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ŠĢņņóóŌ#†¼·Ō»XXŗ3© #ŌÓ  ÓŌ€Xŗ3X»¼·ŌŌą  ąThe€defendant,€Paul€Andrew€Thompson,€appeals€as€of€right€his€conviction€by€a€jury€for€firstŠ †$Ö# Šdegree€murder,€for€which€the€jury€sentenced€him€to€life€imprisonment€without€the€possibility€ofŠ v%Ę $ Šparole.€€The€defendant€contends€(1)€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€establish€premeditation,€(2)Š f&¶!% Šthat€the€testimony€of€Kimberly€Johnson,€the€victimššs€ex„stepdaughter,€was€improperly€excluded,€andŠ V'¦"& Š(3)€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€establish€mutilation€of€the€body,€the€only€aggravatingŠ F(–#' Šcircumstance€upon€which€the€sentence€of€life€without€the€possibility€of€parole€was€based.Š 6)†$( ŠĢą  ąAt€trial,€Lieutenant€Phillip€Johnson,€with€the€Claiborne€County€Sheriffššs€Department,Š +f&* Štestified€as€follows:€On€February€25,€1998,€he€went€to€Clinch€River€Road€to€investigate€a€truck€thatŠ ,V'+ Šwas€in€the€river.€€The€front€of€a€red€and€silver€F„350€pickup€truck€was€lodged€against€a€tree€in€theŠ ö,F(, Šriver.€€The€truck€was€a€king€cab€and€had€back€doors.€€He€and€the€other€investigators€saw€a€humanŠ ę-6)-ż’ Šelbow€protruding€from€underneath€a€tarpaulin€in€the€truck€bed.€When€he€removed€the€tarpaulin,€heŠ ° Šsaw€the€body€of€a€white€male,€who€was€later€identified€as€Jacob€Schreffler.€€A€ratchet€strap€wasŠ  š Šaround€the€victimššs€mid„section,€and€the€body€was€covered€with€dirt€and€sawdust.€€The€victim€hadŠ ą Šfour€stab€wounds€and€a€round€hole€in€his€back,€which€appeared€to€be€a€bullet€hole.€€His€throat€wasŠ €Š Šcut€from€one€ear€to€his€chin.€€The€victimššs€legs,€knees,€and€forehead€were€cut.€€He€had€a€large€holeŠ pĄ Šin€the€center€of€his€chest,€and€his€right€leg€appeared€to€be€broken.Š ` ° ŠĢą  ąJohnson€stated€that€he€found€a€bolt„action€shotgun€inside€the€truck€but€that€the€bolt€wasŠ @  Šmissing.€€The€Tennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation€(Ō_ŌTBIŌ_Ō)€Crime€Lab€searched€the€truck€for€evidence.€Š 0 € ŠJohnson€and€Michael€Vinsant,€a€TBI€special€agent,€matched€the€truckššs€license€plate€number€to€theŠ  p  Švictim,€who€had€a€Hancock€County€address.€€Johnson€then€spoke€with€Hancock€County€SheriffššsŠ `  ŠDepartment€Officer€Steve€Bryant,€who€told€him€that€the€victim€had€been€missing€for€several€daysŠ P  Šand€was€last€seen€with€the€defendant€and€the€defendantššs€wife,€Pam€Thompson.€€Johnson€andŠ š@  ŠVinsant€went€to€the€defendantššs€house,€but€no€one€was€there.€€The€next€morning,€Johnson€went€toŠ ą0  Šthe€school€that€the€defendantššs€children€attended€and€learned€that€the€defendant€and€his€wife€wereŠ Š  Šat€the€Villa€Motel.€€When€he€went€to€the€defendantššs€motel€room,€the€defendant€said€that€he€was€justŠ Ą Šgoing€to€see€Johnson.€€Johnson€read€the€defendant€his€ņņMirandaóó€rights,€and€the€defendant€said€thatŠ ° Šit€was€in€self„defense€and€that€he€had€to€do€it.Š  š Šą  ąĢą  ąAgent€Steve€Vinsant€testified€as€follows:€He€examined€the€body€of€the€victim€at€ClaiborneŠ €Š ŠCounty€Hospital.€€The€body€had€a€large€cut€on€the€head,€a€large€hole€in€the€chest,€and€a€small€holeŠ pĄ Šand€stab€wounds€in€the€back.€€The€x„ray€of€the€torso€revealed€numerous€white€specks€which€wereŠ `° Šparticles€of€metal€from€a€bullet.Š P  Šą  ąĢą  ąVinsant€stated€that€when€the€defendant€was€taken€into€custody,€he€indicated€that€he€wantedŠ 0€ Što€make€a€statement.€€Vinsant€read€the€defendant€his€ņņMirandaóó€rights,€and€the€defendant€signed€aŠ  p Šwaiver.€€The€defendant€stated,€š šI€had€to€do€it.€€Jakeššs€a€big€man.€€He€was€slinging€me€around€like€aŠ ` Šrag€doll.šš€€The€defendant€did€not€mention€his€daughter.€€Š P Šą  ąĢą  ąVinsant€testified€that€the€defendantššs€wife€consented€to€a€search€of€their€residence.€€DuringŠ ą0 Šthe€search,€Vinsant€recovered€a€photograph€of€the€defendant€holding€a€high„powered€rifle.€€He€alsoŠ Š  Šnoticed€a€burned€area€in€the€driveway,€near€which€he€found€and€collected€samples€of€soil€and€gravelŠ Ą! Šwhich€were€reddish€brown€and€appeared€to€be€stained€with€blood.€€He€also€collected€samples€ofŠ °"  Štarpaulin€fibers€from€the€same€area.€€All€of€the€evidence€was€sent€to€the€Ō_ŌTBIŌ_Ō€crime€lab.€€The€tests€onŠ  #š! Šthe€soil€samples€revealed€that€the€reddish€brown€material€was€human€blood€with€the€victimššs€DNA.€Š $ą" ŠThe€tests€on€the€tarpaulin€fibers€revealed€that€the€fibers€were€consistent€with€the€tarpaulin€in€whichŠ €%Š # Šthe€victimššs€body€had€been€wrapped.Š p&Ą!$ ŠĢą  ąVinsant€stated€that€Investigator€Teddy€Collingsworth€of€the€District€Attorney€GeneralššsŠ P( #& ŠOffice€recovered€a€high„powered€rifle€several€days€later€and€that€it€was€sent€to€the€crime€lab€forŠ @)$' Štesting.€€Also,€Vinsant€recovered€the€bullet€that€was€removed€from€the€victimššs€body€during€theŠ 0*€%( Šautopsy,€and€ballistics€testing€showed€that€the€bullet€was€fired€from€the€same€rifle.Š  +p&) ŠŠ ,`'* Šą  ąHancock€County€Sheriffššs€Investigator€Steve€Bryant€testified€as€follows:€He€collectedŠ ° Šsamples€of€red€spots€and€hair€from€the€defendantššs€driveway.€€He€also€recovered€a€Marlboro€packŠ  š Šthat€had€red€spots€on€it.€€He€gave€this€evidence€to€the€TBI.€€He€also€noticed€ashes€in€the€driveway€Š ą Šand€found€two€dually€truck€tire€tracks€in€the€ashes.€€Š €Š ŠĢą  ąJohn€Cook,€a€neighbor€of€the€defendant€and€of€the€victim,€testified€as€follows:€He€last€sawŠ ` ° Šthe€defendant€in€the€afternoon€of€February€22,€1998,€walking€with€his€daughter€toward€the€victimššsŠ P   Šhouse.€€He€heard€gunshots€later€that€afternoon,€but€none€sounded€as€if€they€came€from€a€high„Š @  Špowered€rifle.€€The€next€day,€Fran€Styles,€a€friend€of€the€victim,€called€him€and€said€that€she€hadŠ 0 € Šbeen€unable€to€contact€the€victim.€€Styles€asked€him€to€look€for€the€victim.€€Cook€went€to€theŠ  p  Švictimššs€house€but€did€not€find€him.€€As€he€was€returning€home,€he€noticed€tire€tracks€from€theŠ `  Švictimššs€truck€in€the€defendantššs€driveway.€€The€following€day,€February€24,€1998,€ņņóóCook€went€toŠ P  Šthe€defendantššs€house,€and€the€defendantššs€wife€told€him€that€the€defendant€was€working€out€ofŠ š@  Štown.€€Cook€also€testified€that€the€defendant€usually€smoked€Marlboro€cigarettes.Š ą0  ŠĢą  ąDr.€Cleland€Blake,€a€physician€and€forensic€pathologist,€testified€as€follows:€On€FebruaryŠ Ą Š26,€1998,€he€performed€an€autopsy€on€the€victim.€€The€victimššs€body€had€a€gunshot€wound€in€theŠ ° Šback;€a€two€and€one„half€inch€hole€in€the€chest;€a€major€cut€across€the€forehead€caused€by€a€heavy,Š  š Šsharp€edge;€a€superficial€cut€about€six€inches€long€across€the€neck;€four€stab€wounds€in€the€back;Š ą Šfractures€of€both€legs€caused€by€heavy€pressure€exerted€from€the€back€as€if€the€body€had€been€runŠ €Š Šover€by€a€car;€multiple€scratch€abrasions;€scrape€abrasions€on€the€face,€the€nose,€and€the€forehead;Š pĄ Šand€scrape€abrasions€on€the€legs€from€being€dragged.€€The€bullet€entered€the€back,€destroying€€theŠ `° Švertebral€column€and€completely€cutting€the€spinal€cord,€traveled€through€a€lung€and€the€heart,€andŠ P  Šstopped€just€under€the€skin€of€the€chest.€€The€bullet€was€a€.25€caliber,€talon€bullet,€which€has€sharpŠ @ Špetals€that€tear€tissue€as€it€travels€through€the€body.€€The€cut€on€the€forehead€went€through€the€boneŠ 0€ Šand€damaged€the€brain.€€The€hole€in€the€chest€was€caused€by€a€logging€peavey,€which€went€throughŠ  p Šthe€ribs,€through€the€surface€of€the€lungs,€through€the€heart,€through€the€diaphragm,€and€into€theŠ ` Šstomach€and€colon.€€Most€of€the€injuries€were€inflicted€after€the€victim€had€died,€including€the€cutŠ P Šacross€the€forehead,€the€cut€across€the€neck,€the€leg€fractures,€the€leg€scrapes,€and€the€stab€woundsŠ š@ Šin€the€back.€€ņ ņó óThe€toxicology€tests€revealed€that€the€victim€had€ingested€ethyl€alcohol,€cocaine,€andŠ ą0 ŠŌ_ŌnorpropoxypheneŌ_Ō€shortly€before€his€death.Š Š  ŠĢą  ąInvestigator€Teddy€Ō_ŌCollingsworthŌ_Ō,€from€the€Hancock€County€District€Attorneyššs€Office,Š °"  Štestified€that€on€February€26,€1998,€he€photographed€the€defendantššs€body,€which€had€€no€noticeable,Š  #š! Šlarge€injuries.€€The€next€day,€after€the€defendant€waived€his€ņņMirandaóó€rights,€the€defendant€made€theŠ $ą" Šfollowing€statement:Š €%Š # ŠĢą8  ąI€stopped€near€where€I€ran€the€truck€off€the€road€at€Clinch€River€and€throwed€the€257Š `'°"% ŠRoberts€rifle,€knife,€axe,€clothes,€board,€chunk€of€wood€two€and€a€half€feet€long.€€IŠ P( #& Šbought€two€boxes€of€shells€a€long€time€ago.€€The€rifle€was€in€a€hard€case.€€I€donšštŠ @)$' Šwant€to€make€any€other€statements.Š0*€%(Š Š  Šā āŠ  +p&) ŠCollingsworth€said€that€on€March€2,€1998,€he€recovered€a€.257€caliber€rifle€in€a€hard€case€from€a€carŠ ° Šā āat€Bobby€Powellššs€home.€€Later€during€the€investigation,€he€recovered€a€logging€peavey€from€theŠ  š Švictimššs€tool€shed.Š ą ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€testified€as€follows:€On€February€22,€1998,€he€and€his€daughter€went€to€theŠ pĄ Švictimššs€house.€€Richard€Maloney,€a€friend€of€the€defendant€and€of€the€victim,€and€his€son€wereŠ ` ° Šalready€at€the€victimššs€house.€€The€three€men€drank€alcohol€and€shot€guns,€while€the€two€childrenŠ P   Šplayed.€€About€thirty€minutes€after€Maloney€and€his€son€left,€the€defendantššs€daughter€left€andŠ @  Šwalked€back€home.€€A€little€later,€he€started€to€walk€home,€but€the€victim€drove€next€to€him€andŠ 0 € Šinsisted€on€giving€him€a€ride.€€The€victim€drove€the€defendant€to€his€house,€but€as€the€victim€wasŠ  p  Šleaving,€he€backed€the€truck€into€the€house.€€The€defendant€went€inside€the€house€to€see€if€anythingŠ `  Šhad€been€damaged,€and€then€he€went€back€outside€to€find€something€with€which€he€could€patch€theŠ P  Šhole.€€He€€covered€the€hole€with€a€piece€of€tarpaulin€and€some€tape.€€When€he€went€back€inside,€hisŠ š@  Šseven„year„old€daughter€was€very€upset€and€said€that€the€victim€had€put€something€in€her€bottom.€Š ą0  ŠThe€defendant€looked€at€her€bottom€and€noticed€that€it€was€red€and€swollen€and€that€her€panties€hadŠ Š  Šblood€on€them.€€He€went€outside€and€confronted€the€victim,€which€led€to€a€physical€altercation.€Š Ą ŠAfter€a€brief€fight,€the€victim€walked€to€his€truck,€reached€into€the€back€door,€and€drew€a€rifle.€€WhenŠ ° Šthe€defendant€saw€the€butt€of€the€rifle,€he€shot€the€victim.€€The€defendant€stated€that€he€did€notŠ  š Šremember€doing€anything€else€to€the€body.Š ą ŠĢą  ąOn€cross„examination,€the€defendant€admitted€that€he€knew€that€the€gun€found€in€the€backŠ pĄ Šof€the€truck€could€not€have€been€fired€because€it€did€not€have€a€bolt.€€He€also€stated€that€he€gave€hisŠ `° Šgun€to€Robert€Powell€and€asked€him€to€hold€it.€€The€defendant€testified€that€his€wife€had€rentedŠ P  Šanother€house€and€that€his€children€were€registered€for€school€in€a€jurisdiction€other€than€the€oneŠ @ Šwhere€he€resided.€€The€defendant,€however,€denied€that€his€wife€was€leaving€him.€€The€defendantŠ 0€ Šalso€said€that€he€did€not€see€the€victim€hug€or€touch€his€wife.Š  p ŠĢą  ąThe€defendantššs€daughter€testified€as€follows:€On€February€22,€1998,€she€went€with€herŠ P Šfather,€the€defendant,€to€the€victimššs€house.€€She€went€behind€the€tool€shed€and€as€she€was€relievingŠ š@ Šherself,€she€felt€a€hard€sting€in€her€bottom.€€She€pulled€up€her€pants,€turned€around,€and€saw€theŠ ą0 Švictim.€€The€victim€told€her€not€to€tell€anybody.€€She€went€to€her€father€and€said€that€she€wanted€toŠ Š  Šleave,€and€her€father€told€her€to€walk€home.€€When€she€got€home,€she€went€to€bed.€€Sometime€later,Š Ą! Šthere€was€a€bang€on€her€bedroom€wall.€€She€ran€outside€and€saw€that€the€victimššs€truck€had€crashedŠ °"  Šinto€the€house.€€When€her€father€came€inside,€she€told€him€that€the€victim€had€touched€her,€and€sheŠ  #š! Šshowed€him€the€blood€on€her€panties.Š $ą" ŠĢą  ąDr.€Mike€Buckner,€the€defendantššs€psychologist,€testified€as€follows:€He€had€seen€theŠ p&Ą!$ Šdefendant€eleven€times€since€April€16,€1998,€and€diagnosed€the€defendant€as€having€post„traumaticŠ `'°"% Šstress€disorder€and€single„episode€depression.€€He€stated€that€the€defendant,€as€is€common€with€post„Š P( #& Štraumatic€stress€disorder,€had€some€memory€loss€of€the€events€surrounding€the€murder.€€In€hisŠ @)$' Šopinion,€within€a€reasonable€degree€of€psychological€certainty,€the€defendant€could€not€have€formedŠ 0*€%( Šthe€intent€to€commit€murder.€€On€cross„examination,€he€stated€that€if€the€information€that€theŠ  +p&) Šdefendant€provided€was€false,€then€his€diagnosis€would€be€flawed.Š ,`'* Їą  ąMichael€Cohan,€the€defendantššs€private€investigator,€testified€that€he€investigated€the€victimššsŠ ° Šresidence.€€He€stated€that€there€were€five€childrenššs€bicycles€and€a€sled€behind€the€victimššs€tool€shed.Š  š ŠĢą  ąThe€state€called€three€rebuttal€witnesses:€€Teddy€Collingsworth,€Richard€Maloney,€and€TeresaŠ €Š ŠWhite.€€€Collingsworth€testified€that€he€talked€to€the€defendantššs€daughter€the€day€after€the€victimššsŠ pĄ Šbody€was€found€and€that€she€made€the€following€statement:Š ` ° ŠĢą8  ą[Ō_ŌO]nŌ_Ō€Sunday€I€went€with€my€daddy€to€Jakeššs€house€where€they€shot€a€gun.€€RichardŠ @  Šand€Matthew€were€there.€€Jake€backed€his€truck€into€our€house.€€This€was€about€dark.€Š 0 € ŠDaddy€was€drinking€beer.€€Jake€never€touched€me€on€my€privates.€€Mommy€saidŠ  p  Šdaddy€shot€a€deer€that€night.€€I€heard€two€gun€shots.€€Then€when€I€got€up€the€nextŠ `  Šmorning,€Jake€was€gone€with€his€truck.€€I€havenššt€seen€him€since.ŠP Š Š  ŠĢą  ąRichard€Maloney,€a€neighbor€of€the€defendant€and€victim,€testified€as€follows:€He€last€sawŠ ą0  Šthe€victim€at€the€victimššs€house€on€February€22,€1998.€€The€defendant€and€his€daughter€were€alsoŠ Š  Šat€the€victimššs€house.€€He€and€the€defendant€saw€a€gun€in€the€back€of€the€victimššs€truck,€but€the€gunŠ Ą Šwas€missing€the€bolt€that€ejects€the€cartridge.€€He€testified€that€the€defendant€said€that€he€would€likeŠ ° Što€shoot€the€gun€when€the€bolt€was€fixed.€€He€said€that€when€the€defendantššs€wife€drove€by€theŠ  š Švictimššs€house,€the€defendant€called€her€a€derogatory€name€and€made€a€gesture€with€his€hand€asŠ ą Šthough€shooting€her€with€a€gun.Š €Š ŠĢą  ąTeresa€White,€an€ex„neighbor€of€the€defendant,€testified€that€her€daughter€invited€theŠ `° Šdefendantššs€daughter€to€spend€the€night€at€her€house€on€March€19,€1998.€€During€the€night,€theŠ P  Šdefendantššs€daughter€started€crying€and€told€her€the€following:€She€did€not€want€her€father€to€get€outŠ @ Šof€jail.€€When€the€victim€was€at€her€home,€her€parents€had€gotten€into€a€fight.€€Her€father€hit€herŠ 0€ Šmother,€and€the€victim€said€to€her€father€that€if€he€had€a€wife€like€that,€he€would€not€hit€her.€€HerŠ  p Šfather€accused€the€victim€of€doing€something€with€his€wife,€and€as€the€victim€was€leaving€the€house,Š ` Šher€father€shot€him.€€Her€father€buried€the€body€in€the€back€yard,€but€dug€it€up€because€he€was€afraidŠ P Šthat€it€would€be€found.€€He€then€cut€up€the€body,€placed€it€in€a€plastic€bag,€and€dumped€it€in€theŠ š@ ŠClinch€River.€€The€defendantššs€daughter€also€told€White€that€there€was€blood€all€over€the€house€andŠ ą0 Šthat€she,€her€brother,€and€her€mother€cleaned€it€up.€€Š Š  Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąĢÓ  Óą @ ąņ ņI.€€SUFFICIENCY€OF€THE€EVIDENCEó óŠ °"  ŠÓłNÓŌ‡XņI XXXŗ3ŌĢą  ąOn€appeal,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€evidence€is€insufficient€to€show€premeditation€onŠ Œ$Ü" Šhis€part.€€The€defendant€asserts€that€there€is€no€substantive€proof€of€premeditation,€that€the€only€proofŠ x%Č # Šof€premeditation€was€impeachment€evidence,€that€he€lacked€the€culpable€mental€state€to€form€intent,Š d&“!$ Šand€that€the€stateššs€theory€in€rebuttal€closing€argument€supports€only€a€conviction€for€voluntaryŠ P' "% Šmanslaughter.€ņ ņó ó€The€state€contends€that€the€evidence€is€sufficient.€Š <(Œ#& Š€Ō#†Xŗ3X XXņI[O#ŌŠ ()x$' Šą  ąŌ‡XņI XXXŗ3ŌOur€standard€of€review€when€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€is€questioned€on€appeal€isŠ *d%( Šš šwhether,€after€viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,€ņņanyóó€rational€trierŠ +P&) Šof€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.šš€€ņņJacksonŠ ģ+<'* Šv.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€319,€99€S.€Ct.€2781,€2789€(1979).€€This€means€that€we€do€not€reweigh€theŠ ° Ševidence€but€presume€that€the€jury€has€resolved€all€conflicts€in€the€testimony€and€drawn€allŠ œģ Šreasonable€inferences€from€the€evidence€in€favor€of€the€state.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Sheffieldóó,€676€S.W.2dŠ ˆŲ Š542,€547€(Tenn.€1984);€ņņState€v.€Cabbageóó,€571€S.W.2d€832,€835€(Tenn.€1978).Š tÄ ŠĢą  ąŌ#†Xŗ3X XXņI R#ŌFirst€degree€premeditated€murder€is€defined€as€a€š špremeditated€and€intentional€killing€ofŠ L œ Šanother.šš€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„202(a)(1).€€Further,€š špremeditationšš€is€defined€asŠ < Œ ŠĢÓ HÓÓ HÓÓ Óan€act€done€after€the€exercise€of€reflection€and€judgment.€€š šPremeditationššŠ  l Šmeans€that€the€intent€to€kill€must€have€been€formed€prior€to€the€act€itself.€€It€isŠ  \  Šnot€necessary€that€the€purpose€to€kill€pre„exist€in€the€mind€of€the€accused€forŠ ü L  Šany€definite€period€of€time.€€The€mental€state€of€the€accused€at€the€time€theŠ ģ<  Šaccused€allegedly€decided€to€kill€must€be€carefully€considered€in€order€toŠ Ü,  Šdetermine€whether€the€accused€was€sufficiently€free€from€excitement€andŠ Ģ  Špassion€as€to€be€capable€of€premeditation.€Š ¼  ŠÓ HVÓÓ HVÓÓ VÓņņId.ó󀚚€39„13„202(d).€The€element€of€premeditation€is€a€question€for€the€jury€and€may€be€establishedŠ œģ Šby€proof€of€the€circumstances€surrounding€the€killing.€€ņņState€v.€Blandóó,€958€S.W.2d€651,€660€(Tenn.Š ŒÜ Š1997).€€Our€supreme€court€has€stated€that€the€following€circumstances€are€demonstrative€of€theŠ |Ģ Šexistence€of€premeditation:€the€use€of€a€deadly€weapon€upon€an€unarmed€victim,€the€particularŠ l¼ Šcruelty€of€the€killing,€declarations€by€the€defendant€of€an€intent€to€kill,€evidence€of€procurement€ofŠ \¬ Ša€weapon,€preparations€before€the€killing€for€concealment€of€the€crime,€and€calmness€immediatelyŠ Lœ Šafter€the€killing.€€ņņId.óó€Š <Œ Šą  ąĢą  ąThe€evidence,€not€including€evidence€introduced€for€impeachment€purposes,€in€the€light€mostŠ l Šfavorable€to€the€state€reveals€that€after€a€day€of€shooting€guns€and€drinking,€the€victim€drove€theŠ  \ Šdefendant€home.€€The€defendant€had€a€motive€to€kill€the€victim€either€because€of€his€maritalŠ üL Šproblems€or€because€of€his€daughterššs€statement.€€The€defendant€acted€upon€his€motive€by€obtainingŠ ģ< Ša€high„powered€rifle€while€the€victim€was€at€his€house€and€shooting€the€unarmed€victim€in€the€back.€Š Ü, ŠThe€defendant€then€wrapped€the€victimššs€body€in€a€tarpaulin,€placed€it€in€the€bed€of€the€victimššsŠ Ģ Štruck,€and€drove€the€truck€into€a€river.€€The€defendant€gave€the€gun€to€a€friend,€who€hid€it€under€aŠ ¼  Šcar,€and€disposed€of€the€other€weapons€by€throwing€them€into€the€river.€€The€defendant€then€hid€inŠ ¬!ü Ša€motel€room€until€he€was€located€by€the€police.€€The€evidence€viewed€in€this€light€reveals€that€theŠ œ"ģ  Šdefendant€had€a€motive€to€kill€the€victim,€that€he€procured€a€deadly€weapon,€that€he€shot€an€unarmedŠ Œ#Ü! Švictim€in€the€back,€and€that€the€defendant€calmly€tried€to€conceal€the€crime.€€A€rational€jury€couldŠ |$Ģ" Šhave€found€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€based€upon€reasonable€inferences€from€these€circumstancesŠ l%¼ # Šthat€the€defendant€was€sufficiently€free€from€excitement€and€passion€to€premeditate€the€murder.€€Š \&¬!$ ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€also€contends€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€establish€intent,€arguing€Š <(Œ#& Šthat€Dr.€Ō_ŌBucknerŌ_Ō€presented€uncontradicted€testimony€that€the€defendant€could€not€have€formed€theŠ ,)|$' Šintent€to€commit€murder.€€However,€this€testimony€was€not€uncontradicted.€€Dr.€Ō_ŌBucknerŌ_Ō€admittedŠ *l%( Šthat€his€diagnosis€could€be€flawed€if€the€defendant€had€not€told€him€the€truth.€€However,€we€mustŠ  +\&) Špresume€again€that€the€jury€resolved€the€conflicting€testimony€in€the€stateššs€favor.€€In€viewing€all€ofŠ ü+L'* Šthe€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€state,€we€conclude€that€a€rational€trier€of€fact€couldŠ ° Šhave€found€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€defendant€intentionally€killed€the€victim.Š  š ŠĢą  ąFinally,€the€defendant€contends€that€the€stateššs€closing€argument€shows€an€absence€ofŠ €Š Špremeditation.€€The€defendant€asserts€that€the€stateššs€argument€supports€only€a€verdict€of€voluntaryŠ pĄ Šmanslaughter€and€not€one€of€murder.€€The€state€argued:Š ` ° ŠĢą8  ąI,€ladies€and€gentlemen,€submit€to€you€that€he€went€into€a€jealous€rage,€that€heŠ @  Šthought€for€some€reason.€€He€knew€Pam€was€leaving€him.€€She€put€her€kids€inŠ 0 € Šanother€school.€€Rented€another€house.€€She€goes€by,€this€is€Sunday€right€before€itŠ  p  Šhappens,€you€know€b„i„t„c„h.€€He€gets€over€there,€he€sees€Jake€do€something,€sayŠ `  Šsomething€to€her€and€he€goes€into€a€rage;€and€he€militates€[sic]€this€body.€€NotŠ P  Šbecause€of€what€he€says€Jake€did€to€[his€daughter].€€He€militates€[sic]€his€body€as€aŠ š@  Šmessage€to€his€family,€to€his€wife.€€Donššt€leave€me.€€Donššt€mess€with€other€people.€Š ą0  ŠThis€is€whatššs€going€to€happen.ŠŠ Š Š  ŠĢFirst,€a€rational€jury€could€infer€premeditation€from€this€argument,€considering€it€along€with€all€ofŠ ° Šthe€evidence€presented€in€the€case.€€Second,€this€argument€was€one€of€a€couple€of€theories€presentedŠ  š Šby€the€state€in€its€closing.€€The€state€undoubtedly€knew€that€the€jury€would€be€charged€with€the€lesserŠ ą Šincluded€offense€of€voluntary€manslaughter.€Even€if€this€argument€supported€voluntaryŠ €Š Šmanslaughter,€it€is€not€error€to€present€alternative€theories€supporting€the€different€offenses€to€beŠ pĄ Šcharged€to€the€jury.€€The€jury€was€entitled€to€reject€this€theory€in€favor€of€another.€€Finally,€and€mostŠ `° Šimportantly,€this€was€argument,€not€evidence.€€€The€jury€was€instructed€accordingly.€€The€jury€couldŠ P  Šhave€completely€ignored€this€argument€in€reaching€a€verdict€based€upon€the€evidence.€€We€concludeŠ @ Šthat€the€stateššs€argument€does€not€render€the€evidence€insufficient€to€show€premeditation.Š 0€ ŠĢÓ  Óņ ņII.€€SURREBUTTAL€TESTIMONYó óŠ ` ŠÓ  ÓĢą  ąThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€not€allowing€him€to€introduce€theŠ š@ ŠŌ_ŌsurrebuttalŌ_Ō€testimony€of€Kimberly€Johnson,€the€victimššs€ex„stepdaughter.€€At€the€close€of€the€stateššsŠ ą0 Šrebuttal€evidence,€the€defendant€asked€to€call€Johnson.€€The€defendant€asserted€that€Johnson€wouldŠ Š  Štestify€that€approximately€nine€years€ago,€the€victim€was€convicted€of€assaulting€her€and€that€onŠ Ą! Šanother€occasion€the€victim€entered€her€bedroom€and€fondled€her.€€The€trial€court€ruled€that€thisŠ °"  Štestimony€was€not€proper€surrebuttal€evidence€because€it€did€not€specifically€answer€the€stateššsŠ  #š! Šrebuttal€evidence.€€Š $ą" ŠĢŅe°Ņą  ąRebuttal€evidence€is€š šany€competent€evidence€which€explains€or€is€in€direct€reply€to€or€aŠ p&Ą!$ Šcontradiction€of€material€evidence€introduced€by€the€accused.šš€€ņņNease€v.€Stateóó,€592€S.W.2d€327,€331Š `'°"% Š(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1979).€€The€state€is€given€the€right€of€rebuttal€because€it€š šdoes€not€and€cannotŠ P( #& Šknow€what€evidence€the€defense€will€use€until€it€is€presented€at€trial.šš€€ņņState€v.€Cyrus€Deville€Wilsonóó,Š @)$' ŠNo.€01C01„9408„CR„00266,€Davidson€County,€slip€op.€at€9€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Nov.€15,€1995)Š 0*€%( Š(citation€omitted).€€Following€the€stateššs€rebuttal,€the€defendant€is€entitled€to€present€surrebuttalŠ  +p&) Ševidence€to€explain,€contradict,€or€directly€reply€to€the€stateššs€rebuttal€evidence.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Evansóó,Š ,`'* Š710€S.W.2d€530,€535€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1985)€(holding€that€surrebuttal€testimony€was€improperŠ ° Šbecause€it€did€not€contradict€the€stateššs€rebuttal€testimony).€€ņ ņó óBecause€there€must€be€š šššan€end€to€theŠ  š Šcalling€of€witnesses€at€some€timešš€.€.€.€as€well€as€šša€limit€to€[the€evidence€received€in]€rebuttal€andŠ ą Šsurrebuttal,šššš€questions€regarding€the€admissibility€of€rebuttal€and€surrebuttal€evidence€are€left€to€theŠ €Š Šsound€discretion€of€the€trial€court.€€ņņState€v.€Scottóó,€735€S.W.2d€825,€828€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1987)Š pĄ Š(citations€omitted).€€The€trial€courtššs€decision€will€only€be€reversed€upon€a€showing€of€a€clear€abuseŠ ` ° Šof€discretion.€€ņņId.óó€(citation€omitted).Š P   ŠĢą  ąFirst,€the€defendant€argues€that€he€should€have€been€able€to€introduce€Johnsonššs€testimony€Š 0 € Šbecause€the€trial€court€stated€that€it€may€have€been€relevant€if€it€had€been€offered€during€theŠ  p  Šdefendantššs€case„in„chief.€€The€defendant€relies€on€ņņState€v.€Kendricksóó,€947€S.W.2d€875€(Tenn.€Crim.Š `  ŠApp.€1996),€in€which€the€trial€court€allowed€the€state€to€introduce€rebuttal€testimony€that€should€haveŠ P  Šbeen€introduced€in€its€case„in„chief.€€The€defendant€asserts€that€he€should€receive€the€same€benefitŠ š@  Šin€this€case.€€First,€we€note€that€the€trial€court€in€the€present€case€stated€that€Johnsonššs€testimony€mayŠ ą0  Šņņor€may€notóó€have€been€relevant€in€the€defendantššs€case„in„chief.€€Therefore,€Johnsonššs€testimony€isŠ Š  Šunlike€the€testimony€in€ņņKendricksóó€because€it€was€not€unquestionably€relevant.€€Regardless,€inŠ Ą ŠņņKendricksóó,€this€court€did€not€hold€that€the€state€always€has€a€right€to€present€rebuttal€evidence€thatŠ ° Šshould€have€been€introduced€in€its€case„in„chief.€€€Accordingly,€the€defendant€in€the€present€case€didŠ  š Šnot€have€a€right€to€introduce€surrebuttal€evidence€just€because€it€may€have€been€admissible€in€hisŠ ą Šcase„in„chief.€Š €Š ŠĢą  ąThe€defendant€also€argues€that€even€if€he€was€not€allowed€to€present€Johnsonššs€testimony€asŠ `° Ša€matter€of€right,€he€should€have€been€allowed€to€introduce€it€to€contradict€the€testimony€of€theŠ P  Šrebuttal€witnesses.€€In€the€present€case,€the€state€presented€three€rebuttal€witnesses:€€TeddyŠ @ ŠŌ_ŌCollingsworthŌ_Ō,€Teresa€White,€and€Richard€Maloney.€€The€defendant€asserts€that€Johnsonššs€testimonyŠ 0€ Šregarding€being€assaulted€by€the€victim€would€have€contradicted€Whiteššs€testimony,€which€impliedŠ  p Šthat€the€victim€was€not€the€initial€aggressor.€€He€also€argues€that€Johnsonššs€testimony€regarding€theŠ ` Šsexual€assault€by€the€victim€would€have€contradicted€the€testimony€of€White€and€Collingsworth.€€Š P Šą  ąĢą  ąWhite€was€called€to€impeach€the€testimony€of€the€defendantššs€daughter.€€She€testified€that€theŠ ą0 Šdefendantššs€daughter€told€her€that€her€father€shot€the€victim€after€accusing€him€of€having€somethingŠ Š  Što€do€with€his€wife.€€White€also€testified€that€the€defendantššs€daughter€told€her€that€her€father€buriedŠ Ą! Šthe€victim,€then€dug€him€up,€cut€him€up,€and€dumped€him€in€the€river.€€The€version€of€the€murder€thatŠ °"  Šthe€defendantššs€daughter€told€White€contradicts€the€defendantššs€daughterššs€testimony,€in€which€sheŠ  #š! Šalleged€that€the€victim€sexually€assaulted€her.€€Collingsworth€was€also€called€to€impeach€theŠ $ą" Štestimony€of€the€defendantššs€daughter,€and€he€testified€that€the€defendantššs€daughter€told€him€that€theŠ €%Š # Švictim€never€touched€her€private€parts.Š p&Ą!$ ŠĢą  ąIn€refusing€to€allow€Johnsonššs€testimony,€the€trial€court€stated€that€surrebuttal€is€to€answerŠ P( #& Šspecifically€the€stateššs€rebuttal€evidence€and€found€that€the€proffered€testimony€was€not€within€theŠ @)$' Šscope€of€surrebuttal.€€Although€we€acknowledge€that€the€testimony€might€have€some€relevance€forŠ 0*€%( Šcontradicting€the€stateššs€rebuttal€proof,€we€view€it€to€be€marginally€probative.€€We€cannot€say€that€theŠ  +p&) Štrial€court€abused€its€discretion€in€refusing€to€allow€Johnsonššs€testimony.€€Moreover,€we€doubt€thatŠ ,`'* Šthe€testimony€was€admissible€under€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€404(b).€€Rule€404(b)€states,€š šEvidence€of€otherŠ ° Šcrimes,€wrongs,€or€acts€is€not€admissible€to€prove€the€character€of€a€person€in€order€to€show€actionŠ  š Šin€conformity€with€the€character€trait.šš€€However,€such€evidence€may€be€admissible€if€it€is€offered€toŠ ą Šshow€identity,€intent,€or€to€rebut€a€claim€of€accident€or€mistake.€€ņņSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Evid.€404(b),€AdvisoryŠ €Š ŠCommission€Comment;€ņņState€v.€Partonóó,€694€S.W.2d€299,€303€(Tenn.€1985).Š pĄ ŠĢą  ąIn€the€present€case,€the€defendant€sought€to€introduce€Johnsonššs€testimony€to€show€that€theŠ P   Švictim€assaulted€and€sexually€assaulted€her.€€While€this€evidence€arguably€would€have€rehabilitatedŠ @  Šthe€defendantššs€daughterššs€credibility,€it€would€have€done€so€because€it€suggests€that€the€victim€hadŠ 0 € Ša€propensity€to€be€the€initial€aggressor€and/or€to€sexually€assault€children.€€This€is€the€type€ofŠ  p  Ševidence€prohibited€by€404(b).€Š `  ŠĢÓ  Óņ ņIII.€€MUTILATION€AS€AN€AGGRAVATING€CIRCUMSTANCEó óŠ š@  ŠÓ  ÓĢą  ąThe€defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€should€have€dismissed€mutilation€of€the€body€asŠ Š  Šan€aggravating€factor€because€no€proof€of€mutilation€existed.€€The€defendantššs€argument€rests€uponŠ Ą Šhis€definition€of€mutilation.€€The€defendant€asserts€that€mutilation€is€limited€to€severance€orŠ ° Šdestruction€of€a€body€part.€€The€state€argues€that€mutilation€encompasses€a€broader€range€of€behavior,Š  š Šincluding€stabbing€or€cutting€the€body€after€death.€€We€agree€with€the€state.Š ą ŠĢą  ąMutilation€is€not€defined€in€our€code.€€When€words€in€statutes€are€not€defined,€they€must€beŠ pĄ Šgiven€their€ordinary€and€natural€meaning.€€ņņSeeóó€ņņState€v.€Williamsóó,€690€S.W.2d€517,€529€(Tenn.€1985).€Š `° ŠIn€ņņWebsterššs€Third€New€International€Dictionaryóó,€1493€(1993),€the€verb€š šmutilatešš€is€defined€ņņóóas:€š š1.Š P  Što€cut€off€or€permanently€destroy€a€limb€or€essential€part€.€.€.€2.€to€cut€up€or€alter€radically€so€as€toŠ @ Šmake€imperfect.šš€€ņņMerriam„Websterššs€Collegiate€Dictionaryóó,€768€(10th€ed.€1994),€provides€anŠ 0€ Šidentical€definition€of€š šmutilate,šš€except€that€the€primary€and€secondary€definitions€are€reversed.€Š  p ŠThis€reversal€is€significant€because€only€the€first€definition€in€ņņWebsterššsóó€(the€second€definition€inŠ ` ŠņņMerriam„Websterššsóó)€supports€the€defendantššs€assertion€that€mutilate€means€to€sever€or€destroy€a€bodyŠ P Špart.€€ņņóóHowever,€the€second€definition€in€ņņWebsterššsóó€(the€first€in€ņņMerriam„Websterššsóó)€supports€theŠ š@ Šstateššs€view€that€mutilate€has€a€broader€definition.€€We€believe€that€the€ordinary€and€natural€meaningŠ ą0 Šof€mutilation,€and€the€one€that€our€General€Assembly€intended,€is€the€broader€definition.Š Š  ŠĢą  ąThis€court€has€previously€stated€that€the€legislative€intent€underlying€mutilation€as€anŠ °"  Šaggravating€circumstance€must€be€š šthat€the€General€Assembly€.€.€.€meant€to€discourage€corpseŠ  #š! Šdesecration.šš€€ņņState€v.€David€Eric€Priceóó,€No.€E1999„02684„CCA„R3„CD,€Hamilton€County,€slip€op.Š $ą" Šat€42€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€July€25,€2000).€€š šDesecratešš€is€defined€as:€š š1.€€To€violate€the€sanctity€of€.Š €%Š # Š.€.€2.€to€treat€disrespectfully,€irreverently,€or€outrageously.šš€€ņņMerriam€Websterššs€Collegiate€DictionaryóóŠ p&Ą!$ Š312€(10th€ed.€1994).€€Given€the€meaning€of€desecrate,€this€intent€suggests€a€broader€meaning€than€justŠ `'°"% Šsevering€or€destroying€a€body€part.€€However,€a€corpse€can€be€desecrated€in€many€ways€without€beingŠ P( #& Šmutilated,€ņņe.g.óó,€dumping€a€body€in€a€river.€€Therefore,€while€this€courtššs€view€of€the€legislative€intentŠ @)$' Šprovides€some€guidance,€it€is€not€conclusive€as€to€the€intended€definition€of€mutilation.€Š 0*€%( Šā āŠ  +p&) Šą  ąThe€manner€in€which€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€has€used€the€term€š šmutilationšš€alsoŠ ° Šā āindicates€that€it€views€mutilation€to€have€a€broader€definition€than€the€one€proposed€by€the€defendant.€Š  š ŠIn€ņņState€v.€Zagorskióó,€701€S.W.2d€808€(Tenn.€1985),€the€court€addressed€the€aggravating€circumstanceŠ ą Šof€the€murder€being€especially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruelņņóó€in€a€case€in€which€the€victims€died€fromŠ €Š Šgunshot€wounds€but€also€had€their€throats€cut.€€ņņZagorskióó,€701€S.W.2d€at€814.€€No€body€parts€wereŠ pĄ Šsevered€or€destroyed.€€The€court€affirmed€the€finding€of€the€aggravating€circumstance,€stating€that€theŠ ` ° Šdefendant€needlessly€mutilated€the€victims.€€ņņId.ó󀀀€Š P   ŠĢą  ąIn€ņņState€v.€Smithóó,€868€S.W.2d€561€(Tenn.€1993),€the€court€used€mutilation€in€a€similar€manner.€Š 0 € ŠIn€ņņSmithóó,€one€of€the€three€victims€died€from€a€gunshot€wound,€but€the€defendant,€after€the€victim€wasŠ  p  Šdead,€slashed€her€neck€and€stabbed€her€with€a€knife€and€an€awl.€€ņņId.óó€at€566.€€There€was€no€allegationŠ `  Šof€body€parts€being€severed€or€destroyed.€€After€analyzing€the€aggravating€circumstance€of€whetherŠ P  Šthe€murder€was€especially€heinous,€atrocious,€or€cruel,€the€court€concluded€that€this€circumstance€wasŠ š@  Šapplicable€because€of€€š šthe€multiplicity€of€the€wounds,€the€infliction€of€gratuitous€violence€on€theŠ ą0  Švictims€and€their€needless€mutilation.šš€€ņņId.óó€at€580.€€Using€mutilation€in€this€manner€is€consistent€withŠ Š  Šthe€broader€definition€of€mutilation.€€€Š Ą ŠĢą  ąWe€hold€that€mutilation€as€used€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€šš€39„13„204(i)(13)€has€a€broaderŠ  š Šdefinition€than€just€the€destroying€or€severing€of€body€parts.€€Mutilation€also€includes€š što€cut€up€orŠ ą Šalter€radically€so€as€to€make€imperfect.šš€€ņņSeeóó€ņņBrowne€v.€Stateóó,€933€P.€2d€187,€193€&€n.3€(Nev.€1997)Š €Š Š(approving€an€instruction€that€mutilate€means€š što€cut€off€or€permanently€destroy€a€limb€or€essentialŠ pĄ Špart€of€the€body€ņņoróó€to€cut€off€or€alter€radically€so€as€to€make€imperfectšš)€(emphasis€added).Š `° ŠĢą  ąWe€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€applying€mutilation€of€the€body€as€anŠ @ Šaggravating€factor.€€After€the€victim€died,€the€defendant€stabbed€him€four€times€in€the€back€with€aŠ 0€ Šknife,€slit€his€throat,€cut€his€forehead€and€legs,€and€fractured€both€of€his€legs€by€exerting€greatŠ  p Špressure€from€behind.€€This€evidence€is€sufficient€to€support€the€finding€of€mutilation€of€the€body.€Š ` Š€€Ģņ ņÓ  ÓIV.€CONCLUSIONŠ š@ Šó óÓ|¤ÓĢą  ąBased€upon€the€foregoing€and€the€record€as€a€whole,€we€affirm€the€defendantššs€conviction€andŠ Š  Šsentence.Š Ą! ŠņņóóĢĢĢą0  ąą0` s#s#ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ą___________________________________€Š€%Š #` s#` s# Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąą  ąJOSEPH€M.€TIPTON,€JUDGE