ÿWPCþ 9ð‡ R mÔª%„7—›Ñ•%™"Tñ¤Ü;¤yMwZ5Z 'ÌO!Ò¶¶»sÌ}Xϱ»;c&—†€/f7öß+ù»ÓÞ#°»Míµ{GƒÁŠñLxŸ¹ßr iKV¿É¤š³ sÉ?õ¨±](u¥pÃöL©ú–FHp ¿Þ÷“>ý~ØY4 à•è' lg`o¹²Š¦TžÀé@¯˜n[M›„ê|ì%ɯ.aôÁ„øú¯QÎBWŸÁÂhâiÒÆØ_"׫£ ì‰J‰xO¨h Å*fT³Æ‘ŽøÖ l$MÇX{îjG&÷¨D¯vÞbu¸ýËœ ¨úgb¯(+.ú´(ôž°ÎÜ›šo3^Ò|ù±æàbOôÞ+“5´ò4Ä"t¯zû¿ëQ;ôö$½`Z6â\%((÷ëž`§~+=&ö¹êÌü¹¾«®lmÈ´sô÷ûá–h%Svi£ ‡qüë½|Ìg;¶Eo¯CÛ’|¬«_ˆ;'ÔÛîÃoË¯Ùæ™ï­Qâõ‡>³ÄqÙ¢MÚOITf–ÀµKã«Ýô­™5IAósž@‹c E“©‡Nc 8 ì{Á˜Ä ý&nºç·ðü£ïIål¯b %\^ b 0ˆnUNöwD4H\ zkÒå· m¹ #ÁÐ U@‘ ÆÑ Æ— Æ] Æ#U:éN#% 0D;EU,NÏ_ 0¤dãëëëëëëëëëëëëëëëëbóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóóó 0ëûûûû Bææ 0¤ D3§ D-Ú 0K ASRÆ¥ 0¤k 0D A«S»„r9+â (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularòK+ ;¨3|x ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜HP LaserJet 8000 Series PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ0(uHš Z‹(Times New Roman Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular Ñ û Ñ(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(ÆúI Z‹6Times New Roman Regular †Ý ƒå&ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡XÙ•X»»Ô€kidnapping,€Ô#†»˜‰»XXÙ•7#Ô(|3å$¦¦Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€L»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý ÙÝ ƒR‰$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô4 ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€€The€defendant€initially€alleged€ineffective€assistance€of€counsel,€stating€only€that€ð ðhe€was€rendered€ineffectiveÐ ° Ðassistance€of€counsel€during€the€pretrial,€trial€and€post€trial€phases€of€the€criminal€prosecutions€against€him.ðð€€In€theÐ tÄ Ðdefendantððs€brief€no€argument€was€set€out.€€After€the€state€filed€its€brief€asking€this€Court€to€consider€the€defendantððsÐ 8ˆ Ðineffective€assistance€of€counsel€claim€waived€„€due€to€the€defendantððs€failure€to€cite€any€authority€and€due€to€theÐ üL Ðdefendantððs€failure€to€brief€the€issue€„€the€defendant€filed€a€reply€brief.€€In€the€defendantððs€reply€brief€the€defendantÐ À Ðchanged€his€ineffective€assistance€of€counsel€claim,€stating€that€he€ð ðreceived€the€ineffective€assistance€of€counsel€duringÐ „Ô Ðthe€trial€of€the€causes.ðð€€The€defendant€thereafter€set€forth€a€two€sentence€paragraph€alleging€ineffective€assistance€ofÐ H ˜ Ðcounsel€based€on€trial€counselððs€erroneous€statement€regarding€the€defendantððs€confession.€€€€€€€ - ù-(|G2‰$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€L»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô|°ò»»Ô d(|3å$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€L»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3å$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€L»»d d 8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€d»»d dÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼˜‰»»»ÔÑ8€w¤XXdê»»d 8ÑÑ€¯bÑà@ttìàԇ˜‰ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼˜‰»î-#ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAssigned€on€Briefs€April€11,€2001Ð üL ÐÔ‡XÙ•X»¼˜‰ÔÌò òÔ#†¼˜‰»XXÙ•>#ÔÔ_ÔKENTRAILÔ_Ô€STERLINGòòóó€v.€STATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóóÐ úJ ÐÔ‡XÙ•X»¼˜‰Ôó óÌÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ æ 6 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€€97„01419„22€€€€€€Joseph€B.€Dailey,€JudgeÐ Ò " ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<•` AßÐ –æ  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W1999„00608„CCA„R3„CD€€Ô_Ô„Ô_Ô€Filed€September€24,€Ô_Ô2001Ô_ÔÐ ‘á  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<h` AßÐ i¹  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant€was€convicted€of€two€counts€of€especially€€aggravated€Ô_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô€and€two€counts€ofÐ d´ Ðaggravated€robbery€pursuant€to€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðððð€39„13„305€and€402.€€In€this€appeal€Ð P  Ðthe€defendant€raises€the€following€issues:€1)€whether€the€trial€court€had€jurisdiction€to€try€theÐ <Œ Ðdefendant;€2)€whether€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court€for€especially€aggravated€Ô_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô€are€voidÐ (x Ðbecause€the€defendant€was€not€provided€sufficient€notice€of€the€charged€offenses;€3)€whetherÐ d ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€ðððð€39„13„304(b)(2)€and€305(a)€are€unconstitutionally€vague€andÐ P Ðambiguous€since€both€statutes€contain€only€one€aggravating€element€„€the€employment€of€a€deadlyÐ ì< Ðweapon;Ô#†¼˜‰»XXÙ•ì#ÔÔ‡XÙ•X»¼˜‰Ô€4)€whether€trial€counsel€displayed€impropriety€during€closing€arguments€by€erroneouslyÐ Ø( Ðstating€that€the€defendant€€had€previously€confessed€to€the€crimes€he€was€charged€with;€5)€whetherÐ Ä Ðcounsel€was€ineffectiveÔ#†¼˜‰»XXÙ•Ñ#ÔÔ‡XÙ•X»¼˜‰Ô;€6)€whether€the€jury€charge€was€ð ðunconstitutionally€vague€and€ambiguous€Ð ° Ðfor€failure€to€charge€as€to€any€elements€constituting€especially€aggravated€Ô_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô,ðð€and€7)Ð œì Ðwhether€the€defendantððs€consecutive€and€enhanced€sentences€were€proper.€€After€examining€each€ofÐ ˆØ Ðthese€issues€raised€by€the€defendant€we€modify€the€aggravated€robbery€sentences€but€otherwiseÐ tÄ Ðaffirm€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court.€€Ð `° ÐÓ'ÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó ó€ò òasÐ 8!ˆ  ÐModifiedó óÐ ("x! ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼˜‰»àXÙ• #ÔÔ‡XÙ•X.¼˜‰ÔJohn€Everett€Williams,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòJoe€G.€Rileyóó€and€òòRobertÐ $P# ÐW.€Ô_ÔWedemeyerÔ_Ô,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð ì$< $ ÐÌÔ_ÔKentrailÔ_Ô€Sterling,€Ô_ÔTiptonvilleÔ_Ô,€Tennessee,€Pro€Se.Ð Ä&"& ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€J.€Ross€Dyer,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð œ(ì#( ÐWilliam€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Amy€P.€Ô_ÔWeirichÔ_Ô,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ ˆ)Ø$) ÐGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð t*Ä%* ÐÓñ ÓÌÌÐ 8-ˆ(-ý ÐÔ_Ô‡Ìà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼˜‰»XXÙ• #ÔÔ‡XÙ•X»¼˜‰ÔÐ œì ÐÓ ÓòòóóÔ#†¼˜‰»XXÙ•]#ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XÙ•X»¼˜‰ÔÌà  àThe€defendant,€Kentrail€Sterling,€was€indicted€on€two€counts€of€especially€€aggravatedÐ `° Ðkidnapping,€both€Class€A€felonies,€and€two€counts€of€aggravated€robbery,€both€Class€B€felonies.€€The€Ð L œ Ðdefendant€was€subsequently€convicted€and€sentenced€to€two€eleven„year€sentences€as€a€Range€IÐ 8 ˆ Ðstandard€offender€for€the€aggravated€robbery€convictions€and€to€two€twenty„two„year€sentences€asÐ $ t Ða€Range€I€standard€offender€for€the€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€convictions,€all€to€be€servedÐ  ` Ðconsecutively.€€The€defendant€filed€a€motion€for€a€new€trial,€which€the€trial€court€overruled.€€AÐ ü L  Ðtimely€notice€of€appeal€was€filed,€and€this€appeal€followed.€€€€€€€€€€ò òòòÐ è 8  ÐÓ  ÓÓ ÓFACTSóóó óÐ À  ÐÓÓÌà  àOn€August€12,€1996,€Kathy€Escamilla€and€Vera€Alma,€the€two€victims€in€the€instant€case,Ð ˜è  Ðdrove€from€their€homes€in€Chicago,€Illinois€to€Memphis€to€attend€an€Elvis€Presley€festival.€€AfterÐ „Ô  Ðarriving€in€Memphis,€the€two€women€went€to€a€drive„thru€window€of€a€fast€food€restaurant€and€thenÐ pÀ Ðstopped€at€a€convenience€store€on€the€way€to€their€hotel.€Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àThe€two€women€pulled€into€the€parking€area€of€the€convenience€store€sometime€aroundÐ 4„ Ðmidnight.€After€making€their€purchases,€the€women€exited€the€store€and€walked€back€to€the€carÐ  p Ðdriven€by€Ms.€Escamilla.€€As€they€€were€walking,€a€car€occupied€by€the€defendant€and€another€manÐ  \ Ðpulled€into€a€parking€space€next€to€where€the€women€were€parked.€€As€Ms.€Escamilla€got€into€theÐ øH Ðdriverððs€side€of€her€car,€the€defendant€jumped€into€the€back€seat€and€pushed€a€gun€against€the€backÐ ä4 Ðof€her€seat.€€The€€defendant€then€yelled€for€Ms.€Alma€to€get€in€the€car€or€he€would€ð ðshoot€[Ms.Ð Ð  ÐEscamillaððs]€brains€out.ðð€€€Ms.€Alma€got€into€the€car€and€the€defendant€ordered€Ms.€Escamilla€toÐ ¼  Ðdrive.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€directed€Ms.€Escamilla,€as€she€drove,€to€a€more€secluded€area.€€Ms.€EscamillaÐ €Ð Ðobserved€that€the€car€that€the€defendant€had€been€riding€in€was€following€her€car.€€€During€the€drive,Ð l¼ Ðthe€defendant€went€through€the€womenððs€purses€taking€anything€of€value€as€well€as€the€jewelry€theÐ X ¨ Ðwomen€were€wearing.€€The€defendant€made€several€sexual€remarks€to€the€women€and€ordered€€Ms.Ð D!” ÐEscamilla€to€pull€over€so€that€Ms.€Alma€could€drive€and€Ms.€Escamilla€could€get€in€the€back€seatÐ 0"€  Ðwith€him.€€Ms.€Escamilla€pulled€over€and€Ms.€Alma€got€out€of€the€car€and€began€to€walk€around€toÐ #l! Ðthe€driverððs€side€of€the€car.€€The€defendant€ordered€€Ms.€Escamilla€to€stay€seated.€€As€Ms.€AlmaÐ $X" Ðwalked€around€the€car€she€saw€a€charter€bus€driving€down€the€road.€€Ms.€Alma€ran€to€the€bus€andÐ ô$D # Ðflagged€it€down.€€Ms.€Alma€then€ran€back€to€the€car€and€pulled€Ms.€Escamilla€from€the€car.€€BothÐ à%0!$ Ðwomen€then€ran€to€the€bus€and€the€bus€driver€radioed€dispatch€to€call€the€police.€€€€€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àAfter€both€women€boarded€the€bus,€the€car€that€had€been€following€€Ms.€Escamillaððs€carÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdrove€away.€The€defendant€also€drove€away€in€Ms.€Escamillaððs€car.€€The€next€morning€both€Ms.Ð )à$( ÐEscamilla€and€Ms.€Alma€returned€to€Chicago.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àLater€the€same€month,€on€August€21,€1996,€€not€far€from€the€convenience€store€where€theÐ ° Ðwomen€were€abducted,€police€identified€a€red€Honda€automobile€parked€on€the€side€of€the€road.€€TheÐ œì Ðlicense€plates€on€the€car€had€apparently€been€changed,€but€further€investigation€of€the€vehicleÐ ˆØ Ðrevealed€that€it€was€the€car€stolen€from€Ms.€Escamilla€on€the€night€of€the€crimes.€€As€police€wereÐ tÄ Ðgetting€ready€to€recover€the€stolen€car,€the€car€sped€off€and€ran€a€police€cruiser€off€of€the€road€as€itÐ `° Ðwas€fleeing.€€The€car€was€not€recovered€at€that€time;€however,€it€was€recovered€at€a€later€date.€€WhenÐ L œ Ðthe€car€was€later€processed,€the€fingerprints€of€Dedrick€Beasley,€the€defendantððs€accomplice,€wereÐ 8 ˆ Ðfound€in€the€car.Ð $ t ÐÌà  àDedrick€Beasley€was€later€arrested€and€when€questioned€about€the€crimes€related€to€the€car,Ð ü L  Ðinculpated€the€defendant€in€a€statement€to€police.€€At€that€point,€the€Memphis€Police€DepartmentÐ è 8  Ðcontacted€the€Chicago€Police€Department€and€asked€them€to€show€the€victims€a€photographic€lineup.€Ð Ô$  ÐThe€Chicago€Police€Department€had€the€victims€meet€at€the€West€Belmont€Street€Precinct€andÐ À  Ðshowed€them€a€photographic€lineup€that€included€the€defendant.€€On€August€31,€1996,€both€victimsÐ ¬ü  Ðseparately€selected€the€defendant€as€the€perpetrator€of€the€crimes.€€The€defendant€was€subsequentlyÐ ˜è  Ðarrested,€charged€with€and€convicted€of€two€counts€of€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€and€twoÐ „Ô  Ðcounts€of€aggravated€robbery.Ð pÀ Ðòòò òÓ  ÓÌANALYSISó óóóÐ H˜ ÐÓ<&Óà  àÌà  àThe€defendant€sets€forth€a€number€of€issues€in€this€appeal.€€Specifically,€the€defendant€raisesÐ  p Ðas€issues:€1)€whether€the€trial€court€had€jurisdiction€to€try€the€defendant€as€an€adult;€2)€whether€theÐ  \ Ðjudgments€of€the€trial€court€are€void€because€the€defendant€was€not€provided€sufficient€notice€of€theÐ øH Ðcharged€offenses;€3)€whether€the€jury€charge€was€unconstitutionally€vague€for€failing€to€charge€anyÐ ä4 Ðelements€of€especially€aggravated€kidnapping;€4)€whether€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€sections€39„Ð Ð  Ð13„304(b)(2)€and€305(a)€are€unconstitutionally€vague€and€ambiguous€since€both€statutes€contain€onlyÐ ¼  Ðone€aggravating€element€„€the€employment€of€a€deadly€weapon;€5)€whether€the€defendantððsÐ ¨ø Ðconsecutive€and€enhanced€sentences€were€proper;€and€6)€whether€counselððs€misstatement€that€theÐ ”ä Ðdefendant€had€previously€confessed€to€the€crimes€during€closing€arguments€amounted€to€ineffectiveÐ €Ð Ðassistance€of€counsel.€€After€a€thorough€review€of€each€issue€raised€by€the€defendant,€we€concludeÐ l¼ Ðthat€none€of€the€issues€are€meritorious.Ð X ¨ ÐÌA.€€òòTrial€Court€Jurisdiction€Over€Defendantóó€€Ð 0"€  ÐÌÓ  ÓÓ  Óà  àThe€defendant€first€contends€that€the€trial€court€lacked€jurisdiction€to€try€him€as€an€adult€inÐ $X" Ðthis€matter.€€Specifically,€he€contends€that€he€was€transferred€to€criminal€court€from€juvenile€courtÐ ô$D # Ðbased€on€an€unrelated€charge€of€aggravated€robbery€for€which€he€has€never€been€indicted€or€tried.€Ð à%0!$ ÐThe€defendant€acknowledges€that€the€charges€against€him€for€the€especially€aggravated€kidnappingÐ Ì&"% Ðand€aggravated€robbery€of€Ms.€Escamilla€and€Ms.€Alma€were€included€in€the€transfer€order€of€theÐ ¸'#& Ðjuvenile€court.€€€The€defendant,€however,€contends€that€there€was€insufficient€evidence€presented€onÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthose€charges€to€establish€probable€cause€€at€the€juvenile€court€transfer€hearing.€€The€defendantÐ )à$( Ðâ âasserts€that€because€neither€Ms.€Escamilla€nor€Ms.€Alma€testified€at€the€transfer€hearing,€he€was€notÐ |*Ì%) Ðafforded€due€process€when€those€matters€were€included€with€the€unrelated€aggravated€robbery€chargeÐ ° Ðin€the€order€transferring€him€to€criminal€court€to€be€tried€as€an€adult.€€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€37-1-134(a)(4)(A)-(C)€provides€that€a€child€over€sixteenÐ tÄ Ðyears€of€age€charged€with€a€crime€may€be€transferred€to€criminal€court€and€treated€as€an€adult€if€theÐ `° Ðcourt€finds€that€there€are€reasonable€grounds€to€believe€that€(1)€the€child€committed€the€allegedÐ L œ Ðdelinquent€act;€(2)€the€child€is€not€committable€to€an€institution€as€retarded€or€mentally€ill;€and€(3)Ð 8 ˆ Ðthe€interests€of€the€community€require€that€the€child€be€restrained€or€disciplined.òòóó€In€addition,Ð $ t ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€37„1„134€(c),€provides€that€such€a€transfer€terminates€theÐ  ` Ðjurisdiction€of€the€juvenile€court€with€respect€to€all€pending€and€subsequent€criminal€charges€againstÐ ü L  Ðthe€child€unless€the€child€is€acquitted€in€criminal€court€of€the€charge(s)€resulting€in€the€transfer€orÐ è 8  Ðsuch€charge(s)€are€dismissed.€òòSee,€e.g.óó,€òòòòóóState€v.€Dardenóó,€12€S.W.3d€455,€458„59€(Tenn€2000).òòóóÐ Ô$  Ðà  àÌà  àWe€first€note,€as€the€defendant€acknowledges,€that€the€record€does€not€contain€a€transcriptÐ ¬ü  Ðof€the€defendantððs€juvenile€transfer€hearing.€€€The€defendant€argues,€however,€that€he€should€not€beÐ ˜è  Ðpenalized€for€the€incomplete€record€because€he€could€not€afford€a€court€reporter€to€record€theÐ „Ô  Ðproceedings€and€neither€the€court€nor€the€State€provided€one.€€The€defendant€acknowledges€that€anÐ pÀ Ðaudio€recording€of€the€proceeding,€as€authorized€by€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€37„1„Ð \¬ Ð134(f)(2),€was€made€by€the€juvenile€court,€but€alleges€that€the€recording€was€destroyed€by€theÐ H˜ ÐJuvenile€Court€Clerk€according€to€policy.€€€However,€we€need€not€reach€the€issue€of€whether€thereÐ 4„ Ðwas€sufficient€evidence€to€support€the€transfer€of€the€defendant€for€the€charges€of€especiallyÐ  p Ðaggravated€kidnapping€and€aggravated€robbery€of€Ms.€Escamilla€and€Ms.€Alma€because€a€validÐ  \ Ðtransfer€based€upon€the€unrelated€aggravated€robbery€charge€was€sufficient€to€divest€the€juvenileÐ øH Ðcourt€of€jurisdiction€in€all€pending€and€subsequent€criminal€charges€against€the€defendant€includingÐ ä4 Ðthe€instant€offenses.€òòóóòòSeeóó€òòDardenóó,€12€S.W.3d€at€458.òò€òòóóóóÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€does€not€challenge€the€validity€of€his€transfer€to€criminal€court€for€theÐ ¨ø Ðunrelated€aggravated€robbery€charge.€€To€the€contrary,€he€asserts€that€this€charge€was€the€ð ðprimaryÐ ”ä Ðoffense€upon€which€the€transfer€hearing/probable€cause€hearing€was€conducted.ðð€€The€defendantÐ €Ð Ðhowever,€contends€that€because€he€was€never€ð ðindicted€tried,€or€convicted€ofðð€the€unrelatedÐ l¼ Ðaggravated€robbery€charge,€the€criminal€court€had€no€jurisdiction€to€hear€the€charges€against€the€himÐ X ¨ Ðfor€the€instant€offenses.€€ð ðAcquittal€or€dismissal€of€the€charges€resulting€in€the€transfer€is€theÐ D!” Ðpredicate€for€the€restoration€of€the€juvenile€courtððs€jurisdiction.ðð€€òòDardenóó,€12€S.W.3d€at€458.€Ð 0"€  ÐBecause€the€defendant€has€not€presented€any€evidence€to€establish€that€the€unrelated€aggravatedÐ #l! Ðrobbery€charge€was€dismissed€or€that€he€was€acquitted€of€such€charge,€he€has€failed€to€show€that€theÐ $X" Ðcriminal€court€did€not€have€jurisdiction€over€the€instant€offenses€Thus,€the€defendantððs€claim€that€theÐ ô$D # Ðtrial€court€lacked€jurisdiction€to€try€him€as€an€adult€is€without€merit.Ð à%0!$ ÐÓÇ+ÓòòÌóóB.€€òòInsufficient€Notice€of€Charged€Offensesóó€€€€€€€€€€à  àÐ ¸'#& ÐÓ  ÓÌà  àThe€defendant€next€contends€that€the€judgments€of€the€trial€court€for€especially€aggravatedÐ )à$( Ðkidnapping€are€void€because€the€defendant€was€not€provided€sufficient€notice€of€the€chargedÐ |*Ì%) Ðoffenses.€€Specifically,€he€argues€that€the€language€in€the€especially€aggravated€kidnappingÐ h+¸&* Ðindictments,€ð ðby€use€of€a€deadly€weapon,€to€wit:€a€handgun€in€violation€of€Tennessee€CodeÐ ° ÐAnnotated€39„13„305,"€failed€to€give€him€proper€notice€as€to€whether€he€had€to€defend€against€theÐ œì Ðoffense€of€aggravatedÔ€ìâ<Ô€kidnapping,€a€Class€B€felony,€or€especially€aggravated€kidnapping,€a€Class€AÐ ˆ Ðfelony.€Ð t ÐÌà  àThe€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€has€stated€that,€in€general,€ð ðan€indictment€is€valid€if€itÐ L Ø Ðprovides€sufficient€information€(1)€to€enable€the€accused€to€know€the€accusation€to€which€answerÐ 8 Ä  Ðis€required,€(2)€to€furnish€the€court€adequate€basis€for€the€entry€of€a€proper€judgment,€and€(3)€toÐ $ °  Ðprotect€the€accused€from€double€jeopardy.ðð€€òòState€v.€Hillóó,€954€S.W.2d€725,€727€(Tenn.€1997)€(citingÐ  œ  ÐòòState€v.€Byrdóó,€820€S.W.2d€739,€741€(Tenn.€1991);€òòVanArsdall€V.€Stateóó,€919€S.W.2d€626,€630€(Tenn.Ð ü ˆ  ÐCrim.€App.€1995);€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€612€S.W.2d€493,€497€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1980).€€The€TennesseeÐ è t  ÐSupreme€Court€has€also€set€forth€that€ð ðan€indictment€need€not€conform€to€traditionally€strict€pleadingÐ Ô`  Ðrequirements.ðð€€òòHillóó,€954€S.W.2d€at€727„28.€(citing€òòState€v.€Pearceóó,€7€Tenn.€66,€67€(1823)).€€Ð ÀL  ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„13„202€provides€that€an€indictment€must€set€forth€ð ðthe€factsÐ ¬8 Ðconstituting€the€offense€in€ordinary€and€concise€language,€without€prolixity€or€repetition,€in€such€aÐ ˜$ Ðmanner€as€to€enable€a€person€of€common€understanding€to€know€what€is€intended,€and€with€theÐ „ Ðdegree€of€certainty€which€will€enable€the€court,€on€conviction,€to€pronounce€the€proper€judgment.ðð€Ð pü Ѐ€€€€€Ð \è Ðà  àIn€the€instant€case,€both€of€the€indictments€for€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€specificallyÐ HÔ Ðalleged€that€the€defendant€committed€ð ðESPECIALLY€AGGRAVATED€Kidnappingðð€pursuant€to€ð ðT.Ð 4À ÐC.€A.€39„13„305aðð€by€ð ðknowingly€remov[ing€the€victims]€so€as€to€interfere€substantially€with€[their]Ð  ¬ Ðliberty.€.€.€òòby€useóó€of€a€deadly€weapon,€to€wit:€a€handgun€in€violation€of€Tennessee€Code€AnnotatedÐ  ˜ Ð39„13„305.ðð€€(Emphasis€added).€Ð ø„ ÐÌà  àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„305(a)€sets€forth€that€ð ðEspecially€aggravatedÐ Ð\ Ðkidnapping€is€false€imprisonment,€as€defined€by€ðð€39„13„302€.€.€.€accomplished€with€a€deadly€weaponÐ ¼H Ðor€by€display€of€any€article€used€or€fashioned€to€lead€the€victim€to€reasonably€believe€it€to€be€a€deadlyÐ ¨4 Ðweapon€.€.€.€."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39-13-€305(a)(1).€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„302Ð ”  Ðprovides€that€ð ð[a]€person€commits€the€offense€of€false€imprisonment€who€knowingly€removes€orÐ €  Ðconfines€another€unlawfully€so€as€to€interfere€substantially€with€the€otherððs€liberty.ðð€€Ð lø  ÐÌà  à€While€the€indictments€do€not€set€forth€the€exact€language€set€out€in€Tennessee€CodeÐ D!Ð" ÐAnnotated€section€39„13„305(a),€the€indictments€do€set€forth€that€the€defendant€ð ðknowinglyÐ 0"¼# Ðremove[d€the€victims]€so€as€to€interfere€substantially€with€[their]€liberty€.€.€.òòby€use€of€a€deadlyÐ #¨ $ Ðweaponóó.€€This€language€in€both€indictments€for€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€substantiallyÐ $”!% Ðmirrors€the€statute€for€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€€and€clearly€indicates€that€€the€indictmentsÐ ô$€"& Ðare€based€on€the€actual€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€to€accomplish€the€kidnapping.€Therefore,€suchÐ à%l#' Ðlanguage€is€sufficient€to€put€the€defendant€on€notice€of€the€ð ðaccusation€to€which€answer€is€requiredððÐ Ì&X$( Ðand€to€put€him€on€notice€of€the€crime(s)€against€which€he€is€required€to€defend.Ð ¸'D%) ÐÌà  àIn€contrast,€the€crime€of€aggravated€kidnapping€does€not€require€that€the€kidnapping€beÐ )'+ Ðaccomplished€by€use€of€a€deadly€weapon.€Aggravated€kidnapping€is€ð ðfalse€imprisonment€.€.€.€whileÐ |*(, Ðthe€defendant€is€òòin€possessionóó€of€€a€deadly€weapon€òòor€threatens€the€use€ofóó€€a€deadly€weapon.ðð€€Tenn.Ð h+ô(- ÐCode.€Ann.€ðð€39„13„304€(a)(5)€(emphasis€added).€The€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€make€itÐ ° Ðabsolutely€clear€that€a€conviction€may€be€had€if€the€defendant€concealed€deadly€weapon€in€hisÐ œì Ðpossession,€but€did€not€mention€or€use€the€deadly€weapon.€€The€Sentencing€Commission€CommentsÐ ˆØ Ðfurther€set€forth€that€ð ð[i]f€the€defendant€actually€used€a€deadly€weapon€or€used€something€other€thanÐ tÄ Ða€deadly€weapon€€but€convinced€the€victim€that€it€was€a€deadly€weapon,€the€offense€is€punishableÐ `° Ðas€an€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€under€section€39„13„305(a)(1).ðð€€Nowhere€under€section€39„Ð L œ Ð13„304€is€the€actual€use€or€display€of€a€deadly€weapon€required€for€a€conviction.€€Indeed,€suchÐ 8 ˆ Ðrequirement€was€expressly€reserved€for€the€greater€offense€of€especially€aggravated€kidnapping.€€Ð $ t ÐÌà  àThere€is€no€discrepancy€as€to€whether€the€defendant€was€being€compelled€to€defend€againstÐ ü L  Ðthe€mere€ð ðpresenceðð€of€a€deadly€weapon€or€the€ð ðuseðð€of€a€deadly€weapon.€Nor€is€there€anyÐ è 8  Ðdiscrepancy€with€regards€to€whether€the€defendant€was€being€tried€for€ð ðaggravated€kidnappingðð€orÐ Ô$  Ðð ðespecially€aggravated€kidnapping.ðð€€The€indictments€were€clear€as€to€the€indicted€offenses€and€inÐ À  Ðwhat€manner€such€offenses€were€being€charged.€€Thus,€this€issue€is€without€merit.€€€€€€€€€Ð ¬ü  ÐòòÌóóC.€€òòConstitutional€Validity€of€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðððð€39„13„304(b)(2)€&€305(a)óóÐ „Ô  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€next€contends€that€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€sections€39„13„304(b)(2)€andÐ \¬ Ð305(a)€are€unconstitutionally€vague€and€ambiguous€in€that€ð ðthe€employment€of€a€deadly€weaponððÐ H˜ Ðis€an€aggravating€element€of€both€the€aggravated€kidnapping€and€the€especially€aggravatedÐ 4„ Ðkidnapping€statute.€We€disagree.€€Ð  p ÐÒe°ÒÌà  àWe€first€note€the€defendantððs€clear€misreading€of€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„Ð øH Ð304(b)(2).€€Throughout€the€entire€section€of€the€defendantððs€brief€dealing€with€this€issue,€he€repeatedlyÐ ä4 Ðinsists€that€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„304(b)(2)€contains,€as€an€aggravating€elementÐ Ð  Ðfor€aggravated€kidnapping,€the€language€ð ðthe€employment€of€a€deadly€weapon.ðð€€€The€defendant€isÐ ¼  Ðclearly€confused€in€his€reading€of€the€statute.€€Nowhere€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„Ð ¨ø Ð304,€€is€the€language€ð ðthe€employment€of€a€deadly€weaponðð€listed€as€an€aggravating€element.€€As€weÐ ”ä Ðdiscussed€in€our€analysis€above,€òòpossession€ofóó€a€deadly€weapon€is€an€aggravating€element€ofÐ €Ð Ðaggravated€kidnapping,€while€òòaccomplishment€by€use€ofóó€a€deadly€weapon€is€an€aggravating€elementÐ l¼ Ðfor€the€greater€offense€of€especially€aggravated€kidnapping.€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„304(a)(5),€„Ð X ¨ Ð305(a)(1).Ð D!” ÐÌà  àEssentially,€the€defendantððs€€argument€is€that€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„305(a)Ð #l! Ðis€ð ðvague€and€ambiguousðð€because€the€language€ð ðthe€employment€of€a€deadly€weaponðð€is€analogousÐ $X" Ðto€the€language€in€the€statute€for€the€lessor€crime€of€aggravated€kidnapping.€€We€again€pause€to€noteÐ ô$D # Ðthe€defendantððs€misreading€of€the€€statute.€€Nowhere€in€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„Ð à%0!$ Ð305(a)€is€the€term€ð ðemploymentðð€of€a€deadly€weapon€used.€€The€correct€language€set€forth€therein€isÐ Ì&"% Ðð ðused€or€fashioned.ðð€€Having€made€this€clarification€we€continue€in€our€analysis.€€This€courtÐ ¸'#& Ðaddressed€the€defendantððs€vagueness€argument,€with€respect€to€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€sectionÐ ¤(ô#' Ð39„13„305,€in€the€case€of€òòState€v.€James€R.€Bishopóó,€No.€03C01„9308„CR„00268,€Lexis€536€(Tenn.Ð )à$( ÐCrim.€App,€€August€18,€1994€at€Knoxville)€(ð ð[N]either€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€section€39-13-304(a)(5),Ð |*Ì%) ÐAggravated€Kidnapping€or€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€section€39-13-305(a)(1),€Especially€AggravatedÐ h+¸&* ÐKidnapping€are€unconstitutionally€vague.ðð).€Since€this€court€filed€the€òòJames€R.€Bishopóó€opinion,€weÐ ° Ðhave€not€deviated€from€our€holding€pertaining€to€the€constitutionality€of€the€statute€for€especiallyÐ œì Ðaggravated€kidnapping.€€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àð ð[T]he€basic€rule€of€statutory€construction€is€to€ascertain€legislative€purpose€and€intent€asÐ `° Ðexpressed€in€the€statute.€€òòState€v.€Williamsóó,€854€S.W.2d€904,€907€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993)€(citingÐ L œ ÐòòMetropolitan€Government€of€Nashville€&€Davidson€Co.€v.€Motel€Systems,€Inc.óó,€525€S.W.2d€840Ð 8 ˆ Ð(Tenn.€1975).€€Statutory€meaning€ð ðis€to€be€derived€from€the€act€as€a€whole€in€light€of€its€generalÐ $ t Ðpurposes.ðð€€òòWilliamsóó,€854€S.W.2d€at€907€(citing€òòLoftin€v.€Langsdonóó,€813€S.W.2d€475€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.Ð  ` Ð1991).€€Furthermore,€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„11„104€provides€that€ð ð[t]he€provisionsÐ ü L  Ðof€this€title€shall€be€construed€according€to€the€fair€import€of€their€terms,€including€reference€toÐ è 8  Ðjudicial€decisions€and€common€law€interpretations,€to€promote€justice€and€effect€the€objectives€of€theÐ Ô$  Ðcriminal€code.ððÐ À  ÐÌà  àArmed€with€the€direction€given€above,€we€reject€the€defendantððs€contentions€that€TennesseeÐ ˜è  ÐCode€Annotated€section€39„13„305€is€ð ðvague€and€ambiguousðð€in€any€manner.€€A€reading€of€the€statuteÐ „Ô  Ðis€clear€in€all€parts.€€As€we€noted€in€our€analysis€above,€the€language€of€Tennessee€Code€AnnotatedÐ pÀ Ðsection€39„13„305(a)(1)€differs€from€the€language€of€the€statute€for€aggravated€kidnapping€in€that€itÐ \¬ Ðrequires€the€actual€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€to€accomplish€the€kidnapping.€€Further,€the€legislativeÐ H˜ Ðintent€is€clear:€€that€the€legislature€intended€to€treat€and€punish€crimes€under€this€statute€more€harshlyÐ 4„ Ðthan€under€statutes€setting€forth€lesser€crimes€of€the€same€nature„€false€imprisonment,€kidnapping€andÐ  p Ðaggravated€kidnapping.€€Tenn€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„302,€303€and€304.€€€Thus,€this€issue€is€withoutÐ  \ Ðmerit.Ð øH ÐòòÌóóD.€€òòConstitutional€Validity€of€the€Jury€ChargeóóÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€next€argues€that€the€charge€given€to€the€jury€by€the€trial€court€wasÐ ¨ø Ðð ðunconstitutionally€vague€and€ambiguous€€for€failure€to€charge€as€to€any€elements€constitutingÐ ”ä Ðespecially€aggravated€kidnapping.ðð€€Specifically,€the€defendant€argues€that€no€elements€of€especiallyÐ €Ð Ðaggravated€kidnapping€were€charged€to€the€jury€that€would€distinguish€the€crime€from€that€ofÐ l¼ Ðaggravated€kidnapping.€€The€defendant€argues€that€ð ðthe€employment€of€a€deadly€weaponðð€would€beÐ X ¨ Ðsufficient€for€the€state€to€prove€either€crime.€€We€disagree.€€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àWe€already€examined€the€defendantððs€contention€that€the€language,€ð ðthe€employment€of€aÐ #l! Ðdeadly€weapon,ðð€is€vague€in€that€it€applies€equally€to€either€aggravated€kidnapping€or€especiallyÐ $X" Ðaggravated€kidnapping,€and€we€will€not€address€that€issue€again.€€We€again€note,€however,€that€theÐ ô$D # Ðð ðuseðð€of€a€deadly€weapon€in€conjunction€with€a€false€imprisonment€is€a€distinct€element€of€especiallyÐ à%0!$ Ðaggravated€kidnapping€and€not€an€element€of€aggravated€kidnapping,€as€the€defendant€continues€toÐ Ì&"% Ðargue.€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àIn€turning€to€the€defendantððs€argument€that€no€elements€of€especially€aggravated€kidnappingÐ )à$( Ðwere€charged€to€the€jury,€we€look€to€the€jury€instructions€contained€within€the€record.€€The€recordÐ |*Ì%) Ðdistinctly€shows€that€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€that€in€order€to€find€especially€aggravatedÐ h+¸&* Ðkidnapping€the€jury€must€find€ð ðthat€the€confinement€or€removal€[of€the€victims]€was€accomplishedÐ ° Ðwith€a€deadly€weapon€or€by€display€of€any€article€used€or€fashioned€to€lead€the€alleged€victim€toÐ œì Ðreasonably€believe€it€was€a€deadly€weapon.ðð€€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„305(a)€(1)Ð ˆØ Ðprovides€that€ð ð[e]specially€aggravated€kidnapping€is€false€imprisonment€.€.€.€[a]ccomplished€with€aÐ tÄ Ðdeadly€weapon€or€by€display€of€any€article€used€or€fashioned€to€lead€the€victim€to€reasonably€believeÐ `° Ðit€to€be€a€deadly€weapon.ðð€€The€jury€charge€for€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€was€virtually€wordÐ L œ Ðfor€word€identical€to€the€first€element€set€forth€above.€€Having€found€that€the€trial€court€did€chargeÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€jury€with€an€exclusive€element€of€especially€aggravated€kidnapping,€this€issue€has€no€foundationÐ $ t Ðupon€which€to€stand€and€is€without€merit.€€€€€€Ð  ` ÐÌÌà  àòòÌÌóóE.€€òòIneffective€Assistance€of€Counsel€and€Impropriety€of€Counsel€During€Closing€ArgumentsóóÐ ¬ü  ÐÌà  àNext€the€defendant€contends€that€counselððs€statements€during€closing€arguments€displayedÐ „Ô  Ðimpropriety€and€that€this€impropriety€amounted€to€ineffective€assistance€of€counsel.€€Therefore,€weÐ pÀ Ðwill€analyze€the€issues€together.€€We€begin€by€Ô‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•Ônoting€that€the€defendant€has€chosen€to€pursue€an€Ð \¬ Ðineffective€assistance€of€counsel€claim€on€direct€appeal,€as€opposed€to€a€post„conviction€proceeding.€Ð H˜ ÐOn€numerous€occasions€this€court€has€warned€against€the€pitfalls€of€raising€such€an€ineffectiveÐ 4„ Ðassistance€of€counsel€issue€on€direct€appeal.€€Once€again€we€pause€to€echo€this€warning€as€set€forthÐ  p Ðby€Judge€Jones€of€this€court€in€òòState€v.€Jimmy€L.€Sluderóó:€Ð  \ ÐÒܰÒÒÜeÒRaising€issues€pertaining€to€the€ineffective€assistance€of€counsel€for€the€first€time€in€theÐ øH Ðappellate€court€is€a€practice€fraught€with€peril.€€The€appellant€runs€the€risk€of€having€the€issueÐ ä4 Ðdenied€due€to€a€procedural€default,€or,€in€the€alternative,€having€a€panel€of€this€court€considerÐ Ð  Ðthe€issue€on€the€merits.€€The€better€practice€is€to€òònotóó€raise€the€issue€on€direct€appeal€.€.€.€.€€TheÐ ¼  Ðissue€can€be€subsequently€raised€in€a€post„conviction€proceeding€if€the€appellantððs€directÐ ¨ø Ðappeal€.€.€.€is€not€successful.€€Ð ”ä ÐÒ°Üü{ÒÒeÜ |ÒòòState€v.€Jimmy€L.€Sluderóó,€No.€1236,€1990€WL€26552,€at€*9€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€filed€March€14,€1990,Ð €Ð Ðat€Knoxville);€òò€òòóósee€alsoòòóó€Thompson€v.€Stateóó,€958€S.W.2d€156,€161€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1997);€òòState€v.Ð l¼ ÐAndersonóó,€835€S.W.2d€600,€607€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1992).òòÔ#†XÙ•XX XÙ•Ùy#ÔóóÐ X ¨ ÐÌÔ‡XÇÞ XXXÙ•Ôà  àÔ#†XÙ•X XXÇÞA€#ÔÔ‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•ÔThis€court€reviews€a€claim€of€ineffective€assistance€of€counsel€under€the€standards€of€òòBaxterÐ 0"€  Ðv.€Roseóó,€523€S.W.2d€930€(Tenn.€1975),€and€òòStrickland€v.€Washingtonóó,€466€U.S.€668,€104€S.€Ct.€2052,Ð #l! Ð80€L.€Ed.€2d€674€(1984).€€A€petitioner€has€the€burden€to€prove€that€(1)€the€attorneyððs€performance€wasÐ $X" Ðdeficient,€and€(2)€the€deficient€performance€resulted€in€prejudice€to€the€defendant€so€as€to€deprive€himÐ ô$D # Ðof€a€fair€trial.€€òòStricklandóó,€466€U.S.€at€687,€104€S.€Ct.€at€2064;€òòGoad€v.€Stateóó,€938€S.W.2d€363,€369Ð à%0!$ Ð(Tenn.€1996);€òòOverton€v.€Stateóó,€874€S.W.2d€6,€11€(Tenn.€1994);€òòButler€v.€Stateóó,€789€S.W.2d€898,€899Ð Ì&"% Ð(Tenn.€1990).Ð ¸'#& Ðà  àÌà  àThe€test€in€Tennessee€to€determine€whether€counsel€provided€effective€assistance€is€whetherÐ )à$( Ðhis€performance€was€within€the€range€of€competence€demanded€of€attorneys€in€criminal€cases.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐòòBaxteróó,€523€S.W.2d€at€936.€€The€petitioner€must€overcome€the€presumption€that€counselððs€conductÐ h+¸&* Ðfalls€within€the€wide€range€of€acceptable€professional€assistance.€€òòStricklandóó,€466€U.S.€at€689,€104Ð ° ÐS.€Ct.€at€2065;€òòState€v.€Burnsóó,€6€S.W.3d€453,€462€(Tenn.€1999).€€Therefore,€in€order€to€prove€aÐ œì Ðdeficiency,€a€petitioner€must€show€ð ðthat€counselððs€acts€or€omissions€were€so€serious€as€to€fall€belowÐ ˆØ Ðan€objective€standard€of€reasonableness€under€prevailing€professional€norms.ðð€€òòGoadóó,€938€S.W.2d€atÐ tÄ Ð369€(citing€òòStricklandóó,€466€U.S.€at€688,€104€S.Ct.€at€2065)òòóó.Ð `° Ðà  àÌà  àIn€reviewing€counsel's€conduct,€a€"fair€assessment€.€.€.€requires€that€every€effort€be€made€toÐ 8 ˆ Ðeliminate€the€distorting€effects€of€hindsight,€to€reconstruct€the€circumstances€of€counsel's€challengedÐ $ t Ðconduct,€and€to€evaluate€the€conduct€from€counsel's€perspective€at€the€time."€òòStricklandóó,€466€U.S.€atÐ  ` Ð689,€104€S.€Ct.€at€2065.€€The€fact€that€a€particular€strategy€or€tactic€failed€or€hurt€the€defense,€doesÐ ü L  Ðnot,€standing€alone,€establish€unreasonable€representation.€As€long€as€€choices€are€informed€onesÐ è 8  Ðbased€upon€adequate€preparation.€€òòHenley€v.€Stateóó,€960€S.W.2d€572,€579€(Tenn.€1997);€òòHellard€v.Ð Ô$  ÐStateóó,€629€S.W.2d€4,€9€(Tenn.€1982).€€Ô#†XÙ•XX XÙ•€#ÔÐ À  Ðà  àÌà  àIn€the€instant€case,€the€defendant€argues€that€trial€counsel€was€ineffective€because€counselÐ ˜è  Ðstated€during€closing€arguments€that€the€defendant€had€previously€confessed€to€the€indicted€crimes.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р„Ô  ЀThe€defendant€contends€that€ð ðcounsel€...€displayed€the€ultimate€impropriety€in€this€caseðð€and€that€thisÐ pÀ Ðamounted€to€an€abandonment€of€counselððs€adversarial€role.€€In€examining€the€first€prong€of€our€testÐ \¬ Ðfor€determining€whether€trial€counsel€was€ineffective€we€look€to€whether€trial€ð ðcounselððs€acts€orÐ H˜ ÐÔ‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•Ôomissions€were€so€serious€as€to€fall€below€an€objective€standard€of€reasonableness€under€prevailingÐ 4„ Ðprofessional€norms.ðð€Ô#†XÙ•XX XÙ•À#Ô€€After€a€thorough€review€of€this€issue,€we€conclude€that€the€record€demonstratesÐ  p Ðquite€the€opposite.€€During€closing€arguments,€trial€counsel€argued€vehemently€that€the€state€had€noÐ  \ Ðphysical€evidence€that€inculpated€the€defendant€in€the€crime,€reiterated€the€weaknesses€in€theÐ øH Ðtestimony€given€by€the€victims€and€the€stateððs€witnesses,€stressed€the€defendantððs€repeated€denials€ofÐ ä4 Ðbeing€the€individual€who€committed€the€crimes,€stressed€the€testimony€of€the€defendantððs€alibiÐ Ð  Ðwitnesses,€and€stressed€the€testimony€of€the€defendantððs€accomplice,€who€testified€that€the€defendantððsÐ ¼  Ðname€on€his€confession€was€incorrect.€€These€arguments€amply€demonstrate€that€trial€counsel€didÐ ¨ø Ðeverything€in€his€power€to€foster€the€defendantððs€case,€and€do€not€support€an€allegation€of€impropriety.Ô‡ XÙ•XXXٕԀР”ä ÐÔ#†XÙ•XX XÙ•<’#ÔÔ‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•Ô€While€the€record€does€reflect€that€trial€counsel€erroneously€stated€during€closing€arguments€that€theÐ €Ð Ðdefendant€had€previously€confessed€to€the€crimes€he€was€being€tried€for,Ô#†XÙ•XX XÙ•”’#Ô€this€statement€must€beÐ l¼ Ðexamined€in€the€context€in€which€it€was€made.€€When€trial€counsel€made€this€statement€he€wasÐ X ¨ Ðsummarizing,€one€final€time,€the€extent€of€the€stateððs€proof€against€the€defendant.€€It€is€clear€that€trialÐ D!” Ðcounsel€mis„spoke,€and€instead€of€saying€Dedrick€Beasley,€the€€defendantððs€accompliceðð€s€name,€trialÐ 0"€  Ðâ âcounsel€mistakenly€used€the€defendantððs€name.€€€Although€trial€counselððs€statement€was€obviouslyÐ #l! Ða€mistake,€in€no€manner€does€the€record€show€that€trial€counsel€acted€intentionally€or€maliciously€asÐ ° Ðthe€defendant€argues.€€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àGiven€the€context€of€the€erroneous€statement,€the€strong€arguments€in€favor€of€the€defendantÐ tÄ Ðimmediately€prior€to€the€statement,€the€fact€that€the€defendantððs€accompliceððs€confession€was€the€onlyÐ `° Ðconfession€introduced€during€trial,€and€the€weight€of€the€other€evidence€introduced€at€trial,€we€canÐ L œ Ðnot€conclude€that€trial€counselððs€error€amounted€to€deficient€performance.€€Having€concluded€that€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðdefendant€failed€to€meet€the€first€prong€of€the€test€for€proving€ineffective€assistance€of€counsel,€weÐ $ t Ðneed€not€address€the€second€prong€of€this€test.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.€€€Ð  ` ÐÌG.€€òòValidity€of€Defendantððs€Consecutive€and€Enhanced€SentencesóóÐ è 8  Ðà  àÌà  àThe€last€issue€we€are€called€upon€to€address€by€the€defendant€is€whether€his€consecutive€andÐ À  Ðenhanced€sentences€were€proper.€€After€a€thorough€review,€we€conclude€that€both€the€enhanced€andÐ ¬ü  Ðconsecutive€sentences€were€proper.€€Ð ˜è  Ðà  à€Ô‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•ÔThis€courtððs€review€of€the€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court€is€òòde€novoóó€with€a€presumptionÐ „Ô  Ðof€correctness.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption€is€conditioned€upon€anÐ pÀ Ðaffirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€judge€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€allÐ \¬ Ðrelevant€facts€and€circumstances.€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€The€burden€isÐ H˜ Ðupon€the€appealing€party€to€show€that€the€sentence€is€improper.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d),Ð 4„ ÐSentencing€Commission€Comments.€€In€conducting€our€review,€we€are€required,€pursuant€toÐ  p ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€40„35„210,€to€consider€the€following€factors€in€sentencing:Ð  \ Ðà8  à(1)€[t]he€evidence,€if€any,€received€at€the€trial€and€the€sentencing€hearing;€(2)€[t]heÐ øH Ðpresentence€report;€(3)€[t]he€principles€of€sentencing€and€arguments€as€to€sentencingÐ ä4 Ðalternatives;€(4)€[t]he€nature€and€characteristics€of€the€criminal€conduct€involved;€(5)Ð Ð  Ð[e]vidence€and€information€offered€by€the€parties€on€the€enhancement€and€mitigatingÐ ¼  Ðfactors€in€ðððð€40„35„113€and€40„35„114;€and€(6)€[a]ny€statement€the€defendant€wishesÐ ¨ø Ðto€make€in€the€defendantððs€own€behalf€about€sentencing.Дä!! Ðà  àÌà  àIf€no€mitigating€or€enhancement€factors€for€sentencing€are€present,€Tennessee€Code€AnnotatedÐ l¼ Ðsection€40„35„210(c)€provides€that€the€presumptive€sentence€for€a€Class€A€felony€shall€be€theÐ X ¨ Ðmidpoint€of€the€applicable€range€and€the€minimum€sentence€within€the€applicable€range€for€a€ClassÐ D!” ÐB€or€lower€felonyÔ#†XÙ•XX XÙ•äš#ÔÔ‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•Ô.€€òòSee€òòóóState€v.€Lavenderóó,€967€S.W.2d€803,€806€(Tenn.€1998);€òòState€v.€Fletcheróó,€805Ð 0"€  ÐS.W.2d€785,€788€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).€€However,€if€such€factors€do€exist,€a€trial€court€shouldÐ #l! Ðstart€at€the€minimum€sentence,€enhance€the€minimum€sentence€within€the€range€for€enhancementÐ $X" Ðfactors,€and€then€reduce€the€sentence€within€the€range€for€the€mitigating€factors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð ô$D # Ððð€40„35„210(e).€€No€particular€weight€for€each€factor€is€prescribed€by€the€statute,€as€the€weight€givenÐ à%0!$ Ðto€each€factor€is€left€to€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court€as€long€as€the€trial€court€complies€with€theÐ Ì&"% Ðpurposes€and€principles€of€the€sentencing€act€and€its€findings€are€supported€by€the€record.€€òòState€v.Ð ¸'#& ÐMossóó,€727€S.W.2d€229,€238€(Tenn.€1986);€òòState€v.€Leggsóó,€955€S.W.2d€845,€848€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ¤(ô#' Ð1997);€òòseeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210,€Sentencing€Commission€Comments.€Furthermore,€if€ourÐ )à$( Ðreview€reflects€that€the€trial€court€followed€the€statutory€sentencing€procedure,€imposed€a€lawfulÐ |*Ì%) Ðsentence€after€giving€due€consideration€and€proper€weight€to€the€factors€and€principles€set€out€underÐ h+¸&* Ðsentencing€law,€and€the€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€are€adequately€supported€by€the€record,€we€mayÐ ° Ðnot€modify€the€sentence€even€if€we€would€have€preferred€a€different€result.€€òòFletcheróó,€805€S.W.2d€atÐ œì Ð789.€€€Ð ˆØ Ðò òó óà  àÌà  àThe€trial€court€found€the€following€enhancement€factors€applicable,€as€listed€in€TennesseeÐ `° ÐCode€Annotated€section€40-35-114:€€(1)€The€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictionsÐ L œ Ðor€criminal€behavior€in€addition€to€those€necessary€to€establish€the€appropriate€range;€and€(2)€TheÐ 8 ˆ Ðdefendant€was€a€leader€in€the€commission€of€an€offense€involving€two€or€more€criminal€actors.€€TheÐ $ t Ðrecord€reveals€that€in€applying€factor€(1),€the€court€relied€on€the€Ô#†XÙ•XX XÙ•\¢#ÔÔ‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•Ôdefendantððs€previous€history€ofÐ  ` Ðcriminal€behavior€as€evidenced€by€his€juvenile€record.€The€trial€court's€consideration€of€the€juvenileÐ ü L  Ðoffenses€under€factor€(1)€was€improper.€The€legislature€added€factor€(20)€to€the€existing€list€ofÐ è 8  Ðenhancement€factors€in€1995,€which€provides€that€juvenile€delinquency€adjudications€for€actsÐ Ô$  Ðcommitted€as€a€juvenile€that€would€constitute€€felonies€if€committed€by€an€adult€may€be€used€forÐ À  Ðenhancement€purposes.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114€(20).€€ð ðThis€court€has€determined€that€as€aÐ ¬ü  Ðresult€of€the€amendment,€ððfactor€(20)€became€the€exclusive€factor€for€enhancing€a€sentence€based€onÐ ˜è  Ða€juvenile's€record.ðððð€òòState€v.€Adams,óó€45€S.W.3d€46,€58Ô#†XÙ•XX XÙ•%«#ÔÔ‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•Ô€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€2000)Ô#†XÙ•XX XÙ•¬®#ÔÔ‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•Ô€(citing€òòState€v.Ð „Ô  ÐBrownóó,€No.€02C01-9710-CC-00419,Ô#†XÙ•XX XÙ•¯#ÔÔ‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•Ô€1998€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€LEXIS€1112,€at€*6,€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,Ð pÀ Ðfiled€Oct.€26,€1998,€at€Jackson)).€Thus,€this€court€could€only€properly€consider€the€defendantððsÐ \¬ Ðjuvenile€offenses€for€enhancement€purposes€under€factor€(20)€and€not€pursuant€to€factor€(1).€òòÐ H˜ ÐSeeóó€€òòAdamsóó,€45€S.W.3d€at€58.€€€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àHaving€determined€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€considering€the€defendantððs€juvenile€offensesÐ  \ Ðpursuant€to€factor€(1),€we€must€now€determine€whether€factor€(20)€applies.€A€review€of€theÐ øH Ðdefendantððs€juvenile€record€reveals€that€the€defendantððs€Ô#†XÙ•XX XÙ•“¯#ÔÔ‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•Ôjuvenile€record€includes€delinquencyÐ ä4 ÐadjudicationsÔ#†XÙ•XX XÙ•€²#ÔÔ‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•Ô€for€public€intoxication,€unruly€conduct,€ride€solicitation,€resisting€arrest€and€two€theftsÐ Ð  Ðof€property€under€five€hundred€dollars€Ô#†XÙ•XX XÙ•³#ÔÔ‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•Ô.€€All€of€the€defendantððs€delinquency€adjudications€would€haveÐ ¼  Ðbeen€misdemeanors€if€committed€as€an€adult.€€Therefore,€factor€(20)€is€inapplicable€as€anÐ ¨ø Ðenhancement€factor.€€Ð ”ä Ðà  àÌà  àOur€de€novo€review€of€the€record€reveals€that€the€trial€courts€application€of€factor(2),€theÐ l¼ Ðdefendant€was€the€leader€in€the€commission€of€an€offense€involving€two€or€more€criminal€actors,€wasÐ X ¨ Ðproper.Ô#†XÙ•XX XÙ•â³#ÔÔ‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•Ô€€The€record€supports€that€another€actor€was€involved€in€the€commission€of€the€instant€offense,Ð D!” Ðto€wit:€the€accomplice,€who€followed€the€victimsðð€car€as€the€defendant€directed€them€to€a€moreÐ 0"€  Ðsecluded€area.€€Evidence€that€the€defendant€kidnapped€the€victims€at€gunpoint€and€rode€in€the€car€withÐ #l! Ðthem,€as€opposed€to€following€behind€in€another€car,€supports€his€status€as€the€leader€in€theÐ $X" Ðcommission€of€the€crimes.Ô#†XÙ•XX XÙ•¶#ÔÔ‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•ÔÐ ô$D # Ðà  àÔ#†XÙ•XX XÙ•M¸#ÔÔ‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•ÔÌà  àIn€summary,€the€application€of€factor€(1),€using€the€defendantððs€prior€juvenile€delinquencyÐ Ì&"% Ðadjudications€was€not€proper.€€The€application€of€factor€(2),€the€defendant€was€the€leader€in€theÐ ¸'#& Ðcommission€of€an€offense€involving€two€or€more€criminal€actors,€was€proper.€€€€Finally,€the€trial€courtÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcorrectly€found€no€mitigating€factorsÔ#†XÙ•XX XÙ•°¸#ÔÔ‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•Ô.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€the€defendant€to€eleven€(11)€years€forÐ )à$( Ðeach€of€the€Class€B,€aggravated€robbery€convictions,€three€(3)€years€€more€than€the€minimum€for€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðrange,€and€to€twenty„two€(22)€years€for€each€of€the€Class€A,€especially€aggravated€kidnappingÐ h+¸&* Ðconvictions,€two€(2)€years€more€than€the€mid„point€for€the€range.€€Ô#†XÙ•XX XÙ•‰º#ÔÔ‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•Ô€Because€of€the€misapplication€ofÐ ° Ðenhancement€factor€(1),€we€modify€the€sentences€for€the€aggravated€robbery€convictions€from€elevenÐ œì Ð(11)€years€to€ten€(10)€years,€and€affirm€the€twenty„two€(22)€year€sentences€for€the€especiallyÐ ˆØ Ðaggravated€kidnapping€convictions.€Ô#†XÙ•XX XÙ•P¼#ÔÔ‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•ÔÐ tÄ Ðà  àÌà  àWe€next€turn€our€attention€to€the€trial€courtððs€imposition€of€consecutive€sentences.€€A€courtÐ L œ Ðmay€order€sentences€to€run€consecutively€if€the€court€finds€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence€that:Ð 8 ˆ ÐÓ$°–, X°œX$Óà0 Ü àà0Üs#Üs#àà Ü à(1)€[t]he€defendant€is€a€professional€criminal€who€has€knowingly€devoted€such€defendantððs€lifeÐ $ t Ðto€criminal€acts€as€a€major€source€of€livelihood;Ð `s#s# Ðà8 Ü à(2)€[t]he€defendant€is€an€offender€whose€record€of€criminal€activity€is€extensive;Ðü L ÜG"ÜG" Ðà8 Ü àà0ÜG"ÜG"àà Ü à(3)€[t]he€defendant€is€a€dangerous€mentally€abnormal€person€so€declared€by€a€competentÐ è 8  Ðpsychiatrist€who€concludes€as€a€result€of€an€investigation€prior€to€sentencing€that€theÐ Ô$  Ðdefendant's€criminal€conduct€has€been€characterized€by€a€pattern€of€repetitive€orÐ À  Ðcompulsive€behavior€with€heedless€indifference€to€consequences;Ьü G"G" Ðà8 Ü àà0ÜG"ÜG"àà Ü à(4)€[t]he€defendant€is€a€dangerous€offender€whose€behavior€indicates€little€or€no€regard€forÐ ˜è  Ðhuman€life,€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€lifeÐ „Ô  Ðis€high;ÐpÀG"G" Ðà8 Ü àà0ÜG"ÜG"àà Ü à(5)€[t]he€defendant€is€convicted€of€two€(2)€or€more€statutory€offenses€involving€sexual€abuseÐ \¬ Ðof€a€minor€with€consideration€of€the€aggravating€circumstances€arising€from€theÐ H˜ Ðrelationship€between€the€defendant€and€victim€or€victims,€the€time€span€of€defendant'sÐ 4„ Ðundetected€sexual€activity,€the€nature€and€scope€of€the€sexual€acts€and€the€extent€of€theÐ  p Ðresidual,€physical€and€mental€damage€to€the€victim€or€victims;€Ð \G"G" Ðà8 Ü à(6)€[t]he€defendant€is€sentenced€for€an€offense€committed€while€on€probation;€or€ÐøHÜG"ÜG" Ðà8 Ü à(7)€[t]he€defendant€is€sentenced€for€criminal€contempt.€Ðä4ÜG"ÜG" ÐÓ( °œX°–, X¿(ÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b);òò€óóòòsee€also€State€v.€Blackóó,€924€S.W.2d€912,€917€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð Ð  Ð1995).€€Furthermore,€in€the€event€that€a€trial€court€finds€that€a€defendant€is€a€ð ðdangerous€offender,ððÐ ¼  Ðit€must€also€determine€whether€the€consecutive€sentences€(1)€are€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€ofÐ ¨ø Ðthe€offenses€committed;€(2)€serve€to€protect€the€public€from€further€criminal€conduct€by€the€offender;Ð ”ä Ðand€(3)€are€congruent€with€general€principles€of€sentencing.€€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€939Ð €Ð Ð(Tenn.€1995).Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àIn€this€case,€the€trial€court€found€that€the€defendant€was€a€dangerous€offender,€stating€ð ðthereÐ D!” Ðcan€be€no€argument€the€[the€defendantððs]€conduct€[the€night€of€the€offenses]€demonstrated€little€orÐ 0"€  Ðno€regard€for€human€life,€[and]€little€or€no€hesitation€to€act€in€a€manner€that€was€threatening€to€humanÐ #l! Ðlife.ðð€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40-35-115(b)(4).€Ô#†XÙ•XX XÙ•Õ½#ÔÔ‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•ÔThe€trial€court€further€found€that€ð ðthe€facts€of€[the]Ð $X" Ðcase,€along€with€the€factors€set€out€in€òòGrayóó,€and€the€statute€addressing€consecutive€sentencing€clearlyÐ ô$D # Ðcry€out€for€all€four€of€[the]€sentences€to€be€served€consecutively.ððÐ à%0!$ ÐÌà  àOur€review€of€the€record€supports€the€trial€courtððs€findings€and€we€conclude€that€the€trial€courtÐ ¸'#& Ðproperly€imposed€consecutive€sentencing.€We€agree€with€the€trial€court€that€the€circumstances€of€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðinstant€offenses€justify€a€ð ðdangerous€offenderðð€classification.€Moreover,€the€aggregate€sentence€wasÐ )à$( Ðjustly€deserved€in€relation€to€the€seriousness€of€the€four€offenses.Ô#†XÙ•XX XÙ•NË#ÔÔ‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•Ô€€Finally,€although€only€seventeenÐ |*Ì%) Ðyears€of€age€at€the€time€the€present€offenses€were€committed,€the€defendantððs€prior€criminal€historyÐ h+¸&* Ðincluded€more€than€five€juvenile€delinquency€adjudications.€Ô#†XÙ•XX XÙ•~Î#ÔÔ‡ XÙ•XXXÙ•ÔTherefore,€the€defendant's€sentence€wasÐ ° Ðnecessary€in€order€to€protect€the€public€from€further€criminal€conduct€by€the€defendant.Ô#†XÙ•XX XÙ•¯Ï#ÔÐ œì ÐÌÓ  Óòòò òCONCLUSIONÐ tÄ Ðóóó óÓ  ÓÌà  àBecause€the€trial€court€incorrectly€applied€an€enhancement€factor€in€determining€the€lengthÐ L œ Ðof€the€defendantððs€sentence,€we€modify€the€sentences€for€the€two€aggravated€robbery€convictions,€butÐ 8 ˆ Ðaffirm€the€sentences€for€the€two€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€convictions€and€the€trial€courtððsÐ $ t Ðimposition€of€consecutive€sentences.€€Therefore,€the€resulting€sentences€are€ten€(10)€years€for€eachÐ  ` Ðof€the€aggravated€robbery€convictions€and€twenty„two€(22)€years€for€each€of€the€especially€aggravatedÐ ü L  Ðkidnapping€convictions€based€upon€one€enhancement€factor.€The€sentences€shall€run€consecutive€toÐ è 8  Ðeach€for€an€effective€sixty„four€year€(64)€sentence.€€All€other€judgments€of€the€trial€court€are€affirmed.Ð Ô$  ÐÌÌÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð \¬ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àJOHN€EVERETT€WILLIAMS,€JUDGE