ÿWPCn EÙÍ™-€'›%{žë“ º­ƒTI‚#(wʼBpš9÷ßUÆÐÁØAÚÔªrŠûµ$´»áv@ç!³Ñ­"¯0ãgFèmŠLk[{¢~6Ö¯ØXBiÏ”`Jhi“Ô¨¢øAkuZqÈ$ã9[®õÙ0i$¬=Ÿs¹E1—ûdî¼D §ã P÷”ž]¥[UpT'ùž2òô+ zt³zW½ªo'­%=ê~ÝᔃÁP?¦·ÜÉ™¼CÙçnF¹ [u4mÊÖè“*¿Q Sõµ7À^~SIœ‘®®ks"Åž—gKQZâÄeåÔçY„Ò´/ÆŽÍkax‘•—~CªZ²Ö0cœWuÖíæ—"Vr‡“ΘáÌqýɃwƒÚýWªÁ»]V¼ø¼z庶"(î&z¯òžý:Ýq3¯Ë+ 3;âǘ +?†¡VÇEçÙa f`0gÆT+£˜§ÿ–hT|®J™ ÀfƒKÆÖŸð¹¿E÷]eŽÆg/rØ,+”ÛlRºßA™µãî¤ï*¥>;ÍÒ’´Í  ÝCÿ—A’¦†ý°j\-Ôt‰jLàöïJ?7_õS§1ÙonïAô‡;ê¥$ÂáXª™b#Á\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ U'N· w 4 z Ò— i x mz 1‡‘ Æ ÆÞ Ƥ Æj 0 c0N“ù•U @ŽEÎ 1uÐ 72Ew 0Dö:ªBBwììììììììììììììììbcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc 0ëkkkk BVV 0¤s D3 D-J 0Kww ASÂÆ 0¤Û 0D A«Ã˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PCL 6ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ0»rªc) (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman RegularÖJ~'  k1`±ª ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(5hCEKQW]cioAutoList1I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à ïÝ ƒRÝ”$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô2äò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€trial€court€found€that€the€State€had€failed€to€prove€an€essential€element€of€the€crime€of€especiallyÐ ° Ðaggravated€robbery,€that€the€victim€suffered€ð ðserious€bodily€injury,ðð€because,€under€Tennessee€case€law,€the€victimððsÐ n¾ Ðdeath,€alone,€does€not€equate€to€serious€bodily€injury.€€Consequently,€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€that€it€wasÐ ,| Ðdismissing€the€especially€aggravated€robbery€charge€against€the€defendant,€but€that€the€jury€was€free€to€find€theÐ ê: Ðdefendant€guilty€of€the€lesser„included€crimes€of€aggravated€robbery€or€robbery.(ÈhH  Z‹(Times New Roman 3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i) uÝ ƒRÝ”$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô2äò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔTennessee€Code€Annotated€Section€39„13„401€defines€robbery€as€ð ðthe€intentional€or€knowing€theft€of€propertyÐ ° Ðfrom€the€person€of€another€by€violence€or€putting€the€person€in€fear.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€Section€39„13„401€(1997).(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó   Ý ƒRÝ”$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô2äò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIn€òòBradenóó,€the€court€concluded€that€the€prejudice€to€the€defendants€resulted€not€from€the€brief€improperÐ ° Ðquestion€regarding€the€defendantsðð€pretrial€silence€but€from€the€jury€arguments€of€the€State€regarding€that€silence.€€534Ð n¾ ÐS.W.2d€at€660. mÝ ƒRÝ”$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô2äò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€State€has€drawn€our€attention€to€the€fact€that€the€defendantððs€lawyerððs€name€is€misspelled€as€ð ðDeWerfððÐ ° Ðthroughout€the€transcript€of€the€trial.€€We,€therefore,€have€corrected€the€spelling€in€this€opinion.- ù-(|G2Ý”$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Gà»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô2äò»»Ô d(|3Ö$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Gà»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3Ö$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Gà»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Gà»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼Gà»»»ÔÑ8€>¼XXdæ»»d8Ñà@ttìàÔ‡îj#GàÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼Gà»îîj# #ԈРР ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAssigned€on€Briefs€July€11,€2000Ð ð@ ÐÔ‡X>¼X»¼GàÔÌò òÔ#†¼Gà»XX>¼#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEòòóó€v.€Ô_ÔDARONOPOLISÔ_Ô€R.€Ô_ÔSWEATTÔ_ÔòòóóÔ‡X>¼X»¼GàÔó óÐ ä4 ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Montgomery€CountyÐ Ø ( Ðà@@øøìàNo.€38944€€€€€€John€H.€Ô_ÔGasawayÔ_Ô,€III,€JudgeÐ ¾  ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<o` AßÐ pÀ  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M1999„2522„CCA„R3„CD€Filed€November€3,€Ô_Ô2000Ô_ÔÐ eµ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<0` AßÐ 1  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€defendant€was€convicted€of€first€degree€felony€murder€and€aggravated€robbery.€€He€was€givenÐ &v  Ða€life€sentence€for€the€murder€conviction,€and€eleven€years€for€the€robbery€conviction,€with€theÐ  \ Ðrobbery€sentence€to€be€served€consecutively€to€the€life€sentence.€€The€defendant€appeals€hisÐ òB Ðconvictions€and€sentencing,€€arguing€that:€1)€the€State€failed€to€prove€venue€by€a€preponderance€ofÐ Ø( Ðthe€evidence;Ô#†¼Gà»XX>¼Ù#ÔÔ‡X>¼X»¼GàÔ€2)€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowing€the€prosecutor€to€ask€the€defendant€why€he€had€notÐ ¾ Ðearlier€provided€the€alibi€that€he€offered€at€trial€to€law€enforcement€officials;Ô#†¼Gà»XX>¼0#ÔÔ‡X>¼X»¼GàÔ€3)€€the€trial€court€erredÐ ¤ô Ðin€applying€enhancement€factor€(6)€to€enhance€the€sentence€for€his€aggravated€robbery€conviction;Ð ŠÚ Ðand€4)€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€ordering€that€he€serve€his€aggravated€robbery€sentenceÐ pÀ Ðconsecutively€to€his€life€sentence.€€Based€upon€our€review,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ð V¦ ÐÌÔ#†¼Gà»XX>¼0#ÔÔ‡X>¼X»¼GàÔÓ"Óò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmedó óÐ "r ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼Gà»àX>¼ #ÔÔ‡X>¼X.¼GàÔAlan€E.€Glenn,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€H.€Welles,€J.,óó€and€òòCorneliaÐ î> ÐA.€Clark,€Ô_ÔSp.J.Ô_Ôóó,€joined.Ð Ô$ ÐÌEdward€E.€Ô_ÔDeWerffÔ_Ô,€Clarksville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Ô_ÔDaronopolisÔ_Ô€R.€Ô_ÔSweattÔ_Ô.Ð  ð ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Lucian€D.€Ô_ÔGeiseÔ_Ô,€Assistant€Attorney€General;Ð l!¼! ÐJohn€Wesley€Ô_ÔCarneyÔ_Ô,€Jr.,€District€Attorney€General;€and€Helen€O.€Young,€Assistant€District€AttorneyÐ R"¢" ÐGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð 8#ˆ# ÐÓž ÓÌà@@OO&ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼Gà»XX>¼Í #ÔÔ‡X>¼X»¼GàÔÐ %T % ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼Gà»XX>¼H#ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X>¼X»¼GàÔà  àThe€defendant,€Ô_ÔDaronopolisÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSweattÔ_Ô,€was€convicted€of€first€degree€felony€murder€andÐ Ð& "' Ðaggravated€€robbery€for€a€homicide€and€a€robbery€committed€in€Clarksville,€Tennessee.€€TheÐ ¶'#( Ðdefendant€received€a€life€sentence€for€the€murder€conviction€and€a€consecutive€eleven„year€sentenceÐ œ(ì#) Ðfor€the€aggravated€robbery€conviction.€€The€defendant€timely€appealed€to€this€court,€presenting€theÐ ‚)Ò$* Ðfollowing€issues€for€review:Ð h*¸%+ ÐÌÓ€ (5h83ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÝ‚3£–ÝÔ25hÔÚ  ÚIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` x` xàÝ  ÝWhether€the€State€established€venue€by€a€preponderance€ofÐ 4,„'- Ðthe€evidence;݃3£–ãÝŒÐ#-j(.¸ x¸ xý¦ #ÐŒÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÐ ` x` x ÐÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÝ‚3£-ÝÔ25hÔÚ  ÚIIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` x` xàÝ  ÝWhether€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowing€the€prosecutor€to€ask,Ð –æ Ðduring€cross„examination€of€the€defendant,€why€the€defendantÐ |Ì Ðdid€not€provide€his€alibi€to€law€enforcement€officials€duringÐ b² Ðthe€twenty„three€months€that€he€was€in€pretrial€confinement;݃3£-zÝŒÐH˜¸ x¸ x ÐŒÝ  Ýà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÐ ` x` x ÐÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÝ‚3£ŠÝÔ25hÔÚ  ÚIIIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` x` xàÝ  ÝWhether€the€trial€judge€erred€in€applying€enhancement€factorÐ  d Ð(6)€in€sentencing€the€defendant€for€his€aggravated€robberyÐ ú J Ðconviction;€€and݃3£Š×ÝŒÐà 0¸ x¸ x ÐŒÝ  Ýà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÐ ` x` x ÐÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÝ‚3£dÝÔ25hÔÚ  ÚIVÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` x` xàÝ  ÝWhether€the€trial€court€erred€in€ordering€the€aggravatedÐ ¬ ü  Ðrobbery€sentence€to€run€consecutively€to€the€life€sentence.݃3£d±ÝŒÐ’â ¸ x¸ x ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà  àAfter€a€thorough€review€of€the€record€and€of€applicable€law,€we€affirm€the€judgments€of€theÐ ^®  Ðtrial€court.Ð D”  ÐÌà@¤¤(ìàòòò òFACTSˆÐ ` ÐÌó óóóà  à€€On€May€18,€1997,€at€approximately€6:08€a.m.,€thirty„one„year„old€Sylvester€Cage,€Jr.,€wasÐ Ü, Ðrobbed€and€shot€to€death€outside€a€barber€shop€in€Clarksville,€Tennessee.€€€The€victim,€a€€KentuckyÐ Â Ðresident€who€frequently€traveled€to€Clarksville€to€gamble,€spent€the€evening€of€May€17,€and€the€earlyÐ ¨ø Ðmorning€hours€of€May€18,€playing€dice€at€the€Ninth€Street€Barber€Shop.€€The€victim€left€the€barberÐ ŽÞ Ðshop€when€the€dice€game€ended€at€6:00€a.m.,€and€crossed€the€street€to€a€pay€phone€outside€theÐ tÄ ÐButcher€Shop,€a€business€directly€across€the€street€from€the€barber€shop,€where€he€placed€a€call€toÐ Zª Ðhis€wife.€€There,€the€victim€was€approached€by€a€masked€man€with€a€nine€millimeter€handgun,€whoÐ @ Ðshot€the€victim€six€times.€€As€the€victim€lay€dying,€the€gunman€took€a€rubber„band€wrapped€wad€ofÐ &v Ð$1,000€to€$2,000€in€cash,€representing€gambling€winnings,€from€the€victimððs€€pocket.€€The€gunmanÐ  \ Ðthen€fled€on€foot.€€The€defendant€was€subsequently€arrested€for€the€crime,€and€charged€with€oneÐ òB Ðcount€of€felony€murder€and€one€count€of€especially€aggravated€robbery.€Ð Ø( ÐÌà  àAt€trial,€the€victimððs€wife€testified€that€the€victim€went€to€Clarksville€on€the€evening€of€MayÐ ¤ô Ð17,€1997,€to€gamble.€€She€said€that€the€victim€called€her€at€exactly€6:07€the€next€morning,€May€18,€Ð Š Ú Ðto€tell€her€that€he€was€about€to€start€for€home.Ð p!À  ÐÌà  àBobby€Ramey,€an€acquaintance€of€both€the€defendant€and€the€victim,€€testified€that€the€victimÐ <#Œ" Ðhad€had€a€reputation€for€gambling,€and€was€known€to€carry€large€amounts€of€cash€on€his€person.€Ð "$r# ÐRamey€said€that€he€and€the€defendant€passed€the€victim€on€the€street€approximately€one€week€beforeÐ %X $ Ðthe€victim€was€killed,€and€that€when€the€defendant€saw€the€victim,€he€told€Ramey€that,€if€he€got€theÐ î%>!% Ðchance,€he€intended€to€rob€the€victim.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌà  àRaymond€Ogburn,€a€friend€of€the€victim,€testified€that€he€and€three€or€four€other€men,Ð  (ð#( Ðincluding€the€victim,€spent€the€evening€of€May€17,€and€the€early€morning€hours€of€May€18,€playingÐ †)Ö$) Ðdice€at€the€Ninth€Street€Barber€Shop.€€Ogburn€stated€that€the€barber€shop€was€located€at€the€cornerÐ l*¼%* Ðof€Ninth€and€Main€Streets€in€Clarksville.€€He€said€that€when€the€dice€game€broke€up€at€about€6:00Ð R+¢&+ Ða.m.,€the€victim€wrapped€a€rubber€band€around€his€ð ðwad€of€money,ðð€and€left€with€fellow€gamblerÐ 8,ˆ', ÐGeorge€Hoosier.€€A€few€minutes€later,€Ogburn€heard€ð ða€lot€of€gunshots.ðð€€Ogburn€looked€out€theÐ ° Ðwindow€and€saw€a€tall,€slim,€black€man,€who€was€wearing€a€rubber€face€mask€and€holding€a€gun,Ð –æ Ðstanding€over€the€victimððs€body€€ð ðin€his€pocket€getting€his€money€out.ðð€€As€Ogburn€watched,€€theÐ |Ì Ðgunman€fled€across€a€parking€lot€between€the€Butcher€Shop€and€the€auto€parts€store€next€to€it,€andÐ b² Ðdisappeared€from€view.€€Ogburn€went€outside€to€the€street€with€his€cordless€phone,€and€placed€a€911Ð H˜ Ðcall.€€Records€indicated€that€this€911€call€was€received€at€6:09€a.m.€€Ogburn€testified€€thatÐ . ~ Ðapproximately€thirty€seconds€after€the€gunman€fled,€€Hoosier€drove€up€in€his€pickup€truck.€€OgburnÐ  d Ðpointed€out€which€direction€the€gunman€had€gone,€and€Hoosier€drove€off€in€pursuit.Ð ú J ÐÌà  àGeorge€Hoosier€testified€that,€as€he€was€driving€away€from€the€barber€shop€on€the€morningÐ Æ   Ðof€May€18,€1997,€he€heard€gunshots,€looked€in€his€rearview€mirror,€and€saw€someone€pointing€a€gunÐ ¬ ü  Ðat€the€victim,€and€the€victim€falling€to€the€ground.€€Hoosier€turned€his€truck€around€and€drove€backÐ ’â  Ðto€the€barber€shop,€where€Ogburn€told€him€which€way€the€gunman€had€fled.€€As€Hoosier€searchedÐ xÈ  Ðthe€area,€he€spotted€the€defendant,€whom€he€knew€and€recognized,€running€down€an€alley.€€€DrivingÐ ^®  Ðdown€a€street€that€runs€parallel€to€the€alley,€Hoosier€was€able€to€track€the€defendantððs€flight€for€aÐ D”  Ðcouple€of€blocks,€but€eventually€lost€sight€of€him.Ð *z  ÐÌà  àSabrina€Hester,€who€worked€for€Catholic€Charities€of€Tennessee€which€was€located€near€theÐ öF Ðsame€alley€down€which€Hoosier€had€seen€the€defendant€run,€testified€that€on€May€22,€1997,€sheÐ Ü, Ðfound€a€rubber€face€mask€under€a€large€rock€in€the€corner€of€the€church€buildingððs€outdoor€picnicÐ Â Ðarea.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àChantel€Jenkins,€the€defendantððs€ex„girlfriend,€testified€that€the€defendant€appeared€at€herÐ tÄ Ðapartment€at€526€Main€Street€very€early€on€the€morning€of€May€18,€1997,€asking€that€she€call€himÐ Zª Ða€cab.€€Jenkins€stated€that€she€thought€the€defendant€had€shown€up€at€her€apartment€between€5:30Ð @ Ðand€6:00€a.m.,€but€admitted€that€she€was€not€certain€of€the€actual€time.€€She€said€that€the€defendantÐ &v Ðstayed€in€her€apartment€about€five€to€ten€minutes€before€the€cab€arrived€to€pick€him€up.€Ð  \ ÐÌà  àDean€Mead,€a€Veteranððs€Cab€Company€taxicab€driver,€testified€that€at€6:18€or€6:20€on€theÐ Ø( Ðmorning€of€May€18,€1997,€he€was€dispatched€to€pick€up€a€fare€at€526€Main€Street.€€Mead€said€thatÐ ¾ Ðas€he€drove€toward€the€apartment€building,€he€was€forced€to€detour€around€an€area€that€the€police€hadÐ ¤ô Ðblocked.€€When€he€reached€526€Main€Street,€the€defendant,€whom€Mead€recognized€as€someone€heÐ Š Ú Ðhad€picked€up€several€times€in€the€past,€got€into€the€front€seat€of€his€cab.€€Mead€said€that€heÐ p!À  Ðapologized€to€the€defendant€for€having€taken€a€couple€of€extra€minutes€to€reach€him,€and€that€theÐ V"¦! Ðdefendant€told€him€it€was€ð ðno€problem,ðð€and€mentioned€that€there€had€just€been€a€shooting€in€theÐ <#Œ" Ðneighborhood.€€€Mead€testified€that€the€defendant€paid€him€with€a€$10€bill,€which€he€took€out€of€aÐ "$r# Ðlarge,€rubber€band€wrapped€roll€of€money€from€his€pocket.€Ð %X $ ÐÌà  àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€Stateððs€case€in€chief,€the€defendant€made€a€motion€to€dismiss€for€Ð Ô&$"& Ðfailure€to€establish€venue.€€The€trial€court€denied€the€motion,€finding€that€numerous€State€witnessesÐ º' #' Ðhad,€through€their€testimony,€established€that€the€crime€occurred€in€Clarksville,€Tennessee.Ð  (ð#( ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€testified€in€his€own€defense.€€He€stated€that€he€spent€the€late€evening€and€earlyÐ l*¼%* Ðmorning€hours€of€May€17€and€18,€1997,€driving€around€town,€in€a€car€he€stole€from€his€mother,Ð R+¢&+ Ðselling€crack€cocaine€and€smoking€marijuana.€€He€said€that,€sometime€between€5:00€and€5:30€a.m,€Ð 8,ˆ', Ðhe€drove€to€Chantel€Jenkinsðð€apartment€building,€because€he€hoped€that€she€would€agree€to€haveÐ ° Ðsexual€intercourse€with€him.€€€He€parked€the€car€in€the€apartment€buildingððs€parking€lot€and,€as€heÐ –æ Ðturned€the€engine€off,€broke€the€key€in€the€ignition.€€€The€defendant€testified€that€he€then€sat€in€theÐ |Ì Ðcar,€smoking€more€marijuana€and€trying,€unsuccessfully,€to€extract€the€broken€key€from€the€carððsÐ b² Ðignition,€before€finally€going€up€to€Jenkinsðð€apartment.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àThe€defendant€stated€that€he€looked€at€a€clock€as€Jenkins€let€him€into€her€apartment,€and€sawÐ  d Ðthat€it€was€between€5:55€and€6:00.€€On€cross„examination,€the€defendant€narrowed€the€time€toÐ ú J Ðexactly€5:59€a.€m.€€€The€defendant€testified€that€he€decided€to€leave€the€apartment,€and€asked€JenkinsÐ à 0 Ðto€call€him€a€cab,€when€he€realized€that€she€already€had€a€man€in€her€bed.€€The€defendant€said€thatÐ Æ   Ðhe€spent€approximately€thirty€minutes€in€Jenkinsðð€apartment€before€the€cab€arrived.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌÒe°Òà ½ àThe€defendant€stated€that€soon€after€the€cab€driver€began€to€drive€him€home,€€a€police€officerÐ xÈ  Ðpulled€the€cab€over€to€the€side€of€the€road.€€The€officer€directed€the€defendant€to€get€out€of€the€cab,Ð ^®  Ðand,€after€patting€him€down,€told€him€that€he€was€being€held€as€a€suspect.€€€The€defendant€said€thatÐ D”  Ðthe€police€officer,€however,€did€not€tell€him€what€he€was€suspected€of€doing,€and€that€ð ðwhen€he€saidÐ *z  Ðsuspect,€€Iððm€thinking€about€the€drugs€that€I€had€in€my€drawers€and€I€broke€and€ran.ðð€Ð ` ÐÌà ½ àThe€defendant€denied€that€he€had€told€Bobby€Ramey€that€he€intended€to€rob€the€victim,€andÐ Ü, Ðstated€that€he€had€not€robbed€and€killed€the€victim.à Í àÐ Â Ðà ½ àÌà ½ àThe€State€presented€the€rebuttal€testimony€of€Officer€Michael€Thornton€of€the€ClarksvilleÐ ŽÞ ÐPolice€Department.€€Thornton€testified€that,€at€approximately€6:25€a.m.€on€May€18,€1997,€whileÐ tÄ Ðcanvassing€the€area€in€which€the€suspect€was€reported€to€have€fled,€he€came€across€and€stoppedÐ Zª ÐMeadððs€cab.€€When€he€learned€that€Mead€had€picked€the€defendant€up€at€€526€Main€Street,€which€wasÐ @ Ðonly€three€and€a€half€blocks€from€the€crime€scene,€Thornton€asked€the€defendant€to€step€out€of€theÐ &v Ðcab.€€As€Thornton€patted€the€defendant€down,€he€€ð ðobserved€a€large€wad€of€money€folded€half€overÐ  \ Ðwith€a€€rubbery€band€wrapped€around€itðð€in€the€right€rear€pocket€of€the€defendantððs€shorts.€€€ThorntonÐ òB Ðthen€told€the€defendant€that€he€was€placing€him€in€investigatory€detention,€because€there€had€been€aÐ Ø( Ðshooting€just€a€few€blocks€away.€€At€that€point,€the€defendant€pulled€away€from€Thornton,€and€fledÐ ¾ Ðon€foot.€€Thornton€was€unable€to€apprehend€him.Ð ¤ô ÐÌà ½ àAfter€deliberation,€the€jury€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€first€degree€felony€murder€andÐ p!À  Ðaggravated€robbery.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€The€trial€court€gave€the€defendant€a€life€sentence€for€the€first€degree€murderÐ V"¦! Ðconviction.€€At€the€sentencing€hearing€on€the€defendantððs€aggravated€robbery€conviction,€the€trialÐ <#Œ" Ðcourt€found€two€enhancement€factors€to€be€applicable€under€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€Section€40„Ð "$r# Ð35„114:€€(1)€the€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminal€convictions€or€criminal€behavior€inÐ %X $ Ðaddition€to€those€necessary€to€establish€the€appropriate€range;€and€à8 @ àà8 @ à(6)€the€personal€injuries€inflictedÐ î%>!% Ðupon€or€the€amount€of€damage€to€property€sustained€by€or€taken€from€the€victim€was€particularlyÐ Ô&$"& Ðgreat.€€The€trial€court€found€no€applicable€mitigating€factors.€€Accordingly,€€the€trial€court€sentencedÐ ° Ðthe€defendant€to€eleven€years€in€confinement.€€Finding€that€the€defendant€met€the€criteria€ofÐ –æ ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€Section€40„35„115(b)(4),€as€a€dangerous€offender€whose€behaviorÐ |Ì Ðindicated€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€when€the€riskÐ b² Ðto€human€life€was€high,€the€trial€court€ordered€that€the€defendant€serve€his€aggravated€robberyÐ H˜ Ðsentence€consecutively€to€his€life€sentence.Ð . ~ ÐÌà@ÌÌ&Æàò òòòANALYSISˆÐ ú J ÐÌó óóóà@DD&Æàò òI.€€VenueˆÐ Æ   Ðó óÌà ½ àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€State€failed€to€prove€venue€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidenceÐ ’â  Ðbecause€ð ðat€no€time€during€the€Stateððs€case€in€chief€did€any€Stateððs€witnesses€testify€that€the€robberyÐ xÈ  Ðand€murder€of€Sylvester€Cage€occurred€in€€Montgomery€County,€Tennessee.ðð€€The€defendant€argues,Ð ^®  Ðtherefore,€that€the€convictions€must€be€vacated€and€the€case€remanded€for€a€new€trial.Ð D”  ÐÌà ½ àThe€State€argues€that€it€met€its€burden€of€proving€venue€by€presenting€the€uncontradictedÐ ` Ðtestimony€of€numerous€witnesses€who€stated€that€the€offenses€occurred€in€Clarksville,€Tennessee.€Ð öF ÐThe€State€asserts€that€the€jurors,€all€of€whom€were€residents€of€Clarksville,€Montgomery€County,Ð Ü, ÐTennessee,€could€logically€infer€that€if€the€offenses€occurred€in€Clarksville,€they€occurred€inÐ Â ÐMontgomery€County.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà ½ àAs€provided€by€article€I,€section€9,€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€a€defendant€in€a€criminal€Ð tÄ Ðcase€has€the€right€to€be€tried€by€an€impartial€jury€of€the€county€in€which€the€crime€was€committed.€Ð Zª ÐTenn.€Const.€art.€I,€ðð€9;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€18;€òòState€v.€Andersonóó,€985€S.W.2d€9,€15€(Tenn.Ð @ ÐCrim.€App.€1997).€€Proof€of€venue€is€necessary€to€establish€the€courtððs€jurisdiction.€€òòSeeóó€òòHarvey€v.Ð &v ÐStateóó,€213€Tenn.€608,€612,€376€S.W.2d€497,€498€(1964);€òòHopson€v.€Stateóó,€201€Tenn.€337,€299€S.W.2dÐ  \ Ð11,€14€(1957).òòóó€€Since€venue€is€not€an€element€of€the€crime,€the€State€need€only€prove€by€aÐ òB Ðpreponderance€of€the€evidence€that€the€charged€offense€was€committed€in€the€county€in€which€theÐ Ø( Ðdefendant€is€being€tried.€òòóó€òòState€v.€Bennettóó,€549€S.W.2d€949,€949„50€(Tenn.€1977);€òòAndersonóó,€985Ð ¾ ÐS.W.2d€at€15;€òòseeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„201(e)€(1997).€Venue€may€be€proved€by€circumstantialÐ ¤ô Ðevidence,€and€even€slight€evidence€is€sufficient€if€it€is€uncontradicted.€€òòBennettóó,€549€S.W.2d€at€949„Ð Š Ú Ð50.€€Finally,€a€jury€is€entitled€to€draw€reasonable€inferences€from€proven€facts€to€establish€venue.€€òòIdóó.;Ð p!À  ÐòòHopsonóó,€299€S.W.2d€at€14.€€€Ð V"¦! ЀÌà ½ àIn€this€case,€several€State€witnesses€testified€that€the€robbery€and€murder€of€the€victimÐ "$r# Ðoccurred€outside€the€Ninth€Street€Barber€Shop€in€Clarksville,€Tennessee.€€€From€this€uncontradictedÐ %X $ Ðtestimony,€the€jury€could€reasonably€infer€that€the€offenses€occurred€in€Montgomery€County.€€òòSeeóóÐ î%>!% ÐòòState€v.€Chris€Smithóó,€No.€03C01„9807„CR„00259,€1999€WL€619042,€at€*€2€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Aug.Ð Ô&$"& Ð17,€1999)€(holding€that€State€met€its€burden€of€proving€venue€in€McMinn€County€by€proof€thatÐ º' #' Ðoffenses€occurred€in€Athens€because€ð ðjury€could€properly€determine€that€Athens€is€in€McMinnÐ  (ð#( ÐCountyðð);€òòState€v.€Marburyóó,€908€S.W.2d€405,€408€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995)€(holding€that€policeÐ †)Ö$) Ðofficerððs€testimony€that€DUI€arrest€occurred€when€he€was€running€radar€while€on€duty€as€SomervilleÐ l*¼%* Ðpolice€officer€sufficient€to€establish€venue€in€Fayette€County).€€òòóóWe€conclude,€therefore,€that€the€StateÐ R+¢&+ Ðmet€its€burden€of€proving€venue€in€Montgomery€County€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence.€€Ð 8,ˆ', Їà@~~ Æàò òII.€€ó ó€ò òCross„Examination€of€Defendant€Regarding€his€Pretrial€SilenceˆÐ ° ÐÌà ½ àó óThe€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€committed€reversible€error€by€allowing€the€State€toÐ |Ì Ðask€him€why€he€had€not€provided€the€same€account€of€his€whereabouts€that€he€offered€at€trial€to€lawÐ b² Ðenforcement€officials€during€the€twenty„three€months€he€spent€in€pretrial€confinement.€€€During€the€Ð H˜ ÐStateððs€cross„examination€of€the€defendant,€€the€following€exchange€took€place:Ð . ~ ЀÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àQ.€€And€in€all€this€twenty„three€months€that€you€have€been€sitting€inÐ ú J Ðjail,€did€you€ever€once€tell€any€law€enforcement€official€where€youÐ à 0 Ðwere€that€night?ÐÆ   x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àA.€€I€talked€to€a€couple€of€them,€I€told€them€I€was€hustling€and€I€wentÐ ’â  Ðover€to€my€girlfriendððs€house.ÐxÈ  x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àQ.€€You€told€police€officers€that?ÐD”  x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àA.€€Yeah€I€didnððtð!ðyeah,€we€talked€about€it€sometime.€€We€talkedð!ðIÐ ` Ðtalked€to€the€police€officers€before€the€trial€just€happened€to€start€up.ÐöF x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àQ.€€You€are€talking€about€this€case,€during€the€course€of€theÐ Â Ðinvestigation,€did€you€ever€talk€to€Detective€Cheryl€Anderson?Шø x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àA.€€No.ÐtÄ x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àà m àMR.€DEWERFF׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×:à0u x xàYour€Honor,€may€we€approach€Ð@uxux Ðà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àà m àplease?Ð&v x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àà m àTHE€COURT:à0u x xàYes.ÐòBuxux ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð à€à0m  x xà(WHEREUPON,€a€bench€conference€was€had€between€CourtÐ ¾ Ðand€Counsel,€the€same€being€within€the€presence€but€outsideÐ ¤ô Ðthe€hearing€of€the€jury€as€follows:)Њ Úm xm x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àà m àMR.€DEWERFF:à0u x xàI€believe€this€is€an€improper€cross€ÐV"¦!uxux Ðà ½ àà8  àà8m  x xàexamination€of€the€defendantððs€right€to€remain€silent.Ð<#Œ"m m  ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àà m àTHE€COURT:à0u x xàBased€on€what,€Mr.€Dewerff?Ð%X $uxux ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àà m àMR.€DEWERFF:€à0u x xàThat€he€doesnððt€have€to€make€aÐÔ&$"&uxux Ðà ½ àà8  àà8m  x xàstatement,€your€Honor.к' #'m m  ÐÐ  (ð#( Ðà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àà m àTHE€COURT:à0u x xàThe€objection€is€overruled.аuxux ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àà m à(WHEREUPON,€end€of€bench€conference.)Ð|Ì x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àà m àTHE€COURT:à0u x xàGo€ahead,€please.ÐH˜uxux ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àQ.€€(By€General€Young)€When€you€turned€yourself€in€on€the€19th,€Mr.Ð  d ÐSweatt,€it€was€Detective€Anderson€that€booked€youð!ðÐú J x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àA.€€Yes€maððam.ÐÆ   x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àQ.€€ð!ðtook€your€fingerprints?Ð’â  x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àA.€€Yes€maððam.Ð^®  x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àQ.€€Took€the€information€for€the€intake€sheet?Ð*z  x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àA.€€Yes€maððam.ÐöF x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àQ.€€At€that€time,€did€you€tell€her€where€you€had€been€the€night€before?Рx x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àA.€€No€maððam,€we€did€notð!ðshe€asked€me€did€I€want€to€talk€to€her€andÐ ŽÞ ÐI€told€her€no.ÐtÄ x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àQ.€€And€you€knew€what€you€were€charged€with?Ð@ x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àA.€€Yes€maððam.Ð \ x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àQ.€€You€were€charged€with€first€degree€murder?ÐØ( x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àA.€€Yes€maððam.Фô x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àQ.€€And€instead€of€telling€her€where€you€were€while€there€were€stillÐ p!À  Ðpeople€around€that€might€have€known,€you€sat€on€it€for€two€years?ÐV"¦! x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àA.€€Well,€I€am€just€going€to€tell€you,€I€was€advised€when€I€was€comingÐ "$r# Ðdown€here€not€to€talk€to€nobody€until€I€talked€to€a€lawyer.Ð%X $ x x ÐÌà ½ àThe€defendant€argues€that€this€line€of€questioning€by€the€State€amounted€to€an€impermissibleÐ Ô&$"& Ðcomment€upon€his€Fifth€Amendment€right€to€remain€silent.€€The€defendant€further€argues€that€theÐ º' #' Ðerror€was€not€harmless€because€the€Stateððs€questioning€cast€doubt€upon€his€credibility,€which€was€Ð  (ð#( Ðcrucial€to€his€defense.Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌà ½ àThe€State€argues€that€the€line€of€questioning€it€employed€was€not€an€improper€comment€uponÐ R+¢&+ Ðthe€defendantððs€right€to€remain€silent,€but€instead€was€a€valid€impeachment€of€the€defendantððsÐ 8,ˆ', Ðstatement€that€he€had€ð ðtalked€to€a€couple€[of€police€officers]ðð€and€told€them€that€he€was€ð ðhustlingððÐ ° Ðand€had€gone€over€to€his€girlfriendððs€house.€€€The€State€asserts€that,€by€taking€the€stand,€the€defendantÐ –æ Ðopened€himself€up€to€impeachment€by€any€prior€inconsistent€statements€he€may€have€made,€or€by€anyÐ |Ì Ðprior€inconsistent€actions€that€he€may€have€taken.€€The€State€also€argues€that,€even€if€the€questionsÐ b² Ðwere€improper,€they€constituted€harmless€error.Ð H˜ Ðà ½ àÌà ½ àIt€is€well€established€that€a€defendant€may€not€be€penalized€at€trial€for€the€exercise€of€hisÐ  d Ðconstitutional€right€to€remain€silent€after€arrest.€€òòDoyle€v.€Ohioóó,€426€U.S.€610,€618,€96€S.€Ct.€2240,Ð ú J Ð2245,€49€L.€Ed.€2d€91€(1976);€òòBraden€v.€Stateóó,€534€S.W.2d€657,€661€(Tenn.€1976);€òòState€v.€Mabeóó,€655Ð à 0 ÐS.W.2d€203,€205€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1983).òòóó€€Thus,€the€prosecution€should€neither€comment€on€aÐ Æ   Ðdefendantððs€post„arrest€silence,€nor€use€it€to€impeach€a€defendantððs€testimony€during€trial.€€òòBradenóó,Ð ¬ ü  Ð534€S.W.2d€at€660;òòóó€òòMabeóó,€655€S.W.2d€at€205;€òòWare€v.€Stateóó,€565€S.W.2d€906,€908€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð ’â  Ð1978);€òòHoneycutt€v.€Stateóó,€544€S.W.2d€912,€917€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1976).€€However,€evidence€of€theÐ xÈ  Ðdefendantððs€pretrial€silence€may€be€admitted,€with€caution,€in€those€instances€in€which€the€defendantððsÐ ^®  Ðsilence€is€patently€inconsistent€with€his€testimony€at€trial.€€òòBradenóó,€534€S.W.2d€at€660;€òòWareóó,€565Ð D”  ÐS.W.2d€at€908;€òòKelley€v.€Stateóó,€478€S.W.2d€73,€75€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.),€òòcertóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€1972)Ð *z  Ð(holding€that€cross„examination€of€defendants€regarding€their€pretrial€silence€was€proper,€sinceÐ ` Ðdefendantsðð€testimony€at€trial€that€they€were€attempting€to€inform€police€of€a€burglary€and€to€returnÐ öF Ðstolen€property€at€the€time€of€their€arrest€contrasted€with€their€refusal€to€make€statements€to€the€policeÐ Ü, Ðor€to€allow€police€to€search€their€vehicles).€€ð ðWhere€a€defendant€testifies€to€an€exculpatory€versionÐ Â Ðof€events€and€claims€to€have€told€the€police€the€same€version€of€events€upon€arrest,€then€his€post„Ð ¨ø Ðarrest€silence€can€be€used€to€contradict€him.ðð€€òòWareóó,€565€S.W.2d€at€908.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌà ½ àOn€direct€examination,€the€defendant€made€no€mention€of€having€given€law€enforcementÐ Zª Ðofficers€the€same€account€of€his€whereabouts€that€he€offered€at€trial.€€The€prosecutorððs€€initial€questionÐ @ Ðof€whether€the€defendant€had€ð ðever€onceðð€told€the€story€to€any€law€enforcement€officials€during€theÐ &v Ðmonths€he€was€in€pretrial€confinement,€therefore,€was€improper.€€We€also€find€the€last€questionÐ  \ Ðimproper,€in€which€the€prosecutor€referred€to€the€defendant€having€ð ðsat€onðð€the€alibi€information€forÐ òB Ðtwo€years.€€òòSeeóó€òòBradenóó,€534€S.W.2d€at€660òòóó.€€We€note,€however,€that€defense€counsel€did€notÐ Ø( Ðimmediately€object€to€the€initial€question,€and€that€the€defendant,€by€responding€with€testimonyÐ ¾ Ðindicating€that€he€had,€after€his€arrest,€given€police€officers€the€same€alibi€that€he€offered€at€trial,Ð ¤ô Ðopened€himself€up€to€much€of€the€Stateððs€subsequent€questioning.€€€òòSeeóó€òòBradenóó,€534€S.W.2d€at€660òòóó;€Ð Š Ú ÐòòWareóó,€565€S.W.2d€at€908.€€òòóóThese€€subsequent€questions,€which€primarily€attempted€to€elicit€whetherÐ p!À  Ðthe€defendant€had€told€the€story€to€the€police€detective€who€interviewed€and€booked€him€when€heÐ V"¦! Ðturned€himself€in,€were€clearly€designed€to€impeach€the€defendantððs€claim€that€he€had€given€the€sameÐ <#Œ" Ðalibi€to€police€that€he€had€just€offered€at€trial.€€€Ð "$r# ÐÌà ½ àIn€a€recent€case,€òòState€v.€Terry€Lucasóó,€No.€01C01„9811„CC„00458,€2000€WL€19537€(Tenn.Ð î%>!% ÐCrim.€App.€Jan.€13,€2000),€this€court€found€that€the€improper€comment€upon€the€defendantððs€rightÐ Ô&$"& Ðto€remain€silent€made€by€one€of€the€Stateððs€witnesses€did€not€rise€to€the€level€of€reversible€error€when,Ð º' #' Ðòòinter€aliaóó:€€there€was€no€indication€that€the€prosecutor€intentionally€elicited€the€comment€€in€order€toÐ  (ð#( Ðcreate€an€inference€of€the€defendantððs€guilt;€it€did€not€appear€that€the€comment,€when€viewed€inÐ †)Ö$) Ðcontext,€would€necessarily€cause€the€jury€to€draw€an€inference€of€the€defendantððs€guilt;€and€theÐ l*¼%* Ðprosecutor€made€no€reference€to€the€defendantððs€pretrial€silence€during€closing€arguments.€€òòIdóó.€at€*4.€Ð R+¢&+ Ðòòóó€Ð 8,ˆ', Ðà ½ àIn€òòMomon€v.€Stateóó,€18€S.W.3d€152,€163„65€(Tenn.€1999),€our€supreme€court€recognized€theÐ ° Ðapplications€of€the€harmless€error€doctrine€to€constitutional€violations,€in€both€the€federal€courts,Ð –æ ÐòòChapman€v.€Californiaóó,€386€U.S.€18,€87€S.€Ct.€824,€17€L.€Ed.€2d€705€(1967),€and€the€TennesseeÐ |Ì Ðcourts,€including€situations€in€which€the€prosecutor€improperly€commented€upon€the€defendantððsÐ b² Ðprivilege€against€self„incrimination.€€òòState€v.€Transouóó,€928€S.W.2d€949,€960€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1996)Ð H˜ Ð(holding€that€prosecutorððs€improper€comment€upon€the€defendantððs€right€against€self„incriminationÐ . ~ Ðand€right€to€remain€silent€during€the€trial,€made€in€argument,€was€harmless€error).€€Applying€such€anÐ  d Ðanalysis€to€the€instant€case,€we€find€that€the€improper€questions€of€the€prosecutor€were€harmless€error.Ð ú J ÐÌà ½ àDuring€her€closing€argument,€the€prosecutor€made€no€reference€to€the€defendantððs€pretrialÐ Æ   Ðsilence€regarding€the€alibi.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€We€also€note€that€the€entire€exchange€at€issue€comprised€only€a€smallÐ ¬ ü  Ðportion€of€the€prosecutorððs€cross„examination€of€the€defendant,€and€that€there€was€no€indication€thatÐ ’â  Ðthe€prosecutorððs€questions€were€deliberately€intended€to€lead€the€jury€to€infer€the€defendantððs€guiltÐ xÈ  Ðfrom€his€pretrial€silence.€€In€its€case€in€chief,€the€State€made€out€a€strong€case€against€the€defendant,Ð ^®  Ðpresenting€substantial€evidence€from€which€the€jury€could€determine€that€the€defendant€was€guiltyÐ D”  Ðof€the€offenses€charged.€€€Viewing€the€record€as€a€whole,€we€cannot€find€that€the€Stateððs€improperÐ *z  Ðreference€to€the€defendantððs€pretrial€silence,€made€in€one€brief€exchange€during€a€fairly€lengthy€trial,€Ð ` Ðhad€a€prejudicial€effect€upon€the€juryððs€verdict.€€€We€conclude,€therefore,€that€these€commentsÐ öF Ðconstituted€harmless€error.Ð Ü, ÐÌà ½ àà@Ù Ù Æàò òIII.€€Use€of€Enhancement€Factor€(6)ˆÐ ¨ø ÐÌó óà ½ àThe€defendant€next€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€applying€enhancement€factor€(6),€ð ðtheÐ tÄ Ðpersonal€injuries€inflicted€upon€or€the€amount€of€damage€to€property€sustained€by€or€taken€from€theÐ Zª Ðvictim€was€particularly€great,ðð€to€enhance€his€aggravated€robbery€sentence.€€The€defendantòòóó€assertsÐ @ Ðthat€it€was€error€for€the€trial€court€to€apply€this€enhancement€factor€because€the€death€of€the€victim,Ð &v Ðupon€which€the€trial€court€relied€to€find€the€enhancement€factor€applicable,€ð ðis€an€element€of€theÐ  \ Ðoffense€of€€first€degree€murder.ðð€€The€State€argues€that€the€record€supports€the€trial€courtððs€use€of€thisÐ òB Ðenhancement€factor.Ð Ø( ÐÌà ½ àÔ‡X>¼XXX>¼ÔWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length€and€manner€of€service€of€a€sentence,€it€is€the€duty€ofÐ ¤ô Ðthis€court€to€conduct€a€òòóóòòde€novoóó€review€on€the€record€with€a€presumption€that€"the€determinationsÐ Š Ú Ðmade€by€the€court€from€which€the€appeal€is€taken€are€correct."€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401(d).€Ð p!À  ÐThis€presumption€is€"conditioned€upon€the€affirmative€showing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€courtÐ V"¦! Ðconsidered€the€sentencing€principles€and€all€relevant€facts€and€circumstances."€€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823Ð <#Œ" ÐS.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.€1991).€Ô#†X>¼XXX>¼Õ#Ô€The€weight€to€be€afforded€an€enhancement€or€a€mitigating€factor€isÐ "$r# Ðleft€to€the€trial€courtððs€discretion€as€long€as€the€trial€court€complies€with€the€purposes€and€principlesÐ %X $ Ðof€the€1989€Sentencing€Act,€and€its€findings€are€adequately€supported€by€the€record.€€Tenn.€€CodeÐ î%>!% ÐAnn.€ðð€40„35„210€(1997),€Sentencing€Commission€Cmts.;€òòState€v.€Mossóó,€727€S.W.2d€229,€236€(Tenn.Ð Ô&$"& Ð1986).€€Ô‡X>¼XXX>¼Ô€Ô#†X>¼XXX>¼g’#ÔÔ‡X>¼XXX>¼Ô€€Ô#†X>¼XXX>¼ª’#ÔÔ‡X>¼XXX>¼ÔÐ º' #' Їà ½ àÔ#†X>¼XXX>¼î’#ÔThe€applicability€of€a€particular€enhancement€factor€must€be€determined€on€a€case€by€caseÐ ° Ðbasis.€€òòState€v.€Lavenderóó,€967€S.W.2d€803,€807€(Tenn.€1998).€€The€same€facts€used€to€establish€anÐ –æ Ðelement€of€the€charged€offense€may€not€be€relied€upon€to€find€an€enhancement€factor€applicable€forÐ |Ì Ðincreasing€the€defendantððs€sentence€for€that€offense.€€òòId.óó€(citing€òòState€v.€Jonesóó,€883€S.W.2d€597,€601Ð b² Ð(Tenn.€1994)).€€Ô‡X>¼XXX>¼ÔThe€burden€to€show€the€erroneous€application€of€a€sentencing€enhancement€factorÐ H˜ Ðrests€upon€the€defendant,€as€the€party€challenging€the€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€court.€€òòSeeóó€Ð . ~ ÐSentencing€Commission€Cmts.€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„401;€€òòAshbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€at€169;€€òòStateÐ  d Ðv.€Butleróó,€900€S.W.2d€305,€311€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).Ô#†X>¼XXX>¼M•#Ôò òó óÔ‡X>¼XXX>¼ÔÐ ú J ÐÌà ½ àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€applying€enhancement€factor€(6)€because€theÐ Æ   Ðdeath€of€the€victim,€the€fact€upon€which€the€trial€court€relied€to€find€enhancement€factor€(6)Ð ¬ ü  Ðapplicable,€was€an€essential€element€of€the€crime€of€first€degree€murder.€€€However,€the€€trial€courtÐ ’â  Ðapplied€enhancement€factor€(6)€not€to€the€defendantððs€sentence€for€first€degree€murder,€but€to€theÐ xÈ  Ðdefendantððs€sentence€for€aggravated€robbery.€€The€relevant€inquiry,€therefore,€is€whether€the€sameÐ ^®  Ðfacts€upon€which€the€trial€court€relied€to€find€factor€(6)€applicable€were€necessary€to€establish€anÐ D”  Ðelement€of€the€defendantððs€crime€of€aggravated€robbery.€€Aggravated€robbery€is€defined€in€€TennesseeÐ *z  ÐCode€Annotated€Section€39„13„402:Ð ` ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð à(a)€Aggravated€robbery€is€robbery€as€defined€in€ðð€39„13„401:׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ÐÜ, x x ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àà8m  x xà(1)€Accomplished€with€a€deadly€weapon€or€by€displayÐ ¨ø Ðof€any€article€used€or€fashioned€to€lead€the€victim€toÐ ŽÞ Ðreasonably€believe€it€to€be€a€deadly€weapon;€òòorÐtÄm m  ÐóóÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð àà8m  x xà(2)€Where€the€victim€suffers€serious€bodily€injury.Ð@m m  Ðà ½ àÌà ½ àà8  àà8m  x xà.€.€.€.Ð \m m  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„402€(1997)€(emphasis€added).€€Thus,€a€defendant€can€be€convicted€ofÐ Ø( Ðaggravated€robbery€if€the€facts€show€òòeitheróó€that€the€defendant€used€or€displayed€a€deadly€weapon,òò€oróóÐ ¾ Ðthat€the€victim€suffered€serious€bodily€injury.€€Especially€aggravated€robbery,€by€contrast,€requiresÐ ¤ô Ðòòbothóó€that€the€defendant€used€a€deadly€weapon€òòandóó€that€the€victim€suffered€serious€bodily€injury.€Ð Š Ú ÐòòCompareóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„402€òòwithóó€òòóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„403€(1997).€€Ð p!À  ÐÌà ½ àIn€this€case,€the€trial€court€dismissed€the€especially€aggravated€robbery€charge€against€theÐ <#Œ" Ðdefendant,€finding€that€the€evidence€did€not€support€a€finding€that€the€victim€suffered€ð ðserious€bodilyÐ "$r# Ðinjury,ðð€as€that€term€is€defined€by€€statute€and€case€law.€€The€defendantððs€conviction€for€aggravatedÐ %X $ Ðrobbery,€therefore,€must€have€been€based€solely€on€subsection€(1)€of€Tennessee€Code€AnnotatedÐ î%>!% ÐSection€39„13„402,€€the€defendantððs€use€of€a€deadly€weapon.Ð Ô&$"& Ðâ âÐ º' #' Ðà ½ àThe€trial€court€found€€factor€(6)€applicable€to€enhance€the€defendantððs€sentence€for€aggravatedÐ ° Ðâ ârobbery€because€the€personal€injuries€inflicted€upon€the€defendant€were€particularly€great.€€This€is€aÐ –æ Ðdifferent€fact€from€that€relied€upon,€the€defendantððs€use€of€a€deadly€weapon,€to€establish€an€elementÐ |Ì Ðof€the€crime.€€In€discussing€the€applicability€of€factor€(6),€€the€court€stated:Ð b² ÐÌà8 ½ àà8 ½Ð ½Ð à€€€€Next€the€State€argues€that€the€personal€injuries€inflicted€upon€theÐ . ~ Ðdefendantð!ðexcuse€me€upon€the€victim€were€particularly€great.€€TheÐ  d ÐCourt€finds€that€that€is€a€factor€that€should€apply.€€Aggravated€robberyÐ ú J Ðdoes€not€contemplate€that€anyone€will€necessarily€be€injured,€and,€so,Ð à 0 Ðthe€Court€will€apply€that€and€give€it€the€weight€to€which€it€is€entitled.ÐÆ   x x ÐÌò òó óà ½ àThe€trial€courtððs€finding€in€this€matter€is€supported€by€the€record.€€€The€evidence€showed€thatÐ ’â  Ðthe€defendant€shot€the€victim€six€times€with€a€nine€millimeter€handgun,€striking€him€in€the€leg,€chest,Ð xÈ  Ðabdomen,€and€arm.€€The€victim€died€as€a€direct€result€of€the€gunshot€wounds€to€his€chest€andÐ ^®  Ðabdomen.€€We€conclude,€therefore,€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€by€its€use€of€sentencing€enhancementÐ D”  Ðfactor€(6)€to€enhance€the€defendantððs€sentence€for€aggravated€robbery.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Eric€DeWayneÐ *z  ÐMcElmoreóó,€No.€03C01„9802„CR„00056,€1999€WL€301489,€at€*3€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€May€14,€1999),Ð ` Ðòòpermóó.€òòappóó.€òòdeniedóó€(Tenn.€Nov.€22,€1999)€(holding€that€enhancement€factor€(6)€improperly€appliedÐ öF Ðbecause€no€proof€in€record€as€to€the€seriousness€of€the€victimððs€wound).Ð Ü, ÐÌà@Æàò òIV.€€€Consecutive€SentencingˆÐ ¨ø Ðó óÌà ½ àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€ordering€that€his€aggravated€robbery€sentenceÐ tÄ Ðof€eleven€years€be€served€consecutively€to€his€life€sentence€for€first€degree€murder.€€The€defendantÐ Zª Ðcontends€that€the€trial€court€€failed€to€make€the€additional€findings€necessary€to€impose€consecutiveÐ @ Ðsentencing€upon€a€defendant€who€is€classified€as€a€dangerous€offender,€that€the€aggregate€length€ofÐ &v Ðthe€sentences€was€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses,€and€that€consecutive€sentencingÐ  \ Ðwas€necessary€in€order€to€protect€the€public€from€further€criminal€conduct€by€the€defendant.€€€TheÐ òB ÐState€acknowledges€that€the€trial€court€failed€to€make€these€specific€findings,€but€argues€that€theÐ Ø( Ðrecord€supports€the€trial€courtððs€imposition€of€consecutive€sentencing.Ð ¾ ÐÌà ½ àTennessee€Code€Annotated€Section€40„35„115€provides€that€the€trial€court€may,€in€itsÐ Š Ú Ðdiscretion,€impose€consecutive€sentencing€on€a€defendant€convicted€of€multiple€offenses€if€it€findsÐ p!À  Ðthat€the€defendant€falls€into€any€one€of€several€different€categories,€among€which€is€subsection€(b)(4),Ð V"¦! Ðð ðThe€defendant€is€a€dangerous€offender€whose€behavior€indicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life,Ð <#Œ" Ðand€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€is€high[.]ðð€Tenn.€CodeÐ "$r# ÐAnn.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(4)€(1997).€€€If€the€trial€court€bases€consecutive€sentencing€upon€its€classificationÐ %X $ Ðof€the€defendant€as€a€dangerous€offender,€however,€it€is€required€to€make€further€findings€that€theÐ î%>!% Ðdefendantððs€sentence€reasonably€relates€to€the€severity€of€his€offenses,€and€is€necessary€to€protect€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðpublic€from€further€criminal€conduct€of€the€defendant.Ô#†X>¼XXX>¼-—#ÔÔ‡X>¼XXX>¼Ô€€òòState€v.€Laneóó,€3€S.W.3d€456,€460„61€(Tenn.Ð º' #' Ð1999);€€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€937„38€(Tenn.€1995).Ô#†X>¼XXX>¼n²#ÔÔ‡X>¼XXX>¼Ôò òó óòòóó€€Since€the€trial€court€failed€to€makeÐ  (ð#( Ðthese€findings,€we€review€this€issue€òòde€novoóó,€with€no€presumption€of€correctness€given€to€the€trialÐ †)Ö$) Ðcourtððs€decision.Ð l*¼%* Ðâ âÐ R+¢&+ Ðà ½ àOur€review€of€the€record€leads€us€to€conclude€that€the€trial€court€properly€imposed€consecutiveÐ ° Ðâ âsentencing€upon€the€defendant€in€this€case.€€€The€circumstances€of€the€defendantððs€crime,€in€shootingÐ –æ Ðthe€victim€six€times,€and€then€robbing€him€as€he€lay€dying€in€the€street,€clearly€justifies€the€trialÐ |Ì Ðcourtððs€classification€of€the€defendant€as€a€dangerous€offender.€€These€same€facts€support€a€findingÐ b² Ðthat€consecutive€sentencing€is€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€defendantððs€offenses,€and€isÐ H˜ Ðnecessary€to€protect€the€public€from€further€criminal€activity€of€the€defendant.Ð . ~ ÐÌà@  %Æàòòò òCONCLUSIONˆÐ ú J ÐÌó óóóà ½ àWe€conclude€that€the€State€established€venue€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence,€and€that€theÐ Æ   ÐStateððs€improper€questions€regarding€the€defendantððs€pretrial€silence€did€not€constitute€reversibleÐ ¬ ü  Ðerror.€€We€further€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€applying€sentencing€enhancement€factorÐ ’â  Ð(6)€to€the€defendantððs€aggravated€robbery€conviction,€and€that€the€record€supports€the€trial€courtððsÐ xÈ  Ðimposition€of€consecutive€sentencing.€€Accordingly,€we€affirm€the€judgment€of€convictions,€and€theÐ ^®  Ðlength€and€manner€of€sentencing€imposed.€€€€€€Ð D”  Ðà ½ àÌà ½ àòòóóÔ#†X>¼XXX>¼=³#ÔÔ‡X>¼XXX>¼Ô€Ð ` ÐÔ#†X>¼XXX>¼zº#Ôà ½ àÌÌÌÌà ½ àà  àà m àà Å àà  àà u àà Í à___________________________________€Ð ŽÞ Ðà ½ àà  àà m àà Å àà  àà u àà Í àALAN€E.€GLENN,€JUDGE