ÿWPC« (œ­lÞ¡Qjñãl¸T…ÄÆkíoôìåܸZ_À* A½÷¤¦Ýþ26-J¡•:ç’I²Ò<=ƒ(£Š ÝÇ×¼J¨šÝ°#»øª¦“мíÎ)Qªêe[R˜…)¤”×·0}·—¿ Œz=S½zOŸ× Ðdefendant€has€an€extensive€criminal€history;€thus€consecutive€sentences€are€also€appropriate.€€TheÐ Ô$ Ðjudgment€of€the€trial€court€is€therefore€affirmed.Ð º  ÐÔ#†X#œXXX#œÑ#ÔÔ#†¼PлXX#œ™#ÔÔ‡X#œX»¼PÐÔÌÓÅÓÌò òÔ€ X#œXXX#œÔTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€of€DavidsonÐ l!¼! ÐCounty€is€Affirmed.ó óÐ R"¢" ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#† ¼Pлà X#œ #ÔÔ‡ X#œX. ¼PÐÔJerry€L.€Smith,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJohn€Everett€Williams,€J.,€óó€andÐ $n$ ÐòòRobert€W.€Wedemeyer,€J.óó,€joined.Ð %T % ÐÌJeffery€A.€DeVasher,€Assistant€Public€Defender,€on€appeal,€and€Wendy€S.€Tucker,€Assistant€PublicÐ Ð& "' ÐDefender,€at€trial,€Nashville,€Tennessee€for€the€appellant,€Harold€Wayne€Shaw.Ð ¶'#( ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter,€Todd€R.€Kelley,€Assistant€Attorney€General,Ð ‚)Ò$* ÐNashville,€Tennessee€and€Victor€S.€Johnson,€District€Attorney€General€and€Kimberly€Haas,€AssistantÐ h*¸%+ ÐDistrict€Attorney,€Nashville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð N+ž&, ÐÓò ÓÌÐ -j(.ý Ðà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#† ¼PлX X#œ! #ÔÔ‡ X#œX» ¼PÐÔÐ ° ÐÌòòóóÔ#† ¼PлX X#œ‰#Ôò òòòÔ‡¼Pл» ¼PÐÔÔ‡X#œX»¼PÐÔÓ  ÓÓ  ÓFactual€BackgroundÔ#†¼PлXX#œ #ÔÔ‡„qW „»¼PÐÔóóó óÐ |Ì ÐÓ7ÓÓÓà  àÔ#†¼Pл „„qWx#ÔÔ‡X#œX»¼PÐÔThe€facts€surrounding€this€case€were€summarized€by€this€Court€following€the€defendantððsÐ b² Ðdirect€appeal€as€follows:€€à  àÐ . ~ ÐÓÂÓà8  àà ` àOn€December€29,€1993,€at€approximately€10:00€p.m.,€police€officers€and€anÐ ú J Ðambulance€were€dispatched€to€G-Man's€Market€on€Brick€Church€Pike€in€NashvilleÐ à 0 Ðin€response€to€a€call€that€a€shooting€had€occurred.€€Upon€arrival,€they€foundÐ Æ   Ð24-year-old€Corey€Barbee€on€the€floor,€bleeding€from€several€gunshot€wounds.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐBarbee€told€them€that€"some€dudes€got€Garland€[Brinkley]."€The€victim€was€askedÐ ’â  Ðif€the€same€men€who€had€taken€Garland€had€shot€him,€and€Barbee€responded€"yes."€Ð xÈ  ÐHe€told€them€that€three€men€in€masks€had€entered€the€store,€fired€several€shots,€andÐ ^®  Ðthen€taken€away€the€owner€of€the€market€(Garland€Brinkley).ÐD” Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àBarbee€was€taken€to€Vanderbilt€University€Hospital,€where€over€the€next€fewÐ ` Ðdays€he€underwent€several€surgeries.€€Fourteen€days€later,€on€January€12,€1994,Ð öF ÐCorey€Barbee€died€of€complications€from€the€gunshot€wounds€to€his€chest€andÐ Ü, Ðabdomen.ÐÂÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àGarland€Brinkley,€whose€nickname€is€"G-Man,"€was€the€owner€of€G-Man'sÐ ŽÞ ÐMarket.€€About€six€months€earlier,€Brinkley€was€involved€in€some€drug€transactions,Ð tÄ Ðspecifically€cocaine,€with€a€man€he€knew€as€Harold€Moore,€but€whose€name€wasÐ Zª Ðactually€Harold€Shaw,€the€Defendant.€€Brinkley€testified€that€he€and€DefendantÐ @ Ðagreed€that€Defendant€would€"front"€the€cocaine€to€Brinkley€to€sell,€and€thenÐ &v ÐBrinkley€would€later€pay€Defendant.€€The€cocaine€was€actually€given€to€Brinkley€byÐ  \ Ða€man€named€Eric,€who€Brinkley€testified€was€a€"go-between."€€Brinkley€testifiedÐ òB Ðthat€in€two€such€transactions,€he€gave€the€drugs€to€someone€else€to€sell.€€The€proceedsÐ Ø( Ðfrom€the€drug€deals€were€apparently€never€given€to€Brinkley€so€he€in€turn€neverÐ ¾ Ðreturned€any€of€the€proceeds€to€Defendant.€€It€is€not€clear€from€the€record€as€to€theÐ ¤ô Ðtotal€amount€and€value€of€the€cocaine€in€the€transactions.€€At€the€preliminary€hearing,Ð Š Ú ÐBrinkley€said€he€owed€$3,800€for€three€ounces€on€the€first€transaction€and€$9,000€forÐ p!À  Ð12€ounces€on€the€second€deal.€€However,€he€told€investigators€and€testified€at€trialÐ V"¦! Ðthat€the€deals€involved€a€quarter„kilo€valued€at€$27,000.Ð<#Œ"Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àBrinkley€testified€that€on€the€morning€of€December€29,€1993,€DefendantÐ %X $ Ðtelephoned€him€at€the€store€and€demanded€that€Brinkley€turn€over€his€house€and€hisÐ î%>!% ÐChevrolet€Blazer€as€payment€for€the€cocaine€debt.€€Defendant€claimed€that€BrinkleyÐ Ô&$"& Ðowed€him€$27,000€plus€a€$5,000€late€fee,€for€a€total€of€$32,000.€€Later€that€morning,Ð º' #' ÐDefendant€came€to€G-Man's€Market€and€again€demanded€payment€from€Brinkley.€Ð  (ð#( ÐHowever,€Brinkley€refused€and€Defendant€left.І)Ö$)Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àBrinkley€testified€that€later€that€evening,€Corey€Barbee,€known€as€"Bruno,"Ð R+¢&+ Ðwas€at€the€store€with€Brinkley.€€Barbee€and€Brinkley€had€been€friends€for€severalÐ 8,ˆ', Ðyears.€€Barbee€would€stop€by€the€market€and€watch€television€and€would€sometimesÐ ° Ðhelp€Brinkley€clean€the€store€and€close€it€at€night.€€As€they€were€closing€the€store€onÐ –æ Ðthe€night€of€December€29,€1993,€the€door€suddenly€flew€open€and€a€masked€manÐ |Ì Ðstepped€in€and€shot€Barbee€five€or€six€times.€€Brinkley€described€the€shooter€as€aÐ b² Ðblack€male,€about€six€feet€tall€and€175€pounds,€with€a€hood€over€his€head€in€additionÐ H˜ Ðto€the€mask.€€He€was€armed€with€what€Brinkley€described€as€a€nine€millimeter€GlockÐ . ~ Ðor€Beretta.€€The€shooter€was€followed€into€the€market€by€two€more€men.€€The€secondÐ  d Ðman€had€no€mask€on€his€face,€but€only€a€hood€and€sunglasses.€€Brinkley€recognizedÐ ú J Ðthis€man€as€Harold€Moore€(Shaw),€the€Defendant.€€Defendant€was€armed€with€aÐ à 0 Ðpistol-grip€shotgun.€€The€third€man,€who€was€also€masked,€was€shorter€and€chubbier.€Ð Æ   ÐAccording€to€Brinkley,€all€three€men€were€black.Ь ü Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àAfter€Barbee€was€shot,€Barbee€asked€to€use€the€phone€to€call€an€ambulance.€Ð xÈ  ÐHe€then€managed€to€get€to€the€phone€and€call€911€for€help.€€Brinkley€testified€that€theÐ ^®  ÐDefendant€then€ordered€Brinkley€to€leave€the€market€with€them.€€Brinkley€said€thatÐ D”  Ðhe€initially€refused€and€that€the€man€who€had€shot€Barbee€then€"shot€me€and€grazedÐ *z  Ðmy€leg."€€He€testified€that€the€bullet€did€not€enter€his€leg,€but€that€he€has€a€scar€fromÐ ` Ðbeing€grazed.€€However,€there€is€apparently€no€medical€record€of€such€a€grazeÐ öF Ðwound.€€Brinkley€eventually€got€into€the€1976€or€1977€blue€Chevrolet€Impala€withÐ Ü, Ðthe€three€men.€€Barbee€was€left€at€the€market.ÐÂÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àThis€same€evening,€Clara€Coleman€was€helping€in€some€remodeling€work€onÐ ŽÞ Ða€business€located€in€the€same€building€as€G-Man's€Market.€€She€heard€gunshots€andÐ tÄ Ðlooked€out€in€time€to€see€a€light€blue€older€model€car€speed€away€from€the€market.€Ð Zª ÐShe€testified€that€she€saw€three€or€four€black€men€in€the€car.€€Ms.€Coleman€did€notÐ @ Ðknow€Brinkley.Ð&vÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àAs€the€car€drove€off,€Defendant€told€the€shooter€to€put€duct€tape€overÐ òB ÐBrinkley's€face€and€to€bind€his€hands€together€with€the€tape€also.€€Defendant€held€theÐ Ø( Ðshooter's€gun€while€he€taped€up€Brinkley.€€According€to€Brinkley,€the€car€ride€lastedÐ ¾ Ðabout€15€to€25€minutes.€€Defendant€kept€saying€to€Brinkley,€"you€think€I'm€playingÐ ¤ô Ðwith€you?"€€The€car€eventually€came€to€a€stop€and€the€men€pulled€Brinkley€out€andÐ Š Ú Ðtook€him€into€a€garage€or€shed.€€They€bound€his€feet€with€duct€tape.€€There€the€threeÐ p!À  Ðmen€proceeded€to€beat€Brinkley.€€Defendant€pistol-whipped€him.€€Brinkley€testifiedÐ V"¦! Ðthat€he€believes€he€passed€out€two€or€three€times€during€the€beatings€which€heÐ <#Œ" Ðestimated€lasted€"for€hours."€€Defendant€then€forced€Brinkley€to€make€several€cellularÐ "$r# Ðphone€calls€in€an€effort€to€have€Brinkley's€wife€bring€the€deed€to€their€house.€€CallsÐ %X $ Ðwere€made€to€Brinkley's€mother,€aunt,€brother-in-law,€and€a€cousin,€but€they€couldÐ î%>!% Ðnot€locate€Brinkley's€wife.ÐÔ&$"&Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àBrinkley€said€that€three€or€four€more€black€men€later€joined€the€group€andÐ  (ð#( Ðparticipated€in€the€beatings.€€Brinkley€still€had€tape€over€his€eyes,€but€he€said€heÐ †)Ö$) Ðcould€tell€the€men€were€black€by€their€voices.€€The€men€took€his€wallet€which€hadÐ l*¼%* Ðabout€$300€cash€in€it.€€They€cut€his€pants€and€inflicted€a€four€to€five€inch€lacerationÐ R+¢&+ Ðon€his€left€thigh.€€According€to€Brinkley,€his€attackers€poured€some€liquid€on€hisÐ 8,ˆ', Ðwound€and€attempted€several€times€to€light€it€with€a€match,€although€doctors€wereÐ ° Ðunable€to€find€any€evidence€of€burns.€€However,€a€trauma€surgeon€who€treatedÐ –æ ÐBrinkley€at€Vanderbilt€testified€that€lacerations€often€produce€a€burning€sensation,Ð |Ì Ðparticularly€if€liquid€is€poured€on€them.Ðb²Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àThe€beatings€continued€until€someone€said€"kill€him."€€At€this€point,€most€ofÐ . ~ Ðthe€men€stepped€outside€to€confer,€but€when€they€returned€Brinkley€was€told€that€heÐ  d Ðwas€"lucky."€€They€then€cut€the€tape€from€his€ankles,€threw€him€back€in€the€car,€andÐ ú J Ðdrove€to€Whites€Creek€Pike.€€The€car€slowed€down€near€the€United€Parcel€ServiceÐ à 0 Ðlocation€and€Brinkley€was€thrown€out.€€He€testified€that€as€he€rolled€down€anÐ Æ   Ðembankment,€he€heard€two€or€three€shots€fired.€€The€car€then€took€off.Ь ü Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àBrinkley€was€able€to€pull€the€tape€from€his€eyes€enough€to€see,€and€he€thenÐ xÈ  Ðwalked€to€the€UPS€security€guard€station.€€One€guard€called€911€while€the€other€cutÐ ^®  Ðthe€tape€from€Brinkley's€face€and€wrists.€€An€ambulance€took€Brinkley€to€VanderbiltÐ D”  ÐHospital€where€he€was€treated€for€a€fracture€to€his€upper€jaw,€a€large€cut€on€the€backÐ *z  Ðof€his€scalp,€a€cut€on€his€left€thigh,€injuries€to€his€mouth,€and€rib€pain€suggesting€aÐ ` Ðfractured€rib.€€Brinkley€was€discharged€from€Vanderbilt€on€December€31,€1993.ÐöFÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àInvestigators€found€six€nine€millimeter€shell€casings,€two€outside€the€marketÐ Â Ðand€four€inside.€€Brinkley€acknowledged€that€the€fully-loaded€.357€revolver€found€onÐ ¨ø Ðthe€floor€of€the€market€belonged€to€Barbee,€who€usually€carried€it€in€his€coat€pocket.€Ð ŽÞ ÐAlso,€a€fully-loaded€nine€millimeter€semiautomatic€pistol€was€found€under€the€cashÐ tÄ Ðregister.€€Brinkley€identified€that€gun€as€belonging€to€him.€€Officer€Brad€CorcoranÐ Zª Ðtestified€that€neither€of€these€weapons€appeared€to€have€been€fired.€€The€onlyÐ @ Ðfingerprints€identified€at€the€scene€were€those€of€Brinkley€and€Barbee.Ð&vÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àOn€January€12,€1994,€the€day€Corey€Barbee€died,€homicide€detectives€JohnnyÐ òB ÐLawrence€and€Mike€Roland€interviewed€Brinkley.€€They€showed€Brinkley€aÐ Ø( Ðphotographic€array€from€which€Brinkley€identified€Defendant€as€the€leader€of€theÐ ¾ Ðgroup€that€kidnapped€him€and€killed€Barbee.ФôÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àThe€day€after€Brinkley€was€released€from€the€hospital,€Defendant€called€himÐ p!À  Ðand€reiterated€that€he€wanted€the€deed€to€Brinkley's€house.€€When€Brinkley€askedÐ V"¦! Ðwhy€Defendant€allowed€Barbee€to€be€killed,€Defendant€replied,€"I€don't€give€a€f---Ð <#Œ" Ðabout€him."€€Defendant€continued€to€call€Brinkley€every€day€and€sometimes€severalÐ "$r# Ðtimes€a€day.€€Brinkley€finally€called€the€police€because€of€the€harassing€calls€fromÐ %X $ ÐDefendant.€€Detectives€went€to€Brinkley's€house€and€recorded€two€incoming€callsÐ î%>!% Ðfrom€Defendant.€€In€those€calls,€Brinkley€and€Defendant€argued€about€the€shootingÐ Ô&$"& Ðof€Barbee.€€However,€Detective€Clifford€Douglas€admitted€that€police€made€noÐ º' #' Ðattempt€to€trace€the€telephone€calls,€nor€was€any€voice€analysis€done€in€an€attempt€toÐ  (ð#( Ðdetermine€whether€the€calls€were€actually€made€by€Defendant.€€Defendant€continuedÐ †)Ö$) Ðto€call€Brinkley€until€Brinkley€was€incarcerated€for€food€stamp€fraud.Ðl*¼%*Ð Ð  ÐÌòòState€v.€Harold€Wayne€Shawóó,€Ô#†¼PлXX#œ#ÔÔ‡X#œX»¼PÐÔNo.€01C01„9707„CR„00259,€1998€WL€731573€at€*1„*4€(Tenn.€Crim.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐApp.€1998).Ô#†¼PлXX#œ@#ÔÔ‡X#œX»¼PÐÔÐ ° Ðà  àThe€defendant€was€convicted€by€a€jury€of€second„degree€murder€and€aggravated€kidnapping.€Ð –æ ÐFollowing€a€sentencing€hearing,€the€trial€court€found€the€existence€of€the€following€five€(5)€statutoryÐ |Ì Ðenhancement€factors€applicable€to€both€of€the€defendantððs€convictions:€that€the€defendant€had€aÐ b² Ðprevious€history€of€criminal€convictions€in€addition€to€those€necessary€to€establish€the€appropriateÐ H˜ Ðrange,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(1);€that€the€defendant€was€the€leader€in€the€commission€of€theÐ . ~ Ðoffense,€òòId.óó€ðð€40„35„114(2);€that€the€offense€involved€more€than€one€(1)€victim,€òòId.óó€ðð€40„35„114(3);Ð  d Ðthat€the€defendant€treated€the€victim€with€exceptional€cruelty,€òòId.óó€ðð€40„35„114(5);€and€that€theÐ ú J Ðdefendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high.€€òòId.óó€ððÐ à 0 Ð40„35„114(10).€€€The€trial€court€found€that€the€defendant€was€a€Range€II€offender,€and€sentenced€theÐ Æ   Ðdefendant€to€thirty„five€(35)€years€imprisonment€for€the€second„degree€murder€and€eighteen€(18)Ð ¬ ü  Ðyears€imprisonment€for€the€aggravated€kidnapping,€both€sentences€to€be€served€consecutively€to€eachÐ ’â  Ðother,€for€a€total€effective€sentence€of€fifty„three€(53)€years.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð xÈ  Ðà  àThe€defendant€appealed,€and€this€Court€affirmed€the€conviction,€but€remanded€the€case€to€theÐ ^®  Ðtrial€court€for€resentencing€because€(1)€the€trial€court€erroneously€sentenced€the€defendant€as€a€RangeÐ D”  ÐII,€rather€than€a€Range€I,€offender,€(2)€the€trial€court€erroneously€applied€two€statutory€enhancementÐ *z  Ðfactors,€and€(3)€the€trial€court€ordered€the€defendant€to€serve€consecutive€sentences€withoutÐ ` Ðadequately€making€the€required€findings€of€fact€and€conclusions€of€law€on€the€record.׃€×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð öF Ðà  àFollowing€remand,€the€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€as€a€Range€I€offender€to€serveÐ Ü, Ðtwenty„two€(22)€years€incarceration€for€second„degree€murder,€and€ten€(10)€years€for€aggravatedÐ Â Ðkidnapping.€€The€court€ordered€the€sentences€served€consecutively.€€Ð ¨ø ÐÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓÔ#†¼PлXX#œ¼@#Ôò òòòÔ‡X#œX»¼PÐÔLength€of€SentenceÔ#†¼PлXX#œK#ÔÔ‡„qW „»¼PÐÔÐ &v Ðó óóóÔ#†¼Pл „„qWZK#ÔÔ‡X#œX»¼PÐÔà @ àA.Ð  \ ÐÓ  Óà  àFirst,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€courtððs€sentence€for€second„degree€murder€wasÐ òB Ðexcessive.€€This€Court's€review€of€the€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court€is€de€novo€with€aÐ Ø( Ðpresumption€of€correctness.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-401(d).€€However,€this€presumption€isÐ ¾ Ðconditioned€upon€an€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€judge€considered€the€sentencingÐ ¤ô Ðprinciples€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.Ð Š Ú Ð1991).€€If€the€trial€court€fails€to€comply€with€the€statutory€directives,€there€is€no€presumption€ofÐ p!À  Ðcorrectness€and€our€review€is€de€novo.€€òòState€v.€Pooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€93,€95€(Tenn.€1997).€€InÐ V"¦! Ðconducting€a€de€novo€review,€we€must€consider€(1)€the€evidence,€if€any,€received€at€the€trial€andÐ ° Ðsentencing€hearing,€(2)€the€presentence€report,€(3)€the€principles€of€sentencing€and€arguments€as€toÐ –æ Ðsentencing€alternatives,€(4)€the€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€criminal€conduct,€(5)€any€mitigatingÐ |Ì Ðor€statutory€enhancement€factors,€(6)€any€statement€that€the€defendant€made€on€his€own€behalf€andÐ b² Ð(7)€the€potential€for€rehabilitation€or€treatment.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€€ðððð€40-35-103,€-210;€òòAshbyóó,€823Ð H˜ ÐS.W.2d€at168.Ð . ~ Ðà  àThe€defendant€argues€that€his€sentence€of€twenty„two€(22)€years€for€second„degree€murderÐ  d Ðas€a€Range€I€offender€was€proportionally€greater€within€the€sentencing€range€than€his€originalÐ ú J Ðsentence€for€thirty„five€(35)€years€as€a€Range€II€offender.€€Twenty„two€(22)€years€constitutes€eighty„Ð à 0 Ðeight€(88)€percent€of€the€maximum€sentence€allowable€for€a€Range€I,€second„degree€murderÐ Æ   Ðconviction,€and€thirty„five€(35)€years€constitutes€eighty„seven€and€one„half€(87.5)€percent€of€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðmaximum€allowable€sentence€for€a€Range€II,€persistent€offender.€€Thus,€argues€the€defendant,€theÐ ’â  Ðtrial€courtððs€sentence€following€remand€is€presumptively€vindictive€according€to€òòNorth€Carolina€v.Ð xÈ  ÐPearceóó,€395€U.S.€711,€89€S.€Ct.€2072,€23€L.€Ed.€2d€656€(1969).Ð ^®  Ðà  àFirst,€we€note€that€the€defendantððs€reliance€on€òòPearceóó€is€misplaced.€€The€purpose€of€theÐ D”  Ðholding€in€òòPearceóó€was€to€ensure€that€the€defendantððs€sentence€was€not€influenced€by€the€trial€courtððsÐ *z  Ðvindictiveness€and€that€the€defendant€was€not€deterred€from€seeking€appellate€review:€Ð ` ÐÔ#† X#œXXX#œí#ÔÌà8  àDue€process€of€law,€then,€requires€that€vindictiveness€against€a€defendant€for€havingÐ Ü, Ðsuccessfully€attacked€his€first€conviction€must€play€no€part€in€the€sentence€heÐ Â Ðreceives€after€a€new€trial.€And€since€the€fear€of€such€vindictiveness€mayÐ ¨ø Ðunconstitutionally€deter€a€defendant's€exercise€of€the€right€to€appeal€or€collaterallyÐ ŽÞ Ðattack€his€first€conviction,€due€process€also€requires€that€a€defendant€be€freed€ofÐ tÄ Ðapprehension€of€such€a€retaliatory€motivation€on€the€part€of€the€sentencing€judge.ÐZªÐ Ð  ÐÌ395€U.S.€at€725.€€Ô‡X#œXX X#œÔIn€òòPearceóó,€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€held€that€the€state€violated€aÐ &v Ðdefendantððs€due€process€rights€where,€€following€a€retrial€after€a€successful€appeal,€the€trial€courtÐ  \ Ðimposed€a€harsher€sentence€on€the€defendant€than€the€sentence€originally€imposed.€€òòIdóó.€at€726.€€TheÐ òB ÐCourt€opined€that,€because€the€trial€court€imposed€a€harsher€sentence€without€offering€anyÐ Ø( Ðjustification€for€the€increased€sentence,€a€presumption€of€the€trial€courtððs€vindictiveness€arose.€€òòId.óó€Ð ¾ ÐHere,€the€trial€court,€following€remand,€actually€imposed€a€lesser€sentence€in€terms€of€absolute€yearsÐ ¤ô Ðon€the€defendant,€thus,€no€such€presumption€arose.Ð Š Ú Ðà  àFurthermore,€we€reject€the€idea€that€òòPearceóó€or€its€progeny€mandates€adherence€to€a€preciseÐ p!À  Ðmathematical€formula€when€a€defendant€is€resentenced€within€a€lesser€sentencing€range.€€Indeed,Ð V"¦! Ðsuch€a€formula€would€be€almost€impossible€to€administer,€because€the€ranges€themselves€are€ofÐ <#Œ" Ðdifferent€parameters.€€For€example,€the€sentencing€range€for€a€Range€I€offender€convicted€of€second„Ð "$r# Ðdegree€murder€is€between€fifteen€(15)€and€twenty„five€(25)€years.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„112Ð %X $ Ð(a)(1).€€The€sentencing€range€for€a€Range€II€offender€convicted€of€the€same€crime€is€between€twenty„Ð î%>!% Ðfive€(25)€and€forty€(40)€years.€€òòId.óó,€ðð€40„35„112€(b)(1).€€Thus,€the€sentencing€range€is€wider€for€aÐ Ô&$"& ÐRange€II€offender€(fifteen€years)€than€it€is€for€a€Range€I€offender€(ten€years).Ð º' #' ÐÌÓ  ÓB.Ð †)Ö$) ÐÓu`Óà  àThe€defendant€also€argues€that€the€trial€court€erroneously€enhanced€the€defendantððs€sentencesÐ l*¼%* Ðfollowing€remand.€€€€Following€the€defendantððs€direct€appeal,€this€Court€held€that€the€trial€court€erredÐ R+¢&+ Ðin€applying€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(3),€the€ð ðmore€than€one€victimðð€factor,€to€both€sentences,Ð 8,ˆ', Ðand€in€applying€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(5),€the€ð ðexceptional€crueltyðð€factor,€to€the€sentenceÐ ° Ðfor€second„degree€murder.€€Because€there€was€no€new€evidence€presented€at€the€second€sentencingÐ –æ Ðhearing€and€the€trial€court€was€ordered€to€resentence€the€defendant€without€relying€on€the€strickenÐ |Ì Ðenhancement€factors,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€sentence€imposed€following€remand€wasÐ b² Ðexcessive.€€€Ð H˜ Ðà  àThe€defendant€was€convicted€of€second„degree€murder,€a€Class€A€felony,€and€aggravatedÐ . ~ Ðkidnapping,€a€Class€B€felony.€€The€presumptive€sentence€for€a€Class€A€felony€is€the€midpoint€of€theÐ  d Ðapplicable€range€if€no€mitigating€or€enhancement€factors€for€sentencing€are€present.€€Tenn.€CodeÐ ú J ÐAnn.€ðð€40-35-210(c).€€€The€presumptive€sentence€for€a€Class€B€felony€is€the€minimum€sentence€inÐ à 0 Ðthe€range.€€òòId.óó€€If€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors€do€exist,€a€trial€court€should€start€at€theÐ Æ   Ðpresumptive€sentence,€enhance€the€sentence€within€the€range€for€enhancement€factors€and€thenÐ ¬ ü  Ðreduce€the€sentence€within€the€range€for€the€mitigating€factors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-210(e).€Ð ’â  Ðà  àIn€this€case,€the€sentencing€range€for€a€Range€I€offender€convicted€of€second„degree€murderÐ xÈ  Ðis€between€fifteen€(15)€and€twenty„five€(25)€years.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„112€(a)(1).€€BecauseÐ ^®  Ðthe€trial€court€found€enhancement€factors€applicable,€the€presumptive€sentence€was€the€midpoint€ofÐ D”  Ðthe€range,€or€twenty€(20)€years.€€After€finding€three€enhancement€factors€and€no€mitigating€factors,Ð *z  Ðthe€court€enhanced€the€sentence€to€twenty„two€(22)€years.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð ` Ðà  àThe€sentencing€range€for€a€Range€I€offender€convicted€of€aggravated€kidnapping€is€betweenÐ öF Ðeight€(8)€and€twelve€(12)€years.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„112€(a)(2).€€The€presumptive€sentenceÐ Ü, Ðwas€thus€eight€(8)€years,€the€minimum€within€the€range.€€The€trial€court€found€four€(4)€applicableÐ Â Ðenhancement€factors€and€imposed€a€ten€(10)€year€sentence€for€aggravated€kidnapping.€€Ð ¨ø Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€Both€sentences€were,€under€the€circumstances,€well€within€the€trial€courtððs€discretion.€Ð ŽÞ ÐAlthough€the€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€should€have€reduced€the€sentence€by€a€greaterÐ tÄ Ðproportion€because€fewer€enhancement€factors€were€used€in€Ô_ÔresentencingÔ_Ô,€the€defendant€cites€noÐ Zª Ðauthority€supporting€€this€position.€€No€particular€weight€for€each€factor€is€prescribed€by€the€statute,Ð @ Ðas€the€weight€given€to€each€factor€is€left€to€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court,€provided€that€its€findingsÐ &v Ðare€supported€by€the€record.€€òòState€v.€Santiagoóó,€914€S.W.2d€116,€125€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995);€òòseeóóÐ  \ Ðòòalsoóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-210,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.€€€We€find€that€the€recordÐ òB Ðsupports€the€defendantððs€sentences.€Ð Ø( Ðà  àThis€issue€is€without€merit.Ð ¾ ÐÌÓ  ÓÔ#†¼PлXX#œ·K#Ôò òòòÔ‡X#œX»¼PÐÔÌÌConsecutive€SentencingÔ#†¼PлXX#œ»o#ÔÔ‡„qW „»¼PÐÔÐ V"¦! ÐÌóóó óÓ  ÓÔ#†¼Pл „„qWp#ÔÔ‡X#œX»¼PÐÔà  àThe€defendant€next€asserts€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€imposing€consecutive,€rather€thanÐ ”$ä# Ðconcurrent,€sentences.€€The€trial€court€imposed€consecutive€sentences€because€it€found€that€theÐ z%Ê $ Ðdefendant€(1)€was€a€professional€criminal€who€has€knowingly€devoted€his€life€to€criminal€acts€as€aÐ `&°!% Ðmajor€source€of€livelihood,€and€(2)€was€an€offender€whose€record€of€criminal€activity€was€extensive.€Ð F'–"& ЀòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115€(b)(1),€(2).€Without€further€comment,€€the€trial€court€held€ð ðwithÐ ,(|#' Ðregard€to€[consecutive€sentencing]€the€court€finds€under€[Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð]€40„35„115€thatÐ )b$( Ð[subsection]€one€applies€and€that€[subsection]€two€applies.€€I€run€those€sentences€consecutive€oneÐ ø)H%) Ðto€the€other€.€.€.€.ðð€€With€no€apparent€findings€of€fact€supporting€the€trial€courtððs€holding,€we€mustÐ Þ*.&* Ðreview€the€imposition€of€consecutive€sentences€de€novo.€€€à p àÐ Ä+'+ Ðà  à€We€disagree€with€the€trial€courtððs€finding€that€the€defendant€was€a€professional€criminal.€Ð ° ÐAlthough€the€defendant€has€two€prior€drug€convictions,€the€record€does€not€support€a€finding€thatÐ –æ Ðthe€defendant€was€a€professional€criminal€who€has€knowingly€devoted€his€life€to€criminal€acts€as€aÐ |Ì Ðmajor€source€of€livelihood.€€Contrary€to€the€stateððs€assertion,€the€presentence€report€indicates€thatÐ b² Ðthe€defendant€was€gainfully€employed€since€leaving€prison€in€1993€and€has€not€been€convicted€ofÐ H˜ Ða€crime€since€1991.€€Although€the€defendantððs€conviction€in€the€present€case€resulted€from€a€drugÐ . ~ Ðdebt,€we€may€not€assume€that€the€defendant€was€a€professional€criminal€who€devoted€his€life€to€Ð  d Ðcriminal€acts€as€a€major€source€of€his€livelihood.€€Although€the€state€claims€that€the€evidence€at€trialÐ ú J Ðproved€that€the€defendant€was€a€ð ðmajor€drug€dealer,ðð€the€only€relevant€evidence€on€this€pointÐ à 0 Ðestablished€that€the€defendant€had€made€two€(2)€or€three€(3)€drug€deals€about€six€(6)€months€beforeÐ Æ   Ðthe€shooting.€€Absent€any€other€specific€findings€of€fact,€we€may€not€assume€the€existence€of€thisÐ ¬ ü  Ðfactor.€€€òòCf.óó€òòState€v.€Desireyóó,€909€S.W.2d€20,€32€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)(holding€that€evidence€didÐ ’â  Ðnot€preponderate€against€trial€court€finding€that€defendant€was€a€professional€criminal€whereÐ xÈ  Ðevidence€proved€that€defendant€relied€on€income€from€illegal€gambling€and€made€large€sums€ofÐ ^®  Ðmoney€from€his€illegal€activities);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Vanekóó,€No.€01C01„9601„CR„00025,€1996€WLÐ D”  Ð752336€at€*3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996)(holding€that€the€record€did€not€support€finding€that€defendantÐ *z  Ðwas€a€professional€criminal€merely€because€the€defendant€had€sold€drugs).Ð ` Ðà  àHowever,€we€agree€with€the€trial€court€that€the€defendant€was€an€offender€whose€record€ofÐ öF Ðcriminal€activity€was€extensive.€€Extensive€criminal€history€alone€will€support€consecutiveÐ Ü, Ðsentencing.€€òòState€v.€Chrismanóó,€885€S.W.2d€834,€839€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€In€this€case,€theÐ Â Ðdefendant€had€seven€(7)€convictions€prior€to€the€two€in€the€instant€case.€€In€short,€we€agree€with€trialÐ ¨ø Ðcourt€that€consecutive€sentences€were€appropriate€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115€(b)(2).€€òòSeeóóÐ ŽÞ ÐòòState€v.€Palmeróó,€10€S.W.3d€638,€649€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999).€Ð tÄ ÐÓ  ÓThis€issue€is€without€merit.Ð Zª Ðà  àAccordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€AFFIRMED.Ô#† X#œXXX#œ‰Y#ÔÔ#† ¼PлX X#œp#ÔÔ€ X#œX» ¼PÐÔÐ @ ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð Ø( Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJERRY€L.€Ô_ÔSMITH,Ô_Ô€JUDGE