’WPCń ė—•"v©§/wži©uV”ŪyÅŪš"Ó­[§U¶ÖĮH³ņW(ģĄ$÷P bSņ޲„IĄß)œŖ:WEĮݟęꔎ|;Q4#ĢIM؟q* 1 yaaŒÉZl‡æ`4œwŃ|܏p‘ź¾ }‚=8͵ŗFŅT&“Ę3¾xĶ" ķP#;:ńó“ź “Ū…E ŽIė4q)?Oy!ü~X0Ū½€Ū­”)ĒNSx\Pw[‡"U-ŒĮL2Ćšo=(ā)°BKÕ­½ā›mŖøåHՑÖÖÄ„6 1ŗ E¹M|üļŚmwŲ™“ ˜²å%qŚ> ,\bƒŻnFRĢ—(8ŹnĒ ó¼_[–Š»K 3j3S§^›’œęļ›cY»ÖŪåōg}D÷;½»£²s 4ō•Į’γ“—ųB”݊kƂéx_ {Æ"Fw!DwWąK ļö$^Ž.¦OK©j#£ˆĄł“.Ævze/-ŠxØl§¶x&ŃcP6Ō»3ŗ…ĆĶžŚÉ“ĘŖ{ĮVM”fÅ]dߏß/Ą5±’6qĄż;óį{ō¬:Ėū\_ Ī³ÜÉ!-šø3|±=£āvųCoŲ…# F UNQ %Ÿ 0(„ U:Ķ  w@ 4O c ér U:[ é• U:~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Bø ø ø ø ø D3Õ Õ Õ 0D AOLʛ› 0Da D/„ BŌ˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhĪ(ČhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($””, ųš AZ"Arial Regular ¤D„¦D§EØ©DŖD«U¬Ӏ¶uM%ayŌ„3|xø ßŌ€ XœdXXXŌŌ€ CsX XœdŌÓ  Óņ ņŌ Ad ŌFILEDŌ€ XœdX CsŌŠ  ŠĢNovember€19,€1998ĢĢCecil€W.€CrowsonĢAppellate€Court€ClerkŌdAMŌó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular ßŌ€ XœdXXXŌŌ€ CsX XœdŌÓ  Óņ ņŌ Ad ŌFILEDŌ€ XœdX CsŌŠ  ŠĢNovember€13,€1998ĢĢCecil€W.€CrowsonĢAppellate€Court€ClerkŌdAMŌó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular d%%%%'’’dxd(3Æ$££Ż ƒ!ŻŻ  Ż€-‚ƒCž’<< C’’ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ņ ņŚ  Ś1Ś  Śó ó„„'÷’ dxdü’P PdŻ ƒ!ŻŻ  Żń¬ń›ń¬ńŌ€XœAXXXŌŃ` °ŃŃܰŃŅ4°ŅŅX°ŅŃTR[  AŲ'’ Legal3Ų' AŲ'’ Legal’3Ų'TŃņņŃ7€œAXdšdČ7ŃŃ  Ńń¶ńń¬ńßr€ *<,(j 8` `€€@E f ` 8ttxPX` š  rßń¬ńń¶ńń¶ńßr€ *<,(j 8` `€€@E f ` 8ttxPX` š  rßń¶ńń¬ń›ń¬ńą@j j ŚąIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆĢĢą@*ŚąAT€NASHVILLEóóˆŠ @ ą ŠĢą@šš%ŚąSEPTEMBER€1998€SESSIONˆĢĢĢĢPAUL€DAN€SMITH,ą < ąą ” ąą ģ ą*ą D ą#€01C01„9712„CC„00578Š ą€ ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąAppellant,ą ” ąą ģ ą*ą D ąLAWRENCE€COUNTYŠ Ą`  ŠĢVS.ą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ą*ą D ąHon.€William€B.€Cain,€JudgeŠ  @  ŠĢSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,ą ” ąą ģ ą*ą D ą(Post„Conviction)Š €  ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąAppellee.ą ” ąą ģ ą*Š ` Šą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąĢĢĢĢĢĢņņFor€Appellantóó:ņņą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąFor€Appelleeóó:Š š ŠĢJ.€Jay€Cheatwoodą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąJohn€Knox€WalkupŠ Š p ŠAttorney€for€Appellant€€ą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąAttorney€General€&€ReporterŠ Ą!` Š231€Mahr€AvenueĢP.O.€Box€794ą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąElizabeth€B.€MarneyŠ  #@ ŠLawrenceburg,€TN€€38464ą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąAssistant€Attorney€GeneralŠ $0 Šą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ą425€Fifth€Avenue€NorthĢą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąCordell€Hull€Building,€Second€FloorĢą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąNashville,€TN€€37243„0493ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąJames€G.€WhiteĢą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralĢą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąP.O.€Box€279Ģą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąLawrenceburg,€TN€€38464ĢĢĢOPINION€FILED:€__________________ĢĢĢREVERSED€AND€REMANDED€ĢĢĢGARY€R.€WADE,€PRESIDING€JUDGEŠ  €4 +.G ŠÓÓņ ņą@33-ŚąņņOPINIONóóó óˆŠ `  Šą Œ ąą ä ąThe€petitioner,€Paul€Dan€Smith,€appeals€the€trial€court's€denial€of€post„¼conviction€relief.€€The€single€issue€for€review€is€whether€the€trial€court€erred€byĻconcluding€that€the€petitioner€had€knowingly€and€voluntarily€waived€his€right€toĻcounsel.€€We€reverse€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąIn€1996,€the€petitioner€was€indicted€on€four€counts€of€burglary,€threeĻcounts€of€theft,€five€counts€of€contributing€to€the€delinquency€of€a€minor,€coercion€ofĻa€witness,€passing€a€worthless€check,€and€felony€escape.€€On€September€12,€1996,Ļthe€petitioner,€pro€se,€entered€best€interest€pleas€of€guilty€to€four€counts€of€burglaryĻand€single€counts€of€felony€escape€and€passing€a€worthless€check.€€For€eachĻburglary€conviction,€the€petitioner€was€sentenced€to€six€years€as€a€Multiple,€Range€IIĻoffender.€€For€the€felony€escape,€he€received€a€six„year€sentence€as€a€Persistent,ĻRange€III€offender.€€He€was€required€to€serve€eleven€months€twenty„nine€days€forĻpassing€the€worthless€check.€€All€sentences€were€to€be€served€concurrently.€€No€fineĻwas€imposed.€€As€a€part€of€the€plea€agreement,€the€state€dismissed€eight€otherĻcharges€and€agreed€not€to€oppose€parole.ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąThere€was€no€direct€appeal.€€On€October€31,€1996,€the€petitioner€filedĻthis€petition€for€post„conviction€relief,€counsel€was€appointed,€and€the€petition€wasĻamended.€€The€petitioner€alleged€that€his€guilty€pleas€were€not€knowing€andĻvoluntary,€that€he€was€denied€the€right€to€counsel,€and€that€his€waiver€of€the€right€toĻcounsel€was€neither€knowingly€nor€voluntarily€made.ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąJust€prior€to€the€1996€guilty€pleas,€the€public€defender€informed€theĻtrial€court€that€her€office€could€not€represent€both€the€petitioner€and€his€wife,€SheilaŠ @8ą.2 ŠSmith,€who€was€charged€with€aiding€and€abetting€felony€escape.€€The€trial€courtŠ $8Ä.4 Šappointed€another€attorney€to€represent€Ms.€Smith,€leaving€the€office€of€the€publicĻdefender€as€the€representative€of€the€petitioner.€€At€that€point,€the€petitioner€advisedĻthe€trial€court€as€follows:ĢÓÓą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąPetitioner:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąYour€Honor,€I€would€like€to€refuse€to€haveŠ Äd Šthe€Public€Defender's€office€represent€me.Š ”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąCourt:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąWell,€you€can€hire€your€own€lawyer.€€OtherŠ v  Šthan€that,€you€don't€have„„Š ”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąPetitioner:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąYour€Honor,€I€would€like€to€represent€myselfŠ (Č  Šthen,€because€I€do€not€think„„Š ”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąCourt:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąYou've€got€the€right€to€do€that.ŠŚz ”Š ”Š  ŠĢÓńÓThe€trial€court€provided€the€petitioner€with€copies€of€the€indictments€and€entered€notĻguilty€pleas€on€his€behalf.€€When€the€petitioner€inquired€about€a€speedy€trial,€the€trialĻcourt€set€the€trial€for€September€12th,€just€three€days€later.€€On€the€scheduled€trialĻdate,€the€pro€se€petitioner€informed€the€trial€court€that€he€had€negotiated€a€pleaĻagreement€with€the€state.€€The€following€colloquy€occurred:ĢÓÓą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąCourt:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąI€have€before€me€here€a€waiver€of€a€trial€byŠ ¢!B Šjury€....€€You€did€sign€this€waiver,€did€you?Š ”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąPetitioner:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąYes,€sir.ŠT$ō”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąCourt:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąNow,€Mr.€Smith,€you're€here€without€anŠ  &Ą  Šattorney€and€I€believe€you€told€me€onĻMonday€that€you€wanted€to€representĻyourself;€is€that€right?Š ”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąPetitioner:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąThat's€correct.Šž*>!%”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąCourt:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąNow,€you€understand€that€if€you€want€anŠ j, #' Šattorney€and€you're€unable€to€employ€one,Ļthen€the€Court€will€appoint€an€attorney€forĻyou.€€Do€you€understand€that?Š ”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąPetitioner:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąYes,€sir.Šč0ˆ',”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąCourt:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąAnd€you€want€to€waive€that€right€andŠ “2T). Šproceed€with€this€matter€on€your€ownĻwithout€the€assistance€of€an€attorney?Š ”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąPetitioner:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąYes,€sir,€I€do.ŠL6ģ,2”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąCourt:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąAll€right.€€Š8ø.4”Š ”Š  ŠÓLÓŠ ž8ž/5 Їą Œ ąą ä ąThe€trial€court€advised€the€petitioner€of€his€absolute€right€to€a€jury€trialĻand€inquired€whether€there€were€promises€made€or€coercive€tactics€used€by€theĻstate€to€induce€the€waiver€of€ń¢ńœń¢ńtrial€by€jury.ń¢ń›ń¢ń€€œń£ńNo€such€question€was€asked€about€theĻwaiver€of€counsel.€€ń£ńń¤ńUpon›€receiving›€satisfactory›€responsesń¤ńń„ńTń„ńń¦ń,›€tń¦ńhe›€trial€court€then€declared€that€the€petitioner€had€freely€andĻvoluntarily€waived€his€right€to€a€jury€trial€and€accepted€the€petitioner's€ń¢ńœń¢ńwaiver€of€theĻright€to€counsel.ń¢ń›ń¢ńĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąThe€indictments€were€read,€after€which€the€trial€judge€propounded€aĻseries€of€questions.€€The€record€establishes€that€the€petitioner€was€thirty„four€yearsĻold€at€the€time€of€his€plea€and€that€he€had€completed€twelfth€grade.€€His€physicalĻand€mental€health€were€described€as€good.€€The€petitioner€represented€to€the€trialĻcourt€that€he€was€not€then,€nor€at€the€time€of€the€offenses,€under€the€influence€ofĻintoxicants.ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąThe€trial€court€again€informed€the€defendant€that€he€had€the€right€to€aĻtrial€and€to€have€an€attorney€appointed.€€The€petitioner€acknowledged€these€rights.€ĻThe€petitioner€was€advised€that€his€maximum€possible€penalty€for€these€offensesĻwas€fifty„five€years€and€that€he€could€be€fined€twenty„five€thousand€dollars.€€TheĻstate€presented€a€brief€factual€basis€for€the€pleas.€€The€petitioner€submitted€noĻadditional€information.€€Afterward,€the€trial€court€inquired€as€follows:€"[I]fĻunderstanding€everything€we've€talked€about€here€this€morning€and€fullyĻunderstanding,€would€you€now€want€to€withdraw€your€plea€to€any€of€these€charges?"€ĻThe€petitioner€replied€that€he€did€not;€he€told€the€trial€judge€that€he€had€no€otherĻstatements€to€make€and€had€no€questions€to€ask.€€The€trial€court€then€found€that€theĻpleas€were€voluntary€and€knowing,€accepted€them,€and€imposed€the€agreedĻsentences.€€ĢŠ 8ø.4 Šą Œ ąą ä ąThe€record€includes€a€waiver€of€a€jury€trial€form€dated€September€12,Ļ1996,€which€contains€the€following€paragraph:€€ĢÓÓą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąI€understand€that€...€if€I€choose€to€plead€"Not€Guilty"€theĻConstitution€guarantees€me€...€(e)€the€right€to€have€theĻassistance€of€counsel€in€my€defense€at€all€stages€of€theĻproceedings€and€that€if€I€cannot€afford€counsel,€counselĻwill€be€appointed€for€me€at€no€cost.Ó[%ÓŠ ä Š ä Š  ŠThe€box€signifying€waiver€of€the€right€to€appointed€counsel€was€checked€and€theĻform€was€signed€by€the€petitioner€and€the€trial€judge.ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąOn€September€25th,€thirteen€days€after€the€guilty€pleas,€the€trial€judgeĻgranted€a€hearing€at€the€request€of€the€petitioner:ĢÓÓą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąPetitioner:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąI€felt€it€was€injustice.€...€€What€I€felt€like€theŠ Xų Šday€when€I€said€that€I€didn't€want€the€publicĻdefender€to€represent€me,€what€I€wasĻsaying€is€that€Mr.€Rundy€had€instructed€meĻto€say€that.€€He€said€he€couldn't€representĻme.€€He'd€told€me€that€for€six€months,€yourĻhonor.€€Then€when€I€said€that€I€didn't€wantĻthem€to€represent€me,€they€didn't€stand€upĻand€say€nothing€about€there€was€anyĻconflict.€€Maybe€I€misunderstood.€Š ”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąCourt:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąThat€was€on€the€9th€[of€September],€andŠ :%Ś Šyou€stated€at€that€time€that€you€wanted€toĻrepresent€yourself.Š ”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąPetitioner:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąBecause,€your€honor,€you€asked€me€did€IŠ Ņ(r# Šhave€funds€to€hire€an€attorney€and€I€said,Ļ"no."€Š ”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąCourt:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąAll€right.€€You€said,€"no,"€and€then€you€saidŠ j, #' Šthat€you€wanted€to€represent€yourself....€Š ”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąPetitioner:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąYes,€sir,€I€did.Š/¼%*”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąCourt:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąAll€right.€€Tell€me€about€what's€happenedŠ č0ˆ', Šthat€caused€you€to€change€your€mind€....Š ”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąPetitioner:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąI€guess€I€just€thought€it€over.€€I€don't€know,Š š3:*/ Šyou€know,€I'm€no€attorney€myself.€€I've€got€aĻlimited€ability€as€far€as€the€law,€you€know.€ĻI'm€a€truck€driver.€€I€don't€know€much€aboutĻlaw.€€And€six€years,€I€guess€that's€fine.€€YouĻall€are€the€Court€system.€€If€that's€justice€toĻbe€served,€your€honor,€I€can€accept€it€andŠ ž8ž/5 Šdo€the€six€years€in€the€State€penitentiary€orĻwhatever.Š ”Š ”Š  Šą@ee/Śą***ˆĢĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąState:ą0<ä Š ä Š ąą0”<Š <Š ą[The€petitioner]€wanted€to€talk€with€usŠ ų ˜ Šregarding€his€cases€prior€to€the€trial€so€weĻhad€him€brought€up,€and€I€asked€him€if€heĻwanted€an€attorney.€€He€said,€"no."€€I€said,Ļ"If€you€want€an€attorney,€you€just€pick€oneĻout€and€we'll€see€if€they'll€come€over€hereĻand€represent€you€and€get€an€order€fromĻthe€Court."€€He€did€not€want€an€attorney.€€Š ”Š ”Š  Šą@ee/Śą***ˆĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąą0<ä Š ä Š ąą0”<Š <Š ąIf€he€does€not€want€[the€plea]€we€can€letĻhim€withdraw€it,€get€him€an€attorney,€andĻhave€a€trial.Š ”Š ”Š  Šą@ee/Śą***ˆĢĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąCourt:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąDidn't€the€attorney€general€come€down€andŠ Œ, Štalk€with€you?Š ”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąPetitioner:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąYes,€sir,€he€did.Š>ޔР”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąCourt:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąWell,€as€far€as€him€saying€at€that€time€thatŠ  Ŗ Šhe€would€try€to€see€that€you€got€anĻattorney,€do€you€agree€ń¢ńœń¢ńń¢ńœń¢ńthat€thatń¢ń›ń¢ńń¢ń›ń¢ń€happened?Š ”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąPetitioner:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąYeah.€€I€felt€like€there€was€no€attorney€inŠ ¢!B ŠLawrenceburg€really€wants€to€represent€me,Ļyour€honor,€not€fairly.€€Not€to€really€do€a€jobĻand€try€to€help€me.€...€But,€I'm€satisfied€withĻthe€six€years.Š ”Š ”Š  Šą@ee/Śą***ˆĢĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąCourt:ą0”ä Š ä Š ą[I]f€there's€any€problem,€now€is€the€time€toŠ ģ'Œ" Šwork€it€out,€rather€than€going€to€theĻpenitentiary€and€filing€petitions€and€postĻconviction€relief€and€that€sort€of€thing.€€IfĻthere€is€something€that€we€need€to€doĻbefore€anything€else€happens,€then€I€reallyĻneed€to€know€what€that€is€now.€Š ”Š ”Š  Šą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąą0<ä Š ä Š ąą0”<Š <Š ą€€€The€way€this€stands,€this€will€be€a€...€sixĻyear€sentence€...€at€...€forty„five€percent?Š ”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąPetitioner:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąYes,€sir.Šč0ˆ',”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąCourt:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąNow,€is€there€anything€that€you€want€toŠ “2T). Šredo€that€we€did€there€on€September€12th?Š ”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąPetitioner:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąNo€sir,€I€don't€see€none.€€I€don't€see€nothingŠ f5,1 Šbut€just€loading€me€up€and€sending€me€onĻto€the€penitentiary€and€let€me€just€do€it,Ļrather€than€keeping€me€in€this€suffering€inĻLawrence€County€jail.Šž8ž/5”Š ”Š  Šą@ee/Śąœ***ń«ńˆĢń«ń›ĢœńŖńĢńŖń›ą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąCourt:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąBut€what€I€was€concerned€about€is€if€there'sŠ , Ģ Šanything€went€wrong€on€the€12th€when€youĻentered€your€pleas,€we€need€to€redo€orĻreconsider€now.Š ”Š ”Š  ŠĢą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąPetitioner:ą0”ä Š ä Š ąI€suppose€not.Óā'ÓŠŖJ”Š ”Š  ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąAt€the€evidentiary€hearing€on€the€petition€for€post„conviction€relief,€theĻpetitioner€testified€that€had€been€informed€of€his€right€to€counsel€before€entering€theĻguilty€pleas.€€He€maintained,€however,€that€when€he€declined€the€services€of€theĻpublic€defender's€office,€the€trial€court€had€refused€to€appoint€other€counsel.€€HeĻclaimed€that€he€asked€to€represent€himself€only€because€he€had€no€alternative.€€TheĻpetitioner€contended€that€had€he€been€appointed€counsel,€he€would€have€beenĻinformed€that€necessity€was€a€defense€to€felony€escape€and€that€he€would€not€haveĻpled€guilty.€€He€claimed€that€he€did€not€know€the€law€and€had€no€access€to€legalĻreferences.€€The€petitioner€insisted€that€his€waiver€of€the€right€to€counsel€was€notĻknowingly€or€intelligently€entered€because€he€did€not€fully€understand€his€rights.€€HeĻalso€complained€about€an€assault€at€the€jail€and€testified€that€he€had€beenĻintimidated€by€the€trial€judge€at€the€arraignment.ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąOn€cross„examination,€the€petitioner€admitted€that€he€had€thirty€priorĻconvictions€and€had€on€three€different€prior€occasions€entered€guilty€pleas.€€HeĻcould€not€point€to€a€particular€right€that€he€did€not€understand€and€acknowledgedĻthat€prior€to€accepting€his€guilty€pleas,€the€trial€court€had€informed€him€he€had€theĻright€to€an€attorney.€€The€petitioner€stated€that€the€reason€he€did€not€want€anĻattorney€at€the€time€was€because€he€did€not€know€he€needed€one.€€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąThe€trial€judge€who€accepted€the€petitioner's€guilty€pleas€testified€thatĻin€his€eighteen€years€on€the€bench,€he€had€never€denied€a€defendant€theŠ ž8ž/5 Šrepresentation€of€an€attorney.€€He€recalled€that€the€petitioner€wanted€to€representĻhimself,€requested€a€speedy€trial€and€then€expressed€a€desire€to€serve€his€sentence:€ĻÓŪBÓą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąI€got€the€impression€that€[the€petitioner]€just€wanted€to€goĻon€to€the€penitentiary€....€And€we€went€over€thisĻprocedure,€again.€€I€recall€telling€him€...€if€there's€anythingĻwrong,€you€need€to€bring€it€to€my€attention,€now.€...€AndĻhe€indicated€to€me€that€he€was€ń¢ńœń¢ńsatisfied.Š ä Š ä Š  Šń¢ń›ń¢ńĢÓCÓń¢ńœ›ń¢ńĢą Œ ąą ä ąAt€the€conclusion€of€the€post„conviction€proceeding,€the€trial€courtĻconcluded€that€the€petitioner's€decision€to€represent€himself€was€"intelligently€madeĻwith€full€knowledge€of€his€right€to€counsel."€€Under€our€statutory€law,€the€petitionerĻbears€the€burden€of€proving€his€allegations€by€clear€and€convincing€evidence.€€Tenn.ĻCode€Ann.€šš€40-30-210(f).€€On€appeal,€the€findings€of€fact€made€by€the€trial€courtĻare€conclusive€and€will€not€be€disturbed€unless€the€evidence€contained€in€the€recordĻpreponderates€against€them.€€ņņBrooks€v.€Stateóó,€756€S.W.2d€288,€289€(Tenn.€Crim.Š š ŠApp.€1988).€€The€burden€is€on€the€petitioner€to€show€that€the€evidenceĻpreponderates€against€those€findings.€€ņņClenny€v.€Stateóó,€576€S.W.2d€12,€14€(Tenn.Š ˆ"( ŠCrim.€App.€1978).ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąWhen€an€accused€desires€to€proceed€pro€se,€the€trial€judge€mustĻconduct€an€intensive€inquiry€as€to€his€ability€to€represent€himself.€€ņņState€v.Š ø)X $ ŠNorthingtonóó,€667€S.W.2d€57,€61€(Tenn.€1984).€€The€waiver€of€the€right€to€counselŠ „+$"& Šmust€be€knowingly€and€intelligently€made.€€ņņState€v.€Armesóó,€673€S.W.2d€174,€177Š P-š#( Š(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1984);€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€44.€€In€ņņJohnson€v.€Zerbstóó,€304€U.S.€458,Š /¼%* Š465€(1938),€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€placed€"the€serious€and€weightyĻresponsibility€...€of€determining€whether€there€is€an€intelligent€and€competent€waiver"Ļdirectly€upon€the€trial€judge.€€In€a€subsequent€case,€more€specific€guidelines€wereĻestablished:ĢÓÓą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ą[A]€judge€must€investigate€as€long€and€as€thoroughly€asĻthe€circumstances€of€the€case€before€him€demand.€€TheŠ ž8ž/5 Šfact€that€an€accused€may€tell€him€that€he€is€informed€ofĻhis€right€to€counsel€and€desires€to€waive€this€right€doesĻnot€automatically€end€the€judge's€responsibility.€€To€beĻvalid€such€waiver€must€be€made€with€an€apprehension€ofĻthe€nature€of€the€charges,€the€statutory€offenses€includedĻwithin€them,€the€range€of€allowable€punishmentsĻthereunder,€possible€defenses€to€the€charges€andĻcircumstances€in€mitigation€thereof,€and€all€other€factsĻessential€to€a€broad€understanding€of€the€whole€matter.€ĻA€judge€can€make€certain€that€an€accused's€professedĻwaiver€of€counsel€is€understandingly€and€wisely€madeĻonly€from€a€penetrating€and€comprehensive€examinationĻof€all€the€circumstances€under€which€such€a€plea€isĻtendered.€€Š ä Š ä Š  ŠĢÓ×JÓņņVon€Moltke€v.€Gilliesóó,€332€U.S.€708,€723-24€(1948).€€Rule€44(a)€of€the€TennesseeŠ Śz  ŠRules€of€Criminal€Procedure€places€a€similar€obligation€on€the€trial€court:ĢÓÓą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąEvery€indigent€defendant€shall€be€entitled€to€haveĻcounsel€assigned€to€represent€him€in€all€mattersĻnecessary€to€his€defense€and€at€every€stage€of€theĻproceedings,€unless€he€executes€a€written€waiver.€ĻBefore€accepting€such€waiver€the€court€shall€first€adviseĻthe€accused€in€open€court€of€his€right€to€the€aid€ofĻcounsel€in€every€stage€of€the€proceedings.€€The€courtĻshall,€at€the€same€time,€determine€whether€there€hasĻbeen€a€competent€and€intelligent€waiver€of€such€right€byĻinquiring€into€the€background,€experience€and€conduct€ofĻthe€accused€and€such€other€matters€as€the€court€mayĻdeem€appropriate.€€Any€waiver€shall€be€spread€upon€theĻminutes€of€the€court€and€made€a€part€of€the€record€of€theĻcause.Ó@OÓŠ ä Š ä Š  ŠņņSee€alsoóó€ņņState€v.€Gardneróó,€626€S.W.2d€721,€723€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1981).€€ThisŠ ģ'Œ" Šcourt€has€recommended€that€the€trial€court€question€a€defendant€who€wishes€toĻproceed€pro€se€according€to€the€guidelines€contained€in€1€ņņBench€Book€for€UnitedŠ „+$"& ŠStates€District€Judgesóó€1.02„2€to€„5€(3d€ed.€1986),€also€contained€in€the€appendix€toŠ P-š#( ŠņņUnited€States€v.€McDowellóó,€814€F.2d€245,€251„52€(6th€Cir.€1987).€€ņņState€v.€Herrodóó,Š /¼%* Š754€S.W.2d€627,€630€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1988).€€For€ease€of€reference,€we€haveĻincluded€these€guidelines€in€an€appendix€to€this€opinion.ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąIn€ņņNorthingtonóó,€our€supreme€court€held€that€the€trial€court€had€"whollyŠ L6ģ,2 Šfailed€to€properly€investigate€[whether]€the€defendant€understood€the€consequencesŠ 8ø.4 Šof€self„representation€in€light€of€the€ņņVon€Molkeóó€factors."€€667€S.W.2d€at€61€(internalŠ `  Šquotation€marks€omitted).€€The€trial€court€had€addressed€the€seriousness€of€theĻcharges,€had€advised€that€a€pro€se€defendant€would€be€held€to€the€same€standardĻas€a€lawyer,€and€was€assured€that€the€pro€se€defendant€had€discussed€the€case€withĻhis€appointed€attorney.€€ņņId.óó€at€59.€€The€age€and€education€of€the€accused€was€alsoŠ 0 Šdetermined€in€advance€of€the€acceptance€of€the€waiver€of€the€right€to€counsel.€€ņņId.óó€Š \ü  ŠThe€trial€court€had€warned€Northington€that€proceeding€pro€se€was€unwise.€€ņņId.óó€€OurŠ (Č  Šsupreme€court€set€aside€the€conviction€because€the€trial€court€"failed€to€diligentlyĻexamine€the€defendant's€background€and€experience,€failed€to€notify€defendant€asĻto€the€possible€extent€of€any€penitentiary€sentence,€and€ņņfailed€to€elaborate€fully€toŠ Œ, Šdefendant€why€he€thought€it€'unwise'€to€waive€counsel.óó"€€ņņId.óó€at€61€(emphasis€added).€Š Xų Šń¢ńœ›ń¢ńĢą Œ ąą ä ąIn€ņņState€v.€Goodwinóó,€909€S.W.2d€35€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995),€a€panelŠ š Šof€this€court€ruled€that€Goodwin€had€validly€waived€his€right€to€counsel.€€ņņId.óó€at€41.€Š ¼ \ ŠThere,€the€trial€court€inquired€as€to€Goodwin's€age€and€education€and€warned€himĻthat€proceeding€pro€se€would€cause€confusion.€€ņņId.óó€at€40.€€Goodwin€was€informedŠ T$ō Šthat€an€attorney€would€be€provided€for€him€for€pretrial€proceedings€through€anĻappeal,€if€needed.€€ņņId.óó€€He€was€warned€that€he€would€not€have€access€to€a€lawŠ ģ'Œ" Šlibrary€and€that€his€advisory€counsel€was€not€required€to€provide€him€withĻphotocopies€of€relevant€legal€materials.€€ņņId.óó€€The€trial€judge€told€him€that€the€trialŠ „+$"& Šwould€proceed€at€the€same€pace€as€it€would€if€he€had€appointed€counsel,€that€heĻwould€not€have€an€opportunity€to€confer€with€advisory€counsel€for€every€question,Ļand€that€he€was€responsible€for€understanding€the€rules€of€evidence€and€local€rulesĻof€court.€€ņņId.óó€at€41.€€The€trial€judge€informed€Goodwin€that,€as€a€litigant,€he€wouldŠ “2T). Šhave€"no€greater€right€than€any€other€litigant"€and€that€he€would€be€treated€the€sameĻas€if€he€were€represented€by€counsel.€€The€trial€court€is€not€required€to€interrupt€theĻtrial€to€explain€procedural€rules,€legal€terms,€or€consequences€of€the€litigant'sŠ 8ø.4 Šactions.€€ņņId.óó€€This€court€held€that€Goodwin€"clearly€understood€the€hazards€ofŠ `  Šrepresenting€himself."€€ņņId.ó󀀀€Š , Ģ ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąHere,€the€inquiry€was€not€nearly€as€extensive€and€there€were€noĻwarnings€of€the€pitfalls€of€self„representation.€€The€trial€court€accepted€theĻpetitioner's€waiver€of€counsel€without€asking€about€the€defendant's€background,Ļeducation,€or€experience€with€the€court€system.€€While€the€trial€court€inquired€at€theĻarraignment€whether€the€petitioner€understood€the€nature€of€the€charges€againstĻhim,€no€questions€were€asked€at€the€plea€submission€hearing€as€to€hisĻunderstanding€of€lesser€offenses€or€the€elements€of€the€offenses€charged.€€The€trialĻcourt€did€not€ask€whether€he€understood€available€defenses€or€the€range€of€possibleĻpunishments€or€fines€he€might€face,€if€convicted.€€Most€importantly,€the€trial€courtĻfailed€to€warn€the€petitioner€that€self„representation€was€"unwise."€€The€petitionerĻwas€not€advised€that€he€would€be€held€to€the€same€standards€as€an€attorney€trainedĻin€the€law€or€that€he€would€not€have€access€to€legal€reference€materials.€€At€theĻimpromptu€hearing€when€the€trial€court€offered€to€let€the€petitioner€withdraw€his€guiltyĻpleas€and€proceed€to€trial€with€appointed€counsel,€the€trial€judge€still€had€notĻexplained€to€the€petitioner€why€he€should€have€counsel€and€what€he€risked€byĻrefusing€appointed€counsel.€€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąThe€state€argues€that€the€petitioner€was€given€an€opportunity€toĻwithdraw€his€pleas€and€proceed€to€trial€with€appointed€counsel€on€September€25th,Ļsome€thirteen€days€after€entering€his€pleas€and€receiving€his€sentence.€€Because€theĻpetitioner€declined€that€offer,€the€state€contends,€he€should€not€be€entitled€to€relief.€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąIn€ņņState€v.€Duane€A.€Petersóó,€C.C.A.€No.€03C01„9112„CR„00382,€slipŠ L6ģ,2 Šop.€at€1€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€at€Knoxville,€Apr.€15),€ņņapp.€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€July€6,€1992),Š 8ø.4 ŠPeters€proceeded€to€trial€pro€se€and€was€convicted€of€criminal€trespass.€€On€appeal,Ļhe€argued€a€violation€of€the€right€to€counsel.€€ņņId.óó€€A€panel€of€this€court€held€that€theŠ , Ģ Šrecord€did€not€support€a€finding€of€a€valid€waiver€of€this€fundamental€right€becauseĻthere€was€no€compliance€with€the€mandates€of€ņņNorthingtonóó€or€Rule€44,€Tenn.€R.Š Äd ŠCrim.€P.€€ņņId.óó,€slip€op.€at€3„4.€€The€state€argued€that€the€issue€of€right€to€counsel€wasŠ 0 Šwaived€because€Peters€did€not€include€it€in€his€motion€for€a€new€trial.€€ņņId.óó,€slip€op€atŠ \ü  Š4.€€Presiding€Judge€John€K.€Byers€wrote€decisively€on€behalf€of€the€court,€as€follows:ĢÓÓą8 Œ ąą8ä Œ (#Œ (#ąWe€find€[the€state's€argument]€to€be€rather€ingenuous.€ĻCounsel€is€required€to€protect€the€rights€of€the€accused.€ĻThe€accused€goes€to€trial€without€counsel.€€Upon€appealĻhe€raises€the€denial€of€counsel€as€a€basis€for€a€new€trial.€ĻņņAre€we€to€deny€relief€because€the€uncounseled€appellantŠ Œ, Šdid€not€know€he€must€raise€the€issue€in€his€motion€for€aĻnew€trial?€€These€are€the€things€which€make€the€denial€ofĻcounsel€prejudicial€and€the€right€to€counsel€mandatoryĻunless€properly€waived.óóŠ$Ää Š ä Š  ŠĢÓ3jÓņņId.óó,€slip€op.€at€4€(emphasis€added).€€Š š ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąBy€insisting€on€a€speedy€trial€and€self„representation,€the€petitionerĻfoolishly€initiated€a€process€which€concluded€in€a€predictable€result.€€One€and€a€halfĻmonths€later,€he€complained€to€the€trial€court€for€relief€from€his€convictions€and€citedĻhis€own€folly€as€grounds€therefor.€€Ordinarily,€this€court€would€have€little€desire€toĻaddress€such€a€grievance.€€Yet€the€right€to€counsel€issue€has€not€been€waived€orĻpreviously€determined.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€40„30„206(g),€(h).€€Technically,€theĻpetitioner€did€not€fail€in€the€September€25th€proceeding€to€present€his€waiver€ofĻcounsel€issue.€€There€was€no€ruling€on€the€merits.€€Thus,€there€is€no€procedural€bar.€€ĢĢą Œ ąą ä ąUnder€the€existing€guidelines,€the€inquiry€by€the€trial€court€should€haveĻbeen€more€extensive.€€The€failure€to€warn€of€the€specific€dangers€of€self„¼representation€is€the€area€of€primary€concern.€€That€the€petitioner€had€prior€offensesĻsuggests€he€had€some€previous€knowledge€of€and€experience€with€the€criminalŠ 8ø.4 Šjustice€system.€€Nonetheless,€the€importance€of€an€extensive€inquiry€is€emphasizedĻby€the€content€of€ń¢ńœń¢ńtheń¢ń›ń¢ń€appendix.€€In€our€view,€the€evidence€in€the€recordĻpreponderates€against€the€trial€court's€finding€that€the€waiver€of€the€right€to€counselĻby€the€petitioner€was€knowingly€made.€€ń¢ńœń¢ńņņSeeóó€ņņBrooksóó,€756€S.W.2d€at€289.Š Äd ŠĢą Œ ąą ä ąAccordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€reversed.€€TheĻconvictions€are€set€aside€and€the€causes€are€remanded€to€the€trial€court€for€theĻappointment€of€counsel€and€a€new€trial.ĢĢÓÓą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ą__________________________________Ģą Œ ąą ä ąą < ąą ” ąą ģ ąą D ąGary€R.€Wade,€Presiding€JudgeĢĢCONCUR:ĢĢĢĢ________________________________ĢThomas€T.€Woodall,€JudgeĢĢĢĢ________________________________ĢCurwood€Witt,€JudgeŠ  :%Ś Šņ ņą@ŻŻ,ŚąAPPENDIXó óˆŠ `  ŠĢĢÓÓThe€following€excerpt€is€from€ņņUnited€States€v.€McDowellóó,€814€F.2d€245,€251„52€(6thŠ  ø ŠCir.€1987)€(quoting€Guideline[s]€For€District€Judges€from€I€ņņBench€Book€for€UnitedŠ ä „ ŠStates€District€Judgesóó€1.02„2€to€„5€(3d€ed.€1986)):Š °P ŠÓźtÓĢą Œ ąą ä ąWhen€a€defendant€states€that€he€wishes€to€represent€himself,€youĻshould€...€ask€questions€similar€to€the€following:ĢĢą8 Œ ą(a)€ą ä ąHave€you€ever€studied€law?Š“ Œ (#Œ (# ŠĢą8 Œ ą(b)€ą ä ąHave€you€ever€represented€yourself€or€any€other€defendant€in€aŠ ą€  Šcriminal€action?Š Œ (#Œ (# ŠĢą8 Œ ą(c)€ą ä ąYou€realize,€do€you€not,€that€you€are€charged€with€these€crimes:€Š ’2 Š(Here€state€the€crimes€with€which€the€defendant€is€charged.)Š Œ (#Œ (# ŠĢą8 Œ ą(d)€ą ä ąYou€realize,€do€you€not,€that€if€you€are€found€guilty€of€the€crimeŠ Dä Šcharged€in€Count€I€the€court€must€impose€an€assessment€of€at€leastĻ$50€($25€if€a€misdemeanor)€and€could€sentence€you€to€as€much€as€__Ļyears€in€prison€and€fine€you€as€much€as€$__?€Š Œ (#Œ (# ŠĢą8 Œ ą(Then€ask€him€a€similar€question€with€respect€to€each€other€crime€withĻwhich€he€may€be€charged€in€the€indictment€or€information.)Š Œ (#Œ (# ŠĢą8 Œ ą(e)€ą ä ąYou€realize,€do€you€not,€that€if€you€are€found€guilty€of€more€thanŠ t# Šone€of€those€crimes€this€court€can€order€that€the€sentences€be€servedĻconsecutively,€that€is,€one€after€another?Š Œ (#Œ (# ŠĢą8 Œ ą(f)€ą ä ąYou€realize,€do€you€not,€that€if€you€represent€yourself,€you€areŠ  '¬! Šon€your€own?€€I€cannot€tell€you€how€you€should€try€your€case€or€evenĻadvise€you€as€to€how€to€try€your€case.Š Œ (#Œ (# ŠĢą8 Œ ą(g)€ą ä ąAre€you€familiar€with€the€[Tennessee]€Rules€of€Evidence?Ф*D!%Œ (#Œ (# ŠĢą8 Œ ą(h)€ą ä ąYou€realize,€do€you€not,€that€the€[Tennessee]€Rules€of€EvidenceŠ p,#' Šgovern€what€evidence€may€or€may€not€be€introduced€at€trial€and,€inĻrepresenting€yourself,€you€must€abide€by€those€rules?Š Œ (#Œ (# ŠĢą8 Œ ą(i)€ą ä ąAre€you€familiar€with€the€[Tennessee]€Rules€of€CriminalŠ 0Ø&+ ŠProcedure?Š Œ (#Œ (# ŠĢą8 Œ ą(j)€ą ä ąYou€realize,€do€you€not,€that€those€rules€govern€the€way€inŠ ŗ2Z). Šwhich€a€criminal€action€is€tried€in€[this]€court?Š Œ (#Œ (# ŠĢą8 Œ ą(k)€ą ä ąYou€realize,€do€you€not,€that€if€you€decide€to€take€the€witnessŠ l5 ,1 Šstand,€you€must€present€your€testimony€by€asking€questions€ofĻyourself?€€You€cannot€just€take€the€stand€and€tell€your€story.€€You€mustĻproceed€question€by€question€through€your€testimony.Š Œ (#Œ (# ŠŠ 9¤/5 Šą8 Œ ą(l)€ą ä ą(Then€say€to€the€defendant€something€to€this€effect):Š` Œ (#Œ (# Šą8 Œ ąI€must€advise€you€that€in€my€opinion€you€would€be€far€better€defendedĻby€a€trained€lawyer€than€you€can€be€by€yourself.€€I€think€it€is€unwise€ofĻyou€to€try€to€represent€yourself.€€You€are€not€familiar€with€the€law.€€YouĻare€not€familiar€with€court€procedure.€€You€are€not€familiar€with€theĻrules€of€evidence.€€I€would€strongly€urge€you€not€to€try€to€representĻyourself.Š Œ (#Œ (# ŠĢą8 Œ ą(m)€ą ä ąNow,€in€light€of€the€penalty€that€you€might€suffer€if€you€are€foundŠ 0 Šguilty€and€in€light€of€all€of€the€difficulties€of€representing€yourself,€is€itĻstill€your€desire€to€represent€yourself€and€to€give€up€your€right€to€beĻrepresented€by€a€lawyer?Š Œ (#Œ (# ŠĢą8 Œ ą(n)€ą ä ąIs€your€decision€entirely€voluntary€on€your€part?Š® Œ (#Œ (# ŠĢą8 Œ ą(o)€ą ä ąIf€the€answers€to€the€two€preceding€questions€are€in€theŠ Śz  Šaffirmative,€[and€in€your€opinion€the€waiver€of€counsel€is€knowing€andĻvoluntary,]€you€should€then€say€something€to€the€following€effect:Š Œ (#Œ (# Šą8 Œ ą"I€find€that€the€defendant€has€knowingly€and€voluntarily€waived€his€rightĻto€counsel.€€I€will€therefore€permit€him€to€represent€himself."Š Œ (#Œ (# ŠĢą8 Œ ą(p)ą ä ąYou€should€consider€the€appointment€of€standby€counsel€toŠ >Ž Šassist€the€defendant€and€to€replace€him€if€the€court€should€determineĻduring€trial€that€the€defendant€can€no€longer€be€permitted€to€representĻhimself.Š Œ (#Œ (# ŠĢœ(ń§ńSń§ńńØńFinal€ńØńń©ńecond›€ń©ńalteration›€in€original).