WPCc i$슱X.a{%_M, ] -G[lbf^ؚqſ55J7g(%Y57c4xF|F|Z:sETd:%?냲uZcz?XD єt~xjg`{;g~mܒJ%v(`ZtTᙠɋD&޿%MZɲbsbb HE E?|/Xee87ꈮ&f|vHǫ7cMX ewy!_GPHawuKvT{c)HN[$;SN/ͣz$E2 S"P  %F U:L 0( UN w@ 4< P _ U:g U. > 0l 0Dy B K_2U:_ B******** D3GGG 0Dzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz AO   0D D/ BFX,  AZ"Arial Regular($(hH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular eeDDDPUӀuM%3|x,  AZ"Arial Regular%2A`ArialTT 4    `   1    Wehaveconcluded,baseduponanexaminationoftheentirerecord,thatdefendant  isentitledtonorelief.Nevertheless,weinnowayapproveofaprosecutorsfailuretodisclosethependingprobationviolationofagovernmentwitnesspriortotrial,orattheveryleastpriortothewitnessstestimony.Weacknowledgetheremaybearationalexplanationforthefailuretodosointhiscase,althoughitdoesnotappearintherecord.((3$ !      0  (#$  0   8    `   1    Wehaveconcluded,baseduponanexaminationoftheentirerecord,thatdefendant  isentitledtonorelief.Nevertheless,wewouldinnowayapproveofaprosecutorsfailuretodiscloseapendingprobationviolationofagovernmentwitnesspriortotrial,orattheveryleastpriortothewitnessstestimony.Weacknowledgetheremaybearationalexplanationforthisfailureinthiscase,althoughitdoesnotappearintherecord. XXXXXX   Ad FILEDXX  December9,1998CecilW.CrowsonAppellateCourtClerkdAM  A    `   1    Wehaveconcluded,baseduponanexaminationoftheentirerecord,thatdefendant  isentitledtonorelief.Nevertheless,weinnowayapproveofaprosecutorsfailuretoϜdisclosethependingprobationviolationofagovernmentwitnesspriortotrial,orattheveryleastpriortothewitnessstestimony.Weacknowledgetheremaybearationalexplanationforthefailuretodosointhiscase,althoughitdoesnotappearintherecord. U8    `   2    Thesamedefinitionofthistermwasgivenbythewitness,BrianBinkley.Although  hisabilitytorelatethedefinitionmaybemorequestionable,anypossibleerrorwasharmlessinlightofTysonstestimony.,cAZ"Arial Regular U8    `   2    Thesamedefinitionofthistermwasgivenbythewitness,BrianBinkley.Although  hisabilitytorelatethedefinitionmaybemorequestionable,anypossibleerrorwasharmlessinlightofTysonstestimony. d""""'dxd(3$ !  -C<< CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$   1  ' dxdP Pd !  XXXX  TR[A' Legal3'A' Legal3'Tr*<,(j 8` `@E` 8ttxP  rߛ@  INTHECOURTOFCRIMINALAPPEALSOFTENNESSEE  @FF'ATNASHVILLE@NN#OCTOBER1998SESSIONSTATEOFTENNESSEE, @-)  ` @-) p NO.01C019707CR00263   L   ` Appellee,@-)  8  @-) p DAVIDSONCOUNTY     VS. @-)   @-) p HON.SETHNORMAN,   KEVINTAYLOR, @-) p JUDGE    @-) ` Appellant.@-) p (FelonyMurder;Attempted d Ѐ   h   ) p EspeciallyAggravatedRobbery) J (  @(#(#( FORTHEAPPELLANT: 2 WILLIAMP.GRIFFIN,IV 306GaySt.,Ste.301  Nashville,TN37201   (TrialandAppeal) NILESS.NIMMO D  306GaySt.,Ste.200 0 Nashville,TN372011164 (Trial)   L  FORTHEAPPELLEE: 2 JOHNKNOXWALKUP   ! AttorneyGeneralandReporter DARYLJ.BRAND  r$ AssistantAttorneyGeneralCordellHullBuilding,2ndFloor425FifthAvenueNorthNashville,TN372430493 VICTORS.JOHNSON,III  !,* DistrictAttorneyGeneral KYMBERLYHAAS  $- AssistantDistrictAttorneyGeneralWashingtonSquare,Ste.5002222ndAvenueN.Nashville,TN372011649 )h$2 (  @( OPINIONFILED:򀀀 H0+8 AFFIRMEDJOEG.RILEY,JUDGE  83A  7XdXXd7@' OPINION    ` Defendant,KevinTaylor,wasconvictedbyaDavidsonCountyjuryoffelonymurderandattemptedespeciallyaggravatedrobbery.Hewassentencedtolifeimprisonmentand10years,respectively,torunconcurrently.Onappealhepresentsthefollowingissuesforourreview:8 ` 8 ` ` (1)8 x xwhethertheevidencewassufficientto   supporttheconvictions;    8 ` 8 ` ` (2)8 x xwhetherthetrialcourterredinallowing J  theprosecutingattorneyduringvoirdire 0  tocommentupondefendantsrefusaltoallowhispretrialstatementtobetaped;    8 ` 8 ` ` (3)8 x xwhetherthestatefailedtoprovidethe  defensewithexculpatoryevidence;    8 ` 8 ` ` (4)8 x xwhetherthetrialcourterredinrefusingto | suppressthedefendantspretrialstatement;    8 ` 8 ` ` (5)8 x xwhetherthechainofcustodyofthebullet d fragmentswasproperlyestablished;    8 ` 8 ` ` (6)8 x xwhethertherewasafatalvariance  betweentheindictmentandtheproofastotheitemsallegedtobetheobjectoftheattemptedrobbery;    8 ` 8 ` ` (7)8 x xwhetherthetrialcourterredinallowing D#" witnessestodefinethestreetterm jackmove;and    8 ` 8 ` ` (8)8 x xwhetherthetrialcourterredinrefusingto &,"& grantanewtrialonthebasisofnewlydiscoveredevidence.    Afteracarefulreviewoftherecord,weaffirmthejudgmentofthetrialcourt.@+ FACTS   .\).  ` OnDecember26,1994,the20yearoldvictim,JoshuaSabine,drovetoNashvillewithJamesDeMoss,RexClaytonand15yearoldBrianBinkley.Thevictimwasdriving,andBinkleywasinthefrontpassengerseat.DeMossandClaytonwereintherearseat.ThevictimintendedtopurchasesomewheelrimsinNashville. 804:  ` ThevictimdrovenearahousingprojectinWestNashvillewhereCordellSykes,thecodefendant,askedthevictimifhehadcomefortherims.Sykesrequestedthattheycomebackinapproximately30minutes. ` UpontheirreturnSykesapproachedthedriversdoorandadvisedthevictimthathewasunabletogetthewheelrims.Thedefendantapproachedthepassengerdoorandendeavoredtoselldrugstothecaroccupants.Binkleyadvisedhimtheywerenotinterestedinpurchasingdrugs,andthedefendantwalkedaroundtothedriversdoor.Sykesthenreachedintothevehicletoplacethegearshiftin parkandstruggledwiththevictim.Atthattimeanotherpersonbeganshootingintothevehicle.BinkleytestifiedthatbothofSykeshandswereinsidethevehicleatthetimeoftheshooting,andSykesdidnothaveaweapon. ` ReginaTysonandTaraWilliamsweretogetheratthesceneatthetimeoftheshooting.TysontestifiedsheobservedthedefendantandCoreyGoochwalkbyher.ThedefendanttookGoochsbaseballcap,placedituponhisheadandlowereditjustabovehiseyebrows.Thedefendantalsoslidagunintohisblackleatherjacketandstatedhewas goingtoshowthemhowtodoajackmove.Sheexplainedthat jackmovemeansrobbingsomeone. ` TysonfurthertestifiedthatbothSykesandthedefendantwereattheBlazerwhensheheardgunshots.ShethenobservedSykesfleewhilethedefendantsimplywalkedacrossthestreet,gotinhiscaranddroveaway.Theonlypersonshesawwithagunthatnightwasthedefendant. ` CoreyGoochtestifiedthathewaswiththedefendantonthenightinquestion.HeobservedthedefendantatthevehicleandsawSykesonthedriverssidestrugglingwiththedriver.Healsoobservedthedefendantatthevehiclewhenheheardtheshotsbutwasunabletodeterminewhoactuallyfiredtheshots.Goochsawthedefendantlaterthatevening,andthedefendantstatedtherewasaradiointhevehiclebutthings didntworkout.Goochassumedthedefendantwastryingtogettheradio. ` Thevictimwasshotinthehailofgunfire.Binkleygrabbedthesteeringwheel,pushedtheacceleratorandspedfromthescene.Thepartiesdrovetoa 84: conveniencestoreandcalled911.Thevictimsubsequentlydiedfromthegunshotwounds. ` Theforensicpathologisttestifiedthatthevictimhadthreegunshotwounds;namely,onetotheleftpartoftheback,onetothebackofthelefthandandonetotheupperleftarm.Sincethebackwoundhad stippling,thatshotwasfiredfromadistanceoflessthanthreefeet. ` Thedefendantwasarrestedseveralmonthsaftertheincident.Inhisinitialstatementtothepolice,hestatedhewasacrossthestreetwhentheshootingbegan.Afterfurtherinterrogation,headmittedapproachingthepassengersidetryingtoselldrugsandthengoingaroundtothedriverssidewherehestoodbesideSykes.HetoldtheofficersthatSykeswasthepersonwhoshotthevictim.Thedefendantdeniedtotheofficersthathewaswearingablackleatherjacket.ThiswascontrarytothetrialtestimonyofBinkley,TysonandGooch. ` Thedefenseofferednoevidenceattrial.@  SUFFICIENCYOFTHEEVIDENCE    ` Defendantcontendstheevidenceisinsufficienttosupporttheguiltyverdictsforfelonymurderandattemptedespeciallyaggravatedrobbery. X=XXXInTennessee, %d $ greatweightisgiventotheresultreachedbythejuryinacriminaltrial.Ajuryverdictaccreditsthestate'switnessesandresolvesallconflictsinfavorofthestate.Statev.Bigbee,885S.W.2d797,803(Tenn.1994);Statev.Harris,839S.W.2d54, *&* 75(Tenn.1992).Onappeal,thestateisentitledtothestrongestlegitimateviewoftheevidenceandallreasonableinferenceswhichmaybedrawntherefrom.Id.; x.). Statev.Cabbage,571S.W.2d832,835(Tenn.1978).Moreover,aguiltyverdict X0+0 removesthepresumptionofinnocencewhichtheappellantenjoyedattrialandraisesapresumptionofguiltonappeal.Statev.Grace,493S.W.2d474,476 4h/4 (Tenn.1973).Theappellanthastheburdenofovercomingthispresumptionofguilt.Id. 7(38  95:  ` Wheresufficiencyoftheevidenceischallenged,therelevantquestionforanappellatecourtiswhether,afterviewingtheevidenceinthelightmostfavorabletotheprosecution,anyrationaltrieroffactcouldhavefoundtheessentialelementsofthecrimeorcrimesbeyondareasonabledoubt.Tenn.R.App.P.13(e);Jackson P  v.Virginia,443U.S.307,319,99S.Ct.2781,2789,61L.Ed.2d560(1979);State 0  v.Abrams,935S.W.2d399,401(Tenn.1996).Theweightandcredibilityofthe `  witnesses'testimonyaremattersentrustedexclusivelytothejuryasthetriersoffact.Statev.Sheffield,676S.W.2d542,547(Tenn.1984);Statev.Brewer,932   S.W.2d1,19(Tenn.Crim.App.1996).#XXX X="# X=XXXԀ  #XXX X=)# ` Lookingattheevidenceinalightmostfavorabletothestate,theevidence  issufficienttosupporttheconvictionsforfelonymurderandattemptedespeciallyaggravatedrobbery.Thestatesproofrevealedthatthedefendantplacedaguninhisjacketandstatedhisintentiontocommitarobbery.HewasthenseenstandingbesideSykesatthedriversdoor.ThepassengerinthefrontseattestifiedthatatthetimeoftheshootingSykeshandswereinthevehicle,andSykesdidnotpossessaweapon.Thus,thejurycouldlogicallyinferthatthedefendantkilledthevictimintheperpetrationofanattemptedrobbery.Theelementsoffelonymurderare,therefore,satisfied.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.3913202(a)(2).Furthermore,the #@" proofwassufficienttoestablishtheelementsofattemptedespeciallyaggravatedrobbery.SeeTenn.CodeAnn.3912101;3913403(a). x  '"&  ` Thisissueiswithoutmerit.@% VOIRDIRECOMMENT  ,D(,  ` Duringvoirdiretheprosecutingattorneystatedthat,althoughthedefendant 0+0 gaveanoralstatementduringinterrogation,herefusedtomakeatapedstatement.Thedefendantcontendsthiswasanimpropercommentonthedefendantsrighttosilence. 94:  ` Thedefendantwaivedhisrighttosilencebygivingtheofficerhisversionoftheshootingincident.Infact,thedefendantgaveinconsistentversionsoftheincident.Thedefendant,however,refusedtoallowthetapingofhisstatement. ` Whentheaccusedgivesavoluntarystatementafterbeinginformedofhisconstitutionalrights,itisnoterrortocommentonthescopeofthisstatementandthatthequestioningwasterminatedatsomepointbytheaccused.SeeWarev.    State,565S.W.2d906,908(Tenn.Crim.App.1978);Statev.EverettD.Cain, |  C.C.A.No.02C019504CR00104,ShelbyCounty(Tenn.Crim.App.filedJuly26,1996,atJackson),perm.toapp.deniedFebruary3,1997(Tenn.).Furthermore, d ifthecommentduringvoirdirewasimproper,itwasharmlessbeyondareasonable 4 doubt.Tenn.R.App.P.36(a).Theofficersubsequentlytestifiedwithoutobjectionthatthedefendantrefusedtogiveatapedstatement. ` Thisissueiswithoutmerit. ` @   PENDINGPROBATIONVIOLATIONOFWITNESS  4 @, A.     ` Defendantcontendsthestatefailedtorevealexculpatoryevidenceregardingthewitness,CoreyGooch.Attheconclusionofalltheproof,defensecounselstatedthathehadreceivednoticeofthestatesintenttocallGoochasawitnessonlyoneweekpriortothetrial. ` CounselstatedhewasunabletocontactGoochbasedupontheaddressgivenhimbythestate.Hestatedhelearned,afterGoochstestimony,thatGoochhadapendingprobationviolation.Counselrelatedthataprobationviolationhearingwasheldinthesametrialcourt,beforethesamejudge,approximatelythreeweekspriortohistestimonyinthistrial.Hestateditwastakenunderadvisementbythetrialjudgeandresetforfurtherconsiderationinapproximatelytwoweeks.Counseldidnotstatehowhelearnedofthisinformation. ` Counselcontendedtheprobationviolationwarrantshowedadifferentaddressthantheoldaddressgivenhimbythestate.Theprosecutingattorneystatedthattheaddressgivendefensecounsel wasavailabletothestate,whereI 8@4: hadourrecordsclerkruntheprobationviolationwarrant.Thatistheaddresswhichappearedonthecomputerprintout.TheprosecutingattorneyfurtherstatedthatGoochs criminalrecordisamatterofpublicrecord. ` DefensecounselsrequestwastostrikeGoochstestimony.Thetrialcourtconcludedthatthestatehadnoobligationto continuallynotifydefensecounselwherethewitnessesarelocatedandoverruledthe񜛜request.@, B.  p  x   ` InBradyv.Maryland,373U.S.83,83S.Ct.1194,10L.Ed.2d215(1963),the P  SupremeCourtheldthat suppressionbytheprosecutionofevidencefavorabletoanaccuseduponrequestviolatesdueprocesswheretheevidenceismaterialeithertoguiltortopunishment,irrespectiveofgoodfaithorbadfaithoftheprosecution.373U.S.at87,83S.Ct.at119697;seealsoHartmanv.State,896S.W.2d94  (Tenn.1995).Thedutytodiscloseextendstoall favorableinformationregardlessofwhethertheevidenceisadmissibleattrial.Statev.Marshall,845S.W.2d228, l 232-33(Tenn.Crim.App.1992);Branchv.State,4Tenn.Crim.App.164,168,469 8 S.W.2d533,536(1969).InUnitedStatesv.Bagley,473U.S.667,676,105S.Ct.  3375,3380,87L.Ed.2d481(1985),theSupremeCourtheldthatbothexculpatoryandimpeachmentevidencefallundertheBradyrule.However,thestateisnot L#" requiredtodiscloseinformationthatthedefendantalreadypossessesorisabletoobtain.Statev.Marshall,845S.W.2dat233. &4"&  ` Beforeanaccusedisentitledtoreliefunderthistheory,theaccusedmustestablishseveralprerequisites:(a)theprosecutionmusthavesuppressedtheevidence;(b)theevidencesuppressedmusthavebeenfavorabletotheaccused;and(c)theevidencemusthavebeenmaterial.SeeUnitedStatesv.Bagley,473 .d). U.S.at674-75,105S.Ct.at3379-80;Bradyv.Maryland,373U.S.at87,83S.Ct. /4+0 at1196-97;Statev.Edgin,902S.W.2d387,390(Tenn.1995).Evidenceis 1-2 consideredmaterialonlyifthereisareasonableprobabilitythat,hadtheevidencebeendisclosedtothedefense,theresultsoftheproceedingwouldhavebeendifferent.Kylesv.Whitley,514U.S.419,115S.Ct.1555,131L.Ed.2d490(1995); 7d28 Statev.Edgin,902S.W.2dat390. 804:  ` Moreover,wenotethatthedefendanthastheburdenofprovingaconstitutionalviolationbyapreponderanceoftheevidence.Statev.Spurlock,874 | S.W.2d602,610(Tenn.Crim.App.1993).Thus,theburdenrestsuponthedefendanttoestablishaBradyviolation.Statev.Edgin,902S.W.2dat389.  d @, C.      ` DefensecounselsfocusattrialwasnotsomuchonthestatesfailuretoadviseofthependingprobationviolationasthefailureofthestatetogivedefensecounselacurrentaddressforGooch.Theaddresswasthesolefocusofthetrialcourtsruling.Weconcludethereisnoerrorinthatregard.Nevertheless,thisCourtisconcernedastowhetherthestatewithheldevidenceofthependingprobationviolationagainstGooch. ` DefensecounselstatedtothetrialcourtthatGoochsfilereflectedaprobationviolationhearinginthesametrialcourtonApril26,withthematterbeingtakenunderadvisementandresetforfurtherhearingonMay31.ThetrialofthecurrentcasewasconductedonMay13,14and15.Ifcounselsstatementswereaccurate,thefactthatastatewitnesshadapendingprobationviolation,takenunderadvisementinthesamecourt,withadispositiondatetwoweeksafterthecurrenttrialisobviouslyexculpatoryimpeachmentinformation.Althoughtheprosecutingattorneyreferredtoa probationviolationwarrant,shedidnotaddresswhethertherewas,infact,apendingprobationviolation.NordidsheaddresswhetherithadbeenpreviouslyheardandresetforMay31. ` Inspiteoftheabove,thedefendantisnotentitledtoreliefforanumberofreasons.Firstly,althoughthetrialtranscriptshowsthatacopyoftheprobationviolationwarrantwasmadeanexhibit,ithasnotbeenincludedintherecordinthisCourt.Itisthedefendantsobligationtoprovideanadequaterecordforappellatereview.Statev.Ballard,855S.w.2d557,560(Tenn.1993). t3.4  ` Secondly,defensecounselstatedhediscoveredthisinformationduringtrial,althoughitwasafterthecloseoftheproofandpriortofinalargument.TherecorddoesnotreflectanyeffortbycounseltorecallGoochandbringthisinformation 8(4: beforethejury.SeeTenn.R.App.P.36(a).Thismay,ormaynot,havebeen  practicalatthatjunctureinthetrial;however,weareunabletomakethisdeterminationfromtherecord.Wealsonotetherewasnoefforttointroducecertifiedcopiesofthesedocumentsforthejurysconsideration.CounselsimplymovedtostrikeGoochstestimony. ` Finally,thedefendanthasnotshownthatthisevidencemeetstheBagley    materialitytest.Constitutionalerrorisestablishedonly ifthereisareasonableprobabilitythat,hadtheevidencebeendisclosedtothedefense,theresultoftheproceedingwouldhavebeendifferent.UnitedStatesv.Bagley,473U.S.at682, d 105S.Ct.3375.The touchstoneofmaterialityisa reasonableprobabilityofadifferentresultwhichisshownwhenthegovernmentssuppression underminesconfidenceintheoutcomeofthetrial.Kylesv.Whitley,514U.S.at___,115S.Ct. x at1566(citingUnitedStatesv.Bagley,473U.S.at678,105S.Ct.at3375).The D testimonyofGoochwasprimarilycumulativetothetestimonyofBinkleyandTyson,.althoughGoochalsotestifiedthedefendantstatedtohimthatthings didntworkout.ConsideringthetestimonyofBinkleyandTyson,alongwithdefendantsdamningadmissionofbeingbesidethedriversdooratthetimeoftheshooting,defendanthasfailedtoestablishareasonableprobabilitythattheresultwouldhavebeendifferenthadthejuryknownofapendingprobationviolationagainstGooch.Thefailuretorevealsuchinformation,underthefactsofthiscase,wouldnotunderminetheconfidenceintheoutcomeofthetrial.   %  1       &("&  ` Thisissueiswithoutmerit.̛̛̜@$ MOTIONTOSUPPRESS  <,',  ` Defendantcontendshispretrialstatementsgivenduringpoliceinterrogationshouldbesuppressedsincehewasnotproperlyadvisedofhisconstitutionalrights. 1,2 Althoughthedefendantwas17yearsofageatthetimeofthecommissionoftheseoffenses,hewasarrestedseveralmonthslaterafterhehadattainedtheageof18.AtthesuppressionhearingthedefendanttestifiedhewasnotadvisedofhisMirandarights.Theinterviewingofficertestifiedthathereadthedefendanthis  d Mirandarightsbeforeaskinganyquestions.Attheconclusionoftheproof,thetotal  0 rulingofthetrialcourtwas Motionsoverruled. ` FindingsoffactmadebythetrialcourtatthehearingonamotiontosuppressarebindinguponthisCourtunlesstheevidencecontainedintherecordpreponderatesagainstthosefindings.Statev.Smith,933S.W.2d450,455(Tenn. ` 1996);Statev.Odom,928S.W.2d18,23(Tenn.1996).However,thetrialcourtin , thiscasefailedtomakeanyfindingsoffact.Wherefactualissuesareinvolvedindeterminingamotiontosuppress,thetrialcourthasanobligationtostateitsfindingsontherecord.Tenn.R.Crim.P.12(e).Itisessentialforthetrialcourttosetoutfindingsinorderforthecorrectnessofthedecisiontobeassessedonappellatereview.Statev.Raspberry,640S.W.2d227,229(Tenn.Crim.App. ( 1982).Ordinarily,thisfailuremightprecludeourreview.However,inthisinstancethefailureisnotfatal.SeeStatev.Claybrook,736S.W.2d95,104(Tenn.1987). p!  ThetrialjudgeimplicitlyaccreditedthetestimonyoftheinterrogatingofficeranddiscreditedthetestimonyofthedefendantastowhetherornottheMirandarights  %\ $ weregiven.Theevidencedoesnotpreponderateotherwise. ` Thisissueiswithoutmerit.@44% CHAINOFCUSTODY  <,',  ` Defendantcontendsthestatefailedtoestablishtheproperchainofcustodyfortheintroductionofbulletfragments.Wedisagree. ` Themedicalexaminertestifiedthatthebulletfragmentscamefromthevictimsbody.AnofficertestifiedthathesecuredthebulletfragmentsfromthemedicalexaminersofficeanddeliveredthemtotheTBIcrimelaboratory.TheTBIforensicscientisttestifiedthatheexaminedthesesamebulletfragments. 8,4:  ` Awitnessmustbeabletoidentifytheevidenceorestablishanunbrokenchainofcustody.Statev.Baldwin,867S.W.2d358,361(Tenn.Crim.App.1993). | Thisissueaddressesitselftothesounddiscretionofthetrialcourt,andthecourtsdeterminationwillnotbedisturbedonappealabsentanabuseofthatdiscretion.  d Id.Wefindnoerrorwithregardtotheadmissionofthisevidence.  0  ` Thisissueiswithoutmerit.@) VARIANCE  D   ` Defendantcontendstherewasafatalvariancebetweentheindictmentandproofinthiscase.Specifically,defendantcontendstheindictmentallegedthedefendantattemptedtotake cashmoniesofvaluefromthevictim,whereastheproofestablishedtheobjectofthetheftwasaradio.Avariancebetweentheindictmentandproofisnotfatalifthedefendantissufficientlyinformedofthechargessothatheorshecanadequatelypreparefortrial,andthedefendantisprotectedagainstasubsequentprosecutionondoublejeopardygrounds.Statev.  Mayes,854S.W.2d638,640(Tenn.1993). |!   ` Theessenceofthisprosecutionwasamurdercommittedduringthecourseofanattemptedrobbery.Theobjectoftherobbery,whetheritbecashoraradio,wasoflittlesignificance.Furthermore,onlyonewitnesstestifiedthattheradiocouldhavebeentheobjectoftheattemptedrobbery.Regardless,thedefendantwasnotprejudicedbytheallegedvarianceandwillsuffernodoublejeopardyproblem. ` Thisissueiswithoutmerit.@& THE JACKMOVE  /,+0  ` Defendantcontendsthetrialcourterredinallowingwitnessestoexplainthestreetterm jackmove.Specifically,thedefendantcontendsnofoundationwaslaidforawitnesstogiveanopinionastothedefinitionoftheterm.SeeTenn.R. 7h28 Evid.701. 884:  ` Itisapparentfromtherecordthat jackmoveisastreetterm.Therecordestablishedtheseoffenseswerecommittedinahighcrimeareawheredrugdealingandshootingswerenotuncommon.ReginaTysontestifiedthatshelivedinthearea.Shewasobviouslyfamiliarwiththetermandstatedthatitmeant robbing,takingsomethingfromsomebody.̜ `  ` IFirstly,itisquestionablethatthisisanopinionunderTenn.R.Evid.701.Nevertheless,ifitwasanopinion,asufficientfoundationwaslaidforthewitnesstotestifyastothemeaningoftheterm.Thetrialcourtdidnotabuseitsdiscretioninadmittingthistestimony.  %  2       D   ` Thisissueiswithoutmerit.@! NEWLYDISCOVEREDEVIDENCE    ` Lastly,thedefendantcontendsthetrialcourterredinrefusingtograntanewtrialbaseduponawitnesshediscoveredafterthetrial.Werespectfullydisagree. ` SubsequenttothetrialthedefendantsparentslocatedCalvinFlowers,whowasallegedlyatthesceneonthenightoftheshooting.Flowerstestifiedduringthemotionfornewtrial.Flowerstestimonywasunclear.Althoughheimpliedthatthedefendantwasatthepayphoneatthetimeoftheshooting,histestimonyalsorevealedthathedidnotactuallyseethedefendantatthetimeoftheshooting.Nordidheevenseethevehicle.BaseduponthistestimonythetrialcourtfoundthatthetestimonyofCalvinFlowerswouldnothavechangedtheoutcomeofthetrial. ` Inseekinganewtrialbaseduponnewlydiscoveredevidence,theremustbeashowingthatdefendantandhiscounselexercisedreasonablediligenceinattemptingtodiscovertheevidence.Statev.Nichols,877S.W.2d722,737(Tenn. .`). 1994);Statev.Singleton,853S.W.2d490,496(Tenn.1993).Inaddition,there /,+0 mustalsobeashowingofthematerialityofthetestimony,andthetrialcourtmustdeterminewhethertheresultofthetrialwouldlikelybechangediftheevidence @506 wereproduced.Nichols,877S.W.2dat737;Singleton,853S.W.2dat496.The  grantingorrefusalofanewtrialonthebasisofnewlydiscoveredevidencerests̜withinthesounddiscretionofthetrialcourt.Statev.Walker,910S.W.2d381,395 H (Tenn.1995);Statev.Parchman,973S.W.2d607,610(Tenn.Crim.App.1987).  d  X=XXX ` Defendantscontentiononthisissuefailsfortworeasons.Firstly,therewas  0 noshowingthatthedefendantexercisedreasonablediligenceinattemptingtodiscovertheevidencepriortotrial.Secondly,thetrialcourtfoundthattheresultofthetrialwouldhavebeennodifferentiftheevidencehadbeenadmitted.ThetrialcourtwasobviouslyunimpressedwiththistestimonyandwasinamuchbetterpositiontojudgethecredibilityofthewitnessthanthisCourt.Wefindnoabuseofdiscretioninthetrialcourtsdenyinganewtrialbaseduponthisevidence. ` Thisissueiswithoutmerit.@xx( CONCLUSION    ` Afteracarefulreviewoftherecord,weaffirmthejudgmentofthetrialcourt. `     h      p      x   `     h     _________________________________#XXX X=x# '`"%  `     h     JOEG.RILEY,JUDGE (P#& CONCUR: _______________________________ t.)-  PAULG.SUMMERS,JUDGE Z/*.  _______________________________  3Z.2  JOSEPHM.TIPTON,JUDGE