WPC"( V87l(<=l>g('ی{6Nhn%ԟG4/aCT$軻 Kť}5Z sxLSjp:8Yк+5Sah2( hߞ9w;f.Cm7a'0W >O Gh8M&=灙̂Hyc4h8TCSI ~g+jX!f[w67m)p"5e\PdRN֨b rA ;&#C7Rr<<\ӽ,? ])cx '"KB셽4DZ|h|,&Hgk-|,4 DĊ-_V:&~e˰Ĩ{/xE:_z$󳘚ŧH[˨oi߂aŦKD"i}cTʝ3Y?i&{nb %\^ b 0nU2NwD4H\ zk m # 0U   z@ 0N 0 0E] 0_ 0 0 0f 0 0 0a 0, 0 0 0! 0 0Q 0 0g 0# 0 0 09 0 0o 0 0 b! 0<! 0!4U!U>!UN!U@"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U"U" 0#### B$$ 0%$ D5$ D-$ 0K+%+% ASv%% 0& 0D3' Aw'/s/ (`$.8dd8    ("  Z6Times New Roman Regulary.:i+003|x C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptU\\IB01S02\CLERKJAC,,,,0*+ (_2623  ..Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5*D+D (_25   ," <DL,23  ..," <DL,   *5+5 (_24  ) <DL)23  ..) <DL)  *2+2 (_23 ` &<<DL&23  ..&<<DL& ` */+/ (_22  #DL#23  ..#DL#  *,+, (_21   DL 23  .. DL  *)+) (_20 h DDL23  ..DDL h *&+& (_19  L23  ..L  *#+# (_18   L23  .. L  *>> (_17  2( 4 <DL223  Ԁ2( 4 <DL2  *DD (_16   ," <DL,23  Ԁ," <DL,   *55 (_15  ) <DL)23  Ԁ) <DL)  *22 (_14 ` &<<DL&23  Ԁ&<<DL& ` *// (_13  #DL#23  Ԁ#DL#  *,, (_12   DL 23  Ԁ DL  *)) (_11 h DDL23  ԀDDL h *&& (_10  L23  ԀL  (## &_9   L23  Ԁ L  (>> &_8  2( 4 <DL223  2( 4 <DL2  (DD &_7   ," <DL,23  ," <DL,   (55 &_6  ) <DL)23  ) <DL)  (22 &_5 ` &<<DL&23  &<<DL& ` (// &_4  #DL#23  #DL#  (,, &_3   DL 23   DL  ()) &_2 h DDL23  DDL h (&& &_1  L23  L  &## $_   L23   L  - -<:Default Para.,term1 \  `&Times New Roman(9 Z6Times New Roman Regular(9 Z(Times New Roman  TALLEYClayburnPeeples P.J.JeraldSneedDeptBinionarticulablesuspicio(|G2]]$ !.8dd8         0  , d(|3w-$ !.8dd8     VVVV)!dxdx)!dxdx( $ Figure  1  ^_X`YE<<CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3w-$ !.8dd8     ($$   1  X[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8C HKKKK !.8dd8     _   8'XXdd8@hh-6INTHECOURTOFCRIMINALAPPEALSOFTENNESSEE  @%ATJACKSON#-6 #Ԉ #    @  @` July9,2003Session F X'X #XX'#STATEOFTENNESSEEv. X'XԀ #XX'{#THOMASANTHONYTALLEY X'X ? @@ DirectAppealfromtheCircuitCourtforGibsonCounty  9 @@No.16266ClayburnL.Peeples,Judge  # @@*AV) ` dE<` A   @@TTNo.W200202620CCAR3CDFiledNovember17,_2003_   AV) ` dE<]` A ^     Thedefendantwasconvictedofdrivingundertheinfluence,fourthoffense,andviolationofthe V  impliedconsentlaw.Hecontendsonappealthat(1)therewasnoreasonablesuspicionforthestop ? and(2)theevidencewasinsufficientbecausetheofficerusedanonstandardizedtest.Crossingthe (x yellowlineonseveraloccasionsandalmosthittingatrooperprovidedsufficientprobablecausefor a thestop,andtheevidencewassufficienttosupporttheconviction.Weaffirmthejudgmentsofthe J trialcourt.#XX'#X'X 3  Tenn.R.App.P.3AppealasofRight;JudgmentsoftheCircuitCourtAffirmed     #X'#X'X.JohnEverettWilliams,J.,deliveredtheopinionofthecourt,inwhichGaryR.Wade,P.J.,and  RobertW.Wedemeyer,J.,joined. q HaroldR.Gunn,Humboldt,Tennessee,fortheappellant,ThomasAnthonyTalley. C PaulG.Summers,AttorneyGeneralandReporter;ThomasE.Williams,III,AssistantAttorney e General;GarryG.Brown,DistrictAttorneyGeneral;andJeraldCampbell,AssistantDistrict N Attorney,fortheappellee,StateofTennessee.  7  F@@OO& OPINION #XX'u#X'X ##     TheGibsonCountyGrandJuryindictedthedefendant,ThomasAnthonyTalley,oncharges u% % ofdrivingundertheinfluence,drivingundertheinfluencewiththreepriorconvictionsfordriving ^&!& undertheinfluence,violationoftheopencontainerlaw,improperregistration,violationofthe G'"' impliedconsentlaw,andviolationofthelanelaw.Followingabenchtrial,thedefendantwasfound 0(#( guiltyofdrivingundertheinfluence,fourthoffense(ClassEfelony),andviolationoftheimplied )i$) consentlaw(ClassAmisdemeanor).Theotherchargesweredismissed.Thedefendantfileda *R%* motionfornewtrial,anditwasdismissed.Thedefendanttimelyfiledhisnoticeofappeal.The *;&+ defendantcontendsonappealthat(1)therewasnoreasonablesuspicionforthestopand(2)the +$', evidencewasinsufficientbecausetheofficerusedanonstandardizedtest.Weaffirmthejudgments , (- ofthetrialcourt. -(. Ї   Facts       OnOctober3,2001,MaxJonesandGarySmithobservedthedefendantsvehiclebeing  drivenerratically.Thewitnessesobservedthedefendantcrosstheyellowlineatleastthreetimes m whiletheyfollowedhim.Atonepoint,Smithobservedthedefendantsvehicletravel alltheway V acrosstheyellowlinealmostoff[theothersideof]theroad.SmithandJonesflaggeddown ?  OfficerJeffMaitlandoftheGibsonCountySheriffsDepartment.TheytoldMaitlandthatthe ( x defendantwasdrivingerratically,andtheybelievedthatsomethingwaswrong.  a   BeforetalkingtoSmithandJones#XX') #X'X,OfficerMaitlandhadalsoobservedthedefendantcross  3  theyellowline.Afterspeakingwiththem,hefollowedthedefendant.Maitlandsawthedefendant    crosstheyellowlineatleasttwomoretimes.BecauseMaitlandwastransportingaprisoneratthe   time,hecalledforassistance.OfficerKennyCallahanoftheTennesseeHighwayPatrolresponded   toMaitlandsrequest.MaitlandtoldCallahanthathewasfollowingavehiclebeingdriven   erratically. p    OfficerCallahanwastravelingintheoppositedirectiononthesamehighwayasthe B defendant.ThedefendantcrossedintotheoppositelaneasheapproachedCallahan.Thetrooper +{ statedthathe hadtogetoveronthegravelbecause[thedefendant]wasabouttohit[him]. d Callahanactivatedhisbluelightsandturnedaround.Thedefendantpulledintoaparkinglot. M CallahanandMaitlandpulledinbehindthedefendant. 6   Maitlandstatedthatthedefendantwasunsteadyonhisfeet,smelledofalcohol,andhad  slurredspeech.Thedefendantwasholdingontohistrucktokeepfromfalling.Accordingto  Maitland,thedefendant seemedtobedrunk.Callahanstatedthatthedefendantalmostfellwhen  hegotoutofhistruck.Callahanalsotestifiedthatthedefendanthadtoholdontohistrucktokeep s fromfalling.Therewasahalfemptycoldbeeronthefrontseatofthedefendantsvehicle. \   Callahanfirstadministeredthefingertonosetest.Thedefendantwasunabletoperformthe .~ testcorrectly.Callahannextattemptedtoadministerthewalkandturntest.However,thetrooper g determinedthatitwouldbeunsafeforthedefendanttoattemptthetestbecauseofhisintoxication.  P Callahanaskedthedefendanttorecitethealphabet.Thedefendantattemptedtocomplyandcould  9 not.Itwasobvioustothetrooperthatthedefendantwasintoxicated. !"    Thedefendantwasarrestedfordrivingundertheinfluenceandvariousothercharges.He #" refusedtosubmittoabloodtestandwasalsochargedwithviolationoftheimpliedconsentlaw. $# Followingabenchtrial,thedefendantwasfoundguiltyofdrivingundertheinfluence,fourth v% $ offense,andviolationoftheimpliedconsentlaw.Alloftheotherchargesweredismissed.The _&!% defendantnowappealstheseconvictions. H'"&    Analysis )j$(   *T%)      Thedefendantcontendsonappealthat(1)therewasnoreasonablesuspicionforthestop  and(2)theevidencewasinsufficientbecausetheofficerusedanonstandardizedtest.Wewillfirst  addressthevalidityofthestop.   #XX' #X'X X<( 4 <DLX<1X'XXX'TheFourthAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitutionprotectsagainstunreasonable T searchesandseizures,and [_A]rticle_Ԁ1,section7[oftheTennesseeConstitution]isidenticalin =  intentandpurposewiththeFourthAmendment.Statev.Downey,945S.W.2d102,106(Tenn. & v 1997)(quotingSneedv.State,221Tenn.6,13,423S.W.2d857,860(1968)).Anautomobilestop  _ constitutesaseizurewithinthemeaningofboththeFourthAmendmentoftheUnitedStates  H ConstitutionandArticleI,section7oftheTennesseeConstitution.MichiganDeptofStatePolice  1  v.Sitz,496U.S.444,450,110S.Ct.2481,2485,110L.Ed.2d412(1990);Statev.Pulley,863    S.W.2d29,30(Tenn.1993);Statev.Binion,900S.W.2d702,705(Tenn.Crim.App.1994).An   officermaymakeaninvestigatorystopwhentheofficerhasa#X'XX1X's #0   1X'XXX'reasonable_suspicion0$  #X'XX1X'$#_0   _ 1X'XXX',0%  _Ԁ supportedby   #X'XX1X'%#0   1X'XXX'specificandarticulable_facts0`&  #X'XX1X'&#_0   _ 1X'XXX',0$'  _Ԁthatacriminaloffensehasbeenorisabouttobecommitted.Terry   v.Ohio,392U.S.1,19,88S.Ct.1868,#X'XX1X'U'#1X'XXX'20L.Ed.2d889_(1968);_ԀStatev.Watkins,827S.W.2d293, q  294(Tenn.1992). Z   X  Initially,wemustacknowledgethelessdemandingstandardof #X'XX1X'T(#0   1X'XXX'reasonable_suspicio0)  #X'XX1X')#_0   _ 1X'XXX'n0G*  _Ԁas ,| comparedwith probablecause.#X'XX1X'x*#0   1X'XXX'Ԁ_0/+  #X'XX1X'P+#_0   1X'XXX'Reasonable_suspicio0+  #X'XX1X'+#_0   _ 1X'XXX'n0,  _Ԁ canbeestablishedwithinformationthat e isdifferentinquantityorcontentthanthatrequiredtoestablishprobablecause[and]...canarise N frominformationthatislessreliablethanthatrequiredtoshowprobablecause.Alabamav. 7 White,496U.S.325,330,110S.Ct.2412,#X'XX1X',#1X'XXX'110L.Ed.2d301(1990);seeStatev._Yeargan_,958   S.W.2d626,632(Tenn.1997).Inevaluatingwhetherapoliceofficers#X'XX1X'.#0   1X'XXX'reasonable_suspicio0/  #X'XX1X'/#_0   _ 1X'XXX'n0Y0  _Ԁis   supportedby#X'XX1X'0#0   1X'XXX'specificandarticulable_facts0%1  #X'XX1X'F1#_0   _ 1X'XXX',01  _Ԁacourtmustconsiderthetotalityofthecircumstances.  UnitedStatesv.Cortez,449U.S.411,417,101S.Ct.690,#X'XX1X'2#1X'XXX'66L.Ed.2d621_(1981);_ԀWatkins,827  S.W.2dat294. This[may]include[],butisnotlimitedto,objectiveobservations,information t obtainedfromotherpoliceofficersoragencies,informationobtainedfromcitizens,andthepattern ] ofoperationofcertainoffenders.Watkins,827S.W.2dat294;seealsoCortez,449U.S.at418. F Also,thecourtmustconsider therationalinferencesanddeductionsthatatrainedofficercould / drawfromthefactsandcircumstancesknowntohim.Watkins,827S.W.2dat294;seeTerry,392 h U.S.at27n.23.#X'XX1X'!3#  Q   ThedefendantarguesthatthestopwasbasedsolelyonTrooperCallahansstatementthat !#  his curiositywasstirred.Thisstatement,takenincontext,revealswhyCallahaninitiatedthestop. " ! Callahantestifiedthathe pulled[thedefendant]overactuallybecausehewasinthecenterofthe #" highwayand[Callahan]hadtogetoffinthegravel.Thatprettymuchstirredmycuriosity. $# Additionally,OfficerMaitlandinformedCallahanthathehadobservedthedefendantdriving w% $ erratically.Thedefendantcrossingovertheyellowlineintooncomingtrafficseveraltimeswas `&!% asufficientbasisfortheofficertoconductastop.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.558123;UnitedStates I'"& v.Page,154F.Supp.2d1320,1326(M.D.Tenn.2001).Basedonthetotalityofthecircumstances, 2(#' Callahanhadreasonablesuspiciontoinitiatethestop.Thisissueiswithoutmerit. )k$(   The_defendant_Ԁalsocontendsthattheevidencewasinsufficientbecausetheofficeruseda *=&* nonstandardizedtest(recitingthealphabet).2XsR XXX'Onappeal,wemustdetermine whether,afterviewing +&'+ theevidenceinthelightmostfavorabletotheprosecution,anyrationaltrieroffactcouldhavefound  theessentialelementsofthecrimebeyondareasonabledoubt.Jacksonv.Virginia,443U.S.307,  319,99S.Ct.2781,2789,61L.Ed.2d560(1979).#X'X X2XsRz;#3XsR XXX'Thetrieroffact,notthisCourt,resolves  questionsconcerningthecredibilityofthewitnesses,theweightandvaluetobegiventheevidence, k aswellasallfactualissuesraisedbytheevidence.Statev._Elkins_,102S.W.3d578,581(Tenn. T 2003).#X'X X3XsR<=#3XsR XXX'Normaythiscourtreweighorreevaluatetheevidence.Statev.Cabbage,571S.W.2d832, =  835(Tenn.1978).Onappeal,theStateisentitledtothestrongestlegitimateviewoftheevidence & v andallinferencestherefrom.Id.Becauseaverdictofguiltremovesthepresumptionofinnocence  _ andreplacesitwithapresumptionofguilt,theaccusedhastheburdeninthisCourtofillustrating  H whytheevidenceisinsufficienttosupporttheverdictreturnedbythetrieroffact.Statev._Tuggle_,  1  639S.W.2d913,914(Tenn.1982).#X'X X3XsR>#2XsR XXX'ԀAlthoughthe_defendant_Ԁwasconvictedinabenchtrial,the    findingsofthetrialjudgecarrythesameweightasajuryverdict.Statev.Holder,15S.W.3d905,   911(Tenn._Crim_.App.1999).#X'X X2XsRA#     Theevidenceinthiscasewassufficientwithoutconsideringthevalidityofthe alphabet n  test.Twocitizenstestifiedthattheyobservedthe_defendant_Ԁdrivingerratically.OfficerMaitland W  observedthe_defendant_Ԁcrosstheyellowlineatleastthreetimes.OfficerCallahantestifiedthatthe @ defendantcrossedintohislaneoftraffic,forcingthetrooperoffoftheroad.MaitlandandCallahan )y testifiedthatthedefendantwasunsteadyonhisfeetandhadtoholdontohistrucktokeepfrom b falling.Thedefendanthadahalfconsumedcoldbeeronthefrontseatofhiscar.Maitlandsaidthat K thedefendantsmelledofalcohol,hadslurredspeech,andalmostfellwhenexitinghistruck. 4 Maitlandstatedthatthedefendant seemeddrunk.Thedefendantwasunabletoperformthe  fingertonosetestadministeredbyCallahan.Thetrooperdidnotperformfurthertestsbecausethe  defendantcouldbarelystand.Callahanfeltthatthedefendantwas obviouslydrunk.      1X'XXX'ThisCourthaspreviouslyfoundevidenceof_DUI_Ԁsufficient,eventhoughitconsistedentirely q ofthearrestingofficerstestimony.InStatev._Vasser_,870#X'XX1X'kH#0   _ 0I  _0   _ 0J  _0   _ 1X'XXX'0tJ  _ԀS.W.2d543,544(Tenn.Crim.App. Z 1993),theevidencewassufficienttosupporta_DUI_Ԁconvictionwhenthetrialcourtreliedonlyupon C thearrestingofficerstestimonythatthedefendantwasdrivingundertheinfluence.In_Vasser_,the ,| defendantdidnotcompletethefieldsobrietytestsandrefusedtotakeabreathtest.Id.at54344. e InStatev.Corder,854S.W.2d653,654(Tenn.Crim.App.1992),thedefendantwasfoundasleep N inhiscarandnofieldsobrietytestswereadministered.ThisCourtaffirmedthe_DUI_Ԁconviction  7 becausethetrialcourtaccreditedthetestimonyofthearrestingofficerovertheotherwitnesses.Id. !   Drivingundertheinfluencemaybeshownbycircumstantialevidence.Statev.Lawrence,849 " ! S.W.2d761,763(Tenn.1993);Corder,854S.W.2dat654.Theproofinthepresentcasewas #" clearlysufficienttoallowarationalfactfindertoconcludebeyondareasonabledoubt,basedupon $# bothdirectandcircumstantialevidence,thatthedefendantwasdrivingundertheinfluence.#X'XX1X'J#ԀThis t% $ issueiswithoutmerit. ]&!%   ThedefendanturgesthisCourttorequireofficerstoperformstandardizedfieldsobrietytests /(#' inordertoconvictpersonsofdrivingundertheinfluence.Aswehavenotedabove,intoxicationcan )h$( beshownbybothdirectandcircumstantialevidence.1X'XXX'Adefendantslevelofintoxicationmustbe *Q%) assessedonacasebycasebasis.InStatev.Lawrence,theTennesseeSupremeCourtadopteda *:&* totalityofthecircumstancesapproachtoassesswhetheranaccusedwasinphysicalcontrolofan +#'+ automobileforpurposesofthe_DUI_Ԁstatute.849S.W.2d761,765(Tenn.1993).TheLawrence  courtfoundthatthejurymayconsiderallcircumstancessurroundinganoffenseindetermining  whetheradefendantisincontrolofanautomobileforpurposesofthe_DUI_Ԁstatuteandas  circumstantialevidencethatthedefendantactuallydrovethevehicle.Id.Indeterminingwhether k adefendantwasintoxicatedforpurposesofthe_DUI_Ԁstatute,wealsolookatthetotalityofthe T circumstances.Therefore,wedeclinethedefendantsopportunitytoestablishstandardizedfield =  sobrietyteststhatmustbepresentinevery_DUI_Ԁcase.#X'XX1X'Q# & v   Conclusion  H    0  Basedontheforegoingandtherecordasawhole,weaffirmthejudgmentsofthetrialcourt.  (#(#    `     h     ___________________________________ B    `     h     JOHNEVERETTWILLIAMS,JUDGE