ÿWPC®" 'q~2yý"¼XU/þé’‘SìªZE¶ÇTt¶Ëš¹šiŒÒ²|pOð %áÚ'Ö¶ÇTUóÆ'lÐ ÖL ¹–œ¼íÒ£˜ð½2À*ƒçÚßîÚ DgzÜúéŸÕÆŽ@$^±îbŠ(.óÃô’‘ŒÜ«®¹0?€¦(T‚ÍÀžf!Y…Éî—ÉKgè@ 3Er®[øÇÒœíXȈ‘I9 ¸$¸™Äì<4赸?Õ]Y…w wßÑã1Ǩjôá³$½×Þ3é2-4ÿûU²ÈµG2&Å<¶RIWA$“ÙéˆûRù^BrÍÉx[ò%Éto•µ>¼wT†¶>Ë-[°’6:Åuü޹ò.ê‘YîvÏ ƒÉ¦kÐN†ö”;Q™w,—6«q$üÓma2|E0Ììá²El3¶õö1á7®ñu$±m;Ýry]ç(u~Lj™º’åèºâ€Jd@âBA¯E6Þ™T¶ëÚ)kmŒw§$‘g¡BLÑ™ º¸!ð{p ƒ¯Sœ¾BtRTÞSµNå{îfÜ·Frç6†ÇnzÆiqþ™ Á?yrîa{)5S¬²ºõÕáC‹S¹8H–½ãLb”À´¡©22ò… %F w@L 0ÜŒ U:h 4¢ ¶ UNÅ  U: ÍU 0 " 0DB †U:‘U:Ë ÍU:ÝU:êQU:; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; Bu u u u u u u u u u u D3’ ’ ’ 0DÅ Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å AO !ÆX!X! 0D" D/b" B‘"X iUjDklEmnoDpUq erÓ€(´`$¡¡Ñ°ÑÒ°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€‰GXXdðXXdð7ÑÑ  Ñ,c½¬AZ‹"Arial RegularuM%3|x{(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular, øð AZ"Arial Regular ÃÒ°ÒÔ€ô“ëôXXÔÝ ƒ üÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ‡ ôß•ôôô“ëÔEffective€July€1,€1995,€deliberation€is€no€longer€an€element€of€first€degree€murder€notÐ  Ðcommitted€in€perpetration€of€a€crime.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1)€(Supp.€1995).€€SinceÏthis€offense€occurred€around€June€7€or€8,€1995,€the€prior€statute€requiring€deliberation€isÏapplicable.(Ð(3µ˜$¤¤Ý ƒ`!ÝѰÑÒ°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€lÎXXdædæ7ÑÑ  ÑÝ  Ýà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó Ò°ÒÔ€ô“ëôXXÔÝ ƒ üÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ‡ôß•ôôô“ëÔAs€recognized€by€the€trial€judge€and€this€court€pursuant€to€Rule€613(a),€Tenn.€R.€Evid.,Ð  ÐMurphyððs€prior€inconsistent€statements€possessed€only€impeachment€value€and€could€not€be€usedÏas€substantive€evidence.€€The€State€introduced€Murphyððs€statement€from€the€police€video€whereÏMurphy€stated€several€times€the€purpose€of€going€to€Nashville€was€to€kill€Phillips.€€ð ðJohn€said€heÏwanted€to€kill€him€.€.€.€He€said€he€wanted€to€go€kill€this€mother€.€.€.€Not€Johnððs€but€Josephððs€andÏJohnððs€idea.€€They€both€knew€him.€€Me€and€M.J.€had€never€seen€him€before.ðð€ÌÌ€à ` àAt€trial,€Murphy€said€he€corrected€himself€in€the€statement€saying€they€only€went€to€ððbeatÐ € x Ðhim€up.ðð€€Murphyððs€statement€revealed€further,€ð ðwe€knew€if€one€of€us€didnððt€jump€in€and€hit€him,Ïthat€we€would€die€too.ðð€€€The€correction€Murphy€was€referring€to€was,€ð ðI€didnððt€have€the€intent€toÏmurder€him.€€I€didnððt€„„€letððs€see,€I€had€the€intent€to€kill€him€„„€I€just€had€the€intent€to€hurt€him€realÏbad.ðð€€Murphy€explained€that€his€friends€spoke€in€slang€where€the€word€ð ðkillðð€and€ð ðdieðð€do€notÏpossess€their€literal€meaning€but€only€to€ð ðbeat€up.ðð€€Also,€Murphy€related€in€his€statement,€ð ðM.J.€„„€IÐ h`   Ðmean€they€hit€him€with€a€rock,€too€.€.€.€M.J.€and€Joseph.ððÔ#†ô“ëôô ôß•p#Ô,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular, øð AZ"Arial Regular Ò°ÒÔ€ô“ëôXXÔÝ ƒ üÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ‡ ôß•ôôô“ëÔAs€recognized€by€the€trial€judge€and€this€court€pursuant€to€Rule€613(a),€Tenn.€R.€Evid.,Ð  ÐMurphyððs€prior€inconsistent€statements€possessed€only€impeachment€value€and€could€not€be€usedÏas€substantive€evidence.€€The€State€introduced€Murphyððs€statement€from€the€police€video€whereÏMurphy€stated€several€times€the€purpose€of€going€to€Nashville€was€to€kill€Phillips.€€ð ðJohn€said€heÏwanted€to€kill€him€.€.€.€He€said€he€wanted€to€go€kill€this€mother€.€.€.€Not€Johnððs€but€Josephððs€andÏJohnððs€idea.€€They€both€knew€him.€€Me€and€M.J.€had€never€seen€him€before.ðð€ÌÌ€à ` àAt€trial,€Murphy€said€he€corrected€himself€in€the€statement€saying€they€only€went€to€ððbeatÐ € x Ðhim€up.ðð€€Murphyððs€statement€revealed€further,€ð ðwe€knew€if€one€of€us€didnððt€jump€in€and€hit€him,Ïthat€we€would€die€too.ðð€€€The€correction€Murphy€was€referring€to€was,€ð ðI€didnððt€have€the€intent€toÏmurder€him.€€I€didnððt€„„€letððs€see,€I€had€the€intent€to€kill€him€„„€I€just€had€the€intent€to€hurt€him€realÏbad.ðð€€Murphy€explained€that€his€friends€spoke€in€slang€where€the€word€ð ðkillðð€and€ð ðdieðð€do€notÏpossess€their€literal€meaning€but€only€to€ð ðbeat€up.ðð€€Also,€Murphy€related€in€his€statement,€ð ðM.J.€„„€IÐ h`   Ðmean€they€hit€him€with€a€rock,€too€.€.€.€M.J.€and€Joseph.ððÔ#†ô“ëôô ôß•p#Ô ÃÒ°ÒÔ€ô“ëôXXÔÝ ƒ üÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ‡ôß•ôôô“ëÔEffective€July€1,€1995,€deliberation€is€no€longer€an€element€of€first€degree€murder€notÐ  Ðcommitted€in€perpetration€of€a€crime.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„202(a)(1)€(Supp.€1995).€€SinceÏthis€offense€occurred€around€June€7€or€8,€1995,€the€prior€statute€requiring€deliberation€isÏapplicable.,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular, øð AZ"Arial Regular àÔ€XlÎXXXÔÔ€tXXlÎÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€XlÎXtÔÐ  ÐÌSeptember€30,€1998ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAMÔó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular d'ÿÿdxd(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ`!ÝѰÑÒ°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€lÎXXdædÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÝ  Ýñrññqñ›ñqññrñÓ ÔþÓò òñrñßr€*<,(j 8` `€€@EÈ ` 8ttxPð  rß›ñrñà@. . ®àIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ  Ðà@ÜÜ(®àAT€NASHVILLEˆÌà@½½%®àJULY€SESSION,€1998ˆÌÌÌÌÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à h àà À à)Ð | t Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àNo.€01C01„9707„CC„00288Ð h` Ðà ` àAppelleeà  àà h àà À à)Ð TL  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àRUTHERFORD€COUNTYÐ @8  Ðvs.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)Ð ,$  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àHon.€James€K.€Clayton,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ   ÐJOSEPH€FREDERICKà h àà À à)Ð ü  ÐSTINNETT,à ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)Ð ðè  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  à(Premeditated€First€Degree€Murder)Ð ÜÔ  Ðà ` àAppellantà  àà h àà À à)Ð ÈÀ Ðó óÌÌÌòòFor€the€Appellantóó:à  àà h àà À àà  àòòFor€the€Appelleeóó:Ð f^ ÐÌò òGerald€I.€Meltonó óà  àà h àò òà À àà  àJohn€Knox€Walkupó óÐ 2* ÐDistrict€Public€Defenderà h àà À àà  àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÐ  Ðò òJeffrey€S.€Burtonà  àó óÐ ü ÐAssistant€Public€Defenderà h àò òà À àà  àDeborah€A.€Tullisó óÐ ðè Ð201€West€Main€Street,€Suite€101à À àà  àAssistant€Attorney€Generalà Ð àà (# àÐ ÜÔ ÐMurfreesboro,€TN€€37130à h àà À àà  àCriminal€Justice€DivisionРº Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à425€Fifth€Avenue€NorthÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à2d€Floor,€Cordell€Hull€BuildingÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àNashville,€TN€37243„0493à x àà Ð àà (# àÐ t"l Ðà ` àÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àò òà À àà  àWilliam€C.€Whitesell,€Jr.ó óÐ &%! Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àThird€Floor,€Judicial€BuildingÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àMurfreesboro,€TN€€€37130Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÐ B-:&* ÐÌAFFIRMEDÌÌÌÌò òDavid€G.€Hayesó óÐ ¦2ž+0 ÐJudgeÐ  ’3Š,1 ÐÓÓÔ‡XéXXXÔà@+®àÔ#†XlÎXXXéÿ #ÔÔ‡ XPIXXXlÎÔòòò òOPINIONóóó óˆÐ  ÐñpñÌñpñà ` àThe€appellant,€Joseph€Frederick€Stinnett,€was€found€guilty€following€a€benchÏtrial€in€the€Rutherford€County€Circuit€Court€of€the€premeditated€first€degree€murder€ofÏDanny€Wayne€ð ðRedðð€Phillips€and€was€sentenced€to€life€imprisonment€in€theÏDepartment€of€Correction.€€After€one€day€of€testimony,€the€appellant€waived€his€rightÏto€a€jury€trial.€€In€consideration,€the€State€dismissed€count€two,€conspiracy€to€commitÏfirst€degree€murder,€and€the€pursuit€of€enhanced€punishment.€€In€this€appeal,€theÏappellant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€of€premeditation€andÏdeliberation€to€elevate€the€offense€to€first€degree€murder.ÌÌà ` àAfter€a€review€of€the€record,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€conviction€entered€byÏthe€trial€court.€€ÌÌà@ÒÒ)®àò òBACKGROUNDó óˆÐ H!@ ÐÌà ` àIn€June€1995,€Danny€Wayne€Phillips€was€found€laying€face€down€in€a€pool€ofÏblood€in€an€undeveloped€subdivision€off€Enon€Springs€Road€in€Smyrna.Ì€€Ìà ` àAt€trial,€Dr.€Charles€Harlan,€the€forensic€pathologist,€testified€to€the€presenceÏof€multiple€lacerations€to€the€head,€primarily€three€distinct€areas€of€laceration€to€backÏof€the€head€with€a€smaller€laceration€above€the€others.€€He€noted€abrasions€to€theÏleft€side€of€the€forehead,€left€cheek,€left€eye,€right€eye,€back,€lower€left€arm,€lowerÏportion€of€the€ribs,€laceration€to€the€right€forehead,€and€a€skull€fracture€to€the€back€ofÏthe€head.€€The€abrasions€to€the€chest€demonstrated€erythema,€or€reddening,Ïindicating€the€injuries€occurred€before€death€and€were€consistent€with€being€draggedÏacross€a€paved€surface€facedown.€€ÌÐ ¨9 26 Ðà ` àDr.€Harlan€determined€the€cause€of€death€to€be€blunt€trauma€to€the€head€fromÏa€ð ðcoalescence€of€wounds,ðð€taking€from€a€matter€of€minutes€to€several€hours€forÏdeath€to€occur.€€By€examining€the€multiple€injuries€to€the€head,€he€determined€thereÏwere€ð ðat€least€seven€in€numberðð;€however,€he€testified€that€it€was€possible€moreÏblows€occurred.€€Multiple€blows€struck€in€the€same€area€resulted€in€compoundÏwounds€possibly€caused€by€the€butt€of€a€gun,€a€rock,€or€a€fist€using€a€considerableÏamount€of€force.€€The€victim€showed€no€signs€of€defensive€wounds.€ÌÌà ` àAgent€Robert€McFadden,€a€forensic€scientist€with€the€TBI,€testified€to€the€ð ðlineÏof€activityðð€where€he€discovered€shoe€tracks,€grass€samples,€ð ðbleed€outðð€areas€in€theÏgrass€and€on€the€asphalt,€and€a€line€of€blood€indicating€where€the€victim€had€beenÏdragged€across€the€pavement€into€the€weeds.€€The€ð ðline€of€activityðð€was€ð ða€minimumÏof€over€100€feetðð€including€dragging€the€victim€twenty€(20)€feet€across€the€asphaltÏand€thirty„four€(34)€feet€into€the€weeds.€€Samples€taken€from€the€grass,€the€two€largeÏrocks,€and€rocks€from€the€asphalt€were€determined€to€be€human€blood.€€DetectiveÏTodd€Spearman€with€the€Smyrna€Police€Department€testified€that€from€hisÏimpressions€of€the€crime€scene,€more€than€one€person€used€a€rock€in€commission€ofÏthe€offense.Ì€€€Ìà ` àThe€ongoing€investigation€established€that€the€appellant€had€been€last€seenÏin€the€presence€of€M.J.€Cox,€Chad€Murphy,€the€appellant,€and€his€brother€John,€allÏof€whom€were€developed€as€suspects€in€the€murder.€€Cox€and€Murphy€lived€togetherÏin€LaVergne.€€Detective€Spearman€recovered€a€.380€Lorcin€handgun€at€the€home€ofÏM.J.€Cox.€€The€appellant€lived€at€the€Chalet€Apartments€in€Smyrna.€€The€detectiveÏlocated€a€small€gray€foreign€car€belonging€to€the€appellant€with€numerous€bloodÏsplatters.€€Pursuant€to€a€consensual€search€of€the€appellantððs€apartment,€officersÏrecovered€shoes,€clothes,€and€a€suitcase€belonging€to€the€victim.€€ÌñiñÐ ¨9 26 Ðñiñ‡à ` àThe€appellant€initially€denied€any€knowledge€of€the€murder.€€Afterwards,€heÏvoluntarily€came€forward€to€make€a€second€statement€because,€ð ðsomebody€hadÏdone€ratted,€and€I€want€to€tell€my€story.ðð€€€After€advising€him€of€his€rights,€he€madeÏthe€following€statement€on€June€9,€1995.€€The€appellant€stated€that€he,€John,€(theÏappellantððs€brother),€Chad€Murphy,€and€M.J.€Cox€were€visiting€a€young€lady€atÏLakeside€Apartments€in€Smyrna.€€When€they€left,€John€began€talking€about€ð ðRedððÏ[the€victim]€owing€him€money.€€John€stated,€ð ðhis€time€was€up...ðð€and€ð ðwe€are€going€toÏbeat€him€up€until€he€gets€the€point.ðð€€On€the€way€to€Phillips€house€in€Nashville,€theÏyoung€men€bought€a€case€of€beer€and€their€ð ðadrenalin€was€pumping.ðð€€ÌÌà ` àAfter€arriving€at€the€victimððs€home,€Murphy€went€to€the€door€and€told€PhillipsÏthat€John€and€the€appellant€wanted€to€speak€with€them.€€The€victim€voluntarily€gotÏinto€the€car€under€the€ruse€of€going€to€ð ðsmoke€a€joint.ðð€€The€appellant€thenÏannounced,€ð ðI€know€the€perfect€spot€to€go€to,ðð€a€location€off€Enon€Springs€Road€inÏSmyrna.€€Once€at€the€ð ðspot,ðð€the€four€pretended€to€search€the€trunk€for€ð ðweedðð€andÏthe€victim€backed€against€the€car€while€the€others€circled€around€him.€€The€appellantÏgave€the€signal,€and€M.J.€hit€Phillips€in€the€back€of€the€head€with€the€butt€of€a€gun.ÌÌà ` àThen,€the€appellant€hit€the€victim€in€the€face€two€or€three€times.€€Immediately,Ïeveryone€joined€in€hitting€the€victim.€€When€the€victim€yelled,€ð ðLet€me€talk€to€JoeÏ[appellant],€let€me€talk€to€Joe,ðð€the€beating€momentarily€ceased.€€The€appellantÏresponded,€ð ðRed,€you€had€long€enough€to€pay€the€money€that€you€owe€my€brother.ðð€ÏThe€victim€took€off€running,€and€the€appellant€caught€him€and€brought€him€back€toÏthe€car.€€Again,€Phillips€ran€away€and€this€time€Murphy€tackled€him€in€the€grass.€ÏThe€appellant€ran€over€to€the€victim€and€grabbed€his€waist€while€John€kicked€hisÏface€and€ribs.€€The€appellant€moved€out€of€the€way€and€Murphy€€ð ðstarted€throwing€aÏrock€on€his€head,€smashing€his€head.ðð€€€€The€appellant€checked€for€a€pulse,€and€theÏvictim€was€still€breathing.€€John€said,€ð ðWe€have€to€kill€him;€he€will€go€to€the€cops€ifÐ ¨9 26 Ðwe€donððt.ðð€€At€this€point,€Phillips€was€begging€for€his€life€and€they€stopped€beatingÏhim€again.€€Thereafter,€Murphy€hit€him€a€few€more€times€with€the€rock.€€M.J.€and€theÏappellant€dragged€him€into€the€tall€weeds.€€M.J.€checked€for€a€pulse€and€foundÏnone.€€Then,€they€all€went€to€the€appellantððs€apartment,€showered,€threw€the€bag€ofÏbloody€clothes€into€the€lake,€and,€the€following€morning,€washed€the€car.€€ÌÌà ` àAlthough€the€appellantððs€secondñjñaryñjñ€statement€changed€nothing€from€his€firstÏstatement€of€a€substantive€nature,€he€added,€ÌÓÓà8 ` àð ðChad€picked€up€a€rock€and€told€me€to€move€out€of€the€way,€then€IÏlooked€up€and€ñqñœñqñsiadñqñ›ñqñ€[sic]€no,€then€he€ñqñœñqñsiadñqñ›ñqñ€[sic]€move€so€I€moved€out€ofÏthe€way€and€walked€to€the€car€to€see€what€John€was€doing€and€he€wasÏlooking€for€his€keys.€€Then€Chad€started€pounding€Dannyððs€head€withÏthe€rock€over€and€over.€€M.J.€and€I€told€him€to€stop€and€he€ñqñœñqñsiadñqñ›ñqñ€[sic]€noÏthatððs€what€he€gets,€if€he€doesnððt€pay€up€well€and€he€was€laughingÏwhile€he€was€pounding€his€head.€€He€pounded€his€head€about€20„25Ïtimes€before€he€stopped.ððÐ ` ü!` ü! ÐÌÌÓÓà ` àAlso€introduced€was€a€letter€referred€to€as€the€ð ðDear€Babeðð€letter€in€which€theÏappellant€wrote€to€his€girlfriend,€ÌÓÓà8 ` àð ðDonððt€tell€anyone,€but€I€did€a€lot€more€to€Red€than€Iððve€ñqñœñqñsiadñqñ›ñqñ€[sic]€I€did.€€IÏregret€it,€but€I€have€to€admit€it,€it€kind€of€felt€good€just€beating€his€assÏbecause€of€what€he€would€try€to€do€to€you.€€But€once€the€brick€or€rockÏcame€in€the€picture,€it€wasnððt€fun€any€more.ðð€€Ð ` ü!` ü! ÐÓÓÌA€handwriting€expert,€Bob€Muehlberger,€testified€in€his€opinion€that€both€statementsÏand€the€ð ðDear€Babeðð€letter€were€written€by€the€appellant.€€€€€€€€ÌÌà ` àThe€State€introduced€testimony€from€the€appellantððs€co„defendant,€nineteenÏyear€old€Chad€Murphy,€who€had€previously€entered€a€guilty€plea€to€first€degreeÏmurder.€€Murphyððs€testimony€and€the€appellantððs€statements€coincided€throughout€Ïthe€majority€of€the€trial.€€Murphy€could€not€remember€whether€it€was€€John€or€theÏappellant€that€suggested€they€go€to€Nashville€to€see€the€victim.€€However,€heÏrecalled€that€both€were€upset€with€Phillips€because€he€owed€John€money€andÏbecause€Phillips€had€been€physically€abusive€with€his€wife,€the€appellantððs€cousin.€Ð ¨9 26 ÐMurphy€testified,€ð ðwe€all€decided€that€we€was€just€going€to€beat€him€up€.€.€.€It€just€gotÏout€of€hand.ðð€€€€The€evidence€demonstrated€that€only€the€appellant€and€his€brotherÏknew€where€Phillips€lived.ÌÌà ` àIn€addition€to€the€appellantððs€statement,€Murphy€stated€that€the€appellantÏtalked€to€M.J.€about€making€the€first€move€upon€his€signal,€then€the€four€menÏcommenced€hitting€Phillips.€€About€ten€minutes€into€the€attack,€Phillips€maintainedÏconsciousness€and€was€begging€for€his€life.€€After€Murphy€had€tackled€Phillips€in€theÏweeds,€M.J.€tried€to€snap€his€neck€while€the€victim€was€on€his€knees.€€Then,€theÏappellant€stood€behind€Phillips€with€his€arm€around€his€neck€and€tried€to€choke€him.€ÏPhillips€gave€no€resistance,€but€asked€the€appellant€if€he€could€please€talk€to€him.€ÏPhillips€called€out€to€the€appellant€because€he€did€not€know€Murphy€or€M.J.€€At€thisÏjuncture,€John€Stinnett€had€returned€to€the€car.€€Murphy€admitted€to€picking€up€onlyÏone€rock€and€hitting€the€victim€with€it.€€He€testified€he€did€not€pick€up€the€other€rock;Ïbut€at€one€point€remembered€M.J.€was€attempting€to€pick€up€a€larger€rock€and€calledÏfor€assistance€from€the€appellant.€€€However,€he€never€saw€anyone€else€hit€theÏvictim€with€a€rock.ÌÌà ` àWithout€presenting€any€proof,€the€defense€rested.€€The€trial€court,€as€the€fact„¼finder,€found€the€appellant€guilty€of€first€degree€murder€after€considering€all€theÏproof,€the€evidence,€and€statements€of€the€appellant€to€the€exclusion€of€MurphyððsÏprior€inconsistent€statementsñqñ׃×ñqññqñ׃ ×ñqñÝ ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×.€€€€€Ð h.`'* Їà@––!®àò òSufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óˆÐ  ÐÌà ` àThe€appellant€contends€the€proof€is€insufficient€to€support€a€verdict€of€firstÏdegree€murder.€€Specifically,€he€asserts€that€there€is€no€evidence€of€premeditationÏand€deliberation.€€He€argues€that,€at€best,€the€evidence€supports€a€theory€of€secondÏdegree€murder€ð ðin€a€heat€of€passion€or€a€frenzy.ðð€€The€State€contends€theÏappellantððs€leadership€role€in€the€killing,€the€appellantððs€own€statements,€and€theÏsurrounding€circumstances€establish€the€appellantððs€preconceived€intent€to€killÏDanny€Wayne€Phillips.€€ÌÌà ` àA€jury€conviction€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€with€which€aÏdefendant€is€initially€cloaked€and€replaces€it€with€one€of€guilt,€so€that€on€appeal,€aÏconvicted€defendant€has€the€burden€of€demonstrating€that€the€evidence€isÏinsufficient.€€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€€It€is€the€appellateÐ h` Ðcourtððs€duty€to€affirm€the€conviction€if€the€evidence€viewed€under€these€standardsÏwas€sufficient€for€any€rational€trier€of€fact€to€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€theÏoffense€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€317,€99Ð %  ÐS.Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979);€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€259€(Tenn.€1994),€òòcert.Ð è&à" Ðdeniedóó,€513€U.S.€1086,€115€S.Ct.€743€(1995);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e).€€On€appeal,Ð È(À!$ Ðthe€State€is€entitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€allÏlegitimate€or€reasonable€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,Ð ˆ,€%( Ð839€S.W.2d€54,€75€(Tenn.€1992),€òòcert.€deniedóó,€507€U.S.€954,€113€S.Ct.€1368€(1993).€Ð h.`'* ÐÌà ` àOnce€a€homicide€is€established€it€is€presumed€to€be€second€degree€murder.€ÏòòState€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530,€543€(Tenn.€1992).€€First€degree€murder€notÐ 4-0 Ðâ âcommitted€in€the€perpetration€of€a€crime€requires€the€ð ðintentional,€premeditated€andÐ è5à.2 Ðdeliberate€killing€of€another.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð39„13„202(a)(1)€(Supp.€1994).ñqñ׃ ×ñqññqñ׃×ñqñÝ ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р Ðâ âTherefore,€the€State€must€prove€premeditation€and€deliberation€to€elevate€theÏoffense€to€first€degree€murder.€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€543.€€PremeditationÐ È À Ðnecessitates€ð ðthe€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment,ðð€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„¼201(b)€(1991),€requiring€ð ða€previously€formed€design€or€intent€to€kill.ðð€€òòState€v.€Westóó,Ð ˆ€ Ð844€S.W.2d€144,€147€(Tenn.€1992).€€Deliberation,€on€the€other€hand,€is€defined€as€aÏð ðcool€purpose.€.€.€formed€in€the€absence€of€passion.ðð€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€538Ð H@  Ð(citations€and€internal€quotations€omitted).€€Deliberation€also€requires€ð ðsome€periodÏof€reflection,€during€which€the€mind€is€free€from€the€influence€of€excitement.ðð€€òòId.óó;€òòseeóóÐ  Ðòòalsoóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„201(b)(2)€(òòdeletedóó€1995).Ð èà ÐÌà ` àThe€elements€of€premeditation€and€deliberation€are€questions€for€the€jury€andÏmay€be€inferred€from€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€killing.€€òòState€v.€Gentryóó,€881Ð ˆ€ ÐS.W.2d€1,€3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó,€(Tenn.€1994).€Ð h` ÐBecause€the€trier€of€fact€cannot€speculate€as€to€what€was€in€the€killerððs€mind,€theÏexistence€of€facts€of€premeditation€must€be€determined€from€the€appellantððs€conductÏin€light€of€the€surrounding€circumstances.€€òòState€v.€Wrightóó,€No.€01C01„9503„CC„Ð %  Ð00093€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€at€Nashville,€Jan.€5,€1996).€€Although€there€is€no€strictÏstandard€governing€what€constitutes€proof€of€premeditation,€several€relevantÏcircumstances€are€helpful,€including:€the€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€upon€an€unarmedÏvictim;€the€fact€that€the€killing€was€particularly€cruel;€declaration€by€the€defendant€ofÏhis€intent€to€kill;€and€the€making€of€preparations€before€the€killing€for€the€purpose€ofÏconcealing€the€crime.€€òòState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€660€(Tenn.€1997),€òòcert.Ð H0@), Ðdeniedóó,€„„U.S.„„,€118€S.Ct.€1536€(1998)€(citing€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€541„42).€Ð (2 +. ÐAdditional€factors€from€which€a€jury€may€infer€premeditation€include€planningÐ 4-0 Ðactivities€by€the€appellant€prior€to€the€killing,€the€appellantððs€prior€relationship€withÏthe€victim,€and€the€nature€of€the€killing.€€òòGentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€at€4„5€(citation€omitted).€Ð èà Ðð ðRepeated€blows€can€be€delivered€in€the€heat€of€passion,€with€no€design€orÏreflection.€€Only€if€such€blows€are€inflicted€as€the€result€of€premeditation€andÏdeliberation€can€they€be€said€to€prove€first€degree€murder.ðð€€òòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€atÐ ˆ€ Ð542.€€€€€€ÌÌà ` àTaken€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€State,€the€proof€introduced€at€trialÏestablished€(1)€the€appellant€and€his€three€co„defendants,€following€their€agreedÏplan,€traveled€to€Nashville€ð ðto€beat€him€[Phillips]€up€until€he€gets€the€point,ðð€(2)Ïtricked€the€victim€into€going€with€them,€(3)€took€the€victim€to€an€isolated€location,€(4)Ïthe€appellant€gave€the€signal€to€begin€the€beating,€(5)€the€foursome€brutally€beat€theÏvictim€over€a€period€of€time,€ñlññkñRESUñkññlññmñresulting€in€his€death,€ñmñdespite€ñnñthe€victim'sñnññoñhisñoñ€pleas€forÏmercy€and€his€attempts€to€escape.€€From€these€facts,€we€conclude€that€the€proofÏwas€more€than€sufficient€to€support€the€elements€of€premeditation€and€deliberation.€€ÌÌà ` àThe€judgment€of€conviction€is€affirmed.€€€€€€€€€€Ô#†XlÕXX X8Ö #ÔÐ %  ÐÌÓÓÌÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à____________________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àDAVID€G.€HAYES,€JudgeÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ_______________________________________ÌPAUL€G.€SUMMERS,€JudgeÌÌÌÌ_______________________________________ÌJERRY€L.€SMITH,€Judge