ÿWPC‚ …# VU>a %Ÿ 0í¥UB’ 4Ô è n­÷ U:¤ Þ w@æ 01& 0DW 0J› 0Tå 0^9 0h— 0rÿ 0|q 0†í 0s 1u 0dx BÜU6ùU./U*]B)‡ D3°DCã AM& 0@so³f"ˆv~ŒvÓ  AOÝÆ, 0Dò D/6 Be˜HP LaserJet 4HPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ<èÀ( 9Z &Courier RegularX(ÅÕÐ$¡¡Ñ  ÑÑ7€'CXXdÈXXdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓ<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiÚƒç"3|x«<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiXXxþ6X@ÉJQX@,†r‰AZ‹"Arial Regular EE   D  Ó€(á(3 E$¤¤Ý ƒÕÐ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ7€ˈXXdÈdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓiU°X` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXiÓÝ  Ýà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ d< Œ 9p`(Courier New< Œ 9p`(Courier< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d""""'ÿÿdxd))))7Border 1dd€-+Cþÿ << Gÿÿ("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò eÝ ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€&ÔÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÓ` °˜XÓÝ  ÝÔ€(ÔÔ€(ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€(XÔÌÌò òSeptember€16,€1997ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€(ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó \Ñ\R AØ'\Ñ úÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€&ÔÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÑ  ÑÓ` °˜XÓÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÔ€&ôÔÔ€(ÔÑ7ÀÛXXdÈdÈ7Ñà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  Úóó€For€Class€A€felonies€committed€on€or€after€July€1,€1995,€the€presumptive€sentence€is€theÏmidpoint€of€the€range.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„210€(Supp.€1996).Ô€&Ô€€ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€&ÔÑ  ÑÑ#€''Xd#ÑÑ#€''Xd#ÑÑ  ÑÓ` °˜XÓÝ  Ý›Ñ  ÑÑ Ü ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÓÓÔ€(ÔÑ7€ ìÙ XXdæXXdÈ7ÑÑ\R AØ'\ќـ€ÙßR€,.+A1-j|` Å `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌ€à8 àà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àAT€KNOXVILLEà@ à€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà à€€€€€€€€€€€€JANUARY€1997€SESSIONÌÌÓÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,€€€€à à)à àÌ€à àà àà àà à)Ìà àAppellee,à àà à)à àNo.€03C01„9608„CR„00319Ìà à€€€€€à àà à€€à à)Ìà àà àà àà à)à àPolk€CountyÌv.à àà àà àà à)€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà àà àà à)à àHonorable€Mayo€L.€Mashburn,€Judge€€€€€€Ìà àà àà àà à)ÌBOBBY€JOE€RUSSELL,à àà à)à à(Reckless€homicide€and€possession€of€firearmÌà àà àà àà à)€€€€€€€€à àwhere€alcoholic€beverages€are€served)Ìà àAppellant.à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantóó:à àà àà àà àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:ÌÌG.€Scott€Kanavosà àà àà àà àCharles€W.€BursonÌ166€North€Ocoee€Streetà àà àà àAttorney€General€of€TennesseeÌP.O.€Box€42à àà àà àà àà àà àandà àà àà àà àÌCleveland,€TN€37364„0042à àà àMichael€J.€Fahey,€IIÌà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€General€of€TennesseeÏà àà àà àà àà à450€James€Robertson€Parkwayà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37243„0493ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àJerry€N.€EstesÌà àà àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà à203€E.€Madison€Ave.Ìà àà àà àà àà àP.O.€Box€647Ìà àà àà àà àà àAthens,€TN€37303„0647ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àJoe€RehyanskyÌà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà àà àà àà àà àP.O.€Box€1351Ìà àà àà àà àà àCleveland,€TN€37364„1351ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:____________________ÌÌÌCONVICTIONS€AFFIRMED;€SENTENCES€MODIFIED€TO€CONCURRENTÏSENTENCESÌÌJoseph€M.€TiptonÌJudgeÌÌÌÌÌÓÓà@ àòòò òO€P€I€N€I€O€Nóóó óÌÌà àThe€defendant,€Bobby€Joe€Russell,€appeals€as€of€right€from€hisÏconvictions€by€a€jury€in€the€Polk€County€Criminal€Court€for€reckless€homicide,€a€ClassÏD€felony,€and€possession€of€a€firearm€where€alcoholic€beverages€are€œserved,›€a€ClassÏA€misdemeanor.€€For€the€reckless€homicide,€the€defendant€received€a€four„yearÏsentence€as€a€Range€I,€standard€offender€to€be€served€in€the€custody€of€theÏDepartment€of€Correction€and€was€fined€five€thousand€dollars.€€For€the€possession€of€aÏfirearm,€he€received€a€consecutive€sentence€of€eleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days€toÏbe€served€in€the€county€jail€and€was€fined€two€thousand€five€hundred€dollars.€€TheÏdefendant€presents€the€following€issues€for€review:ÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 à(1)€whether€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€hisÏconvictions;ÌÌà8 à(2)€whether€the€trial€court€œimposed›€excessive€œsentences.›€€€€€€€ÌÌÓÓÓ  ÓWe€hold€that€there€is€sufficient€evidence€to€support€the€defendantððs€convictions.€€WeÏaffirm€the€length€of€the€sentence€and€the€denial€of€alternative€sentencing€but€reverseÏœthe€consecutive›€sentencing.€€ÌÌà àThis€case€involves€the€shooting€death€of€Billy€Redden€outside€anÏestablishment€known€as€Jakeððs€Place.€€At€the€trial,€Teresa€Delk,€a€waitress€at€JakeððsÏPlace,€testified€that€the€victim€and€his€friends,€Scott€Gilbert€and€Billy€Simms,€wereÏpresent€at€Jakeððs€Place€on€the€evening€of€September€30,€1994,€drinking€beer€andÏshooting€pool.€€Ms.€Delk€said€that€she€saw€the€defendant,€his€wife,€and€Tim€Sherra€thatÏsame€evening.€€Ms.€Delk€testified€that€several€customers€went€outside€to€arm€wrestleÏand€that€she€went€outside€to€retrieve€the€customers€to€prevent€any€of€them€fromÏviolating€the€law€by€taking€beer€off€the€premises.€€Ms.€Delk€stated€that€she€saw€theÏdefendant€and€the€victim€preparing€to€arm€wrestle.€€She€said€that€the€victim€punchedÏthe€defendant,€breaking€the€defendantððs€glasses€and€cutting€his€face,€and€that€theÏdefendant€and€the€victim€began€shoving€each€other.€€Ms.€Delk€said€that€the€defendantÏpulled€a€gun€from€his€pocket€and€shot€the€victim.€€She€also€testified€that€none€of€theÏvictimððs€friends€made€any€effort€to€get€involved€in€the€altercation.ÌÌà àMr.€Sims€testified€that€he€was€outside€the€bar€when€the€altercationÏoccurred.€€He€stated€that€the€victim€and€the€defendant€prepared€to€arm€wrestle€but€theyÏnever€could€get€a€good€hold€on€each€other.€€He€stated€that€the€victim€said€ð ðF„„„€it,ðð€inÏresponse€to€this€problem€and€that€the€defendant€replied€by€pushing€the€victim.€€TheÏvictim€then€punched€the€defendant,€opening€a€cut€under€the€defendantððs€left€eye.€€HeÏsaid€that€the€defendant€then€said€ð ðF„„„€this,ðð€and€shot€the€victim.€€According€to€Mr.€Sims,Ïthe€defendant€did€not€hesitate€when€he€shot€the€victim.€€Mr.€Sims€also€testified€that€theÏvictim€never€attempted€to€punch€the€defendant€a€second€time.€€Mr.€Sims€recalled€thatÏafter€the€shooting,€the€defendant€shouted,€ð ðLetððs€go,€letððs€go,ðð€and€then€left€with€his€wifeÏand€Mr.€Sherra.€€ÌÌà àMr.€Gilbert€testified€that€the€defendant€and€the€victim€were€preparing€toÏarm€wrestle€when€the€defendant€called€the€victim€a€bad€name€and€pushed€the€victim.€ÏHe€said€that€the€victim€punched€the€defendant,€knocking€the€defendant€a€few€stepsÏback.€€He€stated€that€the€defendant€pulled€a€gun€out€of€his€pocket,€stated€ð ðF„„„€this,ððÏshot€the€victim,€and€then€told€his€wife€to€get€him€out€of€there.€€Mr.€Gilbert€testified€thatÏthe€victim€did€not€try€to€hit€the€defendant€a€second€time€and€that€the€defendant€did€notÏhesitate€before€shooting.€€He€also€stated€that€he€and€Mr.€Sims€did€not€try€to€getÏinvolved.€€Mr.€Gilbert€testified€that€the€victim€never€carried€a€weapon€and€did€notÏpossess€a€weapon€on€the€night€of€the€altercation.€€He€acknowledged€that€he€and€theÏvictim€were€drinking€on€the€night€of€the€killing.ÌÌà àDennis€Waters,€the€chief€of€police€of€the€Benton€Police€Department,Ïtestified€that€he€lived€across€the€street€from€Jakeððs€Place€and€that€he€came€to€the€barÏafter€hearing€a€gunshot.€€Mr.€Waters€also€testified€that€he€could€not€find€the€victimððsÏpulse€upon€discovering€the€victim,€and€did€not€believe€the€victim€was€breathing€uponÏhis€arrival.€€He€said€that€there€were€no€weapons€around€the€victimððs€body.ÌÌà àDennis€Davis,€lieutenant€with€the€Bradley€County€Sheriffððs€Department,Ïtestified€that€he€located€the€defendant€in€his€truck€in€the€parking€lot€of€a€motorcycleÏshop.€€He€testified€that€the€defendantððs€face€was€bleeding€and€that€he€was€holding€aÏrag€to€his€face€to€stop€the€bleeding.€€Mr.€Davis€also€testified€that€two€firearms€were€inÏthe€defendantððs€truck,€a€.44€caliber€handgun€and€a€œsmall€single„action,›€American€ArmsÏ.22€derringer.€€ÌÌà àAndy€Shelfer,€a€member€of€the€Polk€County€Sheriffððs€Department,Ïtestified€that€he€examined€the€derringer€and€found€that€one€round€had€been€fired.€€HeÏalso€testified€that€the€weapon€smelled€like€it€had€been€recently€fired.€€Mr.€Shelfer€statedÏthat€a€derringer€must€be€cocked€before€it€can€be€fired.ÌÌà àDr.€Charles€Harlan€testified€that€the€cause€of€the€victimððs€death€was€aÏgunshot€wound€resulting€from€a€.22€caliber€hollow„point€bullet€fired€three€to€six€inchesÍfrom€the€victim,€entering€the€upper€left€side€of€the€victimððs€chest€and€striking€the€victimððsÏheart.€€In€Dr.€Harlanððs€opinion,€the€victim€was€either€leaning€forward€when€he€was€shotÏor€the€defendant€was€holding€the€gun€above€the€victim€shooting€down€at€him.€€He€alsoÏtestified€that€the€blood€alcohol€level€of€the€victim€was€.13.€€€€€€€€€ÌÌà àLeeann€Russell,€the€defendantððs€wife,€testified€that€the€defendant€and€theÏvictim€broke€apart€before€they€arm€wrestled,€because€the€defendant€refused€to€bet€onÏthe€arm€wrestling€match.€€Mrs.€Russell€said€that€the€victim€punched€the€defendantÏtwice.€€She€explained€that€the€defendantððs€vision€in€his€left€eye€is€much€weaker€thanÏthe€vision€in€his€right€eye€and€that€the€right€eye€had€swollen€shut€after€the€secondÏpunch.€€She€also€said€that€Mr.€Gilbert€followed€the€defendant€and€the€victim€as€theyÏmoved€along€the€parking€lot.€€Mrs.€Russell€testified€that€she€bent€down€to€pick€up€theÏdefendantððs€glasses€when€she€heard€a€shot€fired,€but€she€did€not€see€who€fired€theÏœgun.›€€On€cross„€examination,€she€testified€that€she€did€not€see€a€weapon€in€the€victimððsÏhand.€€She€also€admitted€that€she€told€an€officer€that€she€did€not€see€the€victim€punchÏthe€defendant€a€second€time€because€she€was€retrieving€the€defendantððs€glasses,€butÏshe€did€see€the€victim€cock€his€arm€back€as€if€preparing€to€punch€the€defendant.€€Mrs.ÏRussell€further€testified€that€she€does€not€drink.€€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€acknowledged€having€some€beers€on€the€night€inÏquestion.€€As€for€the€confrontation,€he€testified€that€the€victim€released€his€hand€afterÍthey€set€to€arm€wrestle€because€the€defendant€refused€to€bet€on€the€contest.€€TheÏdefendant€said€that€the€victim€then€punched€him€for€no€reason.€€He€said€that€heÏbelieves€the€victim€used€a€weapon€because€of€the€force€of€the€blow.€€He€testified€thatÏhe€told€the€victim€not€to€hit€him€again,€but€the€victim€punched€him€a€second€time.€€TheÏdefendant€testified€that€his€left€eye€had€swollen€shut€as€a€result€of€the€punches,€leavingÏhim€only€with€vision€from€his€weaker€right€eye.€€He€testified€that€both€Mr.€Gilbert€and€Mr.ÏSims€were€moving€toward€him.€€The€defendant€further€stated€that€because€he€fearedÏfor€his€safety€and€because€the€victim€was€getting€ready€to€throw€another€punch,€heÏdrew€his€gun,€cocked€it,€and€fired€without€aiming€at€any€particular€person.ÌÌà àOn€cross„examination,€the€defendant€stated€that€he€did€not€see€the€victimÏobtain€a€weapon€before€the€punches€were€thrown.€€He€also€testified€that€he€did€notÏbelieve€he€could€escape€from€the€victim€because€of€the€injury€to€his€eye€and€face.€€HeÏstated€that€when€he€left€the€scene€to€get€medical€attention,€he€was€unaware€that€theÏvictim€had€been€wounded.€€The€defendant€also€testified€that€his€fear€for€the€safety€ofÏhis€wife€contributed€to€his€actions.€€However,€he€admitted€that€no€one€made€anyÏthreatening€movements€toward€his€wife.ÌÌà àRay€Stephens,€the€victimððs€uncle,€testified€as€a€rebuttal€witness€for€theÏstate.€€He€said€that€the€wounds€on€the€victimððs€knuckles€resulted€from€working€on€aÏtruck€belonging€to€Mr.€Stephensðð€son.€€òòò òÌà àÌÓ  ÓSUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEó óóóÌÓ  Óà àThe€defendant€challenges€his€convictions€on€grounds€that€the€evidenceÏis€insufficient€to€establish€his€guilt€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€He€argues€that€theÏproof€showed€that€he€acted€in€self„defense€or€in€defense€of€another.€€We€disagree.€ÏAlthough€the€defendant€claimed€that€he€was€defending€himself€and€his€wife€from€theÏattack€of€the€victim,€the€jury€obviously€did€not€accredit€his€version€of€the€events.€€€€ÌÌà àOur€standard€of€review€when€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€isÏquestioned€on€appeal€is€ð ðwhether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€mostÏfavorable€to€the€prosecution,€òòanyóó€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essentialÏelements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ðð€€òòJackson€œv.›€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,Ï319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979).€€We€do€not€reweigh€the€evidence,€but€presume€thatÏthe€jury€has€resolved€all€conflicts€in€the€testimony€and€drawn€all€rational€inferencesÏfrom€the€evidence€in€favor€of€the€state.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Sheffieldóó,€676€S.W.2d€542,€547Ï(Tenn.€1984);€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).ÌÌà àWhen€viewed€in€this€light,€the€proof€showed€that€the€defendant€pushedÏthe€victim,€who€responded€by€punching€the€defendant.€€The€defendant€then€shot€theÏvictimÑ€/ÑÇand€left€the€scene.€€The€evidence€shows€that€the€victim€did€not€produce€a€weapon€andÏdid€not€lead€the€defendant€to€believe€that€he€possessed€a€weapon.€€And€the€victim€andÏthe€victimððs€friends€at€no€time€made€any€threatening€movements€towards€Mrs.€Russell.€ÏUnder€these€facts,€we€conclude€that€the€jury€was€justified€in€finding€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt€that€the€defendant€committed€a€reckless€homicide€and€did€not€act€inÏself„defense€or€in€defense€of€another.€ÌÌà àThe€evidence€was€also€sufficient€to€convict€the€defendant€of€possessionÏof€a€firearm€where€alcoholic€beverages€œare›€sold.€€The€defendant€admitted€entering€theÏbar€with€the€gun€on€his€person.€€The€defendantððs€convictions€are€based€upon€sufficientÏevidence.ÌÌòòò òÓ  ÓSENTENCINGó óóóÌÓ  Ó†à àThe€defendantððs€next€contention€is€that€his€œsentences›€œwere›€excessive.€ÏHe€contests€the€length€of€his€sentences,€the€denial€of€probation,€and€the€consecutiveÏnature€of€the€sentences.€€ÌÌà àAt€the€sentencing€hearing,€œthe›€defendantððs€œwife›€testified€that€she€was€fourÏand€one„half€months€pregnant€with€a€high€risk€pregnancy.€€She€testified€that€she€wouldÏhave€to€leave€work€on€medical€leave€two€to€three€months€before€the€birth€of€the€babyÏand€remain€on€medical€leave€eight€weeks€after€the€birth.€€œShe›€further€stated€that€sheÍdid€not€believe€that€the€family€could€live€on€her€medical€leave€pay.€€She€also€testifiedÏthat€the€defendant€œspent›€a€great€deal€of€time€caring€for€his€grandmother€and€herÏmentally€retarded€niece.€€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€attended€Alcoholics€Anonymous€meetingsÏseveral€times€a€week€for€the€past€four€and€one„half€years,€and€that€he€had€not€hadÏalcohol€for€a€year€previous€to€the€night€of€the€altercation.€€He€also€said€that€he€hadÏabstained€ever€since€that€night.€€The€defendant€admitted€that€he€had€previously€usedÏmarijuana,€but€he€had€not€used€it€in€the€past€four€years.€€The€defendant€further€statedÏthat€his€grandmother€and€her€niece€relied€upon€him€for€transportation€and€manyÏhousehold€chores.€€He€stated€that€he€began€carrying€guns€for€his€protection€when€heÏowned€and€operated€a€logging€business€because€he€carried€large€sums€of€money.€€€€ÌÌà àThe€presentence€report€shows€that€the€defendant€completed€the€ninthÏgrade€and€has€his€œG.E.D.›€€It€states€that€the€defendant€has€had€an€alcohol€abuseÏproblem€since€the€age€of€fifteen€and€that€he€occasionally€used€marijuana.€€The€reportÏreflects€that€the€defendant€completed€an€alcohol€treatment€program€at€the€GreenleafÏCenter€in€Georgia.€€It€also€shows€that€the€defendant€has€no€prior€convictions.ÌÌ€à àThe€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€as€a€Range€I,€standard€offenderÏto€four€years€incarceration€for€the€reckless€homicide€and€to€eleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days€for€the€possession€of€a€firearm€where€alcoholic€beverages€are€œserved.›€€TheÏtrial€court€applied€the€following€enhancement€factors€in€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„114:ÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 à(9)€€The€defendant€possessed€or€employed€a€firearm,Ïexplosive€device€or€other€deadly€weapon€during€theÏcommission€of€an€offense;€andÌÌà8 à(10)€€The€defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€aÏcrime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high.ÌÌÓÓÓ  ÓIt€stated€that€the€evidence€supported€a€second€degree€murder.€€It€found€that€theÏdefendantððs€use€of€a€weapon€hazarded€many€people.€€It€also€found€no€mitigatingÏfactors€to€exist.ÌÌà àIn€denying€probation,€the€court€ruled€that€it€was€particularly€concernedÏthat€the€defendant€always€carried€a€concealed€weapon€and€that€the€defendant€went€toÏthe€bar€and€consumed€alcohol.€€It€noted€the€great€danger€posed€by€mixing€alcohol€andÏœÌÌweapons.›€€It€concluded€that€confinement€was€needed€to€avoid€depreciating€theÏseriousness€of€the€offense€and€was€particularly€suited€to€provide€an€effective€deterrentÏto€others€likely€to€commit€similar€offenses.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„103(1)(B).€€As€forÏconsecutive€sentences,€the€trial€court€found€that€the€defendantððs€behavior€on€the€nightÏin€question€indicated€no€regard€for€human€life€and€that€the€defendant€had€no€hesitationÍin€committing€an€offense€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(4).€€Ì€Ìà àAppellate€review€of€sentencing€is€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€on€the€record€with€aÏpresumption€that€the€trial€courtððs€determinations€are€correct.€€T.C.A.€ðððð€40„35„401(d)Ïand€œ„402(d).›€€As€the€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€to€these€sections€note,€theÏburden€is€now€on€the€appealing€party€to€show€that€the€sentencing€is€improper;Ïtherefore,€if€the€trial€court€followed€the€statutory€sentencing€procedure,€made€findingsÏof€fact€that€are€adequately€supported€in€the€record,€and€gave€due€consideration€andÏproper€weight€to€the€factors€and€principles€that€are€relevant€to€sentencing€under€theÏ1989€Sentencing€Act,€we€may€not€disturb€the€sentence€even€if€a€different€result€wereÏpreferred.€€òòState€v.€Fletcheróó,€805€S.W.2d€785,€789€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).Ì€Ìà àHowever,€"the€presumption€of€correctness€which€accompanies€the€trialÏcourt's€action€is€conditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trialÏcourt€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances."€ÏòòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€€In€this€respect,€for€the€purpose€ofÏmeaningful€appellate€review,ÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 àthe€trial€court€must€place€on€the€record€its€reasons€forÏarriving€at€the€final€sentencing€decision,€identify€theÏmitigating€and€enhancement€factors€found,€state€the€specificÏfacts€supporting€each€œenhancement›€factor€œà àfound,›€andÏarticulate€how€the€mitigating€and€œenhancement€factors€haveÍbeen€evaluated€and€balanced€in€determining€the€sentence.€ÏT.C.A.€ðð€40„35„210(f)€(1990).Ìà8 à€òòÌÓÓÓ  ÓState›€v.€Jonesóó,€883€œS.W.2d€597,›€œ599›€(Tenn.€1994).ÌÌà àAlso,€in€conducting€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review,€we€must€consider€(1)€the€evidence,Ïif€any,€received€at€the€trial€and€sentencing€hearing,€(2)€the€presentence€report,€(3)€theÏprinciples€of€sentencing€and€arguments€as€to€sentencing€alternatives,€(4)€the€natureÏand€characteristics€of€the€criminal€conduct,€(5)€any€mitigating€or€statutory€enhancementÏfactors,€(6)€any€statement€that€the€defendant€made€on€his€own€behalf,€and€(7)€theÏpotential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€T.C.A.€ðððð€40„35„102,€„103€and€„210;€òòseeóóÏòòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€168;€òòState€v.€Mossóó,€727€S.W.2d€œ229,€238›€(Tenn.€1986).€ÌÌà àThe€sentence€to€be€imposed€by€the€trial€court€for€a€felony€isÏpresumptively€the€minimum€in€the€range€unless€there€are€enhancement€factorsÏpresent.€€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„210(c).× ƒ0 ××  ×€€Procedurally,€the€trial€court€is€to€increase€theÏsentence€within€the€range€based€upon€the€existence€of€enhancement€factors€and,Ïthen,€reduce€the€sentence€as€appropriate€for€any€mitigating€factors.€€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„210(d)€and€(e).€€The€weight€to€be€afforded€an€existing€factor€is€left€to€the€trial€court'sÏdiscretion€so€long€as€it€complies€with€the€purposes€and€principles€of€the€1989ÏSentencing€Act€and€its€findings€are€adequately€supported€by€the€record.€€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„210,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments;€òòMossóó,€727€S.W.2d€at€237;€òòseeóó€òòAshbyóó,Ï823€S.W.2d€at€169.ÌÌò òÓ  ÓA.ó óÌÓ  Óà àRegarding€the€length€of€the€sentences,€the€defendant€contends€that€theÏtrial€court€improperly€applied€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors.€€The€state€assertsÏthat€the€factors€were€properly€applied.€€€ÌÌà àThe€trial€court€properly€applied€enhancement€factor€(9),€the€use€of€aÏfirearm,€explosive€device€or€other€deadly€weapon€during€the€commission€of€anÏoffense,€for€reckless€homicide.€€ð ðReckless€homicide€is€the€reckless€killing€of€another.ðð€ÏT.C.A.€ðð€œ39„13„215(a)€(Supp.€1996).›€€The€use€of€a€firearm€is€not€an€essential€elementÏof€this€crime.€€Therefore,€the€trial€court€appropriately€considered€the€use€of€a€firearmÏduring€the€homicide€in€enhancing€the€defendantððs€sentence€for€the€reckless€homicideÏconviction.€€Ìà àÌà àThe€trial€court€was€also€correct€in€enhancing€the€defendantððs€sentence€forÏreckless€homicide€because€ð ðthe€defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crimeÏwhen€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high.ðð€€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„114€(10).€€Though€factor€(10)€isÏinherent€in€every€œhomicide›€case€relative€to€the€victim,€it€may€be€considered€when€theÏdefendant€endangers€the€lives€of€people€other€than€the€victim.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Johnsonóó,Í909€S.W.2d€461,€464€n.1€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€œ1995).›€€In€this€case,€the€defendant€createdÏa€high€risk€to€at€least€five€other€people€who€were€present€when€the€defendant€shot€theÏvictim.€€Thus,€the€trial€court€correctly€relied€upon€factor€(10).Ìà àÌà àRegarding€mitigation,€the€defendant€argues€that€he€was€entitled€toÏmitigation€of€his€sentences€because€he€acted€under€strong€provocation.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ððÏ40„35„113(2).€€Though€the€defendant€contends€that€he€acted€under€strongÏprovocation,€the€record€shows€that€the€victim€punched€the€defendant€in€response€toÏbeing€pushed€by€the€defendant.€€The€defendant€admitted€that€he€never€saw€the€victimÏwith€a€weapon.€€The€record€further€shows€that€immediately€after€being€punched,€theÏdefendant€pulled€out€a€gun€and€shot€the€victim.€€The€jury€found€the€defendant€guilty€ofÏonly€a€reckless€homicide.€€We€see€little€in€the€record€to€support€further€mitigationÏbecause€of€strong€provocation.€€The€trial€courtððs€rejection€of€this€factor€was€justified.ÌÌà àThe€defendant€also€asserts€that€the€trial€court€should€have€considered€aÏsecond€mitigating€factor€in€that€he€ð ðcommitted€the€offense€under€such€unusualÏcircumstances€that€it€is€unlikely€that€a€sustained€intent€to€violate€the€law€motivated€hisÏconduct.ðð€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„114(11).€€In€response,€the€state€contends€that€theÏdefendantððs€habit€of€illegally€carrying€a€gun,€this€time€into€a€bar€where€he€consumedÏalcohol,€reflects€a€sustained€intent€to€violate€the€law.€€It€also€argues€that€theÍdefendantððs€assertion€of€a€lack€of€sustained€intent€to€shoot€a€person€is€irrelevant.€€ItÏcites€no€authority€in€support€of€this€argument.€€ÌÌà àFirst,€we€conclude€that€the€defendantððs€habit€of€carrying€a€concealedÏweapon€reflects€that€a€sustained€intent€to€violate€the€law€motivated€his€conduct€relativeÏto€the€weapons€offense.€€However,€we€do€not€agree€that€his€conduct€and€motivationÏrelative€to€the€reckless€homicide,€for€which€he€is€being€sentenced,€is€irrelevant.€ÏInstead,€we€believe€that€the€central€point€for€sentencing€consideration€under€this€factorÏis€whether€a€ð ðsustained€intent€to€violate€the€law€motivated€his€conductðð€that€culminatedÏin€the€homicide.€€òòSeeóó,€òòe.g.óó,€òòState€v.€Sheltonóó,€854€S.W.2d€116,€123€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ï1992).€€In€this€respect,€the€record€shows€that€the€homicide€arose€from€a€rapidly€arisingÏset€of€circumstances€that€does€not€lend€itself€to€a€conclusion€that€a€sustained€intentÏexisted€relative€to€the€homicide.€€Under€the€circumstances€in€this€case,€we€believe€thatÏmitigating€factor€(11)€applies.ÌÌà àHowever,€we€believe€that€the€weight€of€this€mitigating€factor€is€offset€byÏthe€defendantððs€history€of€illegally€carrying€a€weapon,€a€history€that€justifiesÏenhancement€under€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„114(1).€€Obviously,€if€the€defendant€had€not€actedÏin€this€case€consistently€with€his€history,€the€killing€would€not€have€occurred.€€UnderÏthe€foregoing€analysis,€we€conclude€that€a€four„year€sentence€was€warranted€for€theÏreckless€homicide€conviction.€€ÌÌà àUnlike€felony€sentencing,€the€law€does€not€provide€a€presumptiveÏminimum€sentence€for€misdemeanor€convictions.€€òòState€v.€Creasyóó,€885€S.W.2d€829,Ï832€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€œ1994).€€The€defendant€does€not€specify€what€he€views€to€beÏwrong€with€his€misdemeanor€sentence.›€€Misdemeanor€sentences€are€to€be€consistentÏwith€the€purposes€and€principles€of€the€1989€Sentencing€Act.€€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„302(b).€ÏIn€our€review,€we€recognize€the€potential€danger€to€all€persons€present€that€arises€fromÏthe€combination€of€firearms€and€alcohol,€and€we€also€acknowledge€the€particularlyÏgreat€harm€that€actually€resulted€from€the€defendantððs€conduct€in€this€case.€€WeÏconclude€that€œthe›€sentence€of€eleven€months€and€twenty„nine€days€was€œproper€asÏimposed€by€the€trial€court.›€€ÌÌò òÓ  ÓB.ó óÌÓ  Óà àNext,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€himÏprobation€because€the€evidence€does€not€overcome€the€statutory€presumption€in€favorÏof€alternative€sentencing.€€The€state€asserts€that€alternative€sentencing€was€properlyÏdenied,€relying€principally€upon€the€fact€that€the€defendant€carried€a€weapon€whileÏconsuming€intoxicants€and€used€deadly€force€without€hesitation.€€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€œwas›€presumed€to€be€a€favorable€candidate€for€alternativeÏsentencing€in€the€absence€of€evidence€to€the€contrary€because€he€was€convicted€of€aÍClass€D€felony€and€sentenced€as€a€Range€I,€standard€offender.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„102(6).€€In€this€respect,€the€ð ðevidence€to€the€contraryðð€may€relate€to€the€defendantððsÏrehabilitative€capabilities€being€outweighed€by€any€of€the€following€factors:€(1)Ïconfinement€is€necessary€to€protect€society€by€restraining€a€defendant€who€has€a€longÏhistory€of€criminal€conduct,€(2)€confinement€is€necessary€to€avoid€depreciating€theÏseriousness€of€the€offense€or€confinement€is€particularly€suited€to€provide€an€effectiveÏdeterrence€to€others€likely€to€commit€similar€offenses,€or€(3)€measures€less€restrictiveÏthan€confinement€have€been€frequently€applied€unsuccessfully€to€the€defendant.€€òòSeeóóÏT.C.A.€ðð€40„35„103(1);€œòòAshbyóó,›€823€S.W.2d€at€169;€œòòFletcheróó,›€805€S.W.2d€at€787„88.€ÏAlso,€although€ð ðprobation€must€be€automatically€considered€as€a€sentencing€option€forÏeligible€defendants,€the€defendant€is€not€automatically€entitled€to€probation€as€a€matterÏof€law.ðð€€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„303(b),€Sentencing€Commission€Comments;€òòseeóó€òòFletcheróó,€805ÏS.W.2d€at€787.€€ÌÌà àThe€defendant€relies€heavily€on€œòòRodman€Montgomery›€v.€Stateóó,€No.Ï03C01„9410„CR„00380,€Sevier€County€(Tenn€Crim.€App.€Aug.€œ18,€1995),›€to€supportÏalternative€sentencing.€€In€òòMontgomeryóó,€the€defendant€and€the€victim€were€romanticallyÏinvolved€and€had€been€living€together€for€some€time.€€The€defendant€was€forty€yearsÏold€and€had€completed€substantial€college€work.€€The€defendant€was€paralyzed€fromÏthe€neck€down€from€an€accident€that€occurred€while€working€construction€during€highÏschool.€€The€defendant€inadvertently€removed€his€catheter€from€his€abdomen.€€TheÍdefendant€believed€that€he€needed€to€drive€to€a€storage€bin€to€get€a€replacementÏcatheter.€€The€victim€did€not€want€the€defendant€to€leave€because€he€had€been€heavilyÏdrinking.€€The€defendant€fell€out€of€his€wheelchair€looking€for€a€catheter€in€a€duffle€bag.€ÏThe€victim€pushed€the€defendantððs€wheelchair€onto€the€front€porch€to€prevent€theÏdefendant€from€leaving.€€There€was€a€.32€caliber€pistol€on€the€floor€under€the€bedÏwhere€the€defendant€lay.€€The€defendant€began€œplaying€with€the€pistol›€as€if€it€were€aÏtoy,€cocking€and€uncocking€it.€€The€gun€discharged€and€struck€the€victim€in€theÏforehead.€€The€defendant€immediately€dragged€himself€to€a€œtelephone›€to€call€forÏmedical€assistance,€but€the€victim€never€regained€consciousness.€€Ì€€Ìà àThis€case€is€unlike€òòMontgomeryóó.€€The€defendant€entered€theÏestablishment€in€possession€of€a€deadly€weapon€and€started€drinking.€€Relative€to€theÏaltercation,€the€defendant€pushed€the€victim€and€called€him€a€name.€€The€victimÏresponded€to€the€defendantððs€initial€aggression€by€punching€the€defendant€in€the€face.€ÏThe€defendant€then€pulled€a€gun€from€his€pocket€and€killed€the€victim,€firing€theÏweapon€only€three€to€six€inches€from€the€victimððs€chest.€€In€fact,€the€record€supports€theÏtrial€courtððs€determination€that€a€greater€degree€of€culpability€than€recklessness€wasÏproven€at€trial.€€ÌÌà àA€court€may€deny€probation€solely€from€the€circumstances€of€the€crimeÏitself,€if€the€crime€as€committed€was€ð ðespecially€violent,€horrifying,€shocking,Íreprehensible,€offensive,€or€otherwise€of€an€excessive€or€exaggerated€degree.ðð€€òòStateÏv.€Travisóó,€622€S.W.2d€529,€534€(Tenn.€1981);€òòState€v.€Hartleyóó,€818€S.W.2d€370,€374Ï(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).€€Moreover,€the€voluntary€combining€of€intoxication€withÏdangerous€instrumentalities€has€been€recognized€by€our€supreme€court€as€a€matter€ofÏserious€public€concern€which€may€justify€a€denial€of€probation.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Cleavoróó,Ï691€S.W.2d€œ541,€543›€(Tenn.€1985).€€Under€all€of€the€circumstances,€we€conclude€thatÏthe€evidence€in€the€record€adequately€supports€the€trial€courtððs€decision€to€denyÏprobation.€€ÌÌà@ àò òC.ó óà àÌà àFinally,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€should€not€haveÏordered€consecutive€sentencing.€€The€state€asserts€that€the€trial€court€properlyÏimposed€consecutive€sentencing€given€the€defendantððs€conduct€on€the€night€inÏquestion.€€We€disagree.€ÌÌà àAt€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€trial€court€ordered€the€defendantððsÏsentences€to€be€served€consecutively€because€it€found€that€the€defendantððs€behaviorÏthat€night€met€the€definition€of€a€dangerous€offender€under€T.C.A.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(4).€ÏHowever,€this€finding€alone€will€not€justify€consecutive€sentencing:ÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 à[T]he€imposition€of€consecutive€sentences€on€an€offenderÏfound€to€be€a€dangerous€offender€requires,€in€addition€toÏthe€application€of€general€principles€of€sentencing,€theÍfinding€that€an€extended€sentence€is€necessary€to€protectÏthe€public€against€further€criminal€conduct€by€the€defendantÏand€that€the€consecutive€sentences€must€reasonably€relateÏto€the€severity€of€the€offenses€committed.ÌòòÌóó€€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€939€(Tenn.€1995).ÌÌÓÓÓ  ÓÌà àWe€conclude€that€the€trial€court€should€not€have€ordered€consecutiveÏsentencing.€€It€made€no€findings€regarding€the€need€to€protect€the€public€against€theÏdefendantððs€future€criminal€conduct€or€the€fact€that€consecutive€sentencing€wouldÏreasonably€relate€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses€committed.€€Also,€our€review€of€theÏrecord€finds€little€to€support€such€findings.€€Although€the€defendant€admitted€to€carryingÏa€weapon€regularly,€there€is€no€other€incident€of€violence€shown.€€Further,€there€is€noÏindication€from€the€defendantððs€past€history€that€would€show€him€to€be€not€amenable€toÏrehabilitation.€€Likewise,€there€is€no€indication€from€the€circumstances€surrounding€theÏoffenses€that€he€is€a€continuing€danger€to€society.€€Therefore,€we€conclude€that€theÏsentences€should€be€served€concurrently.Ìà àÌà àIn€consideration€of€the€foregoing,€the€defendantððs€judgments€of€convictionÏare€affirmed,€but€the€sentences€are€modified€to€be€served€concurrently€to€each€other.€€€€ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà à_______________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àJoseph€M.€Tipton,€JudgeÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ___________________________ÌGary€R.€Wade,€Judge€ÌÌÌÌ___________________________ÌWilliam€M.€Barker,€Judge€