ÿWPC! Û_»|©¿ÍZõ„oå?JjèÜÜdÍýÅ Û¶®e,ä†þÍüìjô¥ŸØv'O £§UF§ê’žtLO!’Øß‰²>¨¥m瓾åºõ‡È×î ØSuÒå""Z]oæ²ÊÌ «8“Lhó~j‘wÙ–ä†ÝíOéOŒs÷ôhLQ â´“TòЦˆAÃ-Ø4? tsËÊ϶UC)kk·à_0@‹jäP+ÐÔž9Â}å³-æ³AÐij¶8_çë`TÂîf!!%ÒAS;}*tø˜1áRgü"±¼½º\i^Cí„¶ KýsçvDËú€ðIæœÃäi›wg,fEGŒ¨ï­~¯aeß¼…š0fÖ’aº>Ä0 !ué¶·îî/@¿ŽéS:A4%r¾#×UöÞäuË“hí'»½8/àUаþ™%û_9äÚÆ­õãÎ׌ÎßbóšNc:y}m63/°y—µ¶åkäÎÚqK ¯Û80u¿¬ óY8ñŒ:îFGÉ̵#Ô_Äå?é÷NÓ²ØÑÜg C3^–~4@ÀVÎ\Éþ `‹ ó¨­Ž@¢ Ñ}?‡Nõö­ºæß2¨¨u„ʆ,㺽¥¬…# F UNQ %Ÿ 0(¥ LÍ U: bS w@[ 4› ¯ U:¾ ø è Bè è è è è D3   0D8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 AO| ÆË Ë 0D‘ D/Õ B˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLlÎ(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡C:\OFFICE\WPWIN\TEMPLATE\STANDARD.WPT,“í|AZ‹"Arial Regular- ù- >U? e@DABECDEEFGÓ€uM%3|xP,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular ÞÔ€ XŒqXXXÔÔ€ . X XŒqÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€ XŒqX  .ÔÐ  ÐÌNovember€4,€1998ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAMÔó ó d%%%%'ÿÿdxd(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝñGññ?ñ›ñ?ññGñÑ` °ÑÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€Š"èŠXXÔÔ€Š€bŠŠŠ"èÔÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ€ÑÑ7€¦:XXdìXXdð7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÓ  Óò òñGñßr€ *<,(j 8` `€€@Eôf ` 8ttxP,` ð  rß›ñGñIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÐ `  ÐÌAT€NASHVILLEÌÌAUGUST€SESSION,€1998ÌÌÌÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à À à)à  àC.C.A.€NO.€01C01„9709„CR„00438Ð ` Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àó ó)Ð ` Ðà ` àAppellee,à  àà h àà À àò ò)Ð Xø  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àWILSON€COUNTYÐ Xø  ÐVS.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àÐ Xø  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àHON.€J.O.€BONDó óÐ Xø  Ðò òWILLIAM€D.€STOCKWELL,ó óà À àò ò)à  àJUDGEó óÐ Xø  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àò ò)ó óÐ Xø Ðà ` àAppellant.à  àà h àà À àò ò)à  à(Direct€Appeal€„€First€Degree€Murder)Ð Xø Ðó óÌÌÓ  ÓÌÌòòÓ  ÓFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:à h àà À àà  àòòFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:Ð 8Ø ÐÌB.€F.€LOWERYà  àà h àà À àà  àJOHN€KNOX€WALKUPÐ ( È ÐPublic€Square,€Lowery€Bldg.à À àà  àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÐ  !À ÐLebanon,€ñ?ñTnñ?ññ?ñTN..ñ?ñ€€37087Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àTIMOTHY€F.€BEHANÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à425€5th€Avenue€NorthÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àNashville,€ñ?ñTNñ?ññ?ñTN.ñ?ñ€€37243ÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àTOM€P.€THOMPSON,€JR.Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àROBERT€HIBBETTÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àAssistant€District€AttorneyÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à111€Cherry€StreetÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àLebanon,€ñ?ñTNñ?ññ?ñTN.ñ?ñ€€37087ÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED€________________________ÌÌAFFIRMEDÌÌJERRY€L.€SMITH,€JUDGEÐ  x5,- ÐÓ  ÓÔ€°©m°ŠŠ€bÔò òòòÔ‡„sß„°°©mÔOPINIONÔ#†°©m°„„sßÜ #Ôóóó óÔ€Š€bа°©mÔÐ `  ÐÌÌÓ  ÓÓÓÓ  Óñ?ñò òó óñ?ñÓ Óà ` àOn€December€19,€1996,€a€Wilson€County€jury€found€Appellant,€William€D.ÏStockwell,€guilty€of€first€degree€murder€in€the€death€of€his€newborn€son.€The€trialÏcourt€immediately€imposed€a€sentence€of€life€imprisonment.€Appellant€appealsÏfrom€his€conviction,€raising€three€issues:Ìà ` àÌÓÓà ` à1)€whether€the€evidence€was€sufficient€to€support€a€conviction€for€firstÏdegree€murder;Ìà ` à2)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€make€a€conclusive€determinationÏof€the€voluntariness€and€admissibility€of€Appellantððs€alleged€confession€prior€toÏthe€submission€of€the€statement€to€the€jury;€andÌà ` à3)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowing€the€State€to€introduce€intoÏevidence€the€involuntary€statement€of€Appellant€as€well€as€the€testimony€ofÏDetective€David€Kennedy€at€the€trial€concerning€the€taking€of€the€statement.ÌÓ×ÓÌà ` àAfter€a€review€of€the€record,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌò òÓ  ÓFACTSó óÐ ô#” ÐÓŒÓà ` àÌà ` àOn€Thursday,€May€11,€1995,€Appellant€received€a€call€from€his€girlfriend,ÏLisa€Murphy,€at€approximately€6:45€in€the€morning.€Ms.€Murphy,€who€AppellantÏknew€to€be€pregnant€with€his€child,€called€to€say€that€her€water€had€broken.ÏAppellant€went€to€Ms.€Murphyððs€house€and€picked€up€Ms.€Murphy€and€herÏyounger€sister.€€The€couple€transported€Ms.€Murphyððs€sister€to€school.€AppellantÏthen€took€Ms.€Murphy€to€a€farm€that€his€parents€owned€on€Sherrilltown€Road.€HeÏleft€her€there€in€an€old€decrepit€travel€trailer,€and€returned€home€so€that€no€oneÏwould€notice€that€Ms.€Murphy€did€not€go€to€school.€He€returned€to€the€farm,Ïreportedly€around€9:00€am,€to€find€Ms.€Murphy€in€labor.€The€couple€delivered€theÏbaby€in€the€floor€of€the€trailer.Ð T9ô/1 Їà ` àAccording€to€Ms.€Murphy,€the€baby€was€born€alive,€though€Appellant€toldÏher€the€cord€was€around€the€infantððs€neck€during€delivery.€Ms.€Murphy€tied€off€theÏchildððs€cord€with€thread€and€cut€the€cord€with€scissors€she€had€with€her.€SheÏreported€that€the€child€cried€as€it€was€delivered€and€was€a€purplish„reddish€color.ÏShe€further€testified€that€Appellant€took€the€child€from€her,€wrapped€it€in€a€jacket,Ïand€took€it€to€his€truck,€where€there€was€a€heater.€He€came€back€to€the€trailer€andÏhelped€her€to€the€truck€where€she€sat€and€held€the€infant.€She€testified€that€theÏinfant€cried€and€slept,€breathing€normally.€The€couple€discussed€what€to€do€withÏthe€child;€they€considered€taking€it€somewhere€and€leaving€it,€but€decided€it€wouldÏeventually€be€traced€back€to€them.€Ms.€Murphy€reported€that€Appellant€severalÏtimes€mentioned€the€possibility€of€burying€the€child.€The€two€discussed€theirÏdilemma€for€15€to€20€minutes,€and€then€Appellant€got€out€of€the€truck,€took€aÏshovel,€and€went€into€the€barn.€When€Appellant€returned€from€the€barn,€he€tookÏthe€baby€from€Ms.€Murphy€and€carried€it€into€the€barn.€Ms.€Murphy€testified€thatÏthe€baby€cried€as€Appellant€carried€it.€Appellant€returned€in€a€few€minutes€withoutÏthe€baby,€telling€Ms.€Murphy€that€the€baby€had€died.ÌÌà ` àThe€couple€spent€the€rest€of€the€day€together,€acting€as€if€nothing€out€of€theÏordinary€had€occurred.€They€went€shopping€and€then€had€dinner€with€Ms.ÏMurphyððs€family.€ÌÌà ` àAccording€to€Appellant,€the€baby€was€born€with€the€cord€around€its€neck.ÏIn€a€statement€made€at€the€time€of€his€arrest,€he€stated€that€he€thought€thatÏperhaps€the€child€moved€a€little.€He€said€that€it€seemed€that€the€baby€was€aliveÏwhen€Ms.€Murphy€cut€the€cord,€but€it€was€blue€in€color.€He€testified€at€trial€that€heÏattempted€to€revive€the€infant€by€placing€his€finger€in€the€babyððs€mouth€and€tryingÐ Ð9p02 Ðto€clear€its€throat.€He€stated€that€both€he€and€Ms.€Murphy€determined€that€theÏbaby€was€dead,€and€that€they€jointly€decided€that€the€baby€should€be€buried.ÏAppellant€admitted€to€digging€a€grave€œañDñndñDñ›€burying€the€baby.€ÌÌà ` àWhen€Ms.€Murphy€returned€to€school€the€Monday€following€the€birth,€aÏteacher€noticed€that€she€was€no€longer€pregnant.€The€teacher€asked€a€friend€ofÏMs.€Murphyððs,€Judy€Williams,€if€Ms.€Murphy€had€delivered€the€baby.€Ms.€WilliamsÏresponded€that€the€baby€had€died€after€being€born€with€the€cord€around€itððs€neck.ÏThe€teacher€went€to€the€school€œprincipñ@ñleñ@ññBññAñALñAññBññCñalñCñ›€who€called€law€enforcement.€TheÏdetective€assigned€to€the€case€wired€Ms.€Williams€in€order€to€tape€a€conversationÏbetween€her€and€Ms.€Murphy€regarding€what€had€occurred.€The€tapedÏconversation€was€only€partially€audible,€but€Ms.€Williams€reported€that€Ms.ÏMurphy€told€her€that€the€baby€boy€was€buried€in€a€barn€in€Cherry€Valley.€OfficersÏdetermined€that€Appellantððs€parents€owned€the€property€described€and€obtainedÏpermission€to€search€the€property.€The€officers€located€the€buried€infant.ÌÌà ` àAn€autopsy€performed€by€the€County€Medical€Examiner€revealed€that€theÏchild€was€full€term€and€properly€developed.€The€childððs€esophagus,€trachea,€andÏstomach€contained€liquefied€brownish€grey€dirt.€The€childððs€lungs€floated€very€wellÏin€water,€which€the€medical€examiner€testified€indicated€that€the€chid€had€beenÏborn€alive.€The€bronchi€of€the€childððs€lungs€were€blocked€with€a€brown€material,Ïand€the€alveoli€contained€ð ðbrown€amorphous€aspirated€material,ðð€which€wasÏconsistent€with€the€material€in€the€childððs€stomach.€The€medical€examinerÏdetermined€that€the€cause€of€death€was€ð ðmechanical€airway€obstruction€due€toÏâ âinhalation€and€ingestion€of€dirt.ðð€The€Federal€Bureau€of€Investigation€labÐ à7€.0 Ðdetermined€that€the€soil€recovered€from€the€infant€was€consistent€with€soil€fromÏthe€childððs€grave.Ìâ âÌà ` àDetective€Kennedy€observed€the€autopsy€of€the€baby,€after€which€heÏreturned€to€the€Sheriffððs€office€and€re„read€the€statements€by€Ms.€Murphy€andÏAppellant.€Upon€reading€them,€he€decided€to€again€question€Appellant€as€toÏwhether€the€baby€had€been€alive.€At€approximately€1:00€in€the€morning,€DetectiveÏKennedy€awoke€Appellant€and€led€him€to€an€interrogation€room€for€furtherÏquestioning.€Appellant€signed€a€rights€waiver.€Detective€Kennedy€testified€thatÏAppellant€then€told€him€he€wished€to€change€his€statement€to€reflect€that€the€babyÏwas€alive€at€the€time€he€buried€it.€Detective€Kennedy€stated€that€he€wrote€out€theÏstatement€for€Appellant,€but€Appellant€refused€to€sign€the€statement.€DetectiveÏKennedy€testified€that€he€told€Appellant€that€he,€Detective€Kennedy,€would€testifyÏas€to€what€Appellant€had€told€him€even€if€Appellant€did€not€sign€the€statement.€Ìà ` àÌà ` àAppellantððs€version€of€that€nightððs€events€differed€from€that€of€DetectiveÏKennedy€significantly.€He€testified€that€Detective€Kennedy€asked€him€if€he€wantedÏto€change€any€part€of€his€statement€and€that€he€responded€that€he€did€not.€HeÏsaid€that€Detective€Kennedy€wrote€a€statement€and€read€it€back€to€him,€againÏasking€if€he€wanted€to€change€his€statement.€Appellant€testified€that€heÏunequivocally€told€the€detective€that€he€did€not€wish€to€change€his€statements€andÏthat€he€asked€for€an€attorney.€Appellant€further€testified€that€Detective€KennedyÏtold€him€that€he,€Detective€Kennedy,€was€studying€to€be€an€attorney€and€that€inÏhis€opinion€Appellant€should€sign€the€statement.€ÌÌÐ Ð9p02 Ðò òÓ  ÓI.€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óÐ `  ÐÓg*Óà ` àAppellant€initially€contends€that€the€State€failed€to€present€evidenceÏsufficient€to€support€the€juryððs€conviction€of€murder€in€the€first€degree,€allegingÏspecifically€that€the€State€failed€to€prove€the€elements€of€premeditation€andÏdeliberation.€When€an€appellant€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€thisÏCourt€is€obliged€to€review€that€challenge€according€to€certain€well„settledÏprinciples.€A€verdict€of€guilty€by€the€jury,€approved€by€the€trial€judge,€accredits€theÏtestimony€of€the€Stateððs€witnesses€and€resolves€all€conflicts€in€the€testimony€inÏfavor€of€the€State.€òòState€v.€Cazesóó,€875€S.W.2d€253,€259€(Tenn.€1994);€òòState€v.Ð ð ÐHarris,óó€839€S.W.2d€54,€75€(Tenn.€1992).€Although€an€accused€is€originallyÐ à€ Ðcloaked€with€a€presumption€of€innocence,€a€jury€verdict€removes€this€presumptionÏand€replaces€it€with€one€of€guilt.€òòState€v.€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.Ð À` Ð1982).€Hence,€on€appeal,€the€burden€of€proof€rests€with€Appellant€to€demonstrateÏthe€insufficiency€of€the€convicting€evidence.€òòId.óó€On€appeal,€ð ðthe€[S]tate€is€entitledÐ  "@ Ðto€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€as€well€as€all€reasonable€andÏlegitimate€inferences€that€may€be€drawn€therefrom.ððòò€Idóó.€(òòcitingóó€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,Ð €&  Ð571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978)).€Where€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€isÏcontested€on€appeal,€the€relevant€question€for€the€reviewing€court€is€whether€anyÏrational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€accused€guilty€of€every€element€of€theÏoffense€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€òòHarrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,€75;€òòJackson€v.Ð @.à$& ÐVirginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.Ct.€2781,€2789,€61€L.Ed.2d€560€(1979).€InÐ 00Ð&( Ðconducting€our€evaluation€of€the€convicting€evidence,€this€Court€is€precluded€fromÏreweighing€or€reconsidering€the€evidence.€òòState€v.€Morganóó,€929€S.W.2d€380,€383Ð 4°*, Ð(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996);€òòState€v.€Mathewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð 6 ,. ÐApp.€1990).€Moreover,€this€Court€may€not€substitute€its€own€inferences€ð ðfor€thoseÏdrawn€by€the€trier€of€fact€from€circumstantial€evidence.ððòòId.óó€at€779.€Finally,€theÐ à9€02 ÐTennessee€Rules€of€Appellate€Procedure,€Rule€13(e)€provides,€ð ðfindings€of€guiltÏin€criminal€actions€whether€by€the€trial€court€or€jury€shall€be€set€aside€if€theÏevidence€is€insufficient€to€support€the€findings€by€the€trier€of€fact€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt.ðð€òòSee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Mathewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€at€780.Ð 0Ð ÐÌà ` àInòò€State€v.€Brownóó,€836€S.W.2d€530€(Tenn.1992)€and€òòState€v.€Westóó,€844Ð °  ÐS.W.2d€144€(Tenn.1992),€our€Supreme€Court€discussed€the€then€existingÏelements€of€first€degree€murder.€€In€òòBrownóó,€the€Supreme€Court€acknowledgedÐ ð  Ðthat€the€Tennessee€courts€have€often€blurred€the€distinction€between€theÏelements€of€premeditation€and€deliberation.€The€Court€relied€upon€the€followingÏhistorical€definitions:ÌÌÒ` ÒÒ` „ÒÓÓà ¸ à"Premeditation"€is€the€process€simply€of€thinkingÏabout€a€proposed€killing€before€engaging€in€the€homicidalÏconduct;€€and€"deliberation"€is€the€process€of€carefullyÏweighing€such€matters€as€the€wisdom€of€going€ahead€withÏthe€proposed€killing,€the€manner€in€which€the€killing€will€beÏaccomplished,€and€the€consequences€which€may€beÏvisited€upon€the€killer€if€and€when€apprehended.Ï"Deliberation"€is€present€if€the€thinking,€i.e.,€theÏ"premeditation,"€is€being€done€in€such€a€cool€mental€state,Ïunder€such€circumstances,€and€for€such€a€period€of€timeÏas€to€permit€a€"careful€weighing"€of€the€proposed€decision.€ÏÌÒ` Ö6ÒÒ„` ä6ÒÓò6ÓÌà ` àòòBrownóó,€836€S.W.2d€at€540-41€(òòquotingóó€C.€Torcia,€Wharton's€Criminal€LawÐ 0.Ð$& Ððð€140€(14th€ed.1979)€(emphasis€in€original));€€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€Gentryóó,€881Ð  0À&( ÐS.W.2d€1€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.1993).Ìñ;ññ4ñÌñ4ññ;ñÌà ` àPremeditation€as€defined€by€the€Supreme€Court€requires€evidence€of€aÏ"previously€formed€design€or€intent€to€kill,"€and€deliberation€requires€"some€periodÏof€reflection,€during€which€the€mind€is€free€from€the€influence€of€excitement€orÐ Ð9p02 Ðpassion."€òòWestóó,€844€S.W.2d€at€147.€€€Moreover,€to€insure€that€the€elements€wouldÐ `  Ðbe€considered€separately,€in€òòBrownóó€the€Court€decided€to€abandon€the€commonlyÐ P ð Ðgiven€instruction€that€premeditation€could€be€"formed€in€an€instant."€€òòBrownóó,€836Ð @ à ÐS.W.2d€at€543.€In€òòState€v.€Gentryóó,€while€holding€that€the€jury€may€inferÐ 0Ð Ðpremeditation€and€deliberation€from€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€killing,€theÏSupreme€Court,€outlined€the€proof€from€which€a€jury€might€rationally€infer€theÏelements€of€first€degree€murder:ÌÌÒ` „ÒÒ` Òñ<ñÓÓñ<ñ(1)€facts€about€how€and€what€the€defendant€did€prior€to€theÏactual€killing€which€show€he€was€engaged€in€activityÏdirected€toward€the€killing,€that€is,€planning€activity;ÌÌ(2)€facts€about€the€defendant's€prior€relationship€andÏconduct€with€the€victim€from€which€motive€may€be€inferred;€ÏandÌÌ(3)€facts€about€the€nature€of€the€killing€from€which€it€mayÏbe€inferred€that€the€manner€of€killing€was€so€particular€andÏexacting€that€the€defendant€must€have€intentionally€killedÏaccording€to€a€preconceived€design.€€ÌÒ` F>ÒÒ„` 8>Òñ<ñÓY>Óñ<ñÌà ` àòòState€v.€Gentryóó,€881€S.W.2d€1,€4-5€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993)€(òòquotingóó€2€W.Ð p& ÐLaFave€and€A.€Scott,€Substantive€Criminal€Law,€ðð€7.7€(1986));€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.Ð `(  ÐHallóó,€1997€WL€769174,118„119€(Tenn.€1997).Ð P*ð " ÐÌà ` àIn€the€matter€òòsub€judiceóó,€proof€was€presented€that€Appellant€wanted€rid€ofÐ 0.Ð$& Ðthe€baby€ð ðsomeway,€anyway.ðð€Further€proof€showed€that€Appellant€refused€toÏtake€Ms.€Murphy€to€a€hospital,€but€rather€took€her€to€a€remote€location€to€giveÏbirth€so€that€no€one€would€find€out€about€the€child.€Because€premeditation€andÏdeliberation€are€elements€are€òòmens€reaóó€elements,€elements€which€pertain€to€theÐ ð5,. Ðmental€state€of€the€perpetrator,€the€only€way€a€jury€can€find€such€elements€isÏusually€through€circumstantial€evidence,€through€examining€Appellantððs€actionsÐ Ð9p02 Ðfor€evidence€of€what€was€in€his€mind€as€he€acted.€The€evidence€showed€that€theÏAppellant€left€Ms.€Murphy€at€the€ñ?ñabondonedñ?ññ?ñabandonedñ?ñ€trailer€for€over€an€hour€during€whichÏher€labor€started.€€The€child€was€born€alive€and€Appellant€took€a€shovel€and€dugÏa€shallow€grave€before€taking€the€baby€from€its€mother.€€All€of€this€evidenceÏsupports€the€finding€of€premeditation€and€deliberation.€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌò òÓ  ÓII.€Determination€of€Voluntariness€and€Admissibility€of€Statementó óÐ    ÐÓFÓÌà ` àAppellant€also€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€to€determineÏpretrial€whether€Appellantððs€statement€to€Detective€Kennedy€was€voluntary.ÏDetective€Kennedy€and€Appellant€both€testified€at€a€pretrial€hearing€regardingÏAppellantððs€motion€to€suppress€the€statement.€The€trial€court€overruledÏAppellantððs€motion€and€allowed€the€State€to€present€the€statement€to€the€juryÏthrough€the€testimony€of€Detective€Kennedy.€The€trial€court€ruled€that€AppellantððsÏcontention€that€he€never€made€the€statement€was€a€fact€question€for€the€juryÏrather€than€a€question€of€voluntariness€for€the€trial€court€to€determine.€We€agree.ÏAppellant€has€not€contested€the€rights€waiver€which€he€signed.€Neither€has€heÏindicated€that€he€was€mistreated€or€threatened€into€making€a€statement.€HeÏmerely€contests€the€authenticity€of€the€statement.€€œñEñtñEññFñTñFñhe›€question€of€whetherÏAppellant€actually€made€the€statement€at€all€is€a€relevant€fact€question€to€beÏresolved€by€the€trier€of€fact,€the€jury.ÌÌò òÓ  ÓIII.€Introduction€of€Statementó óÐ 4°*, ÐÓ‚JÓÌà ` àAppellant€further€alleges€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowing€the€State€toÏpresent€the€contested€statement€to€the€jury€through€the€testimony€of€DetectiveÐ ð902 ÐKennedy.€We€disagree.€Appellantððs€argument€seems€to€be€based€on€the€lack€ofÏverification€of€the€statement€allegedly€made€by€Appellant€to€Detective€Kennedy.ÏAppellant€was€allowed€to€cross„examine€Detective€Kennedy€at€length€regardingÏthe€authenticity€of€the€document,€the€conditions€under€which€it€was€authored,€andÏwhether€the€detective€was€truthful€in€his€version€of€the€events.€QuestionsÏconcerning€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€to€be€given€to€theÏevidence,€and€well€as€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€theÏtrier€of€fact€and€not€this€Court.€òòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835(Tenn.Ð ð  Ð1978).€The€jury€has€spoken.€This€issue€is€without€merit.ÌÌà ` àAccordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.Ìñ=ññ4ñÌÌà ` àÌÌà ` àÌÌà ` àñ4ññ=ññ=ñÌÌà ` àà ` àà ` àà ` àà ` àÌÌÌÌñ=ñÓ  Óñ=ñà ` àÌÌÌñ=ññ>ñÌñ>ñÓÓà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à____________________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àJERRY€L.€SMITH,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌDAVID€H.€WELLES,€JUDGEÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌJOHN€K.€BYERS,€SENIOR€JUDGE