ÿWPC·” ÿôôÁÓœ´Ì/w¦ÿʪš7 ?—TD" èÿæsBÍn “Õ KFÚF=p TÎÛÕNœ#Õ7ñ~¨ø¹”-Fh·“{ó ç¢`8ù¥ßc@ù_|ça>üøÐ¬xÕ¬Ÿ5¡ø†ds—Ãà]®Ö,láèîØZŒu¦=³•?½٩€`ŽuŠk­Sq,”¬:D 0NŒÔë§gYÌ…Ç;e¡1µ²ˆò2‚ ¿K$Çfb÷Ê=éSfiÑsè"È6€òåžóp´zݨÜ]ënŽ»ÜÍ,¿µf‡3Ë×+@ûØ,Èá> –³Ìv*ÒH¿‡4äQºÁ’´­ ø[[»\)Ãuýz;kº ›b«Íí­4$Æg’8našºÚL%¹þl¬ÍƒnjX0ÉTDaM„à}¢w€Ž¤Õ0ešYq*»NÃÎä•£H­„S^csØtämvF6æ‡$ ~éÝ6Ð`ŸðÞð*tÙoÚ€BG•ª­ž’p–2=ìæY¼U›6Íüe,9XÏ̺2ÒÇàúôÃ/VÌqÀ¢?Û©cHÙ̸µÇw7À+¹j†XÉ.bÿ„`‰! n6<1$ó{ÐÔæÇ/i9¬›ùkf#!”UNµ % 0( L1 M} 0lÊ w@6 4v Š U:™ 0DÓ U: èQ U:9 s U:‡‚ÁU:CA}Ì(¾U]:Š<U\:Ä<U:þ< 1u8=<­=U:é>"#?áEB AQ&D BwDœ”DU:0FõjFU:_GU/:™GÆÓG¿™HU:XII’IU:ÛK 0DLCYLœMU:ªNžäNU:‚PU:¼PÆöP 0s¼QA/RU:pSªSU:ªTNäTU:2VlV 0ctV2×VU: X 0DCX¹‡X 0D@Z4„ZU:¸`Ì(ò`U]:¾‰Oø‰U:GL D/Í Bü( D3A‘U:t‘Æ®‘Nt’v’ mx’x’x’x’x’x’x’x’x’x’x’x’x’x’x’x’x’x’x’x’x’î’U:}”˜HP LaserJet 8000 DN PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ0(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡C:\OFFICE\WPWIN\TEMPLATE\STANDARD.WPT CÒ°ÒÔ€ XrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àThe€trial€judge€later€announced€that€he€was€setting€aside€theÐ ° Ðconvictions€for€premeditated€and€deliberate€murder€as€the€weight€of€the€evidenceÏpreponderated€against€the€verdicts.((3üÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó )4D*4+4,4E-4.4Ó€/404{1424EHO%a03|x24, øð AZ"Arial Regular(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó, øð AZ"Arial Regular ÞÒ°ÒÔ€X XXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àWe€have€reorganized€the€issues€so€that€related€topics€areÐ ° Ðaddressed€together.€, øð AZ"Arial Regular Ò°ÒÔ€X XXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àThe€defendant€also€contends€that€the€evidence€preponderatesÐ ° Ðagainst€the€juryððs€verdict.€€This€court€may€not€reweigh€the€evidence€or€assess€theÏcredibility€of€witnesses.€€òòState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð à ÐApp.€1990);€Therefore€we€consider€only€whether€the€evidence€is€legally€sufficientÏto€support€the€juryððs€verdict€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòÔ‡$X ÌXXX ÔJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443Ð pÀ ÐU.S.€307,€317€(1979);€òòState€v.€Duncanóó,€698€S.W.2d€63,€67€(Tenn.€1985);€Tenn.Ð b ² ÐR.€App.€P.€€13(e).€€Ô#†X XX$X Ì#Ô, øð AZ"Arial Regular xÒ°ÒÔ€XrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àTestimony€at€trial€indicated€that€the€defendant€was€using€two€gramsÐ ° Ðof€ð ðcrankðð€a€day€in€addition€to€a€quarter€gram€of€cocaine€as€well€as€substantialÏamounts€of€other€drugs€to€ð ðmellowðð€the€highs€and€to€allow€him€to€sleep., øð AZ"Arial Regular 7Ò°ÒÔ€XrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú16Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àAccording€to€the€transcript€of€the€suppression€hearing,€the€bookingÐ ° Ðphotographs€were€admitted€as€exhibits.€€They€were€not€included,€however,€in€theÏrecord€on€appeal.€ Â(Ò°ÒÔ€XWXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú23Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àòòSeeóó€òòe.g.óó,€òòWalter€Powers€v.€Stateóó,€942€Ô‡XWXXCXWÔS.W.2dÔ#†XWXX XWµ#Ô€551€Ô‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.€Crim.Ð ° ÐApp.€19Ô#†XWXX XW#Ô96)€(extensive€record€of€criminal€behavior);€òòState€v.€Jerniganóó,€929Ð  ð ÐÔ‡XWXXCXWÔS.W.2dÔ#†XWXX XWÊ#Ô€391€Ô‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€19Ô#†XWXX XW#Ô96)€(sexual€abuse€of€a€minor);€òòState€v.€KennethÐ à ÐW.€Jacksonóó,€Ô‡XWXXCXWÔNo.€02C01„9Ô#†XWXX XWÃ#Ô704„CR„00159€Ô‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,€Ô#†XWXX XW#ÔMay€5,Ð €Ð Ð1998)€(extensive€Ô‡XWXXCXWÔrecord€of€criminal€behaviorÔ#†XWXX XW§#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ);€òòState€v.€Samuel€Myron€Carter,€Jr.óó,Ð pÀ ÐÔ#†XWXX XW#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†XWXX XW†#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ705„CR„00173€Ô#†XWXX XWÓ#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Ô#†XWXX XW"#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔApr.€7,€1998)€€(recordÐ ` ° Ðof€extensive€criminal€behaviorÔ#†XWXX XW‚#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ)Ô#†XWXX XW #ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ;€Ô#†XWXX XWP#ÔòòState€v.€Larry€Blairóó,€Ô‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,Ð P   ÐApr.€7,€1998)€€(record€of€extensive€criminal€behaviorÔ#†XWXX XW°#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ)Ô#†XWXX XWY#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ;Ô#†XWXX XWœ#Ô€òòState€v.€Zachary€L.Ð @  ÐBarnesóó,€Ô‡XWXXCXWÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†XWXX XW#Ô704„CC„00138€Ô‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Mar.€5,€19Ô#†XWXX XWp#Ô98)Ð 0 € Ð(Ô‡XWXXCXWÔextensive€record€of€criminal€behavior€Ô#†XWXX XWó#Ôand€offense€committed€while€onÐ  p  Ðprobation);€òòState€v.€Anthony€Jason€Merloóó,€No.€01C01„9611„CC„00471€Ô‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.Ð `  ÐCrim.€App.,€Nashville,€Feb.€23,€1998)€(extensive€record€of€criminal€behavior€Ô#†XWXX XWÖ #ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔandÐ P  Ðoffense€committed€while€on€probation);€òòState€v.€Noah€Gene€Nobleóó,€Ô#†XWXX XW€ #ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔNo.€02C01„Ð ð@  Ð9Ô#†XWXX XW! #ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ701„CC„00060€Ô#†XWXX XWƒ #ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,Ô#†XWXX XWÒ #ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ€Jan.€30,€1998)€(extensive€record€ofÐ à0  Ðcriminal€behaviorÔ#†XWXX XW/ #ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ);€òòState€v.€Percy€Brownóó,€Ô#†XWXX XW» #ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†XWXX XW #ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ701„CR„00015€Ô#†XWXX XWi #ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.Ð Ð  ÐCrim.€App.,€Nashville,€Ô#†XWXX XW¸ #ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔNov.€5,€1997)€(sexual€abuse€of€a€minor);€òòState€v.€Carl€E.Ð À ÐCampenóó,€Ô#†XWXX XW,#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†XWXX XWÊ#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ512„CC„00433€Ô#†XWXX XW#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Oct.€24,Ð ° Ð1997)€€(extensive€record€of€criminal€behaviorÔ#†XWXX XWf#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ)Ô#†XWXX XW#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ;€€òòState€v.€David€M.€Cantrellóó,€Ô#†XWXX XWS#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔNo.Ð  ð Ð01C01„9Ô#†XWXX XWº#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ604„CC„00136€Ô#†XWXX XW#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Ô#†XWXX XWj#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔOct.€24,€1997)€€(extensiveÐ à Ðrecord€of€criminal€behaviorÔ#†XWXX XWÊ#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ)Ô#†XWXX XWV#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ;Ô#†XWXX XW™#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ€òòState€v.€Phyliss€Ann€McBrideóó,€Ô#†XWXX XWÜ#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†XWXX XWC#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ606„CC„Ð €Ð Ð00269€Ô#†XWXX XW#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Ô#†XWXX XWô#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔOct.€24.,€1997)€€(extensive€record€of€criminalÐ pÀ Ðbehavior€and€offense€committed€while€on€probationÔ#†XWXX XWT#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ);€Ô#†XWXX XW #ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ€Ô#†XWXX XWO#ÔòòState€v.€Stanley€Lawsonóó,Ð `° ÐÔ‡XWXXCXWÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†XWXX XWÅ#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ607„CR„00320€Ô#†XWXX XW#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Ô#†XWXX XWa#ÔOct.€24,€1997)€(sexualÐ P  g Ðabuse€of€a€minor);€€òòState€v.€Bobby€Teasteróó,€Ô‡XWXXCXWÔNo.€03C01„9Ô#†XWXX XW"#Ô611„CC„00405€Ô‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.Ð ° ÐCrim.€App.,€Knoxville,€Sept.€26,€1997)€€(extensive€record€of€criminal€behaviorÔ#†XWXX XW|#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ)Ô#†XWXX XW'#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ;Ð  ð ÐòòState€v.€Charles€W.€Sandersonóó,€Ô#†XWXX XWj#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†XWXX XWç#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ608„00384€Ô#†XWXX XW4#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,Ð à ÐNashville,€Ô#†XWXX XW€#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔSept.€9,€1997)€€(extensive€record€of€criminal€behaviorÔ#†XWXX XWô#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ)Ô#†XWXX XWl#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ;€òòState€v.€DavidÐ €Ð ÐL.€Mayesóó,€Ô#†XWXX XW¯#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔNo.€03C01„9Ô#†XWXX XW&#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ610„CR„00365€Ô#†XWXX XWs#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,Ô#†XWXX XWÂ#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ€Sept.€9,Ð pÀ Ð1997)€€(extensive€record€of€criminal€behaviorÔ#†XWXX XW!#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ)Ô#†XWXX XW®#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ;€òòState€v.€Charles€Henry€Georgeóó,€€€€€Ð ` ° ЀÔ#†XWXX XWñ#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†XWXX XWt#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ512„CC„00407€€€€€Ô#†XWXX XWÁ#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Ô#†XWXX XW#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔMar.€13,€1997)€Ð P   Ð(extensive€record€of€criminal€behaviorÔ#†XWXX XWt#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ)Ô#†XWXX XW#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ;€òòState€v.€Gary€W.€Witherspoonóó,€Ô#†XWXX XWC#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔNo.Ð @  Ð01C01„9Ô#†XWXX XW«#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ511„CC„00381€Ô#†XWXX XW #ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Ô#†XWXX XW[ #ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔOct.€17,€1996)€€(extensiveÐ 0 € Ðrecord€of€criminal€behaviorÔ#†XWXX XW» #ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ)Ô#†XWXX XWG!#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ;€òòState€v.€Roscoe€C.€Smithóó,€Ô#†XWXX XWŠ!#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†XWXX XWî!#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ502„CR„Ð  p  Ð00031€Ô#†XWXX XW;"#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Ô#†XWXX XWŸ"#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔOct.€12€,€1995)€(professional€criminal€andÐ `  Ðextensive€record€of€criminal€behavior);€òòState€v.€Jeffery€Dion€Webbóó,€Ô#†XWXX XWÿ"#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔNo.€01C01Ô#†XWXX XWÊ##ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ„Ð P  Ð9409„CC„00327€Ô#†XWXX XW$#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Ô#†XWXX XW{$#ÔÔ‡XWXXCXWÔOct.€4,€1995)€(professionalÐ ð@  Ðcriminal).€€Other€consecutive€sentencing€cases€do€not€refer€to€the€ð ðadditionalððÏòòWilkersonóó€requirements,€Ô#†XWXX XWÛ$#Ôòòe.g.óó,€€€€òòState€v.€David€L.€McClureóó,€Ô‡XWXXCXWÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†XWXX XWñ%#Ô505„CR„Ð Ð  Ð00145€Ô‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,Ô#†XWXX XW`&#Ô€Apr.€30,€1997)€(sexual€abuse€of€a€minor)€orÐ À Ðhave€held€that€òòWilkersonóó€held€that€consecutive€sentencing€as€a€dangerousÐ ° Ðoffender€requires€the€application€of€the€two€requirements.€€òòState€v.€James€RayÐ  ð ÐBartlettóó,€Ô‡XWXXCXWÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†XWXX XWÖ'#Ô509„CC„00302,€slip€op.€at€16€Ô‡XWXXCXWÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,Ð à ÐÔ#†XWXX XW@(#ÔApr.€7,€1998)., øð AZ"Arial Regular, øð AZ"Arial Regular, øð AZ"Arial Regular##37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a) 2Ò°ÒÔ€XrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àAt€the€sentencing€phase,€Tatrow€testified€that€he€went€to€HarryððsÐ ° Ðplace€because€Harry€offered€to€exchange€information€about€his€missingÏbelongings€for€cocaine., øð AZ"Arial Regular Ò°ÒÔ€ XrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àBy€statute,€a€person€acts€recklessly€who€acts€with€respect€toÐ ° Ðcircumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€or€the€result€of€the€conduct€when€theÏperson€is€aware€of€but€consciously€disregards€a€substantial€and€unjustifiable€riskÏthat€the€circumstances€exist€or€the€result€will€occur.€€The€risk€must€be€of€suchÏnature€and€degree€that€its€disregard€constitutes€a€gross€deviation€from€theÏstandard€of€care€that€an€ordinary€person€would€exercise€under€all€theÏcircumstances€as€viewed€from€the€accused€personððs€standpoint.€€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€Ô‡$XrXX XrÔ39„11„302(c)€(1991).€€€€€Ð @  ÐÔ#† XrXX$Xr¨#Ô ×Ò°ÒÔ€0XrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àThis€court€has€also€recognized€that€evidence€of€a€defendantððsÐ ° Ðmental€illness€that€does€not€rise€to€the€level€of€an€insanity€defense€may€establishÏa€claim€of€ð ðdiminished€capacityðð€to€form€a€requisite€criminal€intent.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Ð à ÐPhippsóó,€883€S.W.2d€138,€148€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1994).€€%*=?GCþÿ<< Cÿÿ d ’Ò°ÒÔ€!XrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àThe€record€indicates€that€people€came€and€went€numerous€times.€Ð ° ÐSeveral€trips€were€made€to€purchase€food,€liquor,€and€drugs.€€On€ThursdayÏevening,€Mason€and€several€others€went€out€to€eat.€€Christy€Mullican€went€homeÏto€shower€and€to€pick€up€clean€clothes.€€, øð AZ"Arial Regular ëÒ°ÒÔ€#XrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àWe€discuss€the€trial€courtððs€sentencing€findings€in€greater€detail€inÐ ° Ðsection€V€€below., øð AZ"Arial Regular,c½¬AZ‹"Arial RegularƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 µÒ°ÒÔ€'XrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àApparently,€Harry€was€not€at€home€when€the€men€arrived.€€, øð AZ"Arial Regular ?Ò°ÒÔ€)XrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àPhillip€Lane€Lawrence,€James€Talbert€Hendrixson,€Jr.,€MichaelÐ ° ÐRedmon,€Jeffrey€Sanders€and€Kenny€Mason€were€indicted€for€two€counts€ofÏpremeditated€murder,€two€counts€of€felony€murder,€and€two€counts€of€especiallyÏaggravated€kidnapping.€€Jimmy€Anthony€Dan€was€indicted€for€kidnapping€only,Ïand€Bruce€Edward€Rochefort€was€indicted€for€kidnapping€and€aggravatedÏassault.€€These€men€were€awaiting€trial€when€Tatrowððs€case€was€tried., øð AZ"Arial Regular(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý 9Ò°ÒÔ€-XrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àMs.€Crawford€was€later€appointed€to€represent€the€defendant.€€SheÐ ° Ðwithdrew€from€the€case€when€she€realized€that€she€would€have€to€be€a€witness€atÏa€suppression€hearing. Ò°ÒÔ€ XrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àThe€defense€called€the€other€defendants€to€the€stand€but€each€oneÐ ° Ðrefused€to€testify€on€Fifth€Amendment€grounds.€€€€, øð AZ"Arial Regular ”Ò°ÒÔ€/XrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àDr.€Donna€Segar,€the€toxicology€expert,€testified€at€the€suppressionÐ ° Ðhearing€as€well€as€at€trial.€€Since€her€testimony€concerning€the€effects€ofÏprolonged€use€of€methamphetamine€and€cocaine€is€virtually€the€same€in€bothÏsettings,€we€have€not€included€it€here., øð AZ"Arial Regular, øð AZ"Arial Regular1, 2, 3,Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5B1A21, 2, 3,NumbersÚƒ1ÚÚ  Ú.Û€1Ûà0 à 7Ò°ÒÔ€4XrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú17Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àThe€trial€court€permitted€the€introduction€of€the€other€threeÐ ° Ðphotographs€in€the€sentencing€phase.€€The€defendant€does€not€contest€theÏadmission€of€those€photographs., øð AZ"Arial Regular öÒ°ÒÔ€6XrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú18Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àThe€defendant€objected€to€two€other€remarks€made€during€closingÐ ° Ðbut€has€not€addressed€them€on€appeal., øð AZ"Arial Regular DÒ°ÒÔ€8XrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú19Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àThe€trial€judge€said€that€he€had€almost€interrupted€the€prosecutor€toÐ ° Ðgive€a€cautionary€instruction€but€decided€that€it€would€only€further€call€attention€toÏthe€improper€argument., øð AZ"Arial Regular(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à (Ò°ÒÔ€<XrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú21Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àThe€trial€court€ordered€that€the€two€22„year€sentences€forÐ ° Ðespecially€aggravated€kidnapping€run€concurrently€to€each€other€and€to€the€lifeÏsentences.€€, øð AZ"Arial Regular(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý ¯Ò°ÒÔ€ XrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àTatrow€excelled€on€his€high€school€rodeo€team€and€was€selectedÐ ° ÐCowboy€of€the€Year€in€Tennessee€for€two€consecutive€years.€€He€received€aÏrodeo€scholarship€to€UT€Martin.€€A€leg€injury€ended€his€active€participation€inÏrodeo;€however,€he€continued€to€be€involved€as€a€stocker€and€a€judge.€($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó *Ò°ÒÔ€AXrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú22Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àThose€criteria€are:€€(1)€The€defendant€is€a€professional€criminal€whoÐ ° Ðhas€knowingly€devoted€himself€to€criminal€acts€as€a€major€source€of€livelihood;Ï(2)€€The€defendant€is€an€offender€whose€record€of€criminal€activity€is€extensive;Ï(3)€The€defendant€is€a€dangerous€mentally€abnormal€person€so€declared€by€aÏcompetent€psychiatrist€who€concludes€as€a€result€of€an€investigation€prior€toÏsentencing€that€the€defendantððs€criminal€conduct€has€been€characterized€by€aÏpattern€of€repetitive€or€compulsive€behavior€with€heedless€indifference€to€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ïconsequences;€(4)€The€defendant€is€a€dangerous€offender€whose€behaviorÏindicates€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life,€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€aÏcrime€in€which€the€risk€to€human€life€is€high;€€(5)€The€defendant€is€convicted€ofÏtwo€(2)€or€more€statutory€offenses€involving€sexual€abuse€of€a€minor€withÏconsideration€of€the€aggravating€circumstances€arising€from€the€relationshipÏbetween€the€defendant€and€victim€or€victims,€the€time€span€of€defendantððsÏundetected€sexual€activity,€the€nature€and€scope€of€the€sexual€acts€and€theÏextent€of€the€residual,€physical€and€mental€damage€to€the€victim€or€victims;€(6)ÏThe€defendant€is€sentenced€for€an€offense€committed€while€on€probation;€orÏ(7)The€defendant€is€sentenced€for€criminal€contempt.€€Ô‡ XrXXAXrÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€Ô#†AXrXX Xr©#Ô40„35„Ð ° Ð115(b)€(1997).Ì, øð AZ"Arial Regular Â(Ò°ÒÔ€CXrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú23Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àòòSeeóó€òòe.g.óó,€òòWalter€Powers€v.€Stateóó,€942€Ô‡ XrXXCXrÔS.W.2dÔ#†CXrXX Xrµ#Ô€551€Ô‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.€Crim.Ð ° ÐApp.€19Ô#†CXrXX Xr#Ô96)€(extensive€record€of€criminal€behavior);€òòState€v.€Jerniganóó,€929Ð  ð ÐÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔS.W.2dÔ#†CXrXX XrÊ#Ô€391€Ô‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€19Ô#†CXrXX Xr#Ô96)€(sexual€abuse€of€a€minor);€òòState€v.€KennethÐ à ÐW.€Jacksonóó,€Ô‡ XrXXCXrÔNo.€02C01„9Ô#†CXrXX XrÃ#Ô704„CR„00159€Ô‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,€Ô#†CXrXX Xr#ÔMay€5,Ð €Ð Ð1998)€(extensive€Ô‡ XrXXCXrÔrecord€of€criminal€behaviorÔ#†CXrXX Xr§#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ);€òòState€v.€Samuel€Myron€Carter,€Jr.óó,Ð pÀ ÐÔ#†CXrXX Xr#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†CXrXX Xr†#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ705„CR„00173€Ô#†CXrXX XrÓ#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Ô#†CXrXX Xr"#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔApr.€7,€1998)€€(recordÐ ` ° Ðof€extensive€criminal€behaviorÔ#†CXrXX Xr‚#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ)Ô#†CXrXX Xr #ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ;€Ô#†CXrXX XrP#ÔòòState€v.€Larry€Blairóó,€Ô‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,Ð P   ÐApr.€7,€1998)€€(record€of€extensive€criminal€behaviorÔ#†CXrXX Xr°#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ)Ô#†CXrXX XrY#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ;Ô#†CXrXX Xrœ#Ô€òòState€v.€Zachary€L.Ð @  ÐBarnesóó,€Ô‡ XrXXCXrÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†CXrXX Xr#Ô704„CC„00138€Ô‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Mar.€5,€19Ô#†CXrXX Xrp#Ô98)Ð 0 € Ð(Ô‡ XrXXCXrÔextensive€record€of€criminal€behavior€Ô#†CXrXX Xró#Ôand€offense€committed€while€onÐ  p  Ðprobation);€òòState€v.€Anthony€Jason€Merloóó,€No.€01C01„9611„CC„00471€Ô‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.Ð `  ÐCrim.€App.,€Nashville,€Feb.€23,€1998)€(extensive€record€of€criminal€behavior€Ô#†CXrXX XrÖ #ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔandÐ P  Ðoffense€committed€while€on€probation);€òòState€v.€Noah€Gene€Nobleóó,€Ô#†CXrXX Xr€ #ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔNo.€02C01„Ð ð@  Ð9Ô#†CXrXX Xr! #ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ701„CC„00060€Ô#†CXrXX Xrƒ #ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,Ô#†CXrXX XrÒ #ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ€Jan.€30,€1998)€(extensive€record€ofÐ à0  Ðcriminal€behaviorÔ#†CXrXX Xr/ #ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ);€òòState€v.€Percy€Brownóó,€Ô#†CXrXX Xr» #ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†CXrXX Xr #ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ701„CR„00015€Ô#†CXrXX Xri #ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.Ð Ð  ÐCrim.€App.,€Nashville,€Ô#†CXrXX Xr¸ #ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔNov.€5,€1997)€(sexual€abuse€of€a€minor);€òòState€v.€Carl€E.Ð À ÐCampenóó,€Ô#†CXrXX Xr,#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†CXrXX XrÊ#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ512„CC„00433€Ô#†CXrXX Xr#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Oct.€24,Ð ° Ð1997)€€(extensive€record€of€criminal€behaviorÔ#†CXrXX Xrf#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ)Ô#†CXrXX Xr#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ;€€òòState€v.€David€M.€Cantrellóó,€Ô#†CXrXX XrS#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔNo.Ð  ð Ð01C01„9Ô#†CXrXX Xrº#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ604„CC„00136€Ô#†CXrXX Xr#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Ô#†CXrXX Xrj#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔOct.€24,€1997)€€(extensiveÐ à Ðrecord€of€criminal€behaviorÔ#†CXrXX XrÊ#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ)Ô#†CXrXX XrV#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ;Ô#†CXrXX Xr™#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ€òòState€v.€Phyliss€Ann€McBrideóó,€Ô#†CXrXX XrÜ#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†CXrXX XrC#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ606„CC„Ð €Ð Ð00269€Ô#†CXrXX Xr#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Ô#†CXrXX Xrô#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔOct.€24.,€1997)€€(extensive€record€of€criminalÐ pÀ Ðbehavior€and€offense€committed€while€on€probationÔ#†CXrXX XrT#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ);€Ô#†CXrXX Xr #ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ€Ô#†CXrXX XrO#ÔòòState€v.€Stanley€Lawsonóó,Ð `° ÐÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†CXrXX XrÅ#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ607„CR„00320€Ô#†CXrXX Xr#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Ô#†CXrXX Xra#ÔOct.€24,€1997)€(sexualÐ P  g Ðabuse€of€a€minor);€€òòState€v.€Bobby€Teasteróó,€Ô‡ XrXXCXrÔNo.€03C01„9Ô#†CXrXX Xr"#Ô611„CC„00405€Ô‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.Ð ° ÐCrim.€App.,€Knoxville,€Sept.€26,€1997)€€(extensive€record€of€criminal€behaviorÔ#†CXrXX Xr|#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ)Ô#†CXrXX Xr'#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ;Ð  ð ÐòòState€v.€Charles€W.€Sandersonóó,€Ô#†CXrXX Xrj#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†CXrXX Xrç#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ608„00384€Ô#†CXrXX Xr4#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,Ð à ÐNashville,€Ô#†CXrXX Xr€#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔSept.€9,€1997)€€(extensive€record€of€criminal€behaviorÔ#†CXrXX Xrô#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ)Ô#†CXrXX Xrl#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ;€òòState€v.€DavidÐ €Ð ÐL.€Mayesóó,€Ô#†CXrXX Xr¯#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔNo.€03C01„9Ô#†CXrXX Xr&#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ610„CR„00365€Ô#†CXrXX Xrs#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,Ô#†CXrXX XrÂ#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ€Sept.€9,Ð pÀ Ð1997)€€(extensive€record€of€criminal€behaviorÔ#†CXrXX Xr!#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ)Ô#†CXrXX Xr®#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ;€òòState€v.€Charles€Henry€Georgeóó,€€€€€Ð ` ° ЀÔ#†CXrXX Xrñ#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†CXrXX Xrt#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ512„CC„00407€€€€€Ô#†CXrXX XrÁ#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Ô#†CXrXX Xr#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔMar.€13,€1997)€Ð P   Ð(extensive€record€of€criminal€behaviorÔ#†CXrXX Xrt#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ)Ô#†CXrXX Xr#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ;€òòState€v.€Gary€W.€Witherspoonóó,€Ô#†CXrXX XrC#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔNo.Ð @  Ð01C01„9Ô#†CXrXX Xr«#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ511„CC„00381€Ô#†CXrXX Xr #ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Ô#†CXrXX Xr[ #ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔOct.€17,€1996)€€(extensiveÐ 0 € Ðrecord€of€criminal€behaviorÔ#†CXrXX Xr» #ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ)Ô#†CXrXX XrG!#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ;€òòState€v.€Roscoe€C.€Smithóó,€Ô#†CXrXX XrŠ!#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†CXrXX Xrî!#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ502„CR„Ð  p  Ð00031€Ô#†CXrXX Xr;"#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Ô#†CXrXX XrŸ"#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔOct.€12€,€1995)€(professional€criminal€andÐ `  Ðextensive€record€of€criminal€behavior);€òòState€v.€Jeffery€Dion€Webbóó,€Ô#†CXrXX Xrÿ"#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔNo.€01C01Ô#†CXrXX XrÊ##ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ„Ð P  Ð9409„CC„00327€Ô#†CXrXX Xr$#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Ô#†CXrXX Xr{$#ÔÔ‡ XrXXCXrÔOct.€4,€1995)€(professionalÐ ð@  Ðcriminal).€€Other€consecutive€sentencing€cases€do€not€refer€to€the€ð ðadditionalððÏòòWilkersonóó€requirements,€Ô#†CXrXX XrÛ$#Ôòòe.g.óó,€€€€òòState€v.€David€L.€McClureóó,€Ô‡ XrXXCXrÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†CXrXX Xrñ%#Ô505„CR„Ð Ð  Ð00145€Ô‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,Ô#†CXrXX Xr`&#Ô€Apr.€30,€1997)€(sexual€abuse€of€a€minor)€orÐ À Ðhave€held€that€òòWilkersonóó€held€that€consecutive€sentencing€as€a€dangerousÐ ° Ðoffender€requires€the€application€of€the€two€requirements.€€òòState€v.€James€RayÐ  ð ÐBartlettóó,€Ô‡ XrXXCXrÔNo.€01C01„9Ô#†CXrXX XrÖ'#Ô509„CC„00302,€slip€op.€at€16€Ô‡ XrXXCXrÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,Ð à ÐÔ#†CXrXX Xr@(#ÔApr.€7,€1998)., øð AZ"Arial Regular EÒ°ÒÔ€EXrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú24Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àThe€record€isnððt€entirely€clear€as€to€the€courtððs€reasons€for€decliningÐ ° Ðto€find€the€defendant€a€dangerous€offender.€The€court€found€that€the€defendantÏhad€shown€little€or€no€regard€for€human€life€and€no€hesitation€about€committing€aÏcrime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high.€€However,€these€findings€appear€toÏpertain€more€to€the€kidnapping€convictions€than€to€the€convictions€for€felonyÏmurder.€€Obviously€these€two€factors€would€exist€in€any€felony€murder€case.ÌÌà ` àOn€the€other€hand,€had€the€trial€court€found€the€defendant€a€dangerousÏoffender,€we€observe€that€the€record€may€well€have€supported€the€finding.€€TheÏtwo€homicides€occurred€not€as€two€parts€of€one€incident,€but€as€two€discrete€actsÏthat€were€separated€by€a€time€for€reflection€and€conference€with€the€defendantððsÏfriends.€€Different€means€of€killing€helpless€victims€were€employed.€€Ìà ` àÌà ` àHowever,€finding€the€defendant€a€dangerous€offender€only€brings€the€caseÐ à0  g Ðsquarely€within€the€rule€of€òòWilkersonóó,€and€consecutive€sentencing€would€not€beÐ ° Ðauthorized€where€the€court€finds€that€the€longer€incarceration€is€not€necessary€toÏprotect€the€public.€€€, øð AZ"Arial RegularC:\OFFICE\WPWIN\TEMPLATE\STANDARD.WPTHH'÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd Ý ƒ*¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€KXÄÛXXXÔÔ€KssXKXÄÛÔÓ  ÓÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€KXÄÛXKssÔÐ  ÐÌò òNovember€2,€1998Ð šš ÐÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€Kô¨ÌõXKXÄÛÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó'ÿÿdxd,c½¬AZ‹"Arial RegularLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ äÒ°ÒÔ€eXrXXXÔÝ ƒüÝÿÝà ` àòòÚ  Ú20Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ýà ¸ àThe€defendantððs€brief€contains€no€citation€to€authority€to€supportÐ ° Ðthis€argument.€€Although€we€have€chosen€to€address€this€issue€on€its€merits,€weÏremind€counsel€that€issues€unsupported€by€argument,€citation€to€authority,€orÏappropriate€references€to€the€record€may€be€treated€as€waived€by€this€court.€€ÏTenn.€R.€Ct.€Crim.€App.€10(b).€€, øð AZ"Arial RegularÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýñ.4ñ›ñ.4ñÒ°Òò òÑTR[° AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€ XÄÛXXXÔÑ8€³ÈXdêdÈ8ÑÑ  Ññ.4ñßr€IJ<,(j 8` `€€@Eȱ` ttx&°ð ×rßñ.4ñÔ_Ôñ04ññ/4ñfñ/4ññ04ññ24ññ04ñFñ04ññ14ñecñ14ññ24ñ€€€€à@˜ ˜ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° ÐÌ€à@=='àAT€KNOXVILLEˆÐ ˆØ Ðó óÌò òà@ýý$àAPRIL,€1998€SESSIONó óˆÐ Zª ÐÌÌÌò òSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à h àà À àó ó€€€€)à  àNo.€03C01„9707„CR„00299Ð ø H Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à€€€€)à  àÐ ä 4  Ðà ` àAppelleeà  àà h àà À à€€€€)à  àÐ Ê   Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à€€€€)à  àCumberland€CountyÐ °  Ðvs.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à€€€€)à  àà p àÐ –æ  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à€€€€)à  àHonorable€John€Turnbull,€Judgeà Ð àÐ |Ì  Ðò òJAMES€CHRISTOPHER€TATROW,€ó ó)Ð b²  Ðà ` àà ¸ àò ò€à  àà h àó óà À à€€€€)à  à(Felony€Murder,€Especially€AggravatedÐ Nž  Ðà ` àAppellantà  àà h àà À à€€€€)à  àKidnapping)Ð :Š Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à€€€€)à  àÐ  p Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àÌÌFOR€THE€APPELLANT:à h àà À àà  àFOR€THE€APPELLEE:Ð ¸ ÐÌJOHN€E.€€APPMANà h àà À àà  àJOHN€KNOX€WALKUPÐ „Ô ÐP.O.€Box€99à ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àAttorney€General€&€ReporterÐ jº ÐJamestown,€TN€38556Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àMICHAEL€J.€€FAHEY,€IIÌLARRY€WARNERà  àà h àà À àà  àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÐ l ÐP.O.€Box€601à  àà h àà À àà  àCriminal€Justice€DivisionÐ R ÐCrossville,€TN€38557à h àà À àà  à425€Fifth€Ave.€€NorthÐ è8 Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àSecond€Floor,€Cordell€Hull€BuildingÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àNashville,€TN€37243„0493à x àÐ ´  ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àWILLIAM€E.€€GIBSONÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDistrict€Attorney€GeneralÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àDAVID€A.€€PATTERSONÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àANTHONY€J.€CRAIGHEADÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralsÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à145€South€Jefferson€Ave.€Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àCrossville,€TN€38555ÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:€____________________ÌÌÌò òCONVICTIONS€AFFIRMEDñ+4ñ;€CONSECUTIVE€SENTENCESñ+4ñ€Ð /d*/ Ðñ,4ñSENTENCES€›MODIFIEDñ,4ññ-4ñVACATED€AND€REMANDEDñ-4ñó óÐ 0P+0 ÐÌÌCURWOOD€WITT€ÌJUDGEÌÌÌÐ  P6 17 ÐÓ  Óà@qq*àò òOPINIONÓÓÓlX°X°` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#€%Ø'0*ˆ,à.813è5@8˜:ð<H? A°œXlÓó óˆÐ ° Ðà ¸ àA€jury€in€Cumberland€County€Criminal€Court€convicted€the€defendant,ÏJames€Christopher€Tatrow,€of€two€counts€of€felony€murder€and€two€counts€ofÏespecially€aggravated€kidnapping€in€the€deaths€of€Roger€Zammit€and€John€Harry.€ÏThe€defendant€was€also€convicted€of€two€counts€of€premeditated€and€deliberateÏmurder€of€the€same€victims.€€The€trial€court€set€aside€those€verdicts,€however,€asÏthe€thirteenth€juror.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Crim.€P.€€33€(f).€€In€the€sentencing€phase,€the€juryÐ ð@  Ðdeclined€to€impose€the€death€penalty€or€life€without€parole€and€sentenced€theÏdefendant€to€serve€life€sentences€with€the€possibility€of€parole.€€At€the€conclusionÏof€a€sentencing€hearing,€the€trial€court€ordered€the€defendant€to€serve€twoÏconsecutive€life€sentences€concurrently€with€sentences€of€22€years€for€theÏkidnapping€convictions.€€The€defendant€now€challenges€the€validity€of€theÏconvictions€and€the€propriety€of€consecutive€sentencing€pursuant€to€Rule€3€of€theÏTennessee€Rules€of€Appellate€Procedure.€€ÌÌà ¸ àOn€appeal,€the€defendant€raises€several€issues:׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀РР ÐÓÓà ¸ à1.à8  àThe€evidence€presented€at€trial€was€not€sufficient€toÐ °"  Ðsupport€the€jury€verdicts.׃p×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€(Defendantððs€issue€#2)Р#ð!Ð Ð  ÐÌà ¸ à2.à8  àDefendantððs€statement€to€police€was€taken€underÐ €%Ð # Ðcircumstances€that€violated€Articles€1€and€9€of€theÏTennessee€Constitution€and€the€5th€and€14thÏAmendments€to€the€United€States€Constitution.€Ï(Defendantððs€issue€#4)Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà ¸ à3.à8  àPhotographs€of€the€dead€victims€were€inadmissibleÐ  +p&) Ðbecause€their€probative€value€did€not€outweigh€theirÏinflammatory€effect.€€(Defendantððs€issue€#3)Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà ¸ à4.à8  àThe€trial€court€erred€by€overruling€appellantððs€motion€forÐ à.0*- Ðmistrial€after€the€prosecutor€made€an€inflammatoryÏremark€to€the€jury€during€closing€argument.€Ï(Defendantððs€issue€#5)ÐÜ/,+0Ð Ð  ÐÌà ¸ à5.à8  àHolding€a€second€sentencing€hearing€after€the€juryÐ pÀ Ðimposed€a€life€sentence€for€felony€murder€violates€stateÏand€federal€constitutional€provisions€against€doubleÏjeopardy.€€(Defendantððs€issue€#8)€Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà ¸ à6.à8  àThe€trial€court€erred€by€refusing€to€admit€jurorsððÐ  p  Ðaffidavits€into€evidence€at€the€sentencing€hearing.€Ï(Defendantððs€issue€#7)Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà ¸ à7.à8  àThe€trial€court€erred€in€sentencing€the€appellant€toÐ à0  Ðconsecutive€life€sentences€based€on€the€finding€that€theÏdefendant€had€an€extensive€record€of€criminal€behavior.€Ï(Defendantððs€issues€#€6€and€#9)Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌÓÓÌà ¸ àUpon€review€of€the€record€and€the€law,€we€affirm€the€defendantððsÏconvictions.€€The€trial€court,€however,€ñ#4ñœñ#4ñmade€equivocal€findings€as€to€whetherñ#4ñ›ñ#4ñÏconsecutive€sentencing€is€ñ#4ñœñ#4ñrequiredñ#4ñ›ñ#4ñ€ñ#4ñœñ#4ñtoñ#4ñ›ñ#4ñ€protect€the€public€from€the€defendantððs€futureÏcriminal€ñ#4ñœñ#4ñacts.€ñ#4ñ›ñ#4ñ€òòSee€State€v.€€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€933,€938„939€(Tenn.€1995).€Ð ` Ðñ#4ñœñ#4ñTherefore,€we€vacate€the€order€to€run€the€sentences€consecutively€and€remand€theÏcase€in€order€for€the€trial€court€to€make€further€findings€pursuant€to€òòWilkersonóó€andÐ Ð  Ðto€determine€whether€the€life€sentences€should€be€served€concurrently€orÏconsecutively€to€one€another.ñ#4ñ›ñ#4ñÌÌà@††(àñ#4ñœñ#4ñI.ñ#4ñ›ñ#4ñ€€ò òFactsó ó€ˆÐ P( #& Ðà ¸ àA.à  àòòFacts€presented€during€the€guilt€phaseóóÐ 0*€%( Ðà ¸ àAt€trial,€both€defense€and€prosecution€witnesses€testified€to€the€bizarreÏevents€that€led€up€to€the€two€brutal€murders.€€The€record€indicates€that€Chris€TatrowÏhad€been€an€outstanding€rodeo€cowboy,€a€college€student,€and€a€hardworking€manÏwho€provided€for€his€family.׃>×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€As€result€of€a€painful€back€injury,€however,€he€beganÐ °1-0 Ðtaking€methamphetamine.€€At€first,€he€used€drugs€infrequently,€but€by€late€1994,€heÐ 3à.2 Ðwas€a€heavy€user€of€methamphetamine,€cocaine,€and€other€drugs.€€He€and€his€wifeÏseparated.€€After€he€was€fired€from€his€job,€he€turned€to€providing€drugs€to€othersÏin€order€to€support€his€habit.€€His€trailer€became€ð ða€party€placeðð€with€people€comingÏand€going€at€all€hours€and€various€people€ð ðcrashingðð€at€the€trailer€at€different€times.€ÏAlthough€his€family€continued€to€check€on€him,€he€became€distant€and€refused€toÏdiscuss€his€activities€with€them.€€About€two€weeks€before€the€killings,€while€TatrowÏwas€in€Texas,€someone€broke€into€his€trailer.€€When€he€returned,€he€found€aÏnumber€of€items€missing€including€nearly€one€hundred€prize€belt€buckles€that€he€hadÏwon€in€rodeo€events,€a€Navajo€blanket€that€belonged€to€a€close€friend€who€had€beenÏkilled,€an€antique€knife€collection,€his€great„grandfatherððs€coin€purse,€a€tool€box,€andÏseveral€guns.€€He€reported€the€burglary€€to€the€sheriffððs€department€and€later€heardÏthat€several€people€including€Roger€Zammit,€John€Harry€and€Billy€Teal€wereÏresponsible€for€the€burglary.€€On€the€Tuesday€before€the€murders,€Tatrow€and€fourÏothers€went€to€the€house€of€Billy€Teal.€€According€to€a€defense€witness,€Teal€and€hisÏfather€held€the€group€at€gun€point€for€at€least€a€half€an€hour.€€The€Teals€took€theirÏphotographs€and€warned€Tatrow€to€forget€about€his€missing€property.€€In€anotherÏincident,€several€shots€were€fired€into€Tatrowððs€home€while€he€was€present.€€OneÏof€the€shots€killed€his€German€Shepherd.ÌÌà ¸ àDuring€the€afternoon€of€Thursday,€January€12,€Kenny€Mason€tookÏTatrow€€to€Johnny€Harryððs€cabin€in€the€Dry€Creek€area.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Dondie€Billings,€who€hadÐ 0*€%( Ðbeen€staying€at€Harryððs,€arrived€along€with€Christy€Mullican€and€Billingsðð€boy€friend,ÏRoger€Zammit.€€When€Zammit€opened€the€trunk€of€Billingsðð€car,€Tatrow€saw€a€toolÏbox€that€he€believed€had€been€taken€from€his€trailer€in€the€burglary.€€He€becameÏvery€angry,€and€the€two€men€ð ðswapped€licks.ðð€€The€fight€ended€when€Tatrow€pulledÏa€butterfly€knife.€€Then€everyone€went€into€the€cabin€where€Tatrow€and€HarryÏð ðcookedðð€either€cocaine€or€methamphetamine€in€the€microwave€while€Mason€heldÐ p5À04 Ða€butcher€knife€and€watched€Zammit.€€Tatrow€then€announced€that€they€were€allÏgoing€to€his€house€ð ðto€party.ðð€€Harry€and€his€girl€friend€remained€behind€while€MasonÏtook€Zammit€in€his€car€and€Tatrow€drove€Billings€and€Mullican€in€Billingsðð€car.€€OnÏthe€way,€Tatrow€picked€up€Mike€Redmon,€who€is€Billingsðð€half„brother,€and€BruceÏRochefort.€€Amber€Frederick,€who€was€asleep€in€the€trailer,€awakened€when€MasonÏand€Zammit€arrived.€€Phillip€Lawrence,€J.€J.€Hendrixson,€Jeff€Sanders,€and€TonyÏDan€arrived€later.׃(×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ð ð@  ÐÌà ¸ àKen€Mason€and€Dondie€Billings€described€in€great€detail€the€eventsÏof€the€next€two€days.׃,0×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Amber€Frederick€and€Christy€Mullican€were€among€those€theÐ à Ðdefendant€called.€€Although€some€of€the€details€varied,€their€testimony€is€surprisinglyÏconsistent.€€As€they€described€the€situation,€the€trailer€was€in€a€state€of€seige,€andÏMason€or€someone€else€constantly€sat€looking€out€the€front€door€with€a€shotgun€inÏhand.€€Methamphetamine,€marijuana,€cocaine€and€other€drugs€were€available€andÏwere€used€copiously€by€everyone€who€was€present.€€No€one€slept€more€than€anÏhour€or€two€at€a€time.€€Apparently€they€were€convinced€that€Harry€or€Billy€Teal€wasÏcoming€to€attack€them.€€Tatrow€was€obsessed€with€recovering€his€belongings.€€AtÏone€point,€he€aimed€an€empty€revolver€at€Zammitððs€head€and€clicked€the€triggerÏseveral€times.€€Zammit€was€forced€to€stand€with€his€arms€in€the€air€while€RochefortÏhit€him€in€the€ribs€and€face.€€At€other€times,€Tatrow€slapped€and€kicked€Zammit.€ÏApparently€Zammit€admitted€that€he€knew€where€Tatrowððs€.22€rifle€was€locatedÏbecause€he,€Tatrow,€and€two€other€defendants€drove€to€McMinnville€that€night€andÏâ âreturned€with€the€rifle.€€Later€Tatrow€took€Zammit€and€Redmon€to€Harryððs€place€andÐ ð-@), Ðretrieved€some€of€his€belongings.׃&×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р° Ðâ âÌà ¸ àUpon€their€return,€Tatrow€and€some€of€the€others€continued€to€abuseÏZammit.€€He€was€kicked€in€the€face,€chunks€were€cut€out€of€his€hair,€and€he€receivedÏsmall€incisions€to€his€scalp,€his€shoulder,€and€his€arms.€€An€ear€lobe€was€torn€whenÏan€earring€was€forcibly€removed.€€On€the€other€hand,€Zammit€was€allowed€toÏshower,€his€wounds€were€treated,€and€an€Ace€bandage€was€wrapped€around€hisÏribs.€€He€ate,€and€he€and€Billings€lay€together€in€Tatrowððs€bed€during€the€day€onÏFriday.€ÌÌà ¸ àSometime€during€Friday€afternoon€or€evening,€Tatrow€and€three€othersÏleft€and€brought€Johnny€Harry€to€the€trailer€where€they€tied€him€ððspreadeagleðð€in€aÏchair€in€the€laundry€room.€€€Tatrow€repeatedly€threw€a€knife€at€the€portion€of€theÏchair€seat€that€was€exposed€between€Harryððs€legs.€€Later€Tatrow€told€a€woman€whoÏstopped€by€the€trailer€for€a€few€minutes€that€he€had€€tied€Harry€to€a€telephone€poleÏand€whipped€him€with€a€belt.€€She€saw€the€welt€on€Harryððs€back.€€Later,€TatrowÏkicked€Harry€in€the€chest€or€chin,€and€Harry€banged€his€nose€on€a€vanity.€€BloodÏspilled€onto€the€carpet.€€Witnesses€noted€that€Harry€had€a€bad€gash€on€his€legÏwhich€Tatrow€bandaged.€€After€taking€a€shower,€Harry€lay€on€a€pallet€in€theÏbedroom.€€ÌÌà ¸ àOn€Saturday€morning,€Tatrow€and€Mike€Redmon€went€to€a€telephoneÏand€called€Dondie€Billingsðð€parents.€€Sometime€during€the€afternoon,€Mr.€and€Mrs.€ÏBillings€arrived€to€take€her€home.€€Dondie€Billings€testified€that€Tatrow€got€down€onÏhis€knees€and€swore€that€he€would€take€Zammit€and€Harry€home€as€soon€as€sheÏand€Christy€Mullican€left.€€Billingsðð€father€saw€Roger€Zammit€standing€on€the€porchÏand€told€him€to€stay€away€from€his€daughter.€€ÌÐ P7 26 Ðà ¸ àHarry€and€Zammit€were€not€taken€home.€€Tatrow€did€take€Zammit€toÏfind€him€some€pain€medication.€€After€taking€two€Xanaxes€and€drinking€some€beer,ÏZammit€passed€out,€and€Tatrow€left€him€slumped€over€on€the€seat€of€the€truck€thatÏwas€parked€in€the€yard.€€At€about€this€time,€Amber€Frederick€returned.׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€She€wasÐ P   Ðvery€upset€because€some€of€the€Dry€Creek€group€were€coming,€and€she€refused€toÏstay€any€longer.€€Tatrow€was€furious€at€her€and€ordered€the€others€not€to€let€herÏcome€back.€€Thirty€minutes€later,€Tatrowððs€mother€stopped€by€the€trailer€to€check€onÏher€son.€€She€spoke€to€him€on€the€porch€for€a€few€minutes.€€At€trial€she€testified€thatÏhe€looked€crazy.€€She€knew€he€was€strung€out€on€drugs.€When€she€tried€to€talk€toÏhim€about€it,€he€became€enraged,€and€she€left€without€entering€the€trailer.€€ÌÌà ¸ àMason€testified€that€after€his€mother€left,€Tatrow€ð ðwigged€out.ðð€€€TatrowÏwent€into€the€trailer,€grabbed€Harry€who€was€lying€on€the€pallet,€and€started€gougingÏhim€in€the€face€with€a€styrofoam€bat.€€Jeff€Sanders€kicked€Harry€in€the€face€and€hitÏhim€with€his€fists.€€Because€Harry€was€bleeding€badly,€Tatrow€ordered€them€to€putÏhim€in€the€bathtub.€€Mason€and€Sanders€went€outside€and€dragged€Zammit€out€ofÏthe€truck€by€his€hair.€€At€Tatrowððs€direction,€Mason€applied€duct€tape€to€Harryððs€andÏZammitððs€hands€and€mouths.€€He€put€tape€across€Zammitððs€eyes.€€Zammit€wasÏforced€to€kneel€in€the€tub€facing€the€faucets,€and€Harry€was€crowded€in€behind€him.€ÏSeveral€people€including€Redmon,€Hendrixson,€and€Sanders€were€in€the€bathroom.€ÏAccording€to€Mason,€he€stepped€out€for€a€moment,€and€when€he€returned,€ZammitÏhad€a€plastic€bag€over€his€head€and€a€cord€around€his€neck.€€Tatrowððs€knee€was€inÏZammitððs€back,€and€he€was€pulling€hard€on€the€cord.€€Mason€said€that€it€looked€€likeÏTatrow€was€ð ðriding€a€bull.ðð€€When€Zammit€continued€to€struggle€fiercely,€TatrowÏasked€for€a€heavy€flashlight€which€Mason€provided.€€Tatrow€backhanded€ZammitÏthree€times€on€the€back€of€the€head,€and€Zammit€wilted.€€Tatrow€then€walked€out€ofÐ 3à.2 Ðthe€bathroom,€but€when€someone€said€that€Zammit€wasnððt€dead,€Tatrow€returnedÏand€told€Harry,€who€was€still€sitting€in€the€tub,€to€pull€on€the€cord.€€Harry€pulled€forÏa€few€seconds€while€Tatrow€laughed.€€Everyone€went€into€the€kitchen€leaving€HarryÏsitting€in€the€tub€with€Zammitððs€lifeless€body.€€€Mason€opened€a€window€because€itÏð ðsmelled€badðð€and€turned€off€the€light.€ÌÌà ¸ àFor€twenty€minutes,€the€men€sat€at€the€kitchen€table€smokingÏcigarettes€and€a€ð ðjoint.ðð€€Tatrow€then€told€Mason€and€two€others€to€help€him€getÏHarry€out€of€the€house.€€He€told€them€to€walk€him€out€of€the€front€door€and€into€aÏnearby€field.€€Harry€walked€in€front€of€them,€but€when€they€went€through€the€gateÏinto€the€field,€he€broke€away€and€ran.€€After€about€30€yards,€he€stumbled€and€fell.€ÏTatrow€caught€up€to€him,€dragged€him€to€his€feet,€and€told€him€to€keep€walking.€ÏAfter€Harry€had€taken€a€couple€of€steps,€Tatrow€kicked€him€in€the€leg€and€as€he€fell,Ïfired€one€shot€with€the€.22€rifle€into€the€side€of€John€Harryððs€head.€€ÌÌà ¸ àOver€the€next€several€hours,€the€men€cleaned€the€trailer€thoroughlyÏand€attempted€to€dispose€of€the€evidence.€€They€removed€the€bloody€portions€ofÏcarpet.€€Both€bodies€were€wrapped€first€in€woven€wire€fencing€and€then€in€carpeting.€ÏTatrow,€Redmon,€and€Hendrixson€left€in€the€truck€to€dispose€of€the€bodies.€€MasonÏhid€the€revolver€across€the€road€in€the€brush€and€some€dynamite€in€a€nearby€culvert,Ïand€then€he€and€the€others€took€the€bloody€towels,€rags€and€clothes€to€GooseÏCreek€where€they€burned€them.€ÌÌà ¸ àDuring€the€early€morning€hours€of€January€15,€1995,€Dondie€BillingsÏreported€to€the€DeKalb€County€Sheriffððs€Department€that€Roger€Zammit€and€JohnÏHarry€were€missing.€€As€result€of€this€call,€Steve€Johnson,€the€chief€deputy,€went€toÏChris€Tatrowððs€mobile€home€at€about€4:00€a.m.€€Tatrow€answered€the€door.€€ThreeÏmen€were€sitting€at€the€kitchen€table€drinking€beer€and€playing€cards.€€The€homeÏlooked€neat€and€clean.€€Tatrow€admitted€that€€Zammit€and€Harry€had€been€there.€Ð 09€48 ÐHe€said€that€heððd€given€them€ð ða€good€whippingðð€for€stealing€some€of€his€stuff€andÏhad€dropped€them€off€in€the€Dry€Creek€area€where€they€were€picked€up€by€someoneÏin€a€black€Camaro.€€The€deputy€noticed€nothing€out€of€the€ordinary€in€TatrowððsÏspeech€or€demeanor,€and€neither€Tatrow€nor€the€other€men€appeared€to€beÏintoxicated.€€He€observed€nothing€unusual€or€out€of€place€at€the€trailer.€€€€ÌÌà ¸ àDays€passed€and€neither€Zammit€nor€Harry€returned€to€their€homes.€ÏDeputy€Johnson€spoke€with€Kenny€Mason€who€had€lived€at€the€Tatrow€trailer€forÏseveral€weeks,€and€Mason€gave€a€statement€incriminating€himself,€Tatrow€andÏseveral€other€young€men.€€The€police€recovered€the€.357€magnum€revolver€hiddenÏacross€the€road€from€Tatrowððs€trailer.€€On€January€24,€1995,€TBI€agents€JamesÏMoore€and€Mark€Gwyn€arrested€Tatrow€and€took€him€to€the€DeKalb€County€Jail.€ÏFrom€there,€he€was€transferred€almost€immediately€to€Putnam€County.€€When€aÏteam€from€the€Tennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation€pulled€the€bodies€of€the€twoÏyoung€men€from€Center€Hill€Lake€on€January€27,€Tatrow€was€in€a€holding€cell€in€theÏPutnam€County€Jail.€€That€afternoon,€Moore€and€Gwyn€served€Tatrow€with€aÏwarrant€to€search€his€truck.€€A€few€moments€after€the€agents€left€the€cell,€TatrowÏpounded€on€the€door€and€asked€to€speak€with€them€again.€€At€3:53€p.m,€he€admittedÏthat€late€in€the€evening€of€January€14,€he€strangled€Roger€Zammit€to€death€and€thenÏshot€John€Harry€in€the€head€with€a€.22€caliber€rifle.€€ÌÌà ¸ àAt€trial,€the€medical€examiner,€Dr.€Charles€Harlan,€€testified€that€itÏwould€have€taken€anywhere€from€thirty€seconds€to€three€and€one„half€minutes€forÏRoger€Zammit€to€die€of€ligature€strangulation.€€€Zammit€had€multiple€contusions€onÏhis€face,€lacerations€on€the€back€of€his€scalp,€and€a€grooved€depression€andÏabrasion€around€his€neck.€€He€also€had€two€shallow€incisions€on€his€upper€arm€andÏone€on€the€left€posterior€flank.€€The€cuts€occurred€prior€to€death€as€did€the€lacerationÏto€his€bottom€right€ear€lobe€and€the€small€gash€behind€his€right€ear.€€He€had€noÏbroken€ribs.€€Dr.€Harlan€opined€that€an€average€sized€adult€is€strong€enough€toÐ 09€48 Ðstrangle€someone€by€placing€a€knee€in€the€victimððs€back€and€pulling.€€The€doctorÏreported€that€John€Harry€died€of€a€gunshot€wound€to€the€head.€€Harry€had€twoÏincisions€on€his€face€and€another€on€his€left€upper€elbow€that€was€covered€by€aÏBand„aid.€€He€also€had€some€superficial€bruises.€€The€single€shot€to€Harryððs€headÏwould€have€rendered€him€almost€instantaneously€unconscious€and€death€wouldÏhave€occurred€shortly€thereafter.€€ÌÌà ¸ àIn€support€of€his€insanity€defense,€the€defendant€offered€the€testimonyÏof€Dr.€Donna€Segar,€a€physician€who€is€board€certified€in€toxicology,€€and€Dr.ÏWilliam€D.€Kenner,€a€psychiatrist€at€the€St.€Louis€Psychoanalytic€Institute.€€Dr.€SegarÏtestified€that€regular,€long€term€use€of€substantial€amounts€of€methamphetamineÏand€cocaine€would€completely€change€oneððs€personality.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€Thought€processesÐ P  Ðbecome€delusional€and€paranoid.€€A€person€under€the€influence€of€ð ðcrankðð€or€ð ðiceððÏoften€speaks€very€rapidly€and€literally€spits€out€the€words€through€clenched€teeth.€ÏSuch€a€person€demonstrates€increasingly€hostile€and€aggressive€behavior€and€hisÏjudgment€would€be€substantially€impaired.€€€€She€testified€that€two€grams€ofÏmethamphetamine€per€day€is€a€high€dosage€and€that€a€person€who€used€thatÏamount€would€experience€hallucinations.€€A€common€hallucination,€according€to€Dr.ÏSegar,€is€the€belief€that€insects€or€bugs€are€crawling€under€the€skin.€€Dr.€Segar€didÏnot€examine€the€defendant€but€testified€from€her€knowledge€and€experience.€€€€ÌÌà ¸ àDr.€Kenner€spent€several€hours€on€two€different€days€examining€theÏdefendant.€€He€extensively€interviewed€family€members€and€one€co„defendant.€€OfÏsignificance€were€the€facts€that€two€members€of€the€defendantððs€family€suffered€fromÏdepression€and€committed€suicide,€that€the€defendantððs€marriage€had€beenÏtroubled,€and€that€a€work€injury€to€the€defendantððs€back€had€caused€considerableÏpain.€€Despite€his€injury,€the€defendant€had€continued€to€work€long€hours€on€the€jobÐ p5À04 Ðand€at€home€on€the€family€farm.€€Within€a€few€months,€a€cousin€committed€suicideÏand€his€parents€divorced.€€After€his€separation€from€his€wife,€his€drug€use€grew€toÏunmanageable€proportions,€and€in€October€of€1994,€he€was€fired€from€his€job.€€Dr.ÏKenner€testified€that€the€defendant€changed€from€a€likeable,€fun„loving€person€whoÏgrew€angry€but€never€held€a€grudge€into€one€who€was€increasingly€cocky€andÏaggressive.€€He€became€jumpy€and€twitchy€and€was€unable€to€sleep€for€more€thanÏa€few€minutes€at€a€time€without€medication.€€He€experienced€tactile€hallucinationsÏand€would€sometimes€dig€at€himself€with€a€knife.€€Dr.€Kenner€described€a€personÏseriously€addicted€to€methamphetamine€as€being€very€paranoid€and€frightened€butÏð ðspoiling€for€a€fight.ðð€€Methamphetamine€produces€an€increase€of€territorialÏaggression€and€cocaine€decreases€inhibitions€and€impairs€judgment.€€The€doctorÏconcluded€that€at€the€time€of€the€murders€the€defendant€was€suffering€from€anÏamphetamine„induced€paranoid€psychosis€that€would€have€a€significant€impact€onÏhis€ability€to€conform€his€behavior€and€to€self„examine€his€thinking€and€actions.ÌÌà ¸ àIn€rebuttal,€the€state€presented€testimony€from€Dr.€Wisam€Owais,€theÏmedical€director€and€a€psychiatrist€at€Plateau€Mental€Health€Center,€and€Dr.€BobÏFreeman,€a€psychologist€and€chief€executive€officer€of€the€Volunteer€BehavioralÏHealth€Care€System.€€Dr.€Owais€and€Dr.€Freeman€interviewed€the€defendant€on€twoÏoccasions.€€They€reviewed€his€medical€records€but€interviewed€no€one€other€thanÏthe€defendant.€€Dr.€Owais€concluded€that€there€was€no€evidence€of€mental€illnessÏand€that€the€defendant€was€able€to€appreciate€the€wrongfulness€of€his€acts.€€Dr.ÏFreeman€agreed,€but€on€cross€examination,€he€conceded€that€the€defendant€talkedÏabout€having€some€hallucinations.€€He€also€stated€that€taking€methamphetamine,ÏValium,€and€cocaine€at€the€same€time€would€have€an€effect€on€oneððs€judgment.ÌÌà ¸ àBased€on€these€facts,€the€jury€rejected€the€defendantððs€insanityÏdefense€and€found€him€guilty€of€two€counts€of€deliberate€and€premeditated€murder,Ïtwo€counts€of€felony€murder,€and€two€counts€of€especially€aggravated€kidnapping.€Ð 09€48 ÐÌà ¸ àB.€€òòFacts€in€the€Sentencing€Phase€óóÐ à Ðà ¸ àNo€issue€relates€specifically€to€the€sentencing€phase€of€this€capitalÏcase.€€However,€in€order€to€present€a€complete€picture€of€the€facts€before€the€trialÏcourt€at€the€so„called€ð ðsecond€sentencing€hearing,ðð€we€briefly€summarize€theÏtestimony€presented€during€the€sentencing€phase€ÌÌà ¸ àThe€defendant€was€convicted€of€both€premeditated€and€felony€murder.€ÏTo€avoid€double€jeopardy€problems,€the€trial€court€decided€to€allow€the€jurors€toÏconsider€only€the€convictions€for€felony€murder.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€state€relied€upon€€the€singleÐ à Ðaggravating€factor,€that€€ð ðthe€murder€was€especially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel€inÏthat€it€involved€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€beyond€that€necessary€to€produceÏdeath.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„204(I)(5)€(Supp.€1993).€€The€defense€presentedÏnumerous€witnesses,€including€the€defendant,€family€members,€and€friends,€inÏmitigation.ÌÌà ¸ àThe€prosecution€called€Agent€James€Moore€as€their€only€witness.€€HeÏused€the€charts€prepared€by€the€medical€examiner€to€describe€the€various€injuriesÏsustained€by€the€victims.€€The€trial€court€admitted€into€evidence€several€additionalÏphotographs€of€the€bodies€that€it€had€excluded€from€the€guilt€phase.€€Moore€testifiedÏthat€the€defendant€had€freely€and€voluntarily€confessed€to€committing€the€crimesÏand€that€he€had€showed€no€remorse.€ÌÌà ¸ à€€The€defendant€presented€a€thorough€and€well„documented€mitigationÏdefense.€€Witnesses€described€the€defendant€as€a€popular€leader€who€excelled€atÏrodeo€and€as€a€successful€student€in€high€school.€€As€an€adult,€he€was€aÏhardworking€family€man€who€cared€for€his€two€young€sons,€kept€a€steady€job,€andÐ p5À04 Ðloved€his€work€on€his€parentsðð€farm.€€His€parents€and€sister€testified€that€theÏdefendant€was€particularly€devastated€when,€as€a€result€of€their€divorce,€his€parentsÏsold€the€farm.€€They€also€testified€to€the€personality€and€behavior€changes€theyÏobserved€in€the€defendant€during€the€months€prior€to€the€murders.€€James€Tatrow,Ïthe€defendantððs€father,€candidly€admitted€that€he€had€provided€his€son€withÏmethamphetamine€when€his€back€hurt.€€Numerous€pictures€of€the€defendantððs€familyÏand€his€rodeo€activities€were€admitted€into€evidence.€€When€the€defendant€took€theÏstand,€he€wept€as€he€described€the€events€that€led€up€to€the€two€murders.€€The€juryÏsaw€part€of€a€very€recent€videotape€showing€the€defendant€playing€with€his€twoÏyoung€sons.€€During€the€showing,€the€defendant€broke€down€on€the€stand€andÏbegged€the€judge€to€turn€off€the€tape.€€ÌÌà ¸ àAfter€deliberating€for€approximately€six€hours,€the€jury€found€that€theÏstate€had€proven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€murders€were€heinous,Ïatrocious,€or€cruel€in€that€they€involved€torture€or€serious€physical€abuse€beyondÏthat€necessary€to€produce€death.€€However,€the€jury€also€concluded€that€theÏstatutory€aggravating€circumstance€did€not€outweigh€the€mitigating€circumstancesÏbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€and€sentenced€the€defendant€to€imprisonment€for€lifeÏwith€the€possibility€of€parole.€€ÌÌà8 ¸ àC.€€òòFacts€at€the€sentencing€hearingóóÐ0*€%(¸ x¸ x Ðà ¸ àOn€October€25,€1996,€the€trial€court€held€a€sentencing€hearing€toÏdetermine€the€appropriate€sentences€for€the€two€especially€aggravated€kidnappingÏconvictions€and€to€decide€whether€the€sentences€should€run€concurrently€orÏconsecutively.€€The€probation€officer€who€prepared€the€presentence€report€notedÏthat€the€defendant€had€a€misdemeanor€conviction€for€malicious€mischief€in€whichÏhe€and€a€friend€had€dumped€a€load€of€manure€in€a€school€parking€lot.€€His€testimonyÏalso€disclosed€that€the€defendant€had€begun€smoking€marijuana€seven€years€priorÏto€the€murders€and€his€drug€use€had€escalated€to€include€methamphetamine,Ð 09€48 Ðcocaine,€mushroom€and€a€variety€of€tranquillizers€and€pain€pills.€€TBI€Agent€JamesÏMoore€testified€for€a€third€time.€€He€testified€that€when€the€defendant€made€hisÏstatement€there€were€no€tears€and€no€laughter,€and€that€although€the€defendantÏappeared€to€be€anxious,€he€was€not€remorseful.€€Tatrow€admitted€he€was€theÏleader.€€Not€only€did€he€accept€responsibility€for€the€deaths,€but€in€Agent€MooreððsÏopinion,€at€times€he€was€boasting.€€The€state€concluded€with€testimony€from€theÏvictimsðð€families€which€described€the€impact€the€murders€had€on€their€respectiveÏlives.€€The€defendant€again€expressed€his€remorse€for€the€killings.€€He€also€testifiedÏthat€he€had€not€been€involved€in€any€drug€activity€in€jail€and€that€he€was€interestedÏin€pursuing€his€education€while€serving€his€time€in€prison.€€Diane€Tatrow,€theÏdefendantððs€mother,€described€her€sonððs€emotional€state€on€the€night€the€murdersÏoccurred€and€the€change€that€had€occurred€now€that€he€was€free€of€drugs.€€ÌÌà ¸ àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€testimony,€defense€counsel€moved€thatÏvarious€exhibits€and€letters€in€the€courtððs€file€be€entered€into€evidence.€€TheÏprosecution€objected€to€the€admission€of€the€affidavits€of€two€jurors€who€stated€thatÏa€twenty„five€year€sentence€was€the€appropriate€punishment.€€To€counter€theseÏaffidavits,€the€state€offered€the€affidavits€of€two€other€jurors€who€supportedÏconsecutive€sentencing.€€After€hearing€€arguments,€the€trial€court€decided€to€excludeÏall€juror€affidavits€ð ðout€of€an€abundance€of€caution.ðð€€€The€trial€judge€then€placed€onÏthe€record€his€findings€relevant€to€the€aggravating€factors€and€mitigating€factors€asÏapplied€to€the€kidnappings€and€the€criteria€for€consecutive€sentencing.׃"×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€trialÐ ,`'* Ðcourt€then€sentenced€the€defendant€to€serve€22€years€for€each€kidnappingÏconviction.€€The€court€ordered€that€the€defendant€serve€his€two€life€sentencesÏconsecutively€and€that€the€two€kidnapping€convictions€run€concurrently€with€eachÏother€and€the€life€sentences.€€ÌÐ p5À04 Ðà@ttàò òII.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óˆÐ ° Ðà ¸ àThe€defendant€admits€that€he€was€involved€in€the€kidnappings€and€thatÏhe€killed€the€victims.€€He€contends,€however,€that€because€he€was€suffering€from€aÏdrug„induced€psychosis,€he€was€unable€to€formulate€the€requisite€mens€rea€at€theÏtime€these€crimes€were€committed.€€€The€state€argues€that€voluntary€intoxicationÏmay€not€be€used€to€negate€the€element€of€recklessness€and€that€the€evidence€in€theÏrecord€demonstrates€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€defendant€knowinglyÏkidnapped€and€then€recklessly€murdered€the€victims.€€After€reviewing€the€entireÏrecord€and€the€applicable€law,€we€find€that€the€evidence€presented€at€trial€is€legallyÏsufficient€to€sustain€the€defendantððs€convictions.ÌÌà ¸ àÔ‡$XrXX XrÔWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€anÐ P  Ðappellate€courtððs€standard€of€review€is,€whether€after€considering€the€evidence€in€theÏlight€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€any€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€theÏessential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.€€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,Ð ð@ Ð443€U.S.€307,€317,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979);€òòState€v.€Duncanóó,€698€S.W.2d€63,Ð Ð  Ð67€(Tenn.€1985);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€€13(e).€€This€rule€is€applicable€to€findings€of€guiltÏbased€upon€direct€evidence,€circumstantial€evidence,€or€a€combination€of€direct€andÏcircumstantial€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Dykesóó,€803€S.W.2d€250,€253€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð p&À!$ Ð1990).€€€Since€a€jury€conviction€removes€the€presumption€of€innocence€with€whichÏa€defendant€is€initially€cloaked€and€replaces€it€with€one€of€guilt,€a€convictedÏdefendant€has€the€burden€of€demonstrating€on€appeal€that€the€evidence€isÏinsufficient.€€òòState€v,€Tuggleóó,€639€S.W.2d€913,€914€(Tenn.€1982).€€In€determiningÐ ð-@), Ðthat€sufficiency,€this€court€does€not€reweigh€or€reevaluate€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.Ð Ð/ +. ÐMatthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€€Questions€concerningÐ °1-0 Ðthe€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€as€well€as€allÏfactual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòState€v.Ð p5À04 ÐCabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€The€state€is€entitled€to€the€strongestÐ P7 26 Ðlegitimate€view€of€the€evidence€and€all€reasonable€or€legitimate€inferences€whichÐ 09€48 Ðmay€be€drawn€therefrom.€€òòState€v.€Harrisóó,€839€S.W.2d€54,€75€(Tenn.€1992).€€Ð ° ÐÌà ¸ àWe€first€consider€whether€the€defendantððs€evidence€of€heavy€drug€useÏmay€be€used€to€negate€the€requisite€mental€state€for€felony€murder.€€Ô#† XrXX$XrÓ}#ÔÐ P   ÐÌà ¸ àUnder€the€version€of€the€statue€in€effect€at€the€time€of€these€crimes,Ïfelony€murder€was€defined€as€ð ð[a]€reckless€killing€of€another€committed€in€theÏperpetration€of,€or€attempt€to€perpetrate€any€first€degree€murder,€arson,€rape,Ïrobbery,€burglary,€theft,€kidnapping€or€air€craft€piracy.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€Ô‡$XrXX XrÔ39„13„Ð ° Ð202(a)(2)€(Supp.€1994).€€Ô#† XrXX$Xr‡#ÔÔ‡$XrXX XrÔ€Ô#† XrXX$Xr‘‡#ÔÔ‡$XrXX XrÔThus€recklessness€as€a€mens€rea€was€required€to€supportÐ à Ða€conviction€for€a€death€occurring€in€the€course€of€one€of€the€enumerated€offenses.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð pÀ ÐÔ#† XrXX$XrÔ‡#ÔÌà ¸ àTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„11„503€provides€that€evidenceÏof€intoxication€may€negate€a€culpable€mental€state.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„¼503(a)€(1997).€€Subsection€(b)€of€the€statute,€however,€states:€ð ðIf€òòrecklessnessóóÐ ð@ Ðestablishes€an€element€of€an€offense€and€the€person€is€unaware€of€a€risk€becauseÏof€òòvoluntaryóó€intoxication,€the€personððs€unawareness€is€immaterial€in€a€prosecutionÐ °"  Ðfor€that€offense.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„503(b)€(emphasis€added).€€The€statuteÏdefines€intoxication€as€the€ð ðdisturbance€of€mental€or€physical€capacity€resulting€fromÏthe€introduction€of€any€substance€into€the€body,ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„133„¼503(d)(1),€and€voluntary€intoxication€as€intoxication€ð ðcaused€by€a€substance€that€theÏperson€knowingly€introduced€into€the€personððs€body,€€the€tendency€of€which€toÏcause€intoxication€was€known€or€ought€to€have€been€known.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÏ39„13„503(d)(3).€€Ð Ð/ +. Їà ¸ àThe€defendant€offered€the€testimony€of€two€expert€and€several€layÏwitnesses€to€prove€that€the€heavy€use€of€methamphetamine,€cocaine€and€otherÏdrugs€had€changed€the€defendantððs€personality,€distorted€his€sense€of€reality€andÏimpaired€his€judgment.€€Although€the€stateððs€experts€testified€that€they€were€unableÏto€find€any€indication€of€mental€illness,€one€of€the€experts€agreed€that€drug€useÏimpairs€the€ability€to€make€judgments.€€However,€the€defendant€has€not€argued€andÏnothing€in€the€record€suggests€that€his€drug€use€and€resulting€intoxication€wasÏanything€other€than€voluntary.€€Therefore,€although€the€evidence€was€relevant€toÏnegate€premeditation€and€deliberation€in€the€first€degree€murder€charges€as€well€asÏthe€ð ðknowingðð€element€of€especially€aggravated€kidnapping,€the€evidence€cannot€beÏused€to€negate€the€element€of€recklessness€required€to€prove€felony€murder.€€òòSeeóóÐ pÀ ÐòòState€v.€€James€Lloyd€Julian,€IIóó,€No.€01C01„9511„CV„00371,€slip€op.€at€37€(Tenn.Ð P  ÐCrim.€App.,€Knoxville,€July€24,€1997)(perm.€app.€filed€Oct.€€30,€1997);€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€39„11„503,€Sentencing€Commððn€Comments.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ` ÐÌà ¸ àWe€must€now€determine€whether€the€evidence€in€the€record€isÏsufficient€to€proved€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€defendant€knowinglyÏkidnapped€and€then€recklessly€murdered€Roger€Zammit€and€John€Harry€during€theÏperpetration€of€the€kidnappings.€€ÌÌà ¸ àTo€prove€especially€aggravated€kidnapping,€the€state€must€show€that€Ïð ðthe€accused€knowingly€removed€or€confined€another€unlawfully€so€as€toÏsubstantially€interfere€with€the€otherððs€liberty,ðð€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„302(a)Ï(1997),€and€that€the€removal€or€confinement€was€accomplished€with€a€deadlyÏweapon.€€ðð€39„13„305(a)(1)€(1997).€€A€person€acts€knowingly€with€respect€to€theÏconduct€or€to€circumstances€surrounding€the€conduct€when€the€person€is€aware€ofÐ 3à.2 Ðthe€nature€of€the€conduct€or€that€the€circumstances€exist.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„¼11„302(b)€(1997).€€ÌÌà ¸ àWith€respect€to€Roger€Zammit,€the€evidence€shows€that€the€defendantÏbelieved€that€Zammit€had€stolen€his€property€or€at€least€knew€where€the€propertyÏcould€be€found.€€Ken€Mason€testified€that,€at€Harryððs€cabin,€the€defendant€gave€himÏa€knife€and€told€him€to€hold€it€and€watch€Zammit.€€Later€the€defendant€had€MasonÏdrive€Zammit€to€his€trailer.€€Although€Mason€indicated€that€the€defendant€neverÏspecifically€said€that€Zammit€was€a€prisoner,€there€was€ample€testimony€from€MasonÏand€other€witnesses€that€the€understanding€was€that€Zammit€would€not€be€permittedÏto€depart.€€The€defendant€tried€to€cut€hunks€out€of€Zammitððs€hair,€slashed€his€arms,Ïkicked€him€in€the€face,€and€threatened€him€with€a€.357€pistol.€€The€evidence€isÏequally€compelling€in€the€case€of€John€Harry.€€The€defendant€made€two€trips€to€findÏJohn€Harry€whom€he€also€suspected€of€being€involved€in€the€burglary€of€his€trailer.€ÏThe€defendant,€as€well€as€others,€were€armed.€€Harry€was€whipped€with€a€beltÏbefore€he€reached€the€trailer.€€He€was€tied€in€a€chair,€and€the€defendant€taunted€himÏby€throwing€a€knife€between€his€legs.€€Harry€suffered€cuts€to€his€arms€and€on€oneÏleg.€€Both€men€were€beaten€and€kicked€by€others€while€the€defendant€was€present.€ÏÌà ¸ àThe€record€also€contains€considerable€evidence€on€which€the€juryÏcould€have€found€that€the€use€of€illegal€drugs€had€so€incapacitated€the€defendantÏthat€he€was€incapable€of€acting€knowingly€at€the€time€of€the€kidnappings.€€The€trialÏcourt€instructed€the€jury€on€the€use€of€evidence€concerning€intoxication,€gave€anÏappropriate€instruction€concerning€the€defendantððs€capacity€to€form€a€culpableÏmental€state,€and€provided€the€jury€with€the€appropriate€definitions.€€€The€jury,€asÏtrier€of€fact,€resolves€Ô‡$XrXX XrÔall€factual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€as€well€as€questionsÐ 3à.2 Ðconcerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses€and€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence.€ÏòòState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).€€In€this€instance,€the€juryÐ P7 26 Ðresolved€the€issue€in€favor€of€the€state.€€€Ô#† XrXX$XrZœ#ÔThe€facts€support€a€conclusion€that€theÐ 09€48 Ðdefendant€knowingly€used€a€deadly€weapon€to€confine€both€men€so€as€to€interfereÏsignificantly€with€their€liberty.€€ÌÌà ¸ àThe€defendant€admits€that€he€killed€Roger€Zammit€by€strangling€himÏwith€a€cord€and€that€he€shot€John€Harry€in€the€head€with€a€.22€rifle.€€Such€actionsÏare,€at€a€minimum,€reckless.€€€Ô‡$XrXX XrÔWe€conclude€that€Ô#† XrXX$XrOŸ#Ôa€rational€juror€could€have€foundÐ `  Ðbeyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€defendant€knowingly€kidnapped€Roger€ZammitÏand€John€Harry€in€order€to€obtain€information€about€his€missing€property€or€to€gainÏrevenge€upon€them€for€the€burglary€and€then,€during€the€course€of€the€confinement,Ïrecklessly€killed€both€men.€€Ô‡$XrXX XrÔÐ à ÐÌà ¸ àThe€evidence€in€the€record€is€sufficient€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€toÏsupport€the€defendantððs€convictions€for€the€especially€aggravated€kidnapping€ofÏJohn€Harry€and€Roger€Zammit€and€their€reckless€murders.€€òòSeeóó€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,Ð ` Ð443€U.S.€307,€317,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979);€òòState€v.€Duncanóó,€698€S.W.2d€63,Ð ð@ Ð67€(Tenn.€1985);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€€13(e).€Ô#† XrXX$Xrê #ÔÔ‡$XrXX XrÔÐ Ð  ÐÌà ¸ à€ò òIIIó ó.€€ò òSuppression€ofó ó€ò òDefendantððs€Statementó óÐ $à" Ðà ¸ àThe€defendant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€suppressÏhis€confession€because€the€confession€was€taken€in€violation€of€both€Article€I,ÏSection€9€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€and€the€Fifth€Amendment€of€the€UnitedÏStates€Constitution.€€In€this€appeal,€the€defendant€specifically€contends€that€hisÏconfession€should€have€been€suppressed€because€(1)€he€was€suffering€fromÏwithdrawal€symptoms€that€critically€impaired€his€reasoning€and€judgment€andÏprevented€a€knowing,€intelligent€and€voluntary€waiver€of€his€constitutional€rights;€andÏ(2)€the€officers€obtained€the€confession€through€promises€and€coercion.€€ÌÌà ¸ àThe€record€of€the€suppression€hearing€reveals€that€agents€of€theÏTennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation€arrested€the€defendant€for€aggravatedÐ 09€48 Ðkidnapping€on€the€morning€of€January€24,€1995.€€Agent€Moore€testified€that€theyÏfound€him€sleeping€at€the€home€of€a€friend€and€took€him€to€the€DeKalb€County€jail.€ÏWhen€they€advised€him€of€his€rights,€he€did€not€request€an€attorney;€he€declined,Ïhowever,€€to€make€any€statements.€€Shortly€thereafter,€he€was€transferred€to€the€jailÏin€Putnam€County.€€On€January€27,€the€agents€visited€the€defendant€to€serve€himÏwith€a€search€warrant€and€to€take€his€photograph€for€booking€purposes.€€By€thisÏtime,€the€agents€had€taken€statements€from€Ken€Mason€and€several€of€the€otherÏyoung€men€who€were€involved,€and€the€victimsðð€bodies€had€been€recovered€fromÏCenter€Hill€Lake.€€Agent€Moore€testified€that€neither€he€nor€Agent€Gwyn€asked€himÏany€questions€about€the€crimes.€€They€served€the€warrant,€obtained€his€signature,Ïand€after€taking€his€photograph€out€in€the€booking€area,€they€went€to€speak€to€someÏdetectives€housed€in€another€part€of€the€same€building.ÌÌà ¸ àThe€defendantððs€version€of€the€circumstances€under€which€the€writtenÏstatement€was€produced€varies€considerably€from€that€of€the€agents.€€According€toÏthe€defendant,€he€was€very€ill€when€the€agents€arrived.€€He€had€last€smoked€ð ðcrankððÏat€about€5:30€a.m.€on€January€24€and€was€now€experiencing€serious€withdrawalÏsymptoms.€€He€was€vomiting€and€suffering€from€diarrhea€and€severe€cramps.€€HeÏexperienced€several€seizures€and€fell€off€the€bed.€€His€vision€was€blurred,€he€wasÏsweaty,€and€he€had€difficulty€walking.€€He€believed€he€was€going€to€die.€€He€wantedÏdesperately€to€return€to€DeKalb€County€because€he€knew€how€to€get€drugs€in€thatÏjail.€€He€asked€the€agents€if€they€could€get€him€sent€back€to€DeKalb.€€They€told€himÏthat€if€he€helped€them,€maybe€they€could€help€him.€€€ÌÌà ¸ àThe€defendant€was€in€the€holding€cell€in€the€jailððs€booking€area.€€At€theÏhearing,€the€booking€officer€testified€that€the€defendant€had€been€placed€onÏð ðmedical€watch.ðð€€€From€her€chair,€she€was€able€to€observe€him€through€an€eight€byÏtwelve€window€in€the€door€of€the€cell.€€She€remembered€that€he€was€extremelyÏagitated€and€nervous.€€He€spent€a€lot€of€time€pacing€back€and€forth€in€the€cell,€butÐ 09€48 Ðshe€was€unaware€of€any€other€physical€symptoms.€€Occasionally,€she€would€askÏhim€how€he€was€doing€and€he€always€responded€ð ðokay.ðð€€He€never€asked€for€aÏlawyer.€€Within€a€few€minutes€after€the€agents€departed,€the€defendant€stoppedÏpacing€and€began€beating€on€the€window€and€yelling.€€She€recalled€that€he€grabbedÏhis€head€and€shouted,€ð ðI€canððt€take€it€any€more.€€I€want€to€confess.€€Get€them€backÏdown€here.ðð€€€€Within€a€few€minutes,€the€defendant€was€taken€to€the€intoximeterÏroom€where€the€two€agents€were€waiting.€€ÌÌà ¸ àAccording€to€Agent€Moore,€before€they€even€said€a€word€to€theÏdefendant,€he€spontaneously€and€immediately€confessed,€saying,€ð ð€I€did€it.€€I€killedÏthem€both.€€Iððm€the€one€that€done€it.ðð€€The€agents€stopped€him€and€read€theÏstandard€òòMirandaóó€warnings.€€After€the€defendant€signed€the€written€waiver,€MooreÐ P  Ðproceeded€to€take€down€the€defendantððs€version€of€the€kidnappings€and€murders.€ÏMoore€said€that€he€asked€the€defendant€very€few€questions€because€theÏdefendantððs€story€was€coherent,€cogent€and€logical.€€The€defendant€read€the€writtenÏstatement,€initialed€a€couple€of€corrections,€and€signed€it.€€When€he€asked€aboutÏreturning€to€DeKalb€County,€the€agents€explained€to€him€that€they€could€not€arrangeÏsuch€a€transfer.€€During€the€interview,€which€lasted€less€than€an€hour,€the€defendantÏshowed€little€emotion€and€no€remorse.€€In€fact,€Agent€Moore€testified,€he€seemedÏto€be€boasting.€€ÌÌà ¸ àThe€defendant€testified€that€he€could€not€remember€how€he€happenedÏto€be€interviewed.€€He€did€not€know€whether€he€asked€to€see€the€agents€again€orÏwhether€he€was€just€taken€to€the€interview€room.€€The€defendant€had€no€recollectionÏof€making€any€statement€upon€entering€the€interview€room.€€He€did€not€recall€signingÏany€waiver€form€or€hearing€the€òòMirandaóó€warnings.€€He€said€that€he€was€in€aÐ 3à.2 Ðcomplete€panic€and€would€have€confessed€to€anything€in€order€to€get€back€to€hisÏhome€county.€€Moore€told€him€that€he€already€knew€the€whole€story€because€theÏdefendantððs€friends€had€already€talked.€€He€just€needed€the€defendantððsÐ 09€48 Ðcorroboration.€€If€the€defendant€would€confess,€€they€would€get€him€back€to€DeKalbÏCounty.€€Everything,€he€was€assured,€would€go€much€better€for€him€if€he€confessed.€ÏThe€agents€mentioned€the€death€penalty€and€the€electric€chair€several€times.€€AgentÏGwyn€placed€a€telephone€call€ostensibly€to€€arrange€for€the€defendantððs€transfer.€ÏMoore€determined€the€order€in€which€the€statement€was€taken.€€Most€of€the€specificÏdetails,€including€the€exact€quotes,€came€directly€from€Moore.€€Moore€would€ask€theÏdefendant€whether€someone€said€something€and€then€he€would€write€it€down.€€TheÏdefendant€said€that€he€never€reread€the€statement€because€he€was€crying€andÏcould€not€see.€€Moore,€he€contended,€guided€his€hand€to€where€the€initials€wereÏrequired€and€to€the€place€where€he€wrote€his€signature.ÌÌà ¸ àAt€the€request€of€the€defendantððs€mother,€attorney€Martelia€CrawfordÏvisited€the€defendant€about€thirty€minutes€after€he€gave€his€statement.׃+×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ms.Ð 0€ ÐCrawford€testified€that,€when€she€arrived,€the€defendant€appeared€confused.€€HeÏwas€sitting€on€the€cot€with€his€knees€clasped€to€his€chest.€€He€complained€of€hotÏflashes€and€chills€and€told€her€that€he€was€vomiting€greenish„black€liquid€and€wasÏunable€to€eat.€€He€seemed€very€uncomfortable€and€distraught.€€€His€conversationÏwas€disjointed.€€She€had€to€repeat€her€questions€several€times,€and€it€was€hard€toÏget€a€complete€answer€from€him.€€€He€showed€her€the€copy€of€the€search€warrant,Ïand,€when€she€warned€him€not€to€talk€to€the€police,€he€told€her€that€he€had€justÏgiven€a€statement€and€that€he€would€be€transferred€back€to€DeKalb€County.€€SheÏtold€him€that€he€probably€would€not€be€moved€unless€a€court€ordered€the€transfer.׃.`×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р,`'* ÐÌà ¸ àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€hearing,€the€trial€judge€made€thorough€andÐ Ð/ +. Ðspecific€findings.€€The€court€found€that€(1)€the€defendant€was€advised€of€his€rightsÏprior€to€making€the€statement€and€that€he€signed€a€proper€waiver;€(2)€he€neverÏrequested€the€services€of€an€attorney;€(3)€there€was€no€evidence€of€deceit€orÏdeception€on€the€part€of€the€officers;€(4)€nothing€indicated€that€the€officers€usedÏthreats,€violence,€or€coercion€that€overbore€his€will;€(5)€the€defendant€had€a€historyÏof€two€years€of€serious€drug€abuse€and€was€going€through€withdrawal€at€the€timeÏhe€gave€his€statement;€(6)€€nothing€indicated€that€the€defendant€was€not€functioningÏin€a€normal€way€during€those€two€years€despite€his€drug€use;€(6)€the€bookingÏphotographs€taken€at€the€time€do€not€show€that€he€was€so€distraught€he€didnððt€knowÏwhat€he€was€doing;׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú16Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€(7)€when€the€defendant€spoke€to€Ms.€Crawford€he€was€ableÐ à Ðto€tell€her€about€the€search€warrant€and€describe€the€agents;€(8)€the€defendant€wasÏin€a€state€of€nervousness;€(9)€€the€defendant€gave€a€detailed€account€that€includedÏstatements€made€by€various€people€and€a€coherent€description€of€the€events.€€€ÏBased€on€these€findings,€the€trial€court€concluded€that€the€defendant€had€knowinglyÏand€intelligently€waived€his€constitutional€rights€and€had€voluntarily€and€freely€givenÏhis€incriminating€statement.€€ÌÌà ¸ àIt€is€well€settled€that€when€a€trial€court€makes€finding€of€facts€at€theÏconclusion€of€a€suppression€hearing,€those€facts€are€accorded€the€weight€of€a€juryÏverdict.€€€òòState€v.€€Stephensonóó,€878€Ô#† XrXX$Xrí¢#ÔS.W.2dÔ‡$XrXX XrÔ€530,€544€€Ô#† XrXX$XrÎÅ#Ô(Tenn.€19Ô‡$XrXX XrÔ94).€€The€facts€areÐ P( #& Ðbinding€on€this€court€unless€the€evidence€in€the€record€preponderates€against€them.€ÏÔ#† XrXX$Xr$Æ#ÔÔ‡$XrXX XrÔÓÓà8 ¸ àQuestions€of€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€weight€andÐ ,`'* Ðvalue€of€the€evidence€and€resolution€of€conflicts€ofÏevidence€are€matters€entrusted€to€the€trial€judge€as€theÏtrier€of€fact.€€The€party€prevailing€in€the€trial€court€isÏentitled€to€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidenceÏadduced€at€the€suppression€hearing€as€well€as€allÏreasonable€and€legitimate€inferences€that€may€beÏdrawn€from€the€evidence.€€So€long€as€the€greater€weightÏof€the€evidence€supports€the€trial€courtððs€findings,€thoseÏfindings€shall€be€upheld.€€Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÐ p5À04 ÐÓÓòòOdomóó,€928€Ô#† XrXX$XrãÆ#ÔS.W.2dÔ‡$XrXX XrÔ€18,€23€Ô#† XrXX$Xr¸É#Ô(Tenn.€19Ô‡$XrXX XrÔ96);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòState€v.€€Bushóó,€942€S.W.2dÔ#† XrXX$Xr Ê#ÔÔ‡$XrXX XrÔ€489,Ð ° Ð499€Ô#† XrXX$XrÊ#Ô(Tenn.€19Ô‡$XrXX XrÔ97);€Ô#† XrXX$XrêÊ#ÔòòStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€at€544.€Ð à ÐÌà ¸ àIn€this€case,€Ô‡$XrXX XrÔthe€evidence€concerning€the€defendantððs€physical€andÐ P   Ðmental€condition€was€heavily€controverted€with€each€side€presenting€testimony€thatÏsupported€its€contentions.€€The€trial€court,€however,€resolved€the€conflictingÏtestimony€in€the€stateððs€favor.€€After€examining€the€record,€we€cannot€conclude€thatÏthe€evidence€preponderates€against€those€findings,€and€this€court,€therefore,€isÏbound€by€them.€€€€ÌÌà ¸ àThe€Fifth€Amendment€to€the€United€States€Constitution€provides€thatÏð ð[n]o€person€.€.€.€shall€be€compelled€in€any€criminal€case€to€be€a€witness€againstÏhimself.ðð€€The€corresponding€provision€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€states€ð ð[t]hatÏin€all€criminal€prosecutions,€the€accused€shall€not€be€compelled€to€give€evidenceÏagainst€himself.ðð€€Tenn.€€Const.€€art.€€I,€ðð€9.€€Our€supreme€court€has€previously€heldÏthat€ð ð[t]he€significant€difference€between€these€two€provisions€is€that€the€test€ofÏvoluntariness€for€confessions€under€Article€1,€Section€9€is€broader€and€moreÏprotective€of€individual€rights€than€the€test€of€voluntariness€under€the€FifthÏAmendment.ðð€€òòState€v.€€Crumpóó,€834€Ô#† XrXX$Xr†Ë#ÔS.W.2dÔ‡$XrXX XrÔ€265€Ô#† XrXX$XrFÐ#Ô(Tenn.€19Ô‡$XrXX XrÔ92).€€Ð p&À!$ ÐÌà ¸ àTo€admit€a€defendantððs€written€statement€into€evidence,€the€statementÏmust€have€been€given€voluntarily€by€a€defendant€knowledgeable€of€his€constitutionalÏrights€and€accompanied€by€a€valid€and€knowing€waiver€of€those€rights.€€òòSeeóó€òòStateÐ ð-@), Ðv.€Middlebrooksóó,€840€Ô#† XrXX$Xr–Ð#ÔS.W.2dÔ‡$XrXX XrÔ€317,€326€Ô#† XrXX$Xr)Ò#Ô(Tenn.€19Ô‡$XrXX XrÔ92).€€The€€prosecution€may€not€useÐ Ð/ +. Ðstatements,€whether€inculpatory€or€exculpatory,€that€stem€from€custodialÏinterrogation€unless€it€demonstrates€the€use€of€procedural€safeguards€thatÏeffectively€secure€the€privilege€against€self„incrimination.€€òòMiranda€v.€€Arizonaóó,€384Ð p5À04 ÐU.S.€436,€444,€86€S.€Ct.€1602,€1612€(1966);€òòCrumpóó,€834€Ô#† XrXX$Xr~Ò#ÔS.W.2dÔ‡$XrXX XrÔ€at€268.€€€Here,€theÐ P7 26 Ðtrial€judge€found€that€the€agents€properly€advised€the€defendant€of€his€rights€andÐ 09€48 Ðthat€he€signed€a€written€waiver€of€those€rights.€€Although€the€trial€judge€found€thatÏthe€defendant€was€experiencing€withdrawal€from€his€prolonged€use€ofÏmethamphetamine€and€cocaine,€the€court€also€found€€that€the€defendant€was€notÏin€such€a€state€that€he€did€not€understand€what€he€was€doing.€€Ô#† XrXX$Xr?Ô#ÔÔ‡$XrXX XrÔThe€record€showsÐ P   Ðthat,€after€the€defendant€made€his€spontaneous€incriminatory€remarks,€the€agentsÏprevented€him€from€making€any€further€statements€until€they€had€advised€him€of€hisÏconstitutional€rights€and€obtained€a€written€waiver.€€€Absent€any€evidence€ofÏoverreaching€by€the€police,€the€waiver€is€valid.€€òòBushóó,€942€S.W.2d€at€500„501.Ð Ð  ÐÌà ¸ àà  àA€confession€must€be€free€and€voluntary,€and€it€must€not€beÏextracted€by€any€sort€of€threats€or€violence,€nor€obtained€by€any€direct€or€impliedÏpromises,€however€slight,€nor€by€the€exertion€of€any€improper€influence€or€otherÏevidence€of€police€overreaching.€€òòBram€v.€€United€Statesóó,€168€U.S.€532,€18€S.€Ct.Ð 0€ Ð183€€(1897).€€The€issue€of€voluntariness€requires€the€trial€judge€to€focus€on€whetherÏthe€behavior€of€the€stateððs€agents€was€such€as€ð ðto€overbearðð€the€accusedððs€will€toÏresist€and€thus€bring€about€a€confession€that€was€not€freely€given.€€òòState€v.€€Kellyóó,Ð Ð  Ð603€Ô#† XrXX$Xr8Ö#ÔS.W.2dÔ‡$XrXX XrÔ€726,€728€Ô#† XrXX$XrÚ#Ô(Tenn.€19Ô‡$XrXX XrÔ80).€€In€this€case,€the€€defendant€contends€that€theÐ °"  Ðagents€used€deception€and€coercion€to€obtain€his€statement.€€Specifically,€heÏalleges€that€they€promised€to€have€him€transferred€back€to€his€home€county€andÏtricked€him€with€a€phony€telephone€call.€€He€also€alleges€that€they€threatened€himÏwith€the€death€penalty€and€that€Agent€Moore€virtually€dictated€the€statement€to€himÏusing€information€obtained€from€the€statements€of€other€co„defendants.€€The€trialÏjudge,€however,€believed€the€testimony€of€the€stateððs€witnesses€rather€than€theÏdefendant€with€respect€to€these€factual€issues.€€He€found€that€no€deceptionÏoccurred€and€that€the€agents€made€no€promises€or€threats.€€This€court€does€notÏdetermine€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses€or€weigh€their€testimony€and€must,Ïtherefore,€accept€that€judgment€unless€the€evidence€preponderates€against€theÏholding.€€òòOdomóó,€928€Ô#† XrXX$XräÚ#ÔS.W.2dÔ‡$XrXX XrÔ€at€23.€€Ô#† XrXX$Xr¯Þ#ÔÔ‡$XrXX XrÔÐ P7 26 ÐÐ 09€48 Ðà ¸ àIf€the€defendant€is€capable€of€making€a€coherent€statement€concerningÏhis€participation€in€a€crime,€the€statement€is€admissible€even€if€he€were€under€theÏinfluence€of€drugs€at€the€time.€€òòState€v.€€Greenóó,€613€S.W.2dÔ#† XrXX$XrúÞ#ÔÔ‡$XrXX XrÔ€229,€232„33€Ô#† XrXX$XrNà#Ô(Tenn.Ð pÀ ÐCrim.€App.€1980).€€When€pressed,€even€the€defendantððs€expert€witness€concededÏthat€the€statement€was€coherent,€chronological,€and€rational.€€A€trial€courtððsÏdetermination€at€a€suppression€hearing€is€presumptively€correct.€€òòState€v.€Ð `  ÐStephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€530,€544€(Tenn.€1994).€€€Based€€on€the€record€before€usÐ ð@  Ðand€cognizant€of€the€appropriate€standard€of€review,€we€conclude€that€theÏdefendant€knowingly,€intelligently€and€voluntarily€gave€his€statement€to€the€police.€ÏThe€trial€court€did€not€err€in€admitting€the€defendantððs€statement€into€evidence.ÌÌò òà@ööàIV.ó ó€€ò òAdmissibility€of€Photographsó óˆÐ P  Ðà ¸ àDuring€the€guilt€phase€of€the€trial,€the€trial€court€allowed€the€state€toÏintroduce€into€evidence€two€photographs€of€the€victimsðð€bodies€taken€after€they€wereÏretrieved€from€Center€Hill€Lake.€€The€state€requested€that€five€pictures€be€admitted.€ÏAfter€a€jury„out€hearing,€the€trial€judge€ruled€that€the€prejudicial€effect€of€three€of€theÏpictures€substantially€outweighed€their€probative€value.€€Two€remainingÏphotographs,€however,€the€trial€judge€ruled€were€relevant€and€admissible.׃3×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú17Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€NeitherÐ $à" Ðphotograph€shows€the€face€of€the€victim.€€The€carpet€is€gone,€but€both€bodies€areÏwrapped€in€the€woven€wire€fencing.€€In€Exhibit€9,€John€Harryððs€body€lies€face€downÏon€the€gravel€beach.€€A€wound€to€the€back€of€his€head€is€barely€visible.€€Exhibit€12Ïshows€the€body€of€Roger€Zammit€and€includes€the€cinder€block€used€to€weight€theÏbody.€€The€cord€around€his€neck€is€visible€although€most€of€his€face€is€hidden.€€DuctÏtape€is€visible€in€Harryððs€hair€and€around€Zammitððs€hands.€€ÌÌà ¸ àIn€this€appeal,€the€defendant€argues€that€the€photographs,€which€wereÏtaken€after€the€bodies€had€been€in€the€lake€for€approximately€twelve€days,€wereÐ p5À04 Ðgruesome€and€inflammatory€and€offered€no€additional€information€or€assistance€toÏthe€jury.€€The€state€contends€that€the€photographs€were€probative€of€the€physicalÏtorture€endured€by€the€victims,€of€the€process€and€detail€of€the€disposal€of€theÏbodies,€and€as€corroboration€of€the€defendantððs€confession.€€ÌÌà ¸ àTo€be€admissible,€a€photograph€must€be€relevant€to€some€issue€atÏtrial,€and€the€prejudicial€effect€of€the€photograph€must€not€outweigh€its€probativeÏvalue.€€òòBushóó,€942€S.W.2d€at€514;€òòState€v.€€Banksóó,€564€S.W.2d€947,€951€(Tenn.Ð Ð  Ð1978).€€The€admissibility€of€photographs€is€within€the€sound€discretion€of€the€trialÏcourt€and€the€courtððs€determination€will€not€be€overturned€on€appeal€except€uponÏa€clear€showing€of€an€abuse€of€discretion.€€òòBushóó,€942€S.W.2d€at€514;€òòState€v.€Ð pÀ ÐBordisóó,€905€S.W.2d€214,€226€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€€Ð P  ÐÌà ¸ àAlthough€it€is€a€close€question€in€this€instance,€we€conclude€that€theÏtrial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€in€admitting€the€photographs.€€The€probativeÏvalue€of€the€photographs€is€somewhat€diminished€due€to€the€bodiesðð€long€exposureÏto€lake€water;€however,€they€were€relevant€to€supplement€the€testimony€of€theÏmedical€examiner€and€to€corroborate€the€details€provided€by€Kenny€Mason€and€theÏdefendantððs€statement.€€€òòSee€Stephensonóó,€878€S.W.2d€at€542.€€The€photographsÐ p&À!$ Ðare€not€pleasant€to€observe,€but€they€are€not€unduly€gruesome€nor€are€theyÏmisleading.€€Their€probative€value€is€not€substantially€outweighed€by€the€danger€ofÏunfair€prejudice.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€€403;€òòseeóó€òòState€v.€Banksóó,€564€S.W.2d€at€951.Ð ,`'* ÐMoreover,€even€if€it€were€error€to€admit€the€photographs,€the€error€would€beÏharmless€given€the€overwhelming€proof€of€the€defendantððs€guilt.ÌÌà@ã ã àò òV.€€ó ó€ò òProsecutorððs€Inflammatory€Remarkó óˆÐ 3à.2 Ðà ¸ àThe€defendant€next€complains€that€because€of€the€prosecutorððsÏremarks€he€is€entitled€to€a€reversal€of€his€convictions.€€During€closing,€theÏprosecutor€said,€ð ðNow€I€submit€to€you,€with€head€bowed,€defendant€sits€before€you,Ð 09€48 Ða€tear€now€and€then.€€What€purpose€does€this€serve?€€Pure€theatrics,€a€show€forÏyou€.€.€.€.€€I€can€assure€you€that€others€have€cried€an€ocean€of€tears.€€I€can€assureÏyou€that€he€shed€no€tear€on€the€night€when€he€brutally€murdered€two€young€men.ðð€ÏThe€defendant€contends€that€these€remarks€were€intended€to€make€the€jury€doubtÏthe€remorse€and€sincerity€of€the€defendant€and€to€inflame€the€jury.€€The€stateÏargues,€first,€that€the€issue€is€waived€because€the€defendant€failed€to€make€aÏcontemporaneous€objection,€and,€second,€that€the€argument€related€to€the€veracityÏof€a€witness€and€was€within€proper€bounds.€€ÌÌà ¸ àWe€find€that€the€defendant€waived€this€issue€although€for€otherÏreasons.€€Prior€to€trial,€defense€counsel€filed€a€detailed€motion€in€limine€for€theÏpurpose€of€limiting€the€prosecutionððs€arguments.€€The€motion€was€granted€by€theÏtrial€court€with€the€limitation€that€if€the€state€believed€that€an€argument€within€theÏpurview€of€the€motion€were€appropriate,€the€prosecutor€must€seek€the€leave€of€courtÏbefore€making€that€argument€to€the€jury.€€At€the€first€opportunity€after€the€jury€left€theÏcourt€room,€defense€counsel€brought€the€remarks€to€the€attention€of€the€trial€judge.׃5×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú18Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀РР ÐThe€trial€judge€agreed€that€the€remarks€were€inappropriate€and€were€covered€by€theÏmotion€in€limine.€€He€offered€to€submit€a€supplemental€instruction€to€the€jury.€€HeÏalso€requested€that€the€defense€submit€a€written€motion€requesting€a€mistrialÏalthough€he€did€not€intend€to€grant€the€motion.€€The€trial€judge€said€he€had€observedÏthe€jury€closely€during€closing€arguments.€€He€believed€that€the€improper€remarksÏwere€poorly€received€and€would€likely€prove€more€prejudicial€to€the€state€than€to€theÏdefendant.׃7p×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú19Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€Defense€counsel€filed€the€requested€motion€for€a€mistrial€but€declinedÐ ð-@), Ðthe€trial€courtððs€offer€to€issue€a€supplemental€instruction€as€the€instruction€would€onlyÏcall€attention€to€the€improper€statement.Ð °1-0 Їà ¸ àRule€36(a)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Appellate€Procedure€providesÏthat€relief€need€not€be€granted€to€a€party€who€fails€to€take€whatever€action€wasÏreasonably€available€to€prevent€or€nullify€the€harmful€effect€of€an€error.€€In€this€case,Ïdefense€counsel,€after€taking€some€time€for€deliberation,€declined€the€trial€courtððsÏoffer€to€give€a€supplemental€instruction€to€the€jury.€€The€defendant€cannot€requestÏrelief€from€an€appellate€court€when€he€refused€for€strategic€reasons€appropriateÏrelief€offered€by€the€trial€court.€€€ÌÌà@àò òVI.€€The€ð ðSecondðð€Sentencing€Hearingó óˆÐ ° Ðà ¸ àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€sentencing€phase€of€this€capital€case,€the€juryÏsentenced€Tatrow€to€life€imprisonment€for€each€felony€murder€conviction.€€OnÏOctober€25,€1996,€the€trial€court€held€a€sentencing€hearing€to€set€punishment€for€theÏespecially€aggravated€kidnapping€convictions€and€to€consider€consecutiveÏsentencing.€€Tatrow€contends€that€this€ð ðsecondðð€sentencing€hearing€violates€stateÏand€federal€constitutional€provisions€against€double€jeopardy€because€the€trial€judgeÏcharged€the€jury€in€the€first€sentencing€proceeding€to€consider€the€mitigatingÏcircumstances€and€the€aggravating€circumstances€which€were€raised€by€theÏevidence€during€the€entire€course€of€the€trial.€€At€the€later€hearing,€the€stateÏpresented€no€new€evidence.€€Since€all€of€the€stateððs€evidence€before€the€court€in€theÏsecond€hearing,€the€defendant€contends,€was€previously€considered€by€the€jury,€theÏdefendant€contends€that€he€was€twice€placed€in€jeopardy€upon€the€same€facts.ÌÌà ¸ àThe€argument€is€an€interesting€one;€however,€the€protections€againstÏdouble€jeopardy€are€simply€inapplicable€in€this€instance.€€The€language€in€the€stateÏand€federal€constitutions€are€similar.€€Both€provide€that€no€person€shall,€for€theÏsame€offense,€be€twice€put€in€jeopardy€of€life€or€limb.€€U.S.€Const.€amend.€€V;€Tenn.€ÏConst.€€art.€I,€ðð€10.€€Our€supreme€court€has€held€that€double€jeopardy€protects€aÏdefendant€from€(1)€re„prosecution€for€the€same€crime€after€an€acquittal;€(2)€re„¼prosecution€for€the€same€crime€after€a€conviction,€and€(3)€multiple€punishments€forÐ 09€48 Ðthe€same€offense.€òòState€v.€Dentonóó,€938€S.W.2d€373,€378€(Tenn.€1996);€òòsee€alsoóó€Ð ° ÐòòNorth€Carolina€v.€Pearceóó,€395€U.S.€711,€717,€89€S.€Ct.€2072,€2076€(1969).€€€€Ð à ÐÌà ¸ àWe€are€unable€to€see€how€the€hearing€held€on€October€25,€1996Ïviolated€double€jeopardy€principles.€€Double€jeopardy€principles€do€not€precludeÏseparate€sentencing€hearings€for€convictions€for€different€offenses.€€In€this€instance,Ïthe€trial€court€was€required€to€impose€sentences€for€especially€aggravatedÏkidnapping€and€to€determine€whether€the€life€sentences€imposed€by€the€jury€wouldÏbe€served€consecutively€or€concurrently.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115€(1997).€Ð ° ÐThe€fact€that€the€determination€was€made€on€a€different€day€after€additionalÏargument€and€upon€hearing€of€testimony€from€the€victimsðð€families€does€not€createÏa€violation€of€double€jeopardy€principles.ÌÌà ¸ àMoreover,€it€has€long€been€recognized€that€the€use€of€the€sameÏevidence€to€determine€the€range€and€length€of€a€sentence€and€to€determine€whetherÏthat€sentence€is€to€be€served€concurrently€or€consecutively€does€not€violate€doubleÏjeopardy.€€òòState€v.€Davisóó,€757€S.W.2d€11,€13€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987).€€There€is€noÐ °"  Ðprohibition,€either€statutory€or€constitutional,€against€using€the€same€facts€andÏcircumstances€to€enhance€sentences€under€the€applicable€enhancement€factorsÏand€to€require€those€sentences€to€be€served€consecutively.€€òòState€v.€Meeksóó,€867Ð P( #& ÐS.W.2d€361,€377€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€We€are€unable€to€conclude€that€doubleÏjeopardy€principles€prevent€the€state€from€using€evidence€presented€in€theÏsentencing€phase€of€a€capital€case€in€a€later€hearing€to€determine€whetherÏconsecutive€sentencing€was€appropriate.€€ÌÌà@!àò òVII.€€Jurorsðð€Affidavitsó óˆÐ 3à.2 Ðà ¸ àIncluded€in€the€defendantððs€response€to€the€stateððs€Motion€forÏConsecutive€Sentencing€were€the€affidavits€of€two€jurors€indicating€that€these€jurorsÏbelieved€that€the€defendant€was€capable€of€rehabilitation€and€that€he€should€serveÐ 09€48 Ðthe€two€life€sentences€concurrently.€€At€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€prosecution,Ïwhile€arguing€that€the€affidavits€were€inadmissible,€tendered€affidavits€from€twoÏother€jurors€who€believed€that€consecutive€sentencing€would€be€appropriate.€€AfterÏhearing€the€arguments€of€both€parties,€the€trial€court€decided€ð ðin€an€abundance€ofÏcautionðð€not€to€admit€into€evidence€any€of€the€affidavits.€€ÌÌà ¸ àIn€this€appeal,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€affidavits€should€haveÏbeen€admitted€as€jurors€are€the€exclusive€judges€of€the€facts.׃d×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú20Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€The€state€arguesÐ Ð  Ðthat€the€affidavits€were€inadmissible€pursuant€to€Rule€606(b)€of€the€TennesseeÏRules€of€Evidence.€€Although€we€find€Rule€606€to€have€little€bearing€on€this€matter,Ïwe€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€in€refusing€to€admit€theÏaffidavits€into€evidence.€€ÌÌà ¸ àNeither€portion€of€Rule€606€provides€much€guidance€in€this€instance.€ÏSubsection€(a)€of€the€rule€prohibits€a€juror€from€testifying€as€a€witness€ð ðbefore€thatÏjury€in€the€trial€of€the€case€in€which€the€juror€is€sitting.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€606€(a).€ÏBecause€there€is€no€jury€involvement€in€the€sentencing€hearing,€subsection€(a)€doesÏnot€necessarily€preclude€the€admission€of€the€affidavits.€€Subsection€(b)€providesÏthat,€when€an€inquiry€is€made€into€the€validity€of€a€verdict€or€an€indictment,€a€jurorÏmay€not€testify€as€ð ðto€any€matter€or€statement€occurring€during€the€course€of€theÏjuryððs€deliberations€or€to€the€effect€of€anything€upon€any€jurorððs€mind€or€emotion€asÏinfluencing€that€jury€to€assent€to€or€dissent€from€the€verdict€or€indictment€orÏconcerning€the€jurorððs€mental€processes.€.€.€.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€606(b).€€€The€rule€isÏaddressed€to€a€situation€in€which€a€jurorððs€affidavit€is€submitted€in€connection€withÏa€motion€challenging€the€verdict€and€seeking€a€new€trial.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€606,ÏSentencing€Commððn€Comments.€€€The€affidavits,€in€this€instance,€were€offered€at€aÐ 3à.2 Ðsentencing€hearing€on€the€issue€of€consecutive€sentencing,€and€they€containÏnothing€that€would€be€of€relevance€to€a€challenge€to€the€validity€of€a€jury€verdict.€ÏWe€conclude€that€Rule€606€neither€permits€nor€forbids€the€admission€of€jurorÏaffidavits€in€this€situation.ÌÌà ¸ àTrial€courts€have,€however,€broad€discretion€in€determining€theÏadmission€of€evidence.€€òòSee€State€v.€Hutchinsonóó,€898€S.W.2d€161,€172€(Tenn.Ð ð@  Ð1995);€òòState€v.€Bakeróó,€785€S.W.2d€132,€134€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1989).€€This€courtÐ Ð  Ðwill€not€disturb€a€trial€judgeððs€discretion€to€admit€or€exclude€evidence€unless€it€isÏexercised€arbitrarily.€€òòBakeróó€,€785€S.W.2d€at€134.€€Ð à ÐÌà ¸ àAs€noted€above,€we€find€nothing€in€Rule€606€that€forbids€the€admissionÏof€the€proffered€affidavits.€€Moreover,€at€a€sentencing€hearing,€traditional€rules€ofÏevidence€are€relaxed.€€Traditionally,€any€evidence€that€the€judge€deems€trustworthyÏand€probative€is€admissible€in€a€sentencing€hearing€regardless€of€its€admissibilityÏunder€the€rules€of€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Hawkóó,€688€S.W.2d€467,€472€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð Ð  Ð1985).€€Sentencing€Commission€Comments€to€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€sectionÏ40„35„210€state:ÌÓÓà8 ¸ àThe€provision€of€subsection€(b)€require€the€court€toÏconsider€all€of€the€proof€at€trial€...€[and]€evidence€andÏinformation€offered€by€the€parties€on€the€mitigation€andÏenhancement€factors€.€.€.€.€€This€subsection€permits€theÏcourt€the€greatest€latitude€in€considering€all€availableÏinformation€in€imposing€the€appropriate€sentence€andÏsentence€alternative.Ð ¸ x¸ x ÐÌÓÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„210€(1997),€Sentencing€Commððn€Comments.€€€òòÐ ð-@), ÐÌà ¸ àóóThe€trial€judge€in€this€instance,€did€not€give€a€specific€evidentiaryÐ °1-0 Ðreason€for€excluding€the€four€affidavits€nor€did€he€mention€relevance€or€probativeÏvalue.€€However,€we€do€not€conclude€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion.€€ÌÌà ¸ àEvidence€must€be€probative€and€trustworthy€to€be€admitted€in€aÐ 09€48 Ðsentencing€hearing.€òòState€v.€Mackeyóó,€553€S.W.2d€337,€334€(Tenn.€1977);€òòJerryÐ ° ÐLynn€Hopson€v.€Stateóó,€No.€03C01„9308„CR„00249,€slip.€op€at€4„5€(Tenn.€Crim.Ð à ÐApp.,€Knoxville,€Sept.€27,€1994),€òòperm.€app.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€1995).€€€The€decision€toÐ pÀ Ðimpose€concurrent€or€consecutive€sentences€lies€exclusively€with€the€trial€court.ÏEvidence€presented€in€a€sentencing€hearing€should€provide€the€trial€court€with€theÏfacts€necessary€to€make€a€determination€according€to€the€legal€requirements€foundÏin€the€statutes.€€€Even€victim€impact€statements,€which€are€permitted€by€TennesseeÏCode€Annotated€section€40„38„202,€are€defined€as€ð ða€statement€providingÏòòinformationóó€about€the€financial,€emotional,€and€physical€effects€of€the€crime€on€theÐ ° Ðvictim€and€the€victimððs€family€.€.€.€.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„38‚„203(2)€(1997)Ï(emphasis€added).€€The€opinion€of€a€juror€on€the€subject€of€consecutive€sentencingÏis€no€more€relevant€than€the€opinion€of€anyone€else.€€In€this€instance,€the€affidavitsÏexpressed€the€opinions€of€individual€jurors€as€to€the€propriety€of€consecutiveÏsentencing.€€Not€surprisingly,€the€two€obtained€by€the€state€were€completelyÏopposite€to€those€offered€by€the€defense.€€The€four€mutually€contradictory€affidavitsÏwould€have€been€of€no€assistance€to€the€finder€of€fact.€€They€could€not€have€madeÏthe€existence€of€any€fact€that€was€of€consequence€to€the€trial€courtððs€determinationÏmore€probable€or€less€probable.€€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€401.€€Simply€put,€the€affidavits€wereÏirrelevant.€€€€The€trial€judge€did€not€abuse€his€discretion€by€excluding€them€at€theÏsentencing€hearing.ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à@¡¡àò òVIIIó ó.€€ò òConsecutive€Sentencingó óˆÐ ,`'* Ðà ¸ àIn€his€final€issue,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€inÏordering€him€to€serve€his€two€life€sentences€consecutively.€€The€defendant,€who€wasÏ28€when€he€was€sentenced,€will€not€be€eligible€for€parole€until€he€is€over€75€yearsÏold.׃;×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú21Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€€In€essence,€the€defendant€argues€that€consecutive€sentencing€underminesÐ 3à.2 Ðthe€juryððs€decision€to€sentence€him€to€life€sentences€with€the€possibility€of€parole.€Ð p5À04 ÐHe€also€argues€that,€because€the€trial€court€found€that€he€had€previously€been€aÏdependable,€honest,€well„behaved€citizen€who€maintained€full€employment€and€whoÏhad,€except€for€a€single€misdemeanor€conviction,€a€clean€criminal€record,€it€wasÏerror€to€impose€consecutive€sentences.€€The€state,€however,€points€to€theÏdefendantððs€history€of€extensive€use€of€illegal€drugs,€the€need€for€deterrence,€andÏthe€torture€and€brutality€of€the€crimes€as€ample€justification€for€consecutiveÏsentencing.€€We€conclude€that€because€the€trial€court€affirmatively€found€thatÏconsecutive€sentencing€was€not€required€to€protect€society,€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905Ð Ð  ÐS.W.2d€933€(Tenn.€1995),€as€interpreted€by€the€bulk€of€opinions€from€this€court,Ïprecludes€the€use€of€consecutive€sentences.ÌÌà ¸ àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€sentencing€hearing,€the€trial€court€found€thatÏsix€enhancement€factors€applied€to€the€especially€aggravated€kidnappingÏconvictions:€(1)€the€defendant€has€a€previous€history€of€criminal€behavior;€(2)€theÏdefendant€was€a€leader€in€the€commission€of€the€offense:€(5)€the€defendant€treatedÏor€allowed€the€victim€to€be€treated€with€exceptional€cruelty;€(6)€the€injuries€inflictedÏwere€particularly€great;€(10)€the€defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€theÏcrime€when€the€risk€to€human€life€was€high;€and€(16)€the€crimes€were€convictedÏunder€circumstances€in€which€the€potential€for€bodily€injury€to€a€victim€was€great.€Ð p&À!$ ÐòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„114€(1),€(2),€(5),€(6),€(10),€(16).€€€As€mitigating€factors,Ð P( #& Ðthe€trial€court€found€that€the€defendant€had€acted€under€some€provocation€and€thatÏthere€were€some€grounds€that€tended€to€excuse€or€justify€his€acts.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€CodeÐ ,`'* ÐAnn.€ðð€40„35„113€(2),€(3)€(1997).€€However,€the€trial€court€found€that€the€provocationÏwas€comparatively€weak€and€the€grounds€were€insubstantial€and€so€accorded€theseÏfactors€little€weight.€€€As€the€defendant€has€not€challenged€the€applicability€of€anyÏof€these€factors,€and€he€does€not€complain€about€the€kidnapping€sentencesÏimposed€by€the€trial€court,€we€need€not€review€either€the€factors€or€those€sentencesÏin€any€detail.ÌÐ 09€48 Ðà ¸ àIn€conjunction€with€the€enhancement€and€mitigating€factors,€the€trialÏcourt€also€made€the€following€factual€findings:€€ÌÓÓà ¸ à1.à8  àThe€defendant€had€been€a€good€family€man€prior€toÐ pÀ Ðbeing€overtaken€by€drugs.Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà ¸ à2.à8  àThe€defendant€was€a€good€steady€worker€who€hadÐ @  Ðmaintained€regular€employment€until€four€months€priorÏto€the€commission€of€the€offenses.Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà ¸ à3.à8  àThe€defendant€had€been€a€better€than€average€citizen.ÐP Ð Ð  ÐÌà ¸ à4.à8  àThe€defendant€showed€genuine€remorse€for€his€crimes.Ðà0 Ð Ð  ÐÌà ¸ à5.à8  àThe€defendant€has€the€ability€to€rehabilitate€himself.ÐÀÐ Ð  ÐÌÓÓÌà ¸ àThe€trial€court€also€concluded€that€the€defendantððs€behavior€leadingÏup€to€and€during€the€commission€of€the€crimes€indicated€little€or€no€regard€forÏhuman€life,€that€€the€defendant€had€no€hesitation€about€committing€a€crime€when€theÏrisk€to€human€life€is€high,€that€the€circumstances€were€aggravated,€and€that€theÏlength€of€the€aggregate€sentences€were€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€theÏoffenses.€€€Offsetting€these€findings,€however,€the€court€found€that€the€defendantÏwas€capable€of€rehabilitation€and€that,€òòifóó€òòheóó€òòremainedóó€òòdrugóó€òòfreeóó,€society€would€notÐ À! Ðneed€further€protection€from€criminal€behavior€on€the€part€of€thedefendant.€€ÌÌà ¸ àWith€respect€to€the€consecutive€sentencing€criteria,€the€trial€courtÏfound€that€the€defendant,€despite€his€four„month€immersion€in€buying€and€sellingÏdrugs,€was€not€a€professional€criminal.€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(1).€€Ð  +p&) ÐThe€trial€court€also€concluded€that€the€defendant€was€not€a€dangerous€offender.ÏHowever,€relying€upon€the€defendantððs€extensive€and€admitted€record€of€drug€use,Ïthe€trial€judge€believed€that€the€facts€of€the€case€required€consecutive€lifeÏsentences.€€He€concluded:ÌÓÓà8 ¸ àà  àAs€I€found€above,€the€Defendantððs€record€ofÏcriminal€activity€is€extensive.€€In€addition,€he€committedÏtwo€aggravated€first€degree€murders€which€wereÏheinous,€atrocious€and€cruel.€Were€I€to€sentenceÏconcurrently,€it€would€be€the€equivalent€of€sending€aÏmessage€to€the€Defendant€and€to€DeKalb€County€thatÏyou€get€one€murder€free.€€Ð :p59¸ x¸ x Ðà ¸ àÌÌÓÓà ¸ àWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€length,€range,€or€manner€of€serviceÏof€a€sentence,€it€is€the€duty€of€this€court€to€conduct€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€review€with€aÐ pÀ Ðpresumption€that€the€determinations€made€by€the€trial€court€are€correct.€Tenn.€CodeÏAnn.€ðð€40-35-401(d)(1990).€This€presumption€is€"conditioned€upon€the€affirmativeÏshowing€in€the€record€that€the€trial€court€considered€the€sentencing€principles€andÏall€relevant€facts€and€circumstances.ðð€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2d€166,€169€(Tenn.Ð ð@  Ð1991).€€€In€conducting€our€review,€we€must€consider€all€the€evidence,€theÏpresentence€report,€the€sentencing€principles,€the€enhancing€and€mitigating€factors,Ïcounselsðð€arguments,€the€appellantððs€statements,€the€nature€and€character€of€theÏoffense,€and€the€appellantððs€potential€for€rehabilitation.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€40„35„¼103(5),€„210(b)€€(1990);€òòState€v.€Ashbyóó,€823€S.W.2dÔ‡$XrXX XrÔ€at€169.€€The€defendant€has€theÐ P  Ðburden€of€demonstrating€that€the€sentence€is€improper.€€òòIdóó.€In€the€event€the€recordÐ 0€ Ðfails€to€demonstrate€the€appropriate€consideration€by€the€trial€court,€appellate€reviewÏof€the€sentence€is€purely€òòdeóó€òònovoóó.€€òòIdóó.€If€our€review€reflects€that€the€trial€courtÐ ð@ Ðproperly€considered€all€relevant€factors€and€the€record€adequately€supports€itsÏfindings€of€fact,€this€court€must€affirm€the€sentence€even€if€we€would€have€preferredÏa€different€result.€€òòState€v.€Fletcheróó,€805€Ô#† XrXX$Xr²:#ÔS.W.2dÔ‡$XrXX XrÔ€785,€789€Ô#† XrXX$XrF=#Ô(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€19Ô‡$XrXX XrÔ91).Ð $à" ÐÔ#† XrXX$Xr¦=#ÔÔ‡$XrXX XrÔÌà ¸ àIn€this€instance,€the€trial€court€appropriately€referred€to€the€sentencingÏprinciples€and€painstakingly€made€the€appropriate€factual€findings.€Therefore,€weÏdefer€to€the€trial€courtððs€factual€findings€and€presume€these€findings€to€be€correct.€ÏHowever,€given€the€trial€courtððs€factual€findings,€we€find€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€Ïapplying€the€law€to€those€findings€and€in€imposing€consecutive€sentences€in€thisÏinstance.€€ÌÌÔ#† XrXX$Xr>#ÔÔ‡$XrXX XrÔà ¸ àConsecutive€sentencing€may€be€imposed€in€the€discretion€of€the€trialÐ p5À04 Ðâ âcourt€upon€a€determination€that€one€or€more€of€the€criteria€listed€in€Ô#† XrXX$Xr@#ÔTennessee€CodeÐ P7 26 ÐAnnotated€sectionÔ‡$XrXX XrÔ€40„35„115(b)€exist.׃@×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú22Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Consecutive€sentences,€however,€shouldÐ ° Ðâ ânot€be€routinely€imposed€even€for€the€offender€whose€record€of€criminal€activity€isÏextensive.€€Ô#† XrXX$Xr-A#ÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€Ô‡$XrXX XrÔ40„35„115,€Sentencing€Commððn€Comments;€òòStateÐ pÀ Ðv.€Tayloróó,€739€Ô#† XrXX$Xr“B#ÔS.W.2dÔ‡$XrXX XrÔ€227,€230€Ô#† XrXX$Xr4C#Ô(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€19Ô‡$XrXX XrÔ87);€òòState€v.€David€L.€Mayesóó,Ð P   ÐÔ#† XrXX$Xr”C#ÔNo.€03C01„9Ô‡$XrXX XrÔ610„CR„€00365€Ô#† XrXX$XrD#Ô(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,€Ô‡$XrXX XrÔSept.€9,€1997);€€òòState€v.Ð 0 € ÐRoscoe€C.€Smithóó,€Ô#† XrXX$Xr‡D#ÔNo.€01C01„9Ô‡$XrXX XrÔ502„CR„00031,€slip€op.€at€10€Ô#† XrXX$XrE#Ô(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,Ð `  ÐNashville,€Ô‡$XrXX XrÔOct.€12,€1995).€€Moreover,€the€consecutive€sentencing€factors€ð ðcannot€beÐ ð@  Ðread€in€isolation€from€other€provisions€of€the€Sentencing€Reform€Act€of€1989.ðð€ÏòòWilkersonóó,€€905€S.W.2d€at€937.€Ð ° ÐÌÔ#† XrXX$XrªE#Ôà ¸ àIn€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€our€supreme€court€promulgated€two€additionalÐ pÀ Ðrequirements€for€consecutive€sentencing:€(1)€the€court€must€find€that€consecutiveÏsentences€are€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€of€the€offenses€committed€and€(2)Ïare€necessary€to€protect€the€public€from€further€criminal€conduct.€905€S.W.2d€atÏ937„38.€€€We€recognize€that€in€òòWilkersonóó,€€the€supreme€court€was€considering€theÐ ð@ Ðð ðdangerous€offenderðð€criterion,€and€that€it€is€not€cogently€clear€that€òòWilkersonóóÐ Ð  Ðapplies€to€those€cases€involving€one€of€the€other€six€criteria.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€DavidÐ °"  ÐKeith€Laneóó,€No.€03C01„9607„CC„00259,€slip€op.€at€11„13€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,Ð $à" ÐKnoxville,€June€18,€1997),€òòperm.€app.€grantedóó€(Tenn.€1998).€€Ð p&À!$ Їà ¸ àThe€principles€of€sentencing,€however,€include€the€notion€that€anyÏpunishment€imposed€should€be€necessary€in€order€to€protect€the€public€from€aÏdefendant€with€a€lengthy€history€of€criminal€conduct.€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„¼102(1);€òòState€v.€David€L.€Mayesóó,€No.€03C01„9610„CR„00365,€slip€op.€at€8€(Tenn.Ð P   ÐCrim.€App.,€Knoxville,€Sept.€9,€1997)€€€€As€noted€in€òòLaneóó,€one€of€the€principles€of€theÐ 0 € ÐAct€is€to€assure€that€defendants€be€punished€ð ðby€the€imposition€of€a€sentence€justlyÏdeserved€in€relation€to€the€seriousness€of€the€offense,ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„¼102(1)(1997),€and€that€ð ðthe€sentence€imposed€should€be€no€greater€than€thatÏdeserved€for€the€offense€committed.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„103(2)€(1997);ÏòòState€v.€David€Keith€Laneóó,€slip€op.€at€13.€€€Moreover,€the€ultimate€purpose€ofÐ à Ðconsecutive€sentencing€is€to€protect€the€public.€€òòState€v.€Wilkersonóó,€905€S.W.2d€atÐ pÀ Ð935;€òòGray€v.€Stateóó,€538€S.W.2d€391,€393€(Tenn.€1976);€Ô‡$XrXX XrÔ€òòState€v.€Roscoe€C.€Smithóó,Ð P  ÐÔ#† XrXX$XrpN#ÔNo.€01C01„9Ô‡$XrXX XrÔ502„CR„00031,€slip€op.€at€10€Ô#† XrXX$XròN#ÔÔ‡$XrXX XrÔ(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Ô#† XrXX$XrQO#ÔÔ‡$XrXX XrÔOct.€12,Ð 0€ Ð1995).€Ô#† XrXX$Xr±O#Ô€€Ð ` ÐÌà ¸ àSince€òòWilkersonóó,€the€weight€of€precedent€in€this€court€favors€the€useÐ Ð  Ðof€the€two€additional€requirements€in€all€consecutive€sentencing€cases.ñ#4ñœñ#4ññ#4ñ׃B×ñ#4ññ#4ñ׃×ñ#4ñÝ ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú23Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ñ#4ñ›ñ#4ñ€€WeÐ °"  Ðrecognize€that€our€supreme€court€has€granted€permission€to€appeal€in€òòLaneóó,€andÐ ° Ðultimately€this€issue€will€be€resolved€by€that€court.€€However,€in€the€meantime€weÏare€bound€by€this€courtððs€precedents.€€Therefore,€consecutive€life€sentences€mayÏbe€imposed€in€this€case€only€if€the€extended€sentences€reasonably€relate€to€theÏseverity€of€the€offenses€and€an€extended€sentence€in€this€case€is€required€to€protectÏthe€public€against€further€criminal€conduct€by€the€defendant.ÌÌà ¸ àThe€trial€court€made€extensive€findings€of€fact.€€First€the€courtÏconcluded€that€four€months€of€immersion€in€drug„related€activity€did€not€qualify€theÏdefendant€as€a€professional€criminal€and€that€the€defendant€was€not€a€dangerousÏoffender.׃DP×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú24Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„35„115(b)(1),(4)€(1997).€€€Based€on€theÐ pÀ Ðdefendantððs€daily€use€of€illegal€drugs€for€more€than€a€year,€the€court€found€that€theÏdefendant€had€a€extensive€record€of€criminal€behavior.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€€40„Ð à Ð35„115(b)(2)€(1997).€It€found€that€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€commissionÏof€the€crimes€were€aggravated€and€that€the€murders€were€especially€brutal€and€cruelÏand€that€two€consecutive€life€sentences€were€reasonably€related€to€the€severity€ofÏthe€offenses.€€The€record€overwhelmingly€supports€these€findings.€€€ÌÌà ¸ àHowever,€the€trial€judge€found€that€the€defendant,€prior€to€becomingÏaddicted€to€drugs,€had€been€a€ð ðbetter€than€averageðð€citizen.€€He€described€theÏdefendant€as€a€ð ðgood€family€manðð€and€ð ða€hard,€steady€workerðð€until€he€wasÏovertaken€by€drugs.€€The€trial€judge€found€that€the€defendantððs€remorse€for€hisÏcrimes€was€genuine,€and€that€the€defendant€was€capable€of€rehabilitation.€€TheÏdefendant€has€remained€close€to€his€parents€and€sister€throughout,€and€theirÏsupport€for€him€has€been€unwavering.€€At€the€sentencing€hearing,€close€friends€alsoÏtestified€to€their€affection€for€the€defendant€and€expressed€a€belief€in€his€ability€toÏredeem€his€life.€€An€affidavit€from€the€sheriff€of€Putnam€Co.€indicated€that€theÏdefendant€had€been€cooperative€and€had€posed€no€problems€during€his€nearly€twoÏyears€of€incarceration€in€the€county€jail.€€The€defendant,€who€said€he€had€beenÏcompletely€drug„free€since€his€arrest€despite€the€availability€of€drugs€in€jail,€testifiedÏto€his€intent€to€continue€his€college€education€while€he€was€serving€his€time.€€TheÏtrial€judge€was€able€to€observe€the€defendant€and€the€other€witnesses,€and€heÏclearly€accredited€the€defendantððs€testimony.€€Of€critical€significance€to€this€courtððsÏreview,€the€trial€court€found€that€the€defendant€was€capable€of€rehabilitation€andÏthat,€as€long€as€the€defendant€was€drug€free,€extended€sentences€were€not€requiredÏto€protect€the€public.€€ÌÌà ¸ àñ#4ñœñ#4ñTheñ#4ñ›ñ#4ñ€trial€ñ#4ñœñ#4ñcourt,ñ#4ñ›ñ#4ñ€€ñ#4ñœñ#4ñtherefore,€did€not€clearly€œdetermineñ$4ñ€whetherñ$4ñ›€extendedÐ p5À04 Ðsentences€were€required€to€protect€the€public€from€further€criminal€acts€by€thisÏdefendant.€€The€trial€courtððs€finding€is€œconditionñ%4ñedñ%4ññ&4ñalñ&4ñ›€and€œhedgeñ'4ñsñ'4ñ›€the€outcome€on€theÏdefendantððs€future,€ñ#4ñunforseeableñ#4ññ#4ñunforeseeableñ#4ñ€success€in€avoiding€drugs.€€This€conditionalÏfinding€averts€the€mandate€of€ñ(4ñòòñ(4ñWilkersonñ(4ñóóñ(4ñ.Ð P   ÐÓÓÌÌÓÓà ¸ àÔ‡$XrXX XrÔWe€note€that€previously€this€court,€ð ðunder€our€power€of€de€novoÐ `  Ðreview,ðð€has€itself€made€fact€findings€in€support€of€the€application€of€the€òòWilkersonóóÐ ð@  Ðrequirements,€òòseeóóòòState€v.€Ricky€Dean€Coleóó,€No.€03C01„9604„CC„00171,€slip€op.Ð Ð  Ðat€6€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Knoxville,€July€29,€1997),€but€such€a€òòdeóó€òònovoóó€finding€wasÐ ° Ðmade€òòinóó€òòtheóó€òòabsenceóó€of€findings€on€the€issue€by€the€trial€court.€€In€the€present€case,Ð à Ðthe€trial€court€made€many€material€findings€based€upon€extensive€live€testimony,Ïincluding€the€testimony€of€the€defendant.€€ñ#4ñòòóóñ#4ñAlthough€the€proportionality€of€the€lengthÏof€the€sentence€to€the€severity€of€the€offense€is€obviously€appropriate€for€òòdeóó€òònovoóóÐ 0€ Ðappellate€review,€the€second€òòWilkersonóó€requirement,€which€involves€the€questionÐ ` Ðof€the€defendantððs€amenability€to€rehabilitation,€is€more€fact„driven.€€We€areÏgenerally€in€no€position€to€second„guess€a€trial€judge€who€heard€testimony€fromÏwitnesses,€which€in€this€case€included€the€defendant.€€In€such€a€situation,€we€mustÏdefer€to€the€trial€court€to€clarify€the€conditional€finding€it€made€relative€to€the€needÏfor€a€lengthy€sentences€to€protect€the€public.Ô#† XrXX$XrI_#ÔÐ p&À!$ ÐÌà ¸ àTherefore,€we€vacate€the€trial€courtððs€imposition€of€consecutiveÏsentencing€and€remand€the€case€in€order€for€the€trial€court€to€make€appropriateÏfindings€under€òòWilkersonóó€and€to€determine€whether€the€defendantððs€two€lifeÐ ð-@), Ðsentences€shall€be€served€concurrently€with€or€consecutively€to€each€other.ÌÌà@÷÷(àò òConclusionó óˆÐ 3à.2 Ðà ¸ àOur€review€of€the€record€and€the€law€has€disclosed€no€error€requiringÏreversal€of€the€defendantððs€convictions,€and€we€affirm€his€convictions.€€TheÏimposition€of€consecutive€sentences,€however,€is€vacated.€€We€remand€the€œcaseñ)4ñsñ)4ññ*4ñ›ñ*4ññ*4ñ€ñ*4ñ›Ð 09€48 Ðto€the€trial€court€for€further€proceedings€pursuant€to€this€opinñ!4ññ 4ñoinñ 4ññ!4ññ"4ñion.ñ"4ññ#4ñ›ñ#4ñÌÌÓÓà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à__________________________Ìà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àCURWOOD€WI