WPCu wv&@K$B ȝ䍭VE(XӔUi@1vuft ͊m˫O*.\zX 66HwМwuJzxo]Y|6Oͳ'5)<ɽ'Xp2yO#@V|Iz2&Hl)6r2 KgZDĉ|o[GiډV:,<*톹I.o%>nv„ܳ&#mԬ~n- Bl箃yYYHL-# vU> % 0UB4nU:fd"lw@ D3 01 0D2 U:v U: t U:^ U: B t U>cU:UB AQn 0D4 0Dx 0D D/ B/)LHP LaserJet 4HPPCL5MS,,,,,,0nL<( 9Z &Courier RegularX($  7'CXXdXXd7    iUX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXi<6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiWc%3|xd <6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiXXx6X@JQX@,rAZ"Arial Regular \\RA' Legal\    P +Q R S DT U V DW X Y Ӏ'dxd((3A$ !  7;XXdXXd7    iUX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXi   `   0  (#$  0  ,  AZ"Arial Regular,cAZ"Arial Regular jXAXXœA A @ 7;XXdXXd7 @   iUX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXi   1    ݀Wenotethattheindictmentreferstothedefendantas Jerry,whereasboththestate  andthedefendantsbriefrefertothedefendantas Jere.WeuseJerrybecausethatisthedefendantsnameinthecharginginstrument.,  AZ"Arial Regular,cAZ"Arial Regular d jX"dwXX#dw LN @ 7$XXdd7 @   iUX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXi   1    ݀Wenotethattheindictmentreferstothedefendantas Jerry,whereasboththestate  andthedefendantsbriefrefertothedefendantas Jere.WeuseJerrybecausethatisthedefendantsnameinthecharginginstrument.<( 9Z &Courier Regular,  AZ"Arial Regular<6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpi&'()*C<< CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3$ !  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($$   1  ++' dxdP Pd  '"  X\XXXXXX\   Ad FILEDX\XX   November18,1998  CecilCrowson,Jr. XX\AppellateCourtClerk !  7;XXdXXd7    iUX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<H?AXi  ݛXTR[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'T † : X\XXX7 \ XXdXXd7Y r%,<,(j 8` `@E  ` ttx$X rߛY 8 @ D x xINTHECOURTOFCRIMINALAPPEALSOFTENNESSEE  @~~%DATKNOXVILLE@@66-R   SEPTEMBER1998SESSIONSTATEOFTENNESSEE, h   )   80 Ѐ    h   )    Appellee, h   )  No.03C019701CC00040       h   )       h   )  SevierCounty   v.    h   )       h   )  HonorableBenW.Hooper,Judge       h   )JERRYLYNNSEATON, h   )  (Certifiedquestionoflaw) h`     h   ) Appellant. h   ) 4, FortheAppellant:   h     FortheAppellee:  StevenE.Marshall   h     JohnKnoxWalkup   x   124CourtAvenue,Suite201    AttorneyGeneralofTennessee ~v Sevierville,TN37862 h      p and     x   d\     h     MichaelJ.Fahey,II    h     AssistantAttorneyGeneralofTennessee    h     425FifthAvenueNorth x   !     h     Nashville,TN372430493    h     AlfredC.Schmutzer,Jr.    h     DistrictAttorneyGeneral    h      p and %"     h     CharlesE.Atchley    h     AssistantDistrictAttorneyGeneral    h     301SevierCountyCourthouse    h     Sevierville,TN37862OPINIONFILED:____________________AFFIRMEDJosephM.TiptonJudge >:639S Ї @)DOPINION    Thedefendant,JerryLynnSeatonP P P !P #  1      ,wasconvicteduponhispleaofguilty   intheSevierCountyCriminalCourttopossessionofmarijuanawiththeintenttosell,aClassEfelony.HewassentencedasaRangeII,multipleoffendertotwoyearsconfinementinthecustodyoftheDepartmentofCorrectionandwasfinedtwothousanddollars.Heappealsasofrightuponacertifiedquestionoflawthatisdispositiveofthiscase.SeeT.R.A.P.3(b);Tenn.R.Crim.P.37(b).Hecontendsthat   thetrialcourterredbydenyinghismotiontosuppressthemarijuanaseizedfromhistruckonthegroundsthatthewarrantlesssearchofhistruckviolatedhisrightsundertheFourthAmendmentQ Q R toR R Q ofQ R Q theUnitedStatesConstitutionQ .WeconcludethattheϜdefendantsS FourthAmendmentS rightswerenotviolated. Atthesuppressionhearing,OfficerJimMarshallofthePigeonForgePoliceDepartmenttestifiedthatatabout8:30p.m.onFebruary25,1992,hewastravelingwestonLowerMiddleCreekRoadwhenhesawthedefendantstrucktravelingeast.Hetestifiedthatthedefendantstruckwaspartiallyintheoppositelane,headingtowardhim.Hesaidthatasthedefendantpassedhim,henoticedthatthetaillightsonthedefendantstruckwereinoperable.Hesaidthatheturnedaroundandfollowedthedefendant.Hesaidthedefendantwasgoingfiftyeightmilesperhourinathirtyfivemileperhourzone,andthedefendantwasweavingintotheoppositelane. OfficerMarshallsaidthatwhenhepulledoverthedefendant,thedefendantleftthetruckwithabrownpaperbaginhishand.Hesaidthedefendantplacedthebagbehindtheseatinthetruck.Hesaidthatwhenheapproachedthetruck,hetoldthedefendanttostepaway,andthedefendantcomplied.Hesaidhe 4,2 askedthedefendantforhislicenseandregistration,whichthedefendantprovided.Hesaidhesmelledalcoholonthedefendant,andheaskedthedefendantifhehadbeendrinking.Thedefendantsaidthathedrankthreeorfourbeersearlierthatday.OfficerMarshalltestifiedthatheaskedthedefendantifanyopenbeerswereinthedefendantstruck.Hesaidthedefendantreplied, No,doyouwanttolook?Hesaidheaskedthedefendant, Yeah,canI?andthedefendanttoldhimhecould.Hesaidthatanotherofficerradioedhimandaskedifheneededassistance.Hesaidherepliedthathedidbecauseheknewthedefendanthadareputationforfighting. OfficerMarshallsaidthatafterheobtainedconsentfromthedefendant,heapproachedthetruckandpulledbacktheseat.Hesaidhesawanopenpaperbag,andinsidethepaperbagtherewasaplasticbagcontainingaboutonepoundofmarijuana.Hesaidhesteppedbacktothedefendantandtalkedtohimwhilehewaitedfortheotherofficertoarrive.Hesaidhedidnotwanttoarrestthedefendantbyhimselfbecauseofthedefendantsreputationforfighting.Whentheotherofficerarrived,hesaidhetoldthedefendanthewasgoingtogivehimafieldsobrietytest,andhetoldthedefendanthewasunderarrest.  X4XX XOfficerMarshallsaidtheotherofficeraskedthedefendanttoputhis `'X $ handsonthetruck,whichthedefendantdid.Marshallsaidthedefendantkepttakinghishandsoffthetruck,andtheotherofficerkeptaskingthedefendanttoputhishandsbackonthetruck.Marshallsaidthatwhentheotherofficeraskedthedefendanttoputhishandsbackonthetruckforthethirdtime,thedefendantshovedtheofficertotheground.Hesaidthedefendantrantowardthetruck,butMarshallcaughthimandarrestedhim.# XXXX48# 2+0  Oncrossexamination,OfficerMarshallsaidhecouldnotrememberwhetherthedriverssidedoorofthetruckwasopenorclosed.Hesaidhedidnot 816  :  S  :  S Q  :  Q N  :   :  N M  :  M L  :   :   :   :   :  L returnthedefendantslicenseandregistration.Hesaidthedefendantdidnotmakeanythreateningmovesandhadnoweapons.Hesaidhedidnotnoticeanybulgesinthedefendantspockets.Hetestifiedthathesuspectedthedefendantwasundertheinfluenceofalcoholandthatoncehestoppedthedefendant,thedefendantwasnotfreetoleave.Hesaidhedidnottellthedefendantthathecouldrefusetoconsenttothesearchofhistruck.Hesaidthatbeforehelookedinthetruckandsawthemarijuana,hecouldhavearrestedthedefendantforhavinginoperabletaillights.Hesaidhehadnoindicationthatthedefendanthadusedmarijuana.Headmittedthatatthepreliminaryhearing,hesaidhereceivedconsenttosearchthedefendantstruckforthepurposeoflookingbehindtheseatbecausehewasconcernedwithwhatthedefendanthadputthere.Hesaidhetoldthedefendantthathewasunderarrestafewminutesafterhesawthemarijuanainthebrownbag.Hesaidhedidnotremembertheexactwordsthedefendantusedwhenhegavehimconsenttosearchthetruck. ThedefendanttestifiedthathewashaulingfirewoodinhistruckonFebruary25,1992.Hesaidhemighthavedrivenalittleintheoppositelaneatacurveintheroad.HesaidthatwhenOfficerMarshallpulledhimover,hestoppedandgotoutofthetruck,andthedoorshutbehindhim.Hesaidhedidnothaveanythinginhishandswhenhegotoutofthetruck.Hesaidtheofficertookhislicenseandregistrationandaskedhimifhehadbeendrinking.Hesaidhetoldtheofficerthathehadacoupleofbeersatabout10:00a.m.Hesaidtheofficertoldhimhesmelledalcoholandwasgoingtoperformafieldsobrietytest.Hesaidtheofficerthenwenttothefrontofthetruck,openedthedoor,andbegandiggingaroundinthetruck.Hesaidhenevergavetheofficerpermissiontolookinthetruck,andtheofficerneveraskedforpermission.Hesaidtheofficerkepthislicenseandregistration.Hesaidtheofficerarrestedhimafteranotherofficerarrived,buttheynevertoldhimwhyhewasarrested.  5.4  Oncrossexamination,thedefendantsaidthathegotoutofhistruck whentheofficerstoppedhimbecausethatiswhathealwaysdoeswhenheisstopped.Hesaidthebrownbagwasrolledup,andtheofficerwouldhavehadtoopenittoseewhatwasinsidethebag. Thetrialcourtoverruledthedefendantsmotiontosuppressandmadethefollowingfindings:(1)thestopwasvalidduetothedefendantsdrivingbehavior,(2)thedefendantknowinglyandvoluntarilyconsentedtothesearchofhistruck,and(3)thesearchwasincidenttoalawfularrestofthedefendantfordrivingundertheinfluence.Atrialcourt'sfactualfindingsonamotiontosuppressareconclusiveonappealunlesstheevidencepreponderatesagainstthem.Statev.Odom,928S.W.2d18,23(Tenn.  1996);Statev.Jones,802S.W.2d221,223(Tenn.Crim.App.1990).Theapplication  ofthelawtothefactsasdeterminedbythetrialcourtisaquestionoflawwhichisrevieweddenovoonappeal.Statev.Yeargan,958S.W.2d626,629(Tenn.1997). d\ XXX X Thedefendantcontendsthatthetrialcourtshouldhavegrantedhis ! motiontosuppressbecausethestatefailedtoprovethatthedefendantfreelyandvoluntarilygavetheofficerconsenttosearchhistruckandbecausethesearchwasnotincidenttoalawfularrest.First,webelievethattheissueofwhetherthesearchwasincidenttoalawfularrestisnotdeterminative,becausetheevidencedoesnotpreponderateagainstthetrialcourtsfindingthatthedefendantfreelyandvoluntarilyconsentedtothesearch. WarrantlesssearchesarepresumedunreasonableundertheFourthAmendmentunlesstheyfallwithincarefullydelineatedexceptions.Katzv.United (2 +0 States,389U.S.347,357,88S.Ct.507,514(1967).Awarrantlesssearchmaybe 3,2 conductedwhenasuspectconsents,andthereasonablenessofaconsensualsearchisdeterminedbyexaminingthetotalityofthecircumstances.Schnecklothv. 706 Bustamonte,412U.S.218,219,93S.Ct.2041,2043(1973).Thetotalityofthe  circumstancestestisalsousedwhenasuspectgivesconsentforasearchwhileheisincustody.UnitedStatesv.Watson,423U.S.411,424,96S.Ct.820,828(1976).   Thestandardformeasuringthescopeofasuspectsconsentisoneofobjectivereasonableness,thatis,whatwouldareasonablepersonhaveunderstoodbytheexchangebetweenthesuspectandtheofficer?Illinoisv.Rodrigues,497U.S.177,   18389,110S.Ct.2793,27892802(1990). Viewedinthislight,weconcludethattheevidencedoesnotpreponderateagainstthetrialcourtsfindingthatthedefendantfreelyandvoluntarilyconsentedtothesearchofhistruck.Theevidenceshowsthattheofficerwasjustifiedinstoppingthedefendantbecauseofhiserraticdrivingandtrafficviolations.Thisconductandtheodorofalcoholalsojustifiedtheofficersfurtherinquiry.Theofficeraskedthedefendantifhehadanyopenbeersinhistruck,andthedefendantrepliedthathedidnotandaskedtheofficerifhewantedtolookinthetruck.Thedefendantdidnotplaceanyrestrictionsonthescopeoftheofficerssearch,anditisobjectivelyreasonabletoconcludethattheofficerwouldlookinsidethepaperbagforbeers,particularlyinlightofthefactthatthedefendantimmediatelyT leftT T exitedT thetruckandplacedthepaperbagbehindhisseatwhenhewasU stoppedU U pulledoverU .SeeFloridav.Jimeno,500U.S.248,251,111 `'X $ S.Ct.1801,1804(1991)(holdingthatitisreasonabletoconcludethatasuspectsgeneralconsenttothesearchofhiscarincludesconsenttosearchapaperbaglyingonthefloorofthecar);Statev.JamesE.Johnson,No.01C019502CC00040, ,%* RobertsonCountyV ,V (Tenn.Crim.App.Mar.22,1996),applic.denied(Tenn.Aug.26, .', 1996)( areasonablepersonwouldassumethatinconductingasearchofanautomobile,anofficerwillsearchundertheseatwherethedriverhasbeensitting.). Thedefendantalsoarguesthatthesearchwasunconstitutionalbecausetheofficerdidnottellthedefendantthathecouldrefusetoconsenttothesearch. 706  †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT  V  †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT  V U  †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT   †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT   †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT   †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT   †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT   †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT   †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT   †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT   †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT   †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT   †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT  U T  †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT   †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT   †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT   †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT   †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT   †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT  T Q  †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT  Q N  †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT  N L  †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT   †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT   †TR[A' Legal[A' LegalA' LegalA' LegalT  L Althoughitisonefactorinthetotalityofthecircumstances,asuspectneednotbe  apprisedofhisrighttorefuseconsenttoasearchinorderforthatsearchtobevoluntary.Schneckloth,93S.Ct.at2059,412U.S.at250.Also,thedefendant   summarilyarguesthattheconsentwasnotvoluntarybecausehewasincustodywhentheconsentwasgiven.However,webelievethatthetotalityofthecircumstancesϜshowW sW X X W W thathestillfreelyandvoluntarilyconsentedtothesearchofhistruck.  Inconsiderationoftheforegoingandtherecordasawhole,weaffirmthejudgmentofthetrialcourt.    h      p ________________________________    h      p JosephM.Tipton,JudgeCONCUR:_________________________JohnH.Peay,Judge_________________________DavidG.Hayes,Judge