ÿWPC  ô„ÃúëÈjo>ìm! Ìƒq|Pà}o§·t²•â¿Em5d i³Œ»ØCt¯ÀwLîÇ >¯ê±òàꡜ]Ú9/Çk„F±6¸¼ìSÒ¯–уÅáö”&*^üÅx¬N0‡ñãhhïB5´”2'uÂB2½Pꦑt3a÷Ø}0ø„½?°¿/cœ ž¬²uZ_›™8.ìϼHË_M²!} ãdáV§«5ÇꟕL׎ÑVÞøZüò»D³ =ÉÎ1Žƒ™‘¸Å¥€bŒÆ_ùü^•Sï]+§Õè¨ÌM¯ñ©°“‹ÏbMKûxæ.¶ùHÓ*nJv*ǯê€M;iºËžšüÌJV®È$ÇRï"›;Î3Àq^˜ ¨ðuôhÎü²ž‘”[WG•$DúBKg!&$ˆDXÆOráG¯6³‘d·2k~»¬W¾Ž pJiN‹·–°g °\q „ì>k)¢X³MKŠ?bfUFÿßqÚÒ&Øl×áÖ’Ð}±f­áÞZ“¼•JÒk¶›@¸ -«;àŽÁ€ò`8:_[C:»æq3ó»ÈyÄy‰Ô{ôx¤g½„—þ¼ Ke‘š,,^ðm@ì[Kßð*# LUNW %¥ 0(«U:Ów@ 4MaU:pª 0ˆ² 0D: 0D~¨Â'j U:‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ AQË Æ Bâ 0Dÿ 0DC C D/‡ ‡ B¶ D3Ó ˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLàÏ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡, øð AZ"Arial Regular Œ{EŽE‘Oe’V“D”D•Ó€©eE%3|x ,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular(8(2¨$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÒ4°ÒÒX°Òà Œ àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý žÝ ƒ ¨$ÝÒ4°ÒÒX°Òà Œ àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ‡X,;XXXÔÔ‡ôóËôXX,;ÔIt€is€the€policy€of€this€court€to€withhold€the€identity€of€children€involved€in€sexual€abuse.€òòStateÐ `  Ðv.€Schimpfóó,€782€S.W.2d€186,€188€n.€1€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1989).Ô#†ôý0ôôôóË_#ÔÔ#†X\¶Xôôý0~#Ô Ý ƒ ¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€X`XXXÔÔ€¨^XX`ÔÓ  ÓÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€X`X¨^ÔÐ  ÐÌò òOctober€6,€1998Ð šš ÐÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€ô—¡ ôXX`ÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular! #$&Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 d(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó(('÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd""""'ÿÿdxdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýñ‘ñ›ñ‘ññ‘ñ›ñ‘ñÔ€X,;XXXÔÑ` °ÑÑܰÑÒ4°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑòòÑ7€,;XdðXXdð7ÑÑ  Ññ•ñœßr€ )<,(j 8` `€€@E f ` ttx$X` ð Úrß›ñ•ñà@j j ÚàIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ `  ÐÌÓ  ÓAT€KNOXVILLEóóÐ @ à ÐÓ÷ÓÌà@(ÚàJULY€1998€SESSIONˆÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à ” àà ì àà D à*€à œ àNo.€03C01„9707„CR„00307Ð à€ Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àÌà Œ àà ä àAppellee,à ” àà ì àà D à*à œ àBLOUNT€COUNTYÐ À`  Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D à€Ìvs.à Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D à*à œ àHon.€D.€Kelly€Thomas,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ  @  ÐÌBRUCE€ALAN€RUDD,à ” àà ì àà D à*à œ à(Rape€of€a€Child)€€€Ð €  ЀÌà Œ àà ä àAppellant.à ” àà ì àà D à*Ð ` ÐÌÌÌÌÌòòFor€Appellantóó:à < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àòòFor€Appelleeóó:Ð   ÐÌGregory€D.€Smith€à < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àJohn€Knox€WalkupÐ à€ ÐContract€Appellate€Defender€à ì àà D àà œ àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÐ Ð p ÐOne€Public€Square,€Suite€321ÌClarksville,€TN€€37040à ” àà ì àà D àà œ àTodd€R.€KelleyÐ °"P Ð(on€appeal)€à ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÐ  #@ Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ à425€Fifth€Avenue€NorthÌR.€Mack€Garnerà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àCordell€Hull€Building,€Second€FloorÐ €%  ÐDistrict€Public€Defenderà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àNashville,€TN€€37243„0493Ð p& Ð419€High€StreetÌMaryville,€TN€€37804à ” àà ì àà D àà œ àKirk€AndrewsÐ P(ð! Ð(at€trial€and€on€appeal)à ” àà ì àà D àà œ àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÐ @)à" Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àBlount€County€CourthouseÌà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ à363€Court€Streetà ¤ àà ü! àà T$ àÐ  +À!$ Ðà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àMaryville,€TN€€37804Ìà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àà œ àÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:___________________________ÌÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌGARY€R.€WADE,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÐ  p5,/S ÐÓÓà@33-Úàòòò òOPINIONó óóóÔ‡X\¶XXX,;ԈР`  ÐÔ#†X,;XXX\¶] #Ôà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant,€Bruce€Alan€Rudd,€was€convicted€of€rape€of€a€child,€aÐ @ à ÐClass€A€felony.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„522.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€theÏdefendant,€who€qualified€as€a€child€rapist,€to€twenty„five€years€imprisonment.€€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñòòSeeóóÐ   ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„523(b),€(c)€(a€child€rapist€must€serve€the€entire€sentenceÏundiminished€by€sentence€reduction€credits€and€there€is€no€release€eligibility€orÏparole€ñ‘ñeligibiltyñ‘ññ‘ñeligibilityñ‘ñ€for€a€child€rapist).€€Añ‘ñ›ñ‘ñ€fine€of€$50,000.00€was€imposed.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€this€appeal€of€right,€the€defendant€presents€the€following€issues€forÏreview:ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(I)€€€whether€the€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€theÏconviction€for€rape€of€a€child;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(II)€€€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€restricting€cross„¼examination€of€the€victim's€mother;Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(III)€€€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€admitting€theÏdefendant's€statements€to€law€enforcement€officers;€andÐ ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#à(IV)€€€whether€the€sentence€is€excessive.ÓtÓÐ ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌà Œ àà ä àWe€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àOn€September€8,€1996,€James€and€Lora€Jean€Normile€permitted€theÏdefendant€to€share€a€residence€with€them€and€their€three€children.€€On€the€next€day,Ïwhile€her€husband€was€at€work,€Ms.€Normile€noticed€AN,׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€the€two„year„old€victim,Ð Ð/p&) Ð"pulling€at€her€vagina"€in€the€living€room.€€The€defendant€was€in€her€bedroom.€€Ms.ÏNormile€initially€thought€that€the€victim,€who€has€a€speech€problem,€needed€to€useÏthe€bathroom.€€Ms.€Normile€put€her€infant€son€down€for€a€nap€and,€after€he€went€toÐ p5,/ Ðsleep,€resumed€her€housework.€€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñDuring€the€course€of€the€day,€Ms.ñ‘ñ›ñ‘ññ‘ññ‘ñ€Normile€notedÐ r5,1 Ðthat€the€defendant€and€the€victim€had€been€going€in€and€out€of€the€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñbedroomÏcontinually.ñ‘ñ›ñ‘ññ‘ññ‘ñ€€The€defendant€appeared€to€be€nervous.€€As€the€victim€left€her€bedroom,Ïagain€"pull[ing]€at€her€vagina,"€the€defendant€walked€to€the€bathroom.€€Soon,€bothÏreturned€to€the€victim's€bedroom.€€Ms.€Normile,€who€had€become€suspicious,€thenÏpeeked€through€the€keyhole€of€the€bedroom€door€and€saw€the€victim€lying€on€theÏbed€with€her€shorts€and€panties€pulled€down€to€her€knees€and€her€shirt€lifted€up€toÏher€neck.€€The€defendant€was€touching€her€vagina.€€Ms.€Normile€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñthen€burstñ‘ñ›ñ‘ññ‘ññ‘ñ€into€theÏroom,€called€her€name,€and€took€the€victim€into€her€arms.€€When€Ms.€Normile€askedÏwhat€he€was€doing,€the€defendant€replied€that€he€was€reading€her€a€book.€€Ms.ÏNormile€did€not€see€a€book€but€did€notice€that€the€defendant€had€an€erection€andÏthat€the€victim's€shorts€were€askew,€as€if€pulled€up€hurriedly.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àWhen€Ms.€Normile€examined€the€victim€in€the€bathroom,€she€noticedÏredness€and€scratches€on€her€vagina.€€The€victim€whined€and€appeared€fearful.€€Ms.ÏNormile€then€gave€her€a€bath,€telephoned€her€husband,€and€then€telephoned€theÏpolice.€€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñMeanwhile,€theñ‘ñ›ñ‘ññ‘ññ‘ñ€defendant€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñstoodñ‘ñ›ñ‘ññ‘ññ‘ñ€outside€smoking€ñ‘ñœñ‘ña€cigarette.€€He€wasÏwatching€television€in€the€living€room€when€police€arrived€to€arrest€him.€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àDetective€William€Manuel€of€the€Maryville€Police€Department€placedÏthe€defendant€in€custody,€read€him€his€rights,€and,€at€6:15€P.M.,€questioned€theÏdefendant€about€the€incident.€€The€detective€repeated€the€rights€of€the€defendant,Ïwho€signed€a€waiver€form.€€During€the€interview,€which€was€taped€and€played€at€trialÏfor€the€jury,€the€defendant€admitted€to€kissing€the€victim's€breasts€and€licking€herÏvagina.€€On€the€following€day,€in€a€second€interview,€the€defendant€acknowledged€toÏDetective€Manuel€that€he€had,€in€fact,€committed€the€offense.€€This€statement€wasÏalso€recorded€on€video€tape€and€played€at€trial.ÌÐ 8¸.4 Ðà Œ àà ä àDavid€Henry€Saxon,€a€physician€at€Blount€Memorial€Hospital,Ïexamined€the€victim,€whom€he€described€as€healthy€but€with€delayed€speech,€in€theÏemergency€room.€€He€concluded€that€she€had€a€raw€abrasion€one€centimeter€inÏlength€along€her€inner€labia,€which€was€outside€the€entrance€to€her€vagina.€€It€wasÏhis€opinion€that€the€victim's€legs€and€outer€labia€had€to€be€spread€apart€for€such€anÏinjury€to€occur.€€Dr.€Saxon€estimated€that€the€abrasion€was€only€a€few€hours€old€andÏcould€have€been€caused€by€a€finger€or€small€rough€object.€€It€was€his€belief€thatÏtongue€contact€to€the€genital€area€of€the€victim€would€not€leave€an€injury€and€that€theÏinjury€was€not€self„inflicted.€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àDr.€Mary€Palmer€Campbell€of€the€East€Tennessee€Children's€HospitalÏexamined€the€victim€about€two€weeks€after€the€incident.€€Dr.€Palmer€described€theÏvictim's€genital€area€to€be€within€normal€limits€but€concluded€that€it€is€"quite€commonÏin€children€who€have€been€sexually€abused€to€have€an€acutely€abnormal€exam€withÏrapid€and€subsequently€normal€healing."€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àJuanita€Flynn€Robertson,€a€child€abuse€investigator€for€the€state,Ïspoke€with€the€defendant€on€the€day€of€his€arrest€and€was€present€during€theÏsecond€interview€conducted€by€Detective€Manuel.€€She€testified€that€ten€days€afterÏhis€arrest,€the€defendant€claimed€that€he€had€lied€in€his€earlier€statements€to€her€andÏthat€he€had€never€abused€the€victim.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àAt€trial,€the€defendant€testified€that€he€came€to€Tennessee€fromÏCalifornia€seeking€work€and€found€a€job€as€a€busboy€and€dishwasher€at€a€Shoney'sÏrestaurant.€€He€stated€that€he€lived€with€friends€for€about€four€months€untilÏSeptember€8,€1996,€when€he€moved€in€with€Jim€and€Lora€Normile,€the€victim'sÏparents.€€He€contended€that€on€the€following€day,€his€day€off€from€work,€the€victimÐ 8¸.4 Ðtook€his€hand€and€led€him€into€her€bedroom.€€The€defendant€maintained€that€he€hadÏtried€to€keep€the€door€open€but€the€victim€repeatedly€closed€it.€€He€testified€that€heÏread€her€a€book€and,€after€about€thirty€minutes,€the€victim€hugged€him€and€fellÏasleep.€€He€claimed€that€as€he€stood€up€to€leave,€Ms.€Normile€entered€the€room€andÏasked€what€was€happening.€€The€defendant€denied€pulling€the€victim's€clothing€orÏtouching€her.€€He€explained€that€if€Ms.€Normile€recalled€that€he€had€acted€oddly,€itÏwas€because€he€had€experienced€a€dizzy€spell,€having€just€stood€up€after€tying€hisÏshoelaces,€when€she€entered€the€room.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€described€himself€as€having€a€"theority€complex."€€HeÏclaimed€he€had€lied€about€touching€the€victim€during€each€of€the€interviews€becauseÏDetective€Manuel€had€threatened€him.€€He€maintained€he€had€never€kissed,€licked,Ïor€fondled€the€victim.€ÌÌ€à@¾¾0ÚàIˆÐ ˆ"( Ðà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€support€theÏconviction€for€rape€of€a€child.€€He€argues€that€his€confessions€were€false€and€thatÏMs.€Normile,€the€eyewitness,€could€not€have€seen€through€the€keyhole€in€the€door.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àOn€appeal,€of€course,€the€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimateÏview€of€the€evidence€and€all€reasonable€inferences€which€might€be€drawn€therefrom.€ÏòòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€The€credibility€of€theÐ /¼%* Ðwitnesses,€the€weight€to€be€given€their€testimony,€and€the€reconciliation€of€conflictsÏin€the€proof€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€jury€as€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòByrge€v.€Stateóó,€575Ð ´2T). ÐS.W.2d€292,€295€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1978).€€When€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€isÏchallenged,€the€relevant€question€is€whether,€after€reviewing€the€evidence€in€the€lightÏmost€favorable€to€the€state,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essentialÐ 8¸.4 Ðelements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€657€S.W.2dÐ `  Ð405,€410€(Tenn.€1983);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àÔ‡ XJ’XXXJ’ÔTennessee€Code€Annotated,€Section€39„13„522(a)€defines€the€offenseÐ Äd Ðof€rape€of€a€child€as€the€"unlawful€sexual€penetration€of€a€victim€by€the€defendant€orÏthe€defendant€by€a€victim,€if€such€victim€is€less€than€thirteen€(13)€years€of€age."€ÏSexual€penetration€is€defined€as€"sexual€intercourse,€cunnilingus,€fellatio,€analÏintercourse,€or€any€other€intrusion,€however€slight,€of€any€part€of€a€person's€body€orÏof€any€object€into€the€genital€or€anal€openings€of€the€victim's,€the€defendant's,€or€anyÏother€person's€body,€but€emission€of€semen€is€not€required[.]"€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ39„13„501(7).€€Cunnilingus€is€"'a€sexual€activity€involving€oral€contact€with€the€femaleÏgenitals.'"€€òòState€v.€Hoytóó,€928€S.W.2d€935,€942€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995Ô#†XJ’XX XJ’_-#ÔÔ‡ XJ’XXXJ’Ô)€(quotingÐ $Ä ÐòòState€v.€Karl€E.€Vanderbiltóó,€No.€70€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Jackson,€Apr.€8),€òòapp.Ð ð Ðdeniedóó,€(Tenn.€1992)).€Ô#†XJ’XX XJ’ 0#ÔÔ‡ XJ’XXXJ’Ô€Rape€of€a€child€is€a€Class€A€felony.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„Ð ¼ \ Ð13„522(b).€ÌÔ#†XJ’XX XJ’‰1#ÔÌÔ‡ XJ’XXXJ’Ôà Œ àà ä àOn€two€occasions,€the€defendant€confessed€to€Detective€Manuel€thatÐ  &À  Ðhe€had€licked€the€victim's€vagina.€€His€statements€were€recorded.€€Although€heÏtestified€at€trial€that€his€statement€to€Detective€Manuel€was€untruthful,€the€juryÏrejected€his€retraction€as€false.€€That€was€its€prerogative.€€Because€a€rational€trier€ofÏfact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime,€the€evidence€was€legallyÏsufficient€to€support€a€conviction€of€rape€of€a€child.€€òòSeeóó€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443Ð /¼%* ÐU.S.€307€(1979).Ô#†XJ’XX XJ’,2#ÔÐ è0ˆ', ÐÌà@¢¢/ÚàIIˆÌà Œ àà ä àNext,€the€defendant€claims€that€the€trial€court€denied€his€right€to€a€fairÏtrial€by€restricting€the€cross„examination€of€Ms.€Normile.€€Ms.€Normile,€who€had€beenÐ 8¸.4 Ðthe€victim€of€sexual€abuse€herself,€was€according€to€the€defendant,€"hypersensitiveÏto€perceived€sexual€abuse."€€He€contends€that€he€should€have€been€permitted€toÏcross„examine€her€on€the€subject€of€her€own€sexual€abuse.€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€Sixth€Amendment€guarantees€a€criminal€defendant€the€right€toÏcross-examine€witnesses€against€him.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòDavis€v.€Alaskaóó,€415€U.S.€308Ð \ü  Ð(1974).€€The€rights€of€confrontation€and€cross-examination€are€essential€to€a€fairÏtrial.€€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòPointer€v.€Texasóó,€380€U.S.€400€(1965).€€Rule€616,€Tenn.€R.€Evid.,Ð ô”  Ðprovides€that€"[a]€party€may€offer€evidence€by€cross-examination,€extrinsic€evidence,Ïor€both,€that€a€witness€is€biased€in€favor€of€or€prejudiced€against€a€party€or€anotherÏwitness."€€Rule€611(b),€Tenn.€R.€Evid.,€provides€that€a€witness€"may€beÏcross-examined€on€any€matter€relevant€to€any€issue€in€the€case,€includingÏcredibility."€ÓÓ€Óh9ÓAny€"feelings€that€a€witness€has€with€regard€to€a€party€or€issue€are€anÏimportant€factor€for€the€trier€of€fact€to€consider€in€assessing€the€weight€to€be€given€toÏthe€witness'€testimony."€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€827€S.W.2d€804,€808€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ˆ"( Ð1991).€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àIn€a€jury€out€hearing,€Ms.€Normile€testified€that€while€she€had€beenÏsexually€assaulted€as€a€teenager€and€had€felt€traumatized€by€the€experience,€sheÏwas€not€overly€vigilant€regarding€her€own€children.€€She€denied€that€her€experienceÏaffected€how€she€perceived€the€incidents€between€the€defendant€and€the€victim€andÏasserted€that€she€had€never€before€suspected€or€accused€anyone€of€abusing€any€ofÏher€children.€€The€trial€court€refused€to€permit€defense€counsel€to€cross„examine€Ms.ÏNormile€about€the€matter:€"I€can€see€how€in€some€situations€it€would€be€somethingÏthat€was€relevant,€but€listening€to€the€questions€you€had€of€this€witness€andÏobserving€her€demeanor€here€on€the€witness€stand€...€I€don't€think€it€is€relevant."€€ÌÐ 8¸.4 Ðà Œ àà ä àThe€better€practice€is€to€permit€unrestricted€cross„examination.€€TheÏdefendant€argued€that€Ms.€Normile€was€a€witness€prejudiced€by€her€priorÏexperiences.€€Possible€witness€bias€or€prejudice€is€a€common€subject€in€cross„¼examination.€€It€is€always€relevant.€€òòDavis€v.€Alaskaóó,€415€U.S.€at€316.€Ð Äd ÐÌà Œ àà ä àAny€error,€however,€would€be€harmless€in€this€instance.€€In€òòState€v.Ð \ü  ÐHowellóó,€868€S.W.2d€238ñ‘ñ›ñ‘ññ‘ññ‘ñ€(Tenn.€1993),€our€supreme€court€announced€the€standardsÐ (È  Ðfor€determining€when€constitutionally€improper€restrictions€on€the€right€toÏcross-examine€constitute€harmless€error:€ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àñ‘ñœñ‘ñ[T]heñ‘ñ›ñ‘ññ‘ññ‘ñ€correct€inquiry€is€whether,€assuming€that€theÏdamaging€potential€of€the€cross-examination€were€fullyÏrealized,€the€error€was€nonetheless€harmless€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt.€€A€number€of€factors€are€relevant€toÏthis€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñinquiryñ‘ñ›ñ‘ññ‘ññ‘ñ€including€the€importance€of€the€witness'Ïtestimony€in€the€prosecution's€case,€the€cumulativeÏnature€of€the€testimony,€the€presence€or€absence€ofÏevidence€corroborating€or€contradicting€the€witness€onÏmaterial€points,€the€extent€of€cross-examinationÏotherwise€permitted,€and€the€overall€strength€of€theÏprosecution's€case.€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÌÓn@Óñ‘ñœñ‘ñòòHowellóó,ñ‘ñ›ñ‘ññ‘ññ‘ñ€868€S.W.2d€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñat€253€(citationsñ‘ñ›ñ‘ññ‘ññ‘ñ€omitted).€Ð T$ô ÐÌà Œ àà ä àMs.€Normile€was€the€only€eyewitness€to€testify.€€Yet€the€tape„recordedÏadmissions€of€the€defendant€to€Detective€Manuel€clearly€qualified€as€the€mostÏdamaging€evidence€to€the€defense.€€In€our€view,€a€rigorous€cross„examination€of€Ms.ÏNormile€as€to€the€details€of€her€own€sexual€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñabuse€asñ‘ñ›ñ‘ññ‘ññ‘ñ€a€teenager€would€have€hadÏlittle€if€any€impact€on€a€jury€possessed€with€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñtwo€separate€confessionsñ‘ñ›ñ‘ññ‘ññ‘ñ€of€theÏdefendant.€€The€defendant€was€otherwise€allowed€a€broad€cross„examination€of€theÏwitness.€€In€sum,€the€overall€strength€of€the€state's€case€demonstrates€that€error€wasÏharmless€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ñ’ñÐ  €4 +0 Ðñ’ññ“ñÌÌñ“ñà Œ àà ä àà@††/ÚàIIIˆÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€challenges€the€ruling€of€the€trial€court€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñdenying€hisÏmotionñ‘ñ›ñ‘ñ€to€suppress€his€statements€to€police.€€He€claims€that€the€statements€wereÏinvoluntary€and€the€result€of€coercion€by€police.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àAt€the€suppression€hearing,€the€defendant€testified€that€he€had€a€priorÏconviction€in€California€and€had€been€hospitalized€on€a€number€of€occasions.€€HeÏasserted€that,€as€a€child,€he€had€been€sexually€abused€by€his€older€brother€over€aÏperiod€of€several€years.€€He€contended€that€the€abuse€had€resulted€in€psychologicalÏproblems€he€called€a€"theority€complex."€€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€had€a€twelfth€grade€education€but€readÏon€a€fourth€grade€level.€€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñHe€asserted€that€his€initial€confession€was€untruthful.€€TheÏdefendant€claimedñ‘ñ›ñ‘ñ€that€he€was€not€advised€of€his€rights€at€the€time€of€his€arrest€andÏthat€Detective€Manuel€had€threatened€him€prior€to€their€first€interview,€saying,€"Don'tÏyou€lie€to€me€or€I'll€make€your€life€real€miserable."€€He€maintained€that€during€theÏinitial€interrogation,€he€was€nervous,€confused€and€afraid,€so€that€when€he€wasÏasked€if€he€wanted€a€lawyer,€he€said,€"I€don't€know,€I€guess€not."€€The€defendantÏexplained€that€no€one€read€the€waiver€of€rights€form€to€him€and€that€he€was€unawareÏof€the€contents€of€the€form.€€He€stated€that€he€did€not€read€the€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñwaiver€because€heñ‘ñ›ñ‘ñÏwas€unable€to€do€so.€€He€explained€that€he€did€not€request€a€lawyer€because€he€wasÏafraid€of€the€detective.€€He€insisted€that€the€first€audio€tape€had€been€altered€andÏthat€the€detective's€threats€had€been€replaced€with€his€statement€that€he€had€readÏthe€defendant€his€various€rights.€ÌÌà Œ àà ä àAt€the€motion€hearing,€the€defendant€claimed€that€Detective€ManuelÏhad€not€advised€him€of€his€rights€before€he€was€questioned€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñthe€second€time€onñ‘ñ›ñ‘ñ€theÐ 8¸.4 Ðday€after€the€offense.€€During€cross„examination€by€the€state,€however,€he€concededÏthat€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñhe€had€been€so€advised.€€Heñ‘ñ›ñ‘ñ€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñcontended€thatñ‘ñ›ñ‘ñ€the€second€statement€was€untrueÏand€that€he€had€confessed€to€the€crime€only€because€he€felt€fatalistic.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àDetective€Manuel€testified€that€he€arrested€the€defendant€at€theÏNormile€residence€and€read€him€his€rights€there.€€Another€officer€transported€theÏdefendant€to€the€police€department€without€asking€any€questions€about€the€incident.€ÏUpon€their€arrival€at€the€police€department,€Detective€Manuel€escorted€theÏdefendant€to€his€office,€read€him€his€rights€a€second€time,€and€asked€the€defendantÏto€sign€a€waiver€of€rights€form.€€Detective€Manuel€testified€that€the€defendantÏacknowledged€that€he€understood€his€rights,€appeared€calm,€and€was€veryÏcooperative.€€Detective€Manuel€denied€raising€his€voice€at€the€defendant€orÏthreatening€him€in€any€manner.€€He€also€denied€altering€the€tape„recording.€ÏDetective€Manuel,€who€conducted€the€second€interview€in€the€presence€of€Ms.ÏRobertson,€described€the€defendant€as€calm€and€coherent€during€that€interrogation.ÌÌà Œ àà ä àThe€trial€court€reviewed€the€audio€and€video€tapes,€the€signed€waiverÏof€rights€form,€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñand€theñ‘ñ›ñ‘ñ€testimony€at€the€suppression€hearing€and€fully€accredited€theÏtestimony€of€Detective€Manuel:ÌÓÓà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àI€never€detected€any€kind€of€strain€in€[the€defendant's]Ïvoice,€no€hesitancy€...€nothing,€other€than€...€a€little€bit€ofÏa€flat€[a]ffect.€...Ð ä Ð ä Ð  Ðà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àà < àAs€a€matter€of€fact,€I€find€that€Detective€ManuelÏread€his€rights€to€him€from€the€form€before€the€audiotapeÏwas€made€and€that€[the€defendant]€signed€the€waiverÏthat€has€been€introduced€and€that€the€statement€was€notÏtaken€in€violation€of€the€rules€set€out€in€Miranda.€€€Ð ä Ð ä Ð  Ðà8 Œ àà8ä Œ (#Œ (#àà < àThe€videotaped€statement,€standing€alone,€doesn'tÏhave€an€adequate€Miranda€warning€in€it,€but€I€think€it€wasÏa€continuation,€obviously,€of€the€same€investigation€....€ÏAnd€it's€clear€to€me€that€before€[the€defendant]€startedÏthe€videotaped€interview,€he€was€already€well€aware€...€ofÏall€his€rights€and€that€therefore€the€omission€on€theÏvideotape€...€is€[not]€fatal.€€So,€I€do€not€think€thatÏsuppression€of€it€is€proper€....ÓÒSÓÐþ8ž/5ä Ð ä Ð  ÐÔ‡ XJ’XXXJ’Ôñ”ñÌñ”ñà Œ àà ä àThe€confession€must€meet€constitutional€safeguards.€€òòMiranda€v.Ð `  ÐArizonaóó,€384€U.S.€436€(1966).€€This€court€must€examine€the€Ô#†XJ’XX XJ’X#ÔÔ‡ XJ’XXXJ’Ô€Ô#†XJ’XX XJ’ýX#ÔÔ‡ XJ’XXXJ’Ô"Ô#†XJ’XX XJ’@Y#ÔÔ‡ XJ’XXXJ’Ôtotality€of€theÐ , Ì ÐcircumstancesÔ#†XJ’XX XJ’ƒY#ÔÔ‡ XJ’XXXJ’Ô"€Ô#†XJ’XX XJ’öY#ÔÔ‡ XJ’XXXJ’Ôto€ascertain€whether€the€particular€defendant€knowingly€andÐ ø ˜ Ðvoluntarily€waived€his€constitutional€rights€prior€to€making€a€confession.€€òòState€v.Ð Äd ÐBushóó,€942€S.W.2d€489,€500€(Tenn.€1997).€€Factors€relevant€in€determining€whetherÐ 0 Ða€confession€is€voluntary€include€(1)€the€length€of€time€between€the€arrest€and€theÏconfession;€(2)€the€occurrence€of€intervening€events€between€the€arrest€andÏconfession;€(3)€the€giving€of€òòMirandaóó€warnings;€and€(4)€the€purpose€and€flagrancy€ofÐ ô”  Ðthe€official€misconduct.€€òòBrown€v.€Illinoisóó,€422€U.S.€590,€603„04€(1975);€òòState€v.Ð À` ÐChandleróó,€547€S.W.2d€918,€920€(Tenn.€1977).€€The€overriding€question,€however,€isÐ Œ, Ðwhether€the€behavior€of€law€enforcement€officials€served€to€overbear€theÏdefendant's€will€to€resist.€€òòState€v.€Kellyóó,€603€S.W.2d€726,€728€(Tenn.€1980);€òòseeóóÐ $Ä ÐòòState€v.€Howardóó,€617€S.W.2d€656,€658„59€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñ1981).ñ‘ñ›ñ‘ñÐ ð ÐÌà Œ àà ä àÔ#†XJ’XX XJ’:Z#ÔÔ‡ XJ’XXXJ’ÔOur€scope€of€review€is€limited.€€The€findings€of€fact€made€by€the€trialÐ ˆ"( Ðjudge€at€a€hearing€on€a€motion€to€suppress€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñ"will€be€upheld€unless€the€evidenceÏpreponderates€otherwise."€€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,€23€(Tenn.€1996).€Ð  &À  ÐQuestions€about€witness€credibility€and€"resolution€of€conflicts€in€the€evidence€areÏmatters€entrusted€to€the€trial€judge."€€òòId.óó€€If€the€"greater€weight"€of€the€evidenceÐ ¸)X $ Ðsupports€the€court's€ruling,€it€will€be€upheld.€€òòId.óó€€Ð „+$"& ÐÌñ‘ñòòóóòòóóñ‘ñÔ#†XJ’XX XJ’Î^#ÔÔ‡ XJ’XXXJ’Ôñ‘ñ›ñ‘ñà Œ àà ä àHere,€the€trial€court's€conclusion€that€the€statement€was€voluntary€isÐ /¼%* Ðsupported€by€the€record.€€The€tape€recordings€suggest€that€determination.€€TheÏinitial€interview€occurred€within€a€few€hours€of€the€defendant's€arrest.€€There€were€noÏintervening€events€of€any€consequence.€€Miranda€warnings€were€provided€on€twoÏseparate€occasions€before€the€initial€confession.€€There€is€no€credible€proof€ofÏofficial€misconduct.€€Under€these€circumstances,€the€trial€court€properly€denied€theÐ 8¸.4 Ðmotion€to€suppress.ÌÔ#†XJ’XX XJ’Wa#ÔÔ‡ XJ’XXXJ’ÔÌÔ#†XJ’XX XJ’Úc#Ôà@{{/ÚàIVˆÐ ø ˜ Ðà Œ àà ä àFinally,€the€defendant€contends€that€his€sentence€is€excessive.€€Ô‡ XJ’XXXJ’ÔAt€theÐ Äd Ðsentencing€hearing,€he€conceded€that€he€had€a€1984€conviction€for€sexualÏmolestation€of€his€niece€in€California.€€He€also€acknowledged€that€in€1977€he€pledÏguilty€to€molesting€a€five„year„old€boy€in€a€public€park€in€California.€€He€denied€twoÏearlier€occurrences€of€child€molestation.€€In€arriving€at€a€twenty„five€year€sentence,Ïthe€trial€court€concluded€that€the€defendant€had€a€previous€history€of€criminalÏconvictions€and€criminal€behavior,€citing€his€prior€convictions€for€sexual€molestationÏof€children.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€€40„35„114(1).€€This€factor€was€afforded€greatÏweight.€€The€trial€court€also€concluded€that€the€victim€was€particularly€vulnerableÏbecause€of€her€extremely€young€age€and€inability€to€speak.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„¼35„114(4).€€Finally,€the€court€concluded€that€defendant€committed€the€rape€to€gratifyÏhis€desire€for€pleasure.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(7).€€This€factor€received€theÏleast€weight€in€the€enhancement€of€the€defendant's€sentence.€€The€trial€courtÏallowed€as€a€mitigating€factor€the€defendant's€mental€condition€but€assigned€onlyÏslight€weight.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(8).ÌÌà Œ àà ä àWhen€there€is€a€challenge€to€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€service€ofÏa€sentence,€it€is€the€duty€of€this€court€to€conduct€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€with€aÐ P-ð#( Ðpresumption€that€the€determinations€made€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption€is€"conditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showingÏin€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevantÏfacts€and€circumstances."€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€TheÐ €4 +0 ÐSentencing€Commission€Comments€provide€that€the€burden€is€on€the€defendant€toÏshow€the€impropriety€of€the€sentence.€Ð 8¸.4 Їà Œ àà ä àOur€review€requires€an€analysis€of€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€atÏthe€trial€and€sentencing€hearing;€(2)€the€presentence€report;€(3)€the€principles€ofÏsentencing€and€the€arguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencing€alternatives;€(4)€theÏnature€and€characteristics€of€the€offense;€(5)€any€mitigating€or€enhancing€factors;€(6)Ïany€statements€made€by€the€defendant€in€his€own€behalf;€and€(7)€the€defendant'sÏpotential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„102,€„103,€and€Ì„210;€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€735€S.W.2d€859,€863€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€Ð (È  ÐÌà Œ àà ä àAt€the€time€of€this€offense,€the€presumptive€sentence€was€the€midpointÏin€the€range,€here€twenty€years,€if€there€were€no€enhancement€and€mitigatingÏfactors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„210,€„112(a)(1).€€Should€the€trial€court€findÏmitigating€and€enhancement€factors,€it€must€start€at€the€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñpresumptive€minimumñ‘ñ›ñ‘ñÏsentence€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñandñ‘ñ›ñ‘ñ€enhance€the€sentence€based€upon€any€applicable€enhancementÏfactors,€and€then€reduce€the€sentence€based€upon€any€appropriate€mitigatingÏfactors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñ40„35„210(e);€òòState€v.€Chanceóóñ‹ñ,€952€ñ‹ññŒññ‹ñswñ‹ññŒññŒñS.W.2d€ñŒññññ‹ñ€ñ‹ññññŽñ848,€851Ð ˆ"( Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997)ñŽññññŽñ.ñŽñññ.ñ‘ñ›ñ‘ñ€€The€weight€given€to€each€factor€is€within€the€trial€court'sÏdiscretion€provided€that€the€record€supports€its€findings€and€it€complies€with€theÏCriminal€Sentencing€Reform€Act€of€1989.€€òòSeeóó€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169.€€The€trialÐ ì'Œ" Ðcourt€should,€however,€make€specific€findings€on€the€record€which€indicate€itsÏapplication€of€the€sentencing€principles.€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„209€and€„210.€€Ô#†XJ’XX XJ’ d#ÔÐ „+$"& ÐÌà Œ àà ä àThe€defendant€argues€that€application€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„¼114(7)€was€improperly€applied€to€enhance€his€sentence€because€child€molestersÏcommit€the€act€out€of€sexual€desire,€so€this€factor€is€inherent€in€the€offense.€€OurÏsupreme€court€has€ruled€otherwise.€€òòState€v.€Waltonóó,€958€S.W.2d€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñ724ññ,€730ñññ‘ñ›ñ‘ñ€(Tenn.Ð €4 +0 Ðñ‘ñœñ‘ñ1997).€€We€concur€in€the€sentence€imposed.ñ‘ñ›ñ‘ñÌÐ 8¸.4 Ðà Œ àà ä àAccordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñÌññ›ññÌñ‘ñ›ñ‘ñÓÓà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D à__________________________________Ìà Œ àà ä àà < àà ” àà ì àà D àGary€R.€Wade,€Presiding€ñ‘ñœñ‘ñJudgeÌññ›ññÌCONCUR:ñ‘ñ›ñ‘ñÌÌÌñ‘ñœñ‘ñÌ______________________________ñ‘ñ›ñ‘ñÌJoseph€M.€Tipton,€JudgeÌÌÌñ‘ñœñ‘ñÌ______________________________ñ‘ñ›ñ‘ñÌDavid€H.€Welles,€Judge