„€that€causes€the€damage€to€the€structure€is€consequential€and€central€to€the€offense.€Ð u  ÐMeasured€according€to€the€parameters€set€forth€in€òòDuckeróó,€arson€and€aggravated€arson,€therefore,€areÐ aü  Ðnot€result„of„conduct€offenses;€they€do€not€require€that€a€defendant€act€with€an€awareness€that€settingÐ Mè  Ða€fire€or€creating€an€explosion€is€reasonably€certain€to€cause€damage€to€a€structure.Ð 9Ô  ÐÌà  àà ` àTo€summarize,€we€hold€that€aggravated€arson€is€not€a€result„of„conduct€offense€and,Ð ¬ Ðtherefore,€we€reject€the€defendantððs€complaint€that€the€jury€was€improperly€instructed€on€theÐ ý˜ Ðð ðknowingðð€element€of€aggravated€arson.€€Even,€however,€were€we€to€accept€the€defendantððsÐ é„ Ðargument€that€aggravated€arson€is€a€result„of„conduct€offense,€we€are€confident€that€any€instructionalÐ Õp Ðerror€would€be€harmless,€because€identity€of€the€individual€setting€the€fire€was€the€central€disputedÐ Á\ Ðissue€at€trial.€€òòSee€Pageóó,€81€S.W.3d€at€789€(suggesting€an€erroneous€òòmens€reaóó€instruction€wouldÐ ­H Ðlikely€be€harmless€when€identity,€not€òòmensóó€òòrea,óó€was€the€disputed€issue€at€trial).Ð ™4 Ðò òÌÓ  ÓII.€€PROSECUTORIAL€MISCONDUCT:€€INCONSISTENT€POSITIONSÐ q  Ðó óÌÓn®Óà  àà ` àThe€defendant€frames€his€next€issue€in€terms€of€prosecutorial€misconduct€generatedÐ Iä Ðby€pursuing€inconsistent€theories€of€guilt.€€The€defendant€argues€that€the€state€advancedÐ 5Ð Ðimpermissibly€inconsistent€positions€when€it€indicted€both€Orr€and€the€defendant€but€then€permittedÐ !¼ ÐOrr€to€testify€that€the€defendant€acted€alone.€€We€disagree;€in€our€opinion,€no€such€prosecutorialÐ  ¨ Ðmisconduct€has€been€shown€to€have€occurred.Ð ù ” ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€concept€of€ð ðprosecutorial€inconsistencyðð€was€examined€at€length€in€the€recentÐ Ñ"l! Ðdecision€in€òòState€v.€Gregory€Robinsonóó,€No.€W2001„01299„CCA„R3„DD€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,Ð ½#X" ÐAug.€13,€2003),€òòperm.€app.€pendingóó.€€In€that€case,€Robinson€was€found€guilty€of€premeditated€firstÐ ©$D # Ðdegree€murder€based€on€a€theory€of€criminal€responsibility€for€the€conduct€of€another€and€wasÐ •%0!$ Ðsentenced€to€death.€€The€jury€also€found€him€guilty€of€especially€aggravated€kidnapping,€for€whichÐ &"% Ðhe€received€a€25„year€sentence.Ð m'#& ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€òòGregory€Robinsonóó€court€treated€the€issue€as€one€of€first€impression€in€this€state.€Ð E)à$( ÐUpon€canvassing€cases€from€other€jurisdictions,€the€court€first€determined€that€ð ðno€uniform€body€ofÐ 1*Ì%) Ðlaw€exists€for€addressing€the€issue.ðð€€òòGregory€Robinsonóó,€slip€op.€at€16.€€The€concept,€whereÐ +¸&* Ðrecognized,€holds€that€the€prosecutionððs€use€of€factually€contradictory€theories€in€separate€trials€ofÐ  ,¤'+ Ðdifferent€defendants€offends€due€process€because€ð ðthe€justice€system€.€.€.€demands€that€[prosecutors]Ð e Ðact€in€the€interests€of€justice€rather€than€conducting€themselves€as€mere€advocates.ðð€€òòGregoryÐ Qì ÐRobinsonóó,€slip€op.€at€17€(citing€òòSmith€v.€Grooseóó,€205€F.3d€1045,€1049€(8th€Cir.),€òòcert.€denied€subÐ =Ø Ðnom.€Gammon€v.€Smithóó,€531€U.S.€985,€121€S.€Ct.€441€(2000)).Ð )Ä ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€òòGregory€Robinsonóó€court€aligned€itself€with€those€jurisdictions€recognizingÐ  œ Ðprosecutorial€inconsistency€as€the€basis€for€a€due€process€violation.€€The€òòóócourt,€however,€carefullyÐ í ˆ Ðand€expressly€qualified€its€approach€to€the€issue.€€ð ðWe€emphasize€.€.€.€that€such€due€process€claimsÐ Ù t Ðare€unusual,€will€not€often€occur,€and€must€exist€at€the€core€of€the€prosecutionððs€case€in€order€toÐ Å ` Ðjustify€relief.ðð€€òòGregory€Robinsonóó,€slip€op.€at€17;€òòsee€Smithóó,€205€F.3d€at€1052€(due€process€does€notÐ ± L  Ðrequire€the€prosecution€to€ð ðpresent€precisely€the€same€evidence€and€theories€in€trials€for€differentÐ  8  Ðdefendantsðð).€€Furthermore,€a€defendant€must€establish€not€only€prosecutorial€inconsistencies€butÐ ‰$  Ðalso€that€ð ðprosecutorial€inconsistencies€led€to€a€reasonable€likelihood€that€the€outcome€of€the€trialÐ u  Ðwould€be€different€absent€the€inconsistencies.ðð€€òòGregory€Robinsonóó,€slip€op.€at€17€(citing€and€adoptingÐ aü  Ðthe€ð ðmaterialityðð€standard€applied€to€suppression€of€exculpatory€evidence€formulated€in€òòUnitedÐ Mè  ÐStates€v.€Bagleyóó,€473€U.S.€667,€105€S.€Ct.€3375€(1985)).Ð 9Ô  ÐÌà  àà ` àWith€these€principles€in€mind,€we€do€not€believe€that€a€due€process€violation€occurredÐ ¬ Ðin€this€case.€€On€the€most€basic€level,€due€process€was€not€violated€because€contradictory€evidenceÐ ý˜ Ðand/or€arguments€were€not€presented€to€separate€juries€during€the€course€of€trying€co„defendants€forÐ é„ Ðthe€same€offense.€€Orr€never€went€to€trial€on€the€homicide€or€aggravated€arson€charges;€there€are€noÐ Õp Ðseparate€trials€to€compare.€€Ð Á\ ÐÌà  àà ` àFurthermore,€prosecutorial€discretion€in€the€charging€process€is€vast€and€generally€isÐ ™4 Ðnot€open€to€challenge.€€òòSee€Ramsey€v.€Town€of€Oliver€Springsóó,€998€S.W.2d€207€(Tenn.€1999).€€Ð …  Ðò òó óÌÓ °ÓÓ °ÓA€prosecutor€exercises€considerable€discretion€in€matters€such€as€theÐ ]ø Ðdetermination€of€which€persons€should€be€targets€of€investigation,Ð Iä Ðwhat€methods€of€investigation€should€be€used,€what€information€willÐ 5Ð Ðbe€sought€as€evidence,€which€persons€should€be€charged€with€whatÐ !¼ Ðoffenses,€which€persons€should€be€utilized€as€witnesses,€whether€toÐ  ¨ Ðenter€into€plea€bargains€and€the€terms€on€which€they€will€beÐ ù ” Ðestablished,€and€whether€any€individuals€should€be€granted€immunity.€Ð å!€  ÐThese€decisions,€critical€to€the€conduct€of€a€prosecution,€are€all€madeÐ Ñ"l! Ðoutside€the€supervision€of€the€court.€€Ð ½#X" ÐÓ °È¿ÓÓ °º¿ÓÌòòYoung€v.€United€Statesóó,€481€U.S.€787,€807,€107€S.€Ct.€2124,€2137€(1987).€€The€defendant€insists€thatÐ •%0!$ Ðif€the€state€believed€that€Orr€was€credible,€it€was€prosecutorial€misconduct€not€to€dismiss€the€chargesÐ &"% Ðagainst€her.€€That€complaint€aims€at€the€heart€of€prosecutorial€discretion€in€the€charging€process,Ð m'#& Ðwhich€we€are€not€at€liberty€to€disturb.€€Ð Y(ô#' ÐÌà  àà ` àWe€discern€no€basis€to€disturb€the€defendantððs€convictions€as€the€result€ofÐ 1*Ì%) Ðprosecutorial€inconsistency.Ð +¸&* ÐÐ  ,¤'+ Ðò òÓ  ÓIII.€€SUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEó óÐ e ÐÓjÅÓÌà  àà ` àAlthough€the€defendant€challenges€the€legal€sufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence,Ð =Ø Ðhe€does€so€by€reference€to€other€issues€that€he€has€raised€and€that€we€have€rejected.€€He€claims€thatÐ )Ä Ðthe€evidence€was€inadequate€to€convict€him€under€a€theory€of€criminal€responsibility€and€that€thereÐ ° Ðwas€insufficient€proof€that€he€knowingly€damaged€the€structure€or€contributed€to€the€death€of€Ms.Ð  œ ÐYoung.€€These€claims€require€no€lengthy€discussion.Ð í ˆ ÐÌà  àà ` àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€an€appellate€courtÐ Å ` Ðinspects€the€evidentiary€landscape,€including€the€direct€and€circumstantial€contours,€from€the€vantageÐ ± L  Ðpoint€most€agreeable€to€the€prosecution.€€The€reviewing€court€then€decides€whether€the€evidence€andÐ  8  Ðthe€inferences€that€flow€therefrom€permit€any€rational€fact€finder€to€conclude€beyond€a€reasonableÐ ‰$  Ðdoubt€that€the€defendant€is€guilty€of€the€charged€crime.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€òòJackson€v.Ð u  ÐVirginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€324,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2791-92€(1979);€òòState€v.€Duncanóó,€698€S.W.2d€63,€67Ð aü  Ð(Tenn.€1985);€òòState€v.€Dykesóó,€803€S.W.2d€250,€253€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990),€òòoverruled€on€otherÐ Mè  Ðgrounds€by€State€v.€Hooperóó,€29€S.W.3d€1€(Tenn.€2000).Ð 9Ô  ÐÌà  àà ` àIn€determining€sufficiency€of€the€proof,€the€appellate€court€does€not€replay€andÐ ¬ Ðreweigh€the€evidence.€€òòSee€State€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€Ð ý˜ ÐWitness€credibility,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€and€factual€disputes€are€entrusted€to€theÐ é„ Ðfinder€of€fact.€€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978);€òòLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€199€Tenn.€298,Ð Õp Ð305,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(1956);€òòFarmer€v.€Stateóó,€574€S.W.2d€49,€51€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€Ð Á\ ÐSimply€stated,€the€court€will€not€substitute€its€judgment€for€that€of€the€trier€of€fact.€€Instead,€the€courtÐ ­H Ðextends€to€the€State€of€Tennessee€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€contained€in€theÐ ™4 Ðrecord€as€well€as€all€reasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€€òòSeeÐ …  ÐCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€at€835.Ð q  ÐÌà  àà ` àWe€previously€ruled€that€it€was€not€error€for€the€trial€court€to€give€an€instruction€onÐ Iä Ðcriminal€responsibility.€€As€discussed€in€Section€I.€A.€above,€a€reasonable€jury,€viewing€the€evidenceÐ 5Ð Ðin€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€could€have€deduced€that€both€Orr€and€the€defendant€wereÐ !¼ Ðinvolved€in€the€conflagration.€€The€evidence,€we€hold,€is€sufficient€to€convict€on€the€theory€ofÐ  ¨ Ðcriminal€responsibility.Ð ù ” ÐÌà  àà ` àAs€for€the€evidence€sufficiency€related€to€the€knowing€òòmensóó€òòreaóó€for€aggravated€arson,Ð Ñ"l! Ðwe€rejected€the€defendantððs€earlier€argument€that€aggravated€arson€is€a€result„of„conduct€crime.€€TheÐ ½#X" Ðevidence,€therefore,€was€not€required€to€show€that€the€defendant€was€aware€that€his€conduct€wasÐ ©$D # Ðreasonably€certain€to€damage€the€structure€or€result€in€Ms.€Youngððs€death.€€Ð •%0!$ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€the€defendantððs€convictions.Ð m'#& ÐÌò òÓ  ÓIV.€€SENTENCE€ENHANCEMENT:€€PRIOR€CONVICTIONSó óÐ E)à$( ÐÓÔÓÌà  àà ` àIn€his€final€issue,€the€defendant€argues€in€summary€fashion€that€the€trial€courtÐ +¸&* Ðimproperly€enhanced€his€sentence€based€on€prior€convictions€that€were€not€proven€by€certified€copiesÐ  ,¤'+ Ðof€the€underlying€judgments.€€The€defendant€does€not€assert€what€sentence€he€regards€as€appropriate,Ð e Ðnor€does€he€challenge€any€other€aspect€of€sentencing.Ð Qì ÐÌà  àà ` àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length€and€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€it€is€theÐ )Ä Ðduty€of€this€court€to€conduct€a€òòde€novo€óóreview€on€the€record€with€a€presumption€that€ð ðtheÐ ° Ðdeterminations€made€by€the€court€from€which€the€appeal€is€taken€are€correct.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÐ  œ Ð40-35-401(d)€(2003).€€This€presumption€is€ð ðconditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€recordÐ í ˆ Ðthat€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€Ð Ù t ÐòòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€The€presumption€does€not€apply€to€the€legalÐ Å ` Ðconclusions€reached€by€the€trial€court€in€sentencing€the€accused€or€to€the€determinations€made€by€theÐ ± L  Ðtrial€court€which€are€predicated€upon€uncontroverted€facts.€òò€See€Stateóó€òòv.€Butleróó,€900€S.W.2d€305,€311Ð  8  Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994);€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€891€S.W.2d€922,€929€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).Ð ‰$  ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€evidence€before€the€court€at€the€sentencing€hearing€consisted€of€the€trial€evidence,Ð aü  Ðthe€Ô_ÔpresentenceÔ_Ô€investigation€report,€and€the€testimony€of€the€defendantððs€brother€and€brother„in„law.€Ð Mè  ÐThe€live€testimony€was€brief,€with€the€defendantððs€relatives€soliciting€sentencing€leniency€from€theÐ 9Ô  Ðcourt.€€Defense€counsel€interposed€an€oral€objection€to€the€criminal€history€portion€of€the€presentenceÐ %À Ðreport€on€the€basis€that€the€state€had€not€provided€certified€copies€of€the€conviction€judgments€listed.€Ð ¬ ÐNo€mitigation€factors€were€offered€for€the€courtððs€consideration.Ð ý˜ ÐÌà  àà ` àAfter€hearing€the€arguments€of€the€parties,€the€court€imposed€a€maximum,€two„yearÐ Õp Ðsentence€for€the€criminally€negligent€homicide€conviction.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„212(b)€(2003)Ð Á\ Ð(criminally€negligent€homicide€Class€E€felony),€40„35„112(5)€(2003)€(Range€I€sentence€for€Class€EÐ ­H Ðfelony,€not€less€than€one€nor€more€than€two€years).€€It€ordered€a€concurrent€twenty„two„year€sentenceÐ ™4 Ðfor€the€aggravated€arson€conviction,€which€was€two€years€above€the€presumptive€sentence.€€òòIdóó.€ððððÐ …  Ð39„14„302(b)(1)€(2003)€(aggravated€arson€Class€A€felony),€40„35„112(1)€(2003)€(Range€I€sentenceÐ q  Ðfor€Class€A€felony,€not€less€than€fifteen€nor€more€than€twenty„five€years),€„35„210(c)€(2003)Ð ]ø Ð(presumptive€sentence€for€Class€A€felony€is€midpoint€of€range€if€no€enhancement€or€mitigatingÐ Iä Ðfactors).€€The€court€found€no€mitigating€factors,€and€it€applied€two€€enhancement€factors:€€a€previousÐ 5Ð Ðhistory€of€criminal€convictions€or€behavior,€òòidóó.€ðð€40„35„114(2)€(2003),€and€the€personal€injuriesÐ !¼ Ðinflicted€by€the€aggravated€arson€were€particularly€great,€òòidóó.€ðð€40„35„114(7)€(2003).Ð  ¨ ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€defendantððs€complaint€appears€to€raise€a€question€of€law,€whether€certified€copiesÐ å!€  Ðof€prior€convictions€must€be€introduced€before€a€trial€court€can€consider€and€apply€enhancementÐ Ñ"l! Ðfactor€(2).€€That€question€has€been€resolved€adversely€to€the€defendantððs€position.€€òòSee€State€v.Ð ½#X" ÐAdamsóó,€45€S.W.3d€46,€59€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2000)€(presentence€report€constitutes€reliable€hearsay;Ð ©$D # Ðcertified€copies€of€convictions€unnecessary€to€prove€prior€criminal€history;€courts€can€rely€onÐ •%0!$ Ðpresentence€report).€€The€convictions€in€this€case€were€reported€in€the€presentence€report.€€TheÐ &"% Ðdefendant€did€not€contest€the€accuracy€of€the€information€regarding€the€listed€convictions.€Ð m'#& ÐMoreover,€the€trial€court€stated€that€it€only€considered€the€Tennessee€convictions€listed€in€the€reportÐ Y(ô#' Ðand€disregarded€four€out„of„state€convictions.€€Finally,€the€trial€court€pointed€out€that€the€defendantððsÐ E)à$( Ðadmitted€marijuana€and€crack€cocaine€use€supported€application€of€enhancement€factor€(2)€in€termsÐ 1*Ì%) Ðof€ð ðcriminal€behavior,ðð€a€determination€with€which€we€agree.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(2)Ð +¸&* Ð(2003)€(previous€history€of€ð ðcriminal€behaviorðð);€òòState€v.€Mossóó,€13€S.W.3d€374,€388„89€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð  ,¤'+ ÐApp.€1999)€(defendantððs€admitted€marijuana€manufacturing€for€personal€use€considered€priorÐ e Ðcriminal€behavior).Ð Qì ÐÌò òÓ  ÓCONCLUSIONó óÐ )Ä ÐÓéÓÌà  àà ` àDiscerning€no€basis€for€this€court€to€disturb€the€defendantððs€criminally€negligentÐ  œ Ðhomicide€and€aggravated€arson€convictions€or€for€this€court€to€interfere€with€the€sentences€imposedÐ í ˆ Ðby€the€trial€court,€we€affirm€the€trial€courtððs€judgments.Ð Ù t ÐÌÓÓÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð 9Ô  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJAMES€CURWOOD€WITT,€JR.,€JUDGE