ÿWPCE …# VUNa %¯ 0(µbÝw@å4% 9 H 0JP 0Tš 0^î 0hL 0r´ 0|& 0†¢ 0( 1u¸ 0d- U>‘ U*Ï B)ù DC" AMe ² B¿v~ÜvÓZ D3- 0@` AO Æï 0Dµ D/ù B(˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLüÏ(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡- ù- 9H:D;D<D=>D?@DAReBÓ€³†;$3|xK2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d!!!!7Border 1dd€-"Cþÿ << Gÿÿ Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÔ€ ÔÔ€ ÔÓ  Óò òÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€ XÔÌÌJune€10,€1998ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔ  Ôó ó dPtPtHHØ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHØ(d'`Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  ellan Geneva ÒÒ  ellan Geneva Ò%%%%'ÿÿdxd("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ X ÒÑ ` ÑÔ€ŠÔÔ€ ÔÑ\R AØ'\ћрÑÑ7€õ5XXdìdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÓ  Óò òœÙ€€ÙßR€#$"A1-j|` ç `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌAT€NASHVILLEÌÌAPRIL€SESSION,€1998ÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,€à àà à)à àC.C.A.€NO.€01C01„9708„CR„00349Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àó óÌà àà àAppellee,ò òà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àDAVIDSON€COUNTYÌV.à àà àà àà àà àà à)€€€€€€€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àHON.€J.€RANDALL€WYATT,ÏJUDGEó óÌò òJACK€KEVIN€SUTTON,à àà àà à)€€€€€€€ó óà àÌà àà àà àà àà àò òà à)ó óà àÌà àà àAppellant.à àà àò òà à)à à(AGGRAVATED€BURGLARY)€€€€€€Ìó óÌÌÌòòFOR€THE€APPELLANTóó:à àà àà àòòà àFOR€THE€APPELLEEóó:ÌÌò òKARL€DEAN€à àà àà àà àà àJOHN€KNOX€WALKUP€Ìó óDistrict€Public€Defender€à àà àà àà àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÌÌò òJEFFREY€A.€DeVASHERà àà àà àLISA€A.€NAYLOR€Ìó óAssistant€Public€Defenderà àà àà àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌ(On€Appeal)à àà àà àà àà à2nd€Floor,€Cordell€Hull€BuildingÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à425€Fifth€Avenue€North€Ìò òDAVID€BAKERó óà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€€37243ÌSenior€Assistant€Public€DefenderÌ1202€Stahlman€Buildingà àà àà àà àò òVICTOR€S.€JOHNSON,€IIIÌó óNashville,€TN€37201à àà àà àà àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌ(At€Trial)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àò òKATRIN€MILLERÌó óà àà àà àà àà àà àà àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌà0 àà àà àà àà àà àà àWashington€Square,€Suite€500Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à222€Second€Avenue€North€Ì€à àà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TN€37201„1649ÌÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED€________________________ÌÌAFFIRMED€ÌÌTHOMAS€T.€WOODALL,€JUDGEÇÓ  ÓÔ€ °Ôò òòòOPINIONóóó óÔ€ ŠÔÌÌÌÓ  ÓÓÓà àThe€Defendant,€Jack€Kevin€Sutton,€appeals€as€of€right€the€sentencesÏimposed€by€the€Davidson€County€Criminal€Court.€€Defendant€pled€guilty€to€twoÏcounts€of€simple€robbery,€one€count€of€aggravated€burglary,€one€count€of€assault,Ïand€one€count€of€theft€of€property.€€The€trial€court€sentenced€Defendant€as€aÏRange€I€Standard€Offender€to€three€consecutive€five„year€sentences€for€the€robberyÏand€burglary€convictions,€and€two€eleven€month€and€29„day€sentences€for€theÏassault€and€theft€convictions.€€The€latter€two€sentences€were€ordered€to€runÏconcurrently€to€€the€others.€€In€this€appeal,€Defendant€argues€that€the€sentencesÏimposed€were€excessive€and€that€consecutive€sentences€were€not€proper.€ÏAlthough€we€disagree€with€the€trial€courtððs€application€of€two€enhancement€factors,Ïwe€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà à€€€At€the€sentencing€hearing,€sixty„two„year„old€Leland€Stalcup€testified€thatÏon€March€1,€1996,€€he€was€coming€out€of€a€tobacco€shop€on€Gallatin€Road€with€aÏcarton€of€cigarettes€in€his€hand,€when€Defendant€approached€and€asked€him€if€heÏwould€like€to€purchase€more€cigarettes€at€$5.00€a€carton.€€Mr.€Stalcup€agreed€andÏthen€allowed€Defendant€into€his€car.€€Defendant€told€Stalcup€to€give€him€the€moneyÏfor€the€cigarettes€and€that€he€would€purchase€them€for€Stalcup€at€a€grocery€storeÏwhere€his€father€allegedly€worked.€€Mr.€Stalcup€gave€Defendant€$35€with€which€toÍpurchase€the€cigarettes.€€However€Defendant€began€ð ðmumbling€and€looking€downÏat€the€place€and€back€up€againðð€so€Mr.€Stalcup€asked€Defendant€for€his€moneyÏback€and€told€him€ð ðweððll€just€forget€the€whole€thing€here.ðð€€According€to€Mr.€Stalcup,ÏDefendant€then€grabbed€the€money€from€him.€€Stalcup€attempted€to€catchÏDefendant€at€which€point€they€began€to€scuffle.€€Defendant€pushed€Stalcup€to€theÏground€on€the€gravel€and€Mr.€Stalcup€skinned€his€knee.€€Defendant€pled€guilty€toÏassault€and€theft€pertaining€to€Mr.€Stalcup€(Counts€Four€and€Five).€€ÌÌà àMrs.€Clara€Sutton,€of€no€relation€to€Defendant,€testified€that€on€March€1,Ï1996,€€Defendant€began€hollering€outside€her€house€at€1802€Meridian€Street,€to€letÏhim€come€in.€€Mrs.€Sutton,€who€is€80„years„old,€had€just€had€open€heart€surgeryÏtwo€weeks€before€this€incident.€€Mrs.€Sutton€testified€that€she€recognizedÏDefendantððs€voice€as€being€the€nephew€of€one€of€her€neighbors.€€She€toldÏDefendant€that€she€does€not€allow€anyone€into€her€home€because€she€lives€byÏherself.€€Defendant€told€her€that€a€man€was€bleeding€to€death€in€the€street€and€heÏneeded€to€use€her€telephone€to€call€for€help.€€Mrs.€Sutton€told€him€to€go€use€hisÏauntððs€telephone,€but€he€told€her€that€his€aunt€was€not€at€home.€€Sutton€then€toldÏhim€to€use€another€neighborððs€phone€because€she€was€sure€that€that€person€wasÏat€home.€€Defendant€told€Mrs.€Sutton€that€her€neighbors€were€in€fact€not€at€home.€ÏBelieving€her€storm€door€to€be€latched,€she€then€went€to€open€the€glass€door€to€talkÍfurther€with€Defendant.€€When€she€began€to€open€the€glass€door,€DefendantÏpushed€his€way€inside.€€She€testified€that€he€came€in€ð ðwild€as€a€deer.ðð€€ÌÌà àAt€this€point€he€told€her€he€needed€a€glass€of€water.€€She€told€him€to€get€itÏhimself€because€she€had€just€had€surgery€and€was€not€able€to€freely€move€about.€ÏMrs.€Sutton€testified€that€he€then€began€talking€about€one€of€her€daughters€whoÏhad€some€emotional€problems.€€He€then€informed€her€that€he€needed€money€toÏwhich€she€replied€that€all€of€her€money€was€in€the€bank.€€He€told€her€that€all€of€herÏneighbors€had€told€him€that€she€kept€money€in€her€dresser€drawers.€€She€thenÏoffered€to€write€him€a€check€if€he€would€just€leave€her€home.€€He€refused€andÏbegan€going€through€all€her€things€in€search€of€money.€€She€then€threatened€to€callÏthe€police€to€which€he€said,€ð ð[Y]ouððd€better€not€call€the€police,€Iððll€stomp€you.ðð€€Mrs.ÏSutton€then€began€moving€toward€the€front€door€and€started€screaming.€€At€thisÏpoint,€Defendant€grabbed€Mrs.€Sutton€and€threw€her€to€the€floor.€€She€again€toldÏDefendant€to€leave€or€she€would€call€the€police.€€Defendant€said€ð ðwhen€you€callÏthe€police,€Iððm€going€to€stomp€you€and€kill€you.ðð€€ÌÌà àDefendant€continued€to€search€the€house€for€money€and€he€eventually€foundÏa€box€that€contained€jewelry€belonging€to€Mrs.€Suttonððs€deceased€husband.€€HeÏtook€the€box€and€ran€out€of€the€house.€€A€few€moments€later,€Mrs.€SuttonððsÏdaughter€and€granddaughter€arrived€and€they€notified€the€police.€€Mrs.€SuttonÍtestified€that€she€was€still€being€treated€by€a€physician€at€the€time€of€the€sentencingÏhearing€for€a€knee€injury€she€suffered€when€Defendant€threw€her€to€the€floor€on€theÏday€of€the€burglary.€€Defendant€pled€guilty€to€aggravated€burglary€and€robberyÏpertaining€to€these€acts€on€Mrs.€Sutton€(Counts€Two€and€Three).€ÌÌà àChester€Earl€Collins,€who€is€83„years„old,€testified€that€on€March€5,€1996,ÏDefendant€forced€his€way€onto€his€property€by€placing€his€foot€inside€the€propertyÏgate€so€that€it€could€not€be€closed.€€Mr.€Collins€said€that€Defendant€threw€him€onÏhis€back€and€that€he€landed€on€a€lawnmower.€€Defendant€demanded€money€fromÏCollins€to€which€he€told€Defendant€that€he€did€not€have€any€money.€€DefendantÏremoved€a€set€of€keys€and€a€change€purse€which€contained€another€key€fromÏCollinsðð€pants.€€Defendant€further€searched€through€Mr.€Collinsðð€hip€pocket€and€toreÏhis€pants€in€the€process€of€searching€for€money.€€Defendant€then€left€and€aÏneighbor€called€the€police.€€Mr.€Collins€testified€that€his€back€continues€to€hurt€himÏas€a€result€of€Defendant€pushing€him€down€on€top€of€the€lawnmower.€€DefendantÏpled€guilty€to€robbery€of€Mr.€Collins€(Count€One).Ìà àà àà àà àà àÌà àMary€Ellen€Hea,€a€licensed€clinical€social€worker€for€the€Public€DefenderððsÏOffice,€was€called€by€the€defense€to€testify€at€the€sentencing€hearing.€€She€saidÏthat€she€had€assessed€the€Defendant€and€had€concluded€that€Defendant€wasÏborn€prematurely€and€tested€at€the€borderline€intellectual€functioning€range.€€Ms.ÍHea€testified€that€Defendant€had€been€hospitalized€for€mental€illness€on€five€priorÏoccasions.€€She€also€said€that€Defendant€may€suffer€from€visual€hallucinations€andÏthat€his€illness€requires€medication.€€On€cross„examination€she€testified€that€sheÏwas€aware€of€Defendantððs€daily€crack€cocaine€addiction.€€Ms.€Hea€also€said€thatÏshe€did€believe€Defendant€to€be€taking€his€medication€when€he€committed€theÏpresent€offenses.ÌÌà àThe€35„year„old€Defendant€testified€that€he€is€remorseful€for€his€crimes€andÏthat€he€was€not€taking€his€medications€at€the€time€he€committed€the€crimes.€ÏDefendant€could€recall€his€prior€conviction€for€prostitution,€but€he€could€not€rememberÏhis€prior€convictions€for€fraud,€attempt€to€commit€a€felony,€or€forgery.€€He€also€saidÏthat€although€he€had€been€convicted€of€DUI,€he€did€not€commit€that€crime.€ÏDefendant€testified€that€he€had€been€using€crack€cocaine€for€two€to€three€years.€ÏHe€denied€that€he€committed€the€present€crimes€in€an€attempt€to€get€money€forÏdrugs.€€In€fact,€he€said€that€he€asked€Ms.€Sutton€for€money€to€ride€the€bus€and€thatÏhe€asked€Mr.€Collins€if€he€could€work€for€him€for€money.€€He€further€said€that€he€didÏnot€intend€to€commit€these€crimes.ÌÌà àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length,€range,€or€the€manner€of€service€ofÏa€sentence,€this€court€has€a€duty€to€conduct€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€of€the€sentence€withÏa€presumption€that€the€determinations€made€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€€Tenn.ÍCode€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€€This€presumption€is€"conditioned€upon€the€affirmativeÏshowing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€and€allÏrelevant€facts€and€circumstances."€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.Ï1991).ÌÌà àIn€conducting€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€of€a€sentence,€this€Court€must€consider€theÏevidence€adduced€at€trial€and€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€presentence€report,€theÏprinciples€of€sentencing,€the€arguments€of€counsel€relative€to€sentencingÏalternatives,€the€nature€of€the€offense,€and€the€defendantððs€potential€forÏrehabilitation.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210;€òòState€v.€Parkeróó,€932€S.W.2d€945,Ï955„56€(Tenn.€Crim€App.€1996).Ìà àÌà àIf€our€review€reflects€that€the€trial€court€followed€the€statutory€sentencingÏprocedure,€imposed€a€lawful€sentence€after€having€given€due€consideration€andÏproper€weight€to€the€factors€and€principals€set€out€under€the€sentencing€law,€andÏthat€the€trial€court's€findings€of€fact€are€adequately€supported€by€the€record,€then€weÏmay€not€modify€the€sentence€even€if€we€would€have€preferred€a€different€result.€ÏòòState€v.€Fletcheróó,€805€S.W.2d€785,€789€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1991).€€Upon€review€ofÏthe€record,€we€find€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€proper€sentencing€principlesÏand€stated€its€reasons€and€findings€on€the€record.€€Therefore,€review€by€this€court€isÏòòdeóó€òònovoóó€with€a€presumption€of€correctness.ÌÌà@ àI.€€LENGTH€OF€SENTENCESÌà àÌà àThe€Defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€imposing€the€sentences€ofÏfive€(5)€years€on€each€of€his€two€robbery€convictions€(Counts€One€and€Three),€andÏon€his€aggravated€burglary€conviction€(Count€Two).€€Defendant€does€not€challengeÏthe€sentences€for€the€misdemeanor€convictions€for€assault€and€theft€(Counts€FourÏand€Five).€€The€trial€court€found€that€four€(4)€enhancement€factors€were€applicableÏto€the€three€felony€convictions:ÌÓÓà8 à(A)€The€Defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€orÏcriminal€behavior€in€addition€to€those€necessary€to€establish€theÏappropriate€range.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(1).Ìà8 àÌà8 à(B)€A€victim€of€the€offense€was€particularly€vulnerable€because€of€ageÏor€physical€or€mental€disability.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(4).Ìà8 àÌà8 à(C)€The€Defendant€treated€or€allowed€the€victims€to€be€treated€withÏexceptional€cruelty.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(5).Ìà8 àÌà8 à(D)€The€Defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€whenÏthe€risk€to€human€life€was€high.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(10).ÌÌà8 à(E)€The€crimes€were€committed€under€circumstances€in€which€theÏpotential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€was€great.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(16).ÌÓÓÌThe€trial€court€found€as€mitigating€factors€the€Defendantððs€history€of€mentalÏproblems,€and€the€fact€that€Defendant€was€raised€in€a€dysfunctional€family.€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„113(8)€and€(13).€ÌÌà àFirst,€the€trial€court€concluded€that€Defendant€had€a€prior€criminal€history.ÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(1).€€Defendant€does€not€contest€the€application€ofÏthis€factor,€but€we€will€nevertheless€review€its€significance.€€Although€DefendantÏwas€unable€to€recall€several€of€his€convictions,€the€presentence€report€indicatesÏthat€Defendant€had€six€prior€misdemeanor€convictions,€including€solicitation€of€anÏundercover€officer€for€prostitution,€fraud,€DUI,€attempt€to€commit€the€felony€of€larceny,Ïattempt€to€commit€the€felony€of€forgery,€and€making€false€reports.€€In€addition,ÏDefendant€admitted€using€crack€cocaine€for€the€past€two€to€three€years.€€Based€onÏthese€facts,€the€application€of€this€enhancement€factor€is€justified€in€enhancing€allÏthree€felony€convictions€(Counts€One,€Two€and€Three).ÌÌà àDefendant€does€challenge€the€trial€courtððs€finding€that€one€of€the€victims,€Mr.ÏChester€Collins,€was€particularly€vulnerable€because€of€his€age€and€physicalÏlimitations.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(4).€€Defendant€only€challenges€this€factorÏas€applied€to€Chester€Collins€(Count€One).€€Upon€careful€review€of€the€record,€weÏfind€that€this€enhancement€factor€does€not€apply€as€to€Mr.€Collins.€ÌÌà àOur€supreme€court€recently€addressed€the€applicability€of€this€factor€in€òòStateÏv.€Pooleóó,€945€S.W.2d€93,€96„98€(Tenn.€1997).€€In€òòPooleóó,€the€supreme€court€statedÏthat€the€trial€court€must€consider€all€of€the€facts€and€circumstances€of€the€offense€inÍdetermining€whether€this€factor€is€appropriate€for€the€offense.€€The€application€of€thisÏfactor€is€a€factual€issue€resolved€on€a€case„by„case€basis.€€òòIdóó.€at€96€(citationÏomitted).€€The€State€bears€the€burden€of€proving€the€victimððs€limitations€which€madeÏthe€victim€particularly€vulnerable.€€òòIdóó.€€In€determining€whether€the€State€has€met€itsÏburden,€the€trial€court€should€consider€whether€evidence€pertaining€to€the€victimððsÏage€or€physical€and€mental€attributes€demonstrated€an€inability€to€resist€the€crime,Ïsummon€help,€or€testify€at€a€later€date.€€òòIdóó.€€There€must€be€evidence€in€the€record€inÏaddition€to€the€victimððs€age.€€òòIdóó.€at€97.€€The€court€must€also€determine€if€the€factor€isÏappropriate€for€the€offense€by€considering€the€nature€of€the€offense€and€the€mannerÏin€which€it€was€committed.€€òòIdóó.€€ÌÌà àThere€is€no€question€that€an€80„year„old€man€might€be€particularly€vulnerableÏto€the€type€of€offense€committed€by€Defendant.€€However,€ð ð[a]€personððs€age€aloneÏmay€have€little€or€no€bearing€on€size,€strength€or€vitality.ðð€€òòIdóó.€at€98.€€Since€the€StateÏproduced€no€evidence€of€physical€or€mental€limitations€at€the€time€of€the€offense,€itÏcannot€be€presumed€that€the€victim€was€particularly€vulnerable€based€solely€on€hisÏage.€€Therefore,€there€is€not€sufficient€evidence€to€support€the€application€of€thisÏfactor€to€Defendantððs€conviction€for€robbery€of€Mr.€Collins€(Count€One).€€This€factorÏdoes€however,€apply€to€the€two€convictions€pertaining€to€Mrs.€Sutton€(Counts€TwoÏand€Three),€since€her€delicate€physical€condition€made€her€particularly€vulnerable.€ÌÌà àThe€trial€court€also€found€that€Defendant€treated€or€allowed€the€victims€to€beÏtreated€with€exceptional€cruelty.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(5).€€The€StateÏcorrectly€agrees€with€Defendant€that€the€circumstances€in€this€case€do€not€supportÏthe€finding€of€this€enhancement€factor€as€to€any€of€the€felony€convictions.ÌÌà àDefendant€next€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€finding€that€he€had€noÏhesitation€about€committing€a€crime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high€in€regardsÏto€his€convictions€for€robbery€of€Mr.€Collins€and€Mrs.€Sutton€(Counts€One€andÏThree).€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(10).€€Our€supreme€court€recentlyÏaddressed€this€enhancement€factor,€as€applied€to€the€crime€of€robbery,€in€òòState€v.ÏMario€A.€Lavender€and€Eric€L.€Hobbsóó,€No.€01„S01„9704„CR„00088,€DavidsonÏCounty€(Tenn.,€Nashville,€Apr.€27,€1998)€(for€publication).€In€that€opinion,€theÏsupreme€court€stated€that€enhancement€factor€(10)€is€not€an€essential€element€ofÏthe€offense€of€robbery,€and€that€it€may€be€used€ð ðwhen€imposing€a€sentence€forÏrobbery€so€long€as€the€facts€which€establish€the€elements€of€the€offense€are€notÏalso€relied€upon€to€establish€the€enhancement€factors.€€This€determination€isÏdependent€upon€the€particular€facts€of€each€case.ðð€€òòIdóó.€at€14.€The€court€alsoÏpointed€out€that€ð ð[i]n€determining€whether€a€particular€enhancement€factor€may€beÏapplied€in€a€specific€case,€the€trial€court€must€consider€the€elements€of€the€offenseÏand€the€evidence€adduced€at€the€trial€and€sentencing€hearing.ðð€€òòIdóó.€at€9.ÌÓÓà àà àÌÓÓà àRobbery€is€defined€as€ð ðthe€intentional€or€knowing€theft€of€property€from€theÏperson€of€another€by€violence€or€putting€the€person€in€fear.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„401(a).€€A€person€commits€ð ðtheft€of€propertyðð€if,€ð ðwith€intent€to€deprive€the€ownerÏof€property,€the€person€knowingly€obtains€or€exercises€control€over€the€propertyÏwithout€the€ownerððs€effective€consent.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„14„103€.€€ÌIn€this€case,€the€proof€shows€that€Defendant€forced€his€way€onto€Mr.€CollinsÏproperty,€pushed€Mr.€Collins€to€the€ground,€and€having€placed€the€victim€in€fear,ÏDefendant€then€searched€through€his€pockets€for€money.€€Defendant€took€control€ofÏthe€victimððs€property€and€left€the€premises€with€it,€without€Mr.€Collins€effectiveÏconsent.€€These€facts€support€the€elements€of€the€offense€of€robbery.€€ÌÌà àHowever,€in€this€particular€case,€the€State€offered€no€additional€proof€as€toÏhow€the€risk€to€Mr.€Collins€life€was€particularly€high,€other€than€his€age.€€While€weÏfind€this€crime€to€be€utterly€despicable,€we€cannot€say€that€the€evidence€showsÏthat€the€risk€to€Mr.€Collinsðð€life€was€high.€€The€trial€court€erred€in€applying€thisÏenhancement€factor€as€to€Mr.€Collins€(Count€One).ÌÌà àThe€Defendant€forced€his€way€into€Mrs.€Suttonððs€home,€pushed€her€to€theÏground,€and€while€she€was€placed€in€fear,€Defendant€searched€her€house€forÏanything€that€might€be€of€value.€€Defendant€then€took€control€of€the€property€(herÏdeceased€husbandððs€belongings)€and€left€the€premises€with€them,€without€Mrs.ÍSuttonððs€effective€consent.€€Again,€the€elements€of€robbery€are€met.€€However,€inÏregards€to€Mrs.€Sutton,€we€find€that€the€evidence€supports€the€trial€courtððsÏapplication€of€enhancement€factor€(10),€ð ð[t]he€defendant€had€no€hesitation€aboutÏcommitting€a€crime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114(10).€€Mrs.€Sutton€was€recovering€from€open€heart€surgery€and€the€chanceÏthat€she€could€have€died€from€Defendantððs€actions€was€certainly€high.€€The€trialÏcourt€correctly€applied€this€factor€as€to€Mrs.€Sutton€(Count€Three).€€Defendant€doesÏnot€contest€the€application€of€enhancement€factor€(10)€to€the€aggravated€burglaryÏconviction€(Count€Two),€but€we€note€for€the€record€that€we€agree€with€the€trialÏcourtððs€application€of€that€factor€to€the€aggravated€burglary€conviction.ÌÌà àNext,€the€trial€court€applied€enhancement€factor€(16),€€ð ð[t]he€crime€wasÏcommitted€under€circumstances€under€which€the€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victimÏwas€greatðð€to€all€three€felony€convictions.€€òòSeeóó€ðð€40„35„114(16).€€DefendantÏcontends€that€this€enhancement€factor€was€improperly€applied€to€his€three€felonyÏconvictions€because€it€is€an€essential€element€of€the€offenses.€€As€to€the€robberyÏconvictions,€(Counts€One€and€Three),€the€supreme€court€held€in€òòState€v.€LavenderÏand€Hobbsóó€that€enhancement€factor€(16)€is€also€not€an€essential€element€of€theÏoffense€of€robbery.€€No.€01„S01„9704„CR„00088,€slip€op.€at€9.€€Again,€we€mustÏdetermine€its€applicability€on€a€case„by„case€basis.€òòIdóó.€€In€regards€to€this€factor,Ïthis€Court€finds€that€the€trial€court€properly€applied€this€factor€as€to€the€two€robberyÍconvictions.€€As€discussed€above,€all€of€the€elements€of€robbery€were€clearly€met.€ÏFurthermore,€the€proof€at€the€sentencing€hearing€revealed€that€Mr.€Collins€wasÏeighty€years€old€and€Mrs.€Sutton€was€eighty„three€years€old.€€Defendant€pushedÏboth€victims€to€the€ground€in€an€attempt€to€rob€them,€so€certainly€it€can€be€said€thatÏthe€risk€of€bodily€injury€to€both€of€these€elderly€victims€was€great.€ÌÌà àAs€to€the€aggravated€burglary€conviction,€this€Court€has€held€thatÏenhancement€factor€(16)€should€not€be€applied€to€an€aggravated€burglaryÏconviction€absent€extraordinary€circumstances.€€òòState€v.€Smithóó,€891€S.W.2d€922,Ï930€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€July€21,€1994),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó€(Tenn.Ï1994).€€However,€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€aggravated€burglary€of€Mrs.ÏSuttonððs€home€does€support€the€application€of€this€enhancement€factor.€€Mrs.ÏSutton€was€an€eighty„three€year€old€woman€recuperating€in€her€home€from€openÏheart€surgery.€€Defendant€forced€his€way€into€her€home,€threw€Mrs.€Sutton€to€theÏground,€ransacked€her€home€in€search€of€money€or€anything€else€of€value,€andÏthreatened€to€kill€her€if€she€tried€to€call€for€help.€€The€circumstances€surrounding€thisÏhorrifying€event€certainly€support€the€application€of€this€enhancement€factor€to€theÏaggravated€burglary€conviction.€€€This€Court€finds€that€the€trial€court€properly€appliedÏenhancement€factor€(16)€to€all€three€felony€convictions€(Counts€One,€Two€andÏThree).€€ÌÌà àIn€summary,€the€trial€court€properly€applied€enhancement€factor€(1)€and€(16)Ïto€all€three€felony€convictions€(Counts€One,€Two€and€Three).€€We€find€thatÏenhancement€factor€(4)€and€(10)€should€only€be€applied€to€the€two€offensesÏagainst€Mrs.€Sutton€(Counts€Two€and€Three).€€We€further€find€that€enhancementÏfactor€(5)€does€not€apply€to€any€of€the€felony€convictions.€€We€agree€with€the€trialÏcourtððs€application€of€the€mitigating€factors€that€Defendant€has€a€history€of€mentalÏproblems€and€that€Defendant€comes€from€a€dysfunctional€background€to€all€threeÏfelony€convictions.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„113(8)€and€(13).ÌÌà àThe€trial€court€sentenced€Defendant€as€a€Range€I€Standard€Offender€for€theÏthree€Class€C€felonies.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„13„401(b);€39„14„403(b).€€TheÏsentencing€range€for€a€Range€I€Standard€Offender€convicted€of€a€Class€C€felony€isÏnot€less€than€three€years€nor€more€than€six€years.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„112(a)(3).€€The€presumptive€sentence€for€a€Class€C€felony€shall€be€the€minimumÏsentence€in€the€range€if€there€are€no€enhancement€or€mitigating€factors.€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40„35„210(c).€€Should€there€be€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors,€the€courtÏmust€start€at€the€minimum€sentence€in€the€range,€enhance€the€sentence€within€theÏrange€as€appropriate€for€the€enhancement€factors,€and€then€reduce€the€sentenceÏwithin€the€range€as€appropriate€for€the€mitigating€factors.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210(e).€€The€trial€court€in€the€case€òòsubóó€òòjudiceóó,€imposed€three€five„year€sentencesÏfor€the€Class€C€felony€convictions.€€As€to€Count€One,€we€find€that€twoÍenhancement€factors€and€two€mitigating€factors€apply.€€As€to€Count€Two,€we€findÏthat€four€enhancement€factors€and€two€mitigating€factors€apply.€€As€to€Count€Three,Ïwe€find€that€four€enhancement€factors€and€two€mitigating€factors€apply.€€TheÏmitigating€factors€in€this€case€do€not€weigh€heavily€against€the€enhancementÏfactors.€€The€great€weight€attributable€to€the€applicable€enhancement€factors€moreÏthan€justifies€the€five„year€sentences€imposed€as€to€all€three€felony€convictions.ÌÌÌà@ àII.€€Consecutive€SentencesÌÓÓÌÓÓà àThe€trial€court€ordered€consecutive€sentencing€after€making€a€finding€thatÏDefendant€is€a€dangerous€offender€whose€behavior€indicated€little€or€no€regard€forÏhuman€life,€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€humanÏlife€is€high.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(4).€€We€agree.€€The€Defendant,Ïwithout€provocation,€pushed€two€elderly€people€to€the€ground€in€an€attempt€to€robÏthem.€€Certainly€it€can€be€said€that€Defendantððs€behavior€demonstrated€aÏcontemptible€lack€of€concern€for€human€life€and€an€absence€of€basic€humanÏdecency.€€Our€òòde€novoóó€review€further€indicates€that€consecutive€sentencing€isÏnecessary€to€protect€the€public€from€further€criminal€conduct€by€Defendant€and€thatÏthe€terms€imposed€are€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses.€€òòState€v.ÏWilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€938„39€(Tenn.€1995).€Although€the€trial€court€did€notÍspecifically€make€the€additional€findings€required€by€òòWilkersonóó,€we€find€that€theseÏfactors€are€present€in€our€òòde€novoóó€review.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Adamsóó,€859€S.W.2d€359,Ï363€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993),€òòperm.€to€appeal€deniedóó€(Tenn.€1993)€.€€ConsecutiveÏsentencing€is€appropriate€in€this€case.€€ÌÓÓÌÓÓà àBased€on€all€the€foregoing,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€accordinglyÏaffirmed.ÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà à____________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àTHOMAS€T.€WOODALL,€JudgeÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌGARY€R.€WADE,€Presiding€JudgeÌÌ___________________________________ÌL.€T.€LAFFERTY,€Special€Judge