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RomanSÔÓ7€Z(€X7Ó&ÿÿ  d dG)1dxd<š®ÿÿ:z©Top of ForÓ7€J(€X7ÓÓ  ÓÔ‡ÔÔ?‡W%ä2¼A`‹Arial?ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡Uô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÓ7€Z(€X7ÓG)2dxd0KSÿÿ.SampleÔK‡T<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔS‡Uô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ0ÿÿ.Strongò òó ó8dlÿÿ6TypewriterÔ‡ôôôÔÔK‡T<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡ôôôÔÔS‡Uô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔ4ÿÿ2Variableòòóó: ÿÿ8HTML MarkupÔB  ÔÔ ÿ ÔÔ  Ô2 ÿÿ0CommentÔB  ÔX[ZA<< cÿÿ(|G2C$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€]»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôð%ò»»Ô(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ<þ6X9`(‹Courier Newô\  `‹&Times New Roman d%ä2¼A`‹Arial(|3{$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€]»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó Ñ e Ñ^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3{$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€]»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKK Ý ƒRC$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôð%ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€€The€record€does€not€contain€a€copy€of€the€indictment€charging€the€Defendant€and€the€co„defendant€withÐ ° Ðespecially€aggravated€robbery.€(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€]»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼]»»»ÔÑ8€ ÁXXdì»»d8ÑÑ€ïOÑÑ€ïOÑÑ€\ïOÑà@ttìàÔ‡îFŒî»¼]ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€CRIMINAL€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@õõ%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼]»îîFŒ?#ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Óà @ àà @` àAssigned€on€Briefs€October€2,€2001Ð üL ÐÔ‡X ÁX»¼]ÔÌò òÔ#†¼]»XX ÁQ#ÔòòSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEóó€v.€òòóóMICHAEL€TUCKERÔ‡X ÁX»¼]Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€99„05654€€€€€€Chris€Craft,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<½ ` AßÐ ¾   ÐÌà@@››ìàNo.€W2000„02220„CCA„R3„CD€„€Filed€November€20,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ¹  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<` AßÐ ‘á  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThe€Shelby€County€Grand€Jury€indicted€the€Defendant€for€felony€murder€in€the€perpetration€of€aÐ ŒÜ  Ðrobbery,€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€and€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€Following€a€trial,€atÐ xÈ  Ðwhich€the€Defendant€was€tried€with€his€co„defendant,€a€Shelby€County€jury€convicted€the€DefendantÐ d´ Ðof€second€degree€murder.€€The€Defendant€now€appeals€his€conviction€as€of€right,€arguing€thatÐ P  Ðinsufficient€evidence€was€presented€to€support€his€conviction,€that€the€trial€court€supplied€the€juryÐ <Œ Ðwith€improper€supplemental€instructions,€and€that€the€trial€court€improperly€commented€on€theÐ (x Ðevidence€at€trial.€€Concluding€that€sufficient€evidence€was€presented€to€support€the€DefendantððsÐ d Ðconviction€for€second€degree€murder,€that€the€trial€courtððs€supplemental€instructions€€to€the€jury€wereÐ P Ðproper,€and€that€the€trial€court€did€not€improperly€comment€on€the€evidence,€we€affirm€the€judgmentÐ ì< Ðof€the€trial€court.Ð Ø( ÐÓêÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmedó óÐ ° ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼]»àX ÁÇ#ÔÔ‡X ÁX.¼]ÔRobert€W.€Wedemeyer,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòGary€R.€Wade,€P.J.,€óófiledÐ ˆØ Ða€concurring€opinion,€and€òòJoseph€M.€Tipton,€J.óó€filed€a€dissenting€opinion.Ð tÄ ÐÌA€C€Wharton,€Jr.,€Public€Defender,€and€W.€Mark€Ward,€Assistant€Public€Defender,€Memphis,Ð L œ ÐTennessee€(on€appeal);€and€William€L.€Johnson,€Memphis,€Tennessee€(at€trial),€for€the€Appellant,Ð 8!ˆ  ÐMichael€Tucker.Ð $"t! ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter;€Patricia€C.€Kussmann,€Assistant€AttorneyÐ ü#L# ÐGeneral;€William€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General;€James€Wax€and€Karen€Cook,€AssistantÐ è$8 $ ÐDistrict€Attorneys€General,€for€the€Appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð Ô%$!% ÐÓÊ ÓÌà@@66'ìàò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼]»XX Áù #ÔÔ‡X ÁX»¼]ÔÐ ¬'ü"' ÐòòóóÔ#†¼]»XX Áˆ #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X ÁX»¼]Ôà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àÌò òÓ  ÓI.€€PROCEDURAL€HISTORYó óÐ „)Ô$) ÐÓ\ÓÌÔ‡ X ÁXXX ÁÔà  àIn€May€1999,€the€Shelby€County€Grand€Jury€indicted€the€Defendant,€Michael€Tucker,€andÐ \+¬&+ Ðhis€co„defendant,€Joseph€Flake,€for€one€count€each€of€felony€murder€in€the€perpetration€of€a€robbery,Ð H,˜', Ðone€count€each€of€first€degree€premeditated€murder,€and€one€count€each€of€especially€aggravatedÐ 4-„(-ý÷ Ðrobbery.׃b×Ý ƒc#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Their€joint€trial€began€on€May€30,€1999.€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€Stateððs€proof,€the€trialÐ ° Ðcourt€granted€co„defendant€Flakeððs€motion€for€a€judgment€of€acquittal€as€to€the€first€degreeÐ œì Ðpremeditated€murder€charge.€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€trial,€a€Shelby€County€jury€acquitted€both€co„Ð ˆØ Ðdefendant€Flake€and€the€Defendant€of€felony€murder€and€of€especially€aggravated€robbery.€€However,Ð tÄ Ðthe€jury€found€the€Defendant€guilty€of€second€degree€murder.€€On€July€14,€2000,€the€trial€courtÐ `° Ðconducted€a€sentencing€hearing€and€sentenced€the€Defendant€as€a€Range€I€violent€offender€to€twenty„Ð L œ Ðfive€yearsðð€incarceration.€€The€Defendant€now€appeals€his€conviction,€arguing€that€insufficientÐ 8 ˆ Ðevidence€was€presented€to€support€his€conviction,€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€instructing€the€jury,€andÐ $ t Ðthat€the€trial€court€improperly€commented€on€the€evidence€at€trial.€€Finding€no€error€in€the€record,Ð  ` Ðwe€affirm€the€Defendantððs€conviction€on€appeal.Ð ü L  Ðà  àÌò òÓ  ÓII.€€FACTSÐ Ô$  Ðó óÌÓÓà  àAll€charges€in€this€case€stem€from€the€shooting€death€of€Ô_ÔAinsworthÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBlackmonÔ_Ô,€Jr.,€on€MarchÐ ¬ü  Ð30,€1999.€€At€trial,€Cora€Ô_ÔBlackmonÔ_Ô€testified€that€she€was€the€victimððs€mother.€€She€stated€that€herÐ ˜è  Ðson,€whose€nickname€was€ð ðJunior€Boy,ðð€was€twenty„three€years€old€at€the€time€of€his€death.€€SheÐ „Ô  Ðalso€testified€that€she€was€aware€that€prior€to€his€death,€her€son€had€been€involved€in€criminal€activityÐ pÀ Ðfor€several€years,€specifically€with€such€crimes€as€assaults,€thefts€and€ð ðdrug€dealing.ðð€€Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àMark€Ô_ÔRewaltÔ_Ô,€an€officer€with€the€Memphis€Police€Department€for€fifteen€years€at€the€timeÐ 4„ Ðof€trial,€testified€that€he€was€working€with€the€Crime€Scene€Unit€at€the€time€of€the€crime€in€this€case.€Ð  p ÐHe€stated€that€on€March€30,€1999,€he€was€called€to€a€ð ðshootingðð€at€a€three„story€apartment€buildingÐ  \ Ðin€a€housing€project€located€at€the€corner€of€Tully€Street€and€Wells€Avenue.€€When€he€arrived€at€theÐ øH Ðscene€at€9:19€p.m.,€Ô_ÔRewaltÔ_Ô€learned€that€the€victim€had€already€been€transported€to€the€hospital€inÐ ä4 Ðcritical€condition,€but€he€later€learned€that€the€victim€had€died.€€Ô_ÔRewaltÔ_Ô€testified€that€while€at€theÐ Ð  Ðscene,€he€searched€for€evidence€and€took€photographs,€which€were€entered€into€evidence.€€OneÐ ¼  Ðphotograph€depicted€blood€stains,€a€bottle€of€Hawaiian€punch,€and€a€paper€bag€containing€egg€rollsÐ ¨ø Ðand€chicken€wings.€€At€the€crime€scene,€officers€found€two€vehicles€that€were€pertinent€to€theirÐ ”ä Ðinvestigation,€a€1997€Dodge€Caravan€and€a€1976€Chevy€Impala.€€Ô_ÔRewaltÔ_Ô€dusted€the€Caravan€forÐ €Ð Ðfingerprints€after€learning€that€a€suspect€ð ðmight€have€run€intoðð€the€vehicle.€€Ô_ÔRewaltÔ_Ô€testified€that€afterÐ l¼ Ðleaving€the€scene€of€the€crime,€he€delivered€evidence€to€the€property€room€and€then€proceeded€to€theÐ X ¨ Ðhospital€to€collect€the€victimððs€clothing€and€personal€effects.€€According€to€Ô_ÔRewaltÔ_Ô,€ð ð[Ô_Ôt]enÔ_Ô€rocksðð€ofÐ D!” Ðð ðcrack€cocaineðð€were€found€on€the€victimððs€person,€but€no€weapon€was€found.Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àWillie€Wells€testified€that€he€knew€the€victim€as€ð ðJunior€Boy.ðð€€He€stated€that€on€March€30,Ð $X" Ð1999,€the€victim€approached€him€at€the€corner€of€Tully€Street€and€Wells€Avenue€at€approximatelyÐ ô$D # Ð8:00€p.m.€and€asked€to€buy€Wellsðð€vehicle,€the€1976€Chevy€Impala€later€found€at€the€scene.€€WellsÐ à%0!$ Ðtestified€that€he€allowed€the€victim€to€test„drive€the€car,€and€the€victim€then€agreed€to€buy€it.€€WellsÐ Ì&"% Ðreported€he€and€the€victim€arranged€for€the€victim€to€give€Wells€$500€of€the€$1,500€asking€price€andÐ ¸'#& Ðthat€the€victim€would€later€give€Wells€the€remaining€$1,000.€€Wells€testified€that€he€watched€theÐ ¤(ô#' ÐÔ_Ôvictim€count€ð ða€stackðð€of€money€while€standing€on€the€sidewalk€near€the€car,€and€he€then€waitedÐ ° Ðwhile€the€victim€walked€across€the€street€to€a€store.€€He€stated€that€when€the€victim€exited€the€storeÐ œì Ðholding€a€bag€in€his€hand,€the€victim€began€to€walk€towards€Tully€Street.€€Wells€stated€that€he€nextÐ ˆØ Ðheard€a€gunshot€and€ducked.€€He€maintained€that€he€did€not€see€who€fired€the€shot.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Wells€testified€that€he€saw€ten€to€fifteen€people,€including€a€manÐ L œ Ðnamed€Leetoy€Brown€and€a€woman€named€Sharon€Oliver,€at€the€scene€at€the€time€of€the€shooting.€Ð 8 ˆ ÐWells€identified€Oliver€as€a€known€drug€user.€€He€also€testified€that€he€made€a€statement€to€policeÐ $ t Ðconcerning€the€shooting,€but€he€maintained€that€he€obtained€much€of€the€information€in€his€statementÐ  ` Ðfrom€Oliver.€€He€testified€that€he€told€police€ð ðfrom€the€beginning€that€everything€[he€told€them€was]Ð ü L  Ðhearsay,ðð€and€he€stated€that€much€of€the€written€statement€was€incorrect.€€Wells€further€testified€onÐ è 8  Ðcross„examination€that€he€picked€the€Defendant€and€the€co„defendant€out€of€photographic€line„ups,Ð Ô$  Ðbut€he€claimed€that€he€did€so€in€response€to€being€asked€by€police€if€he€ð ðhad€ever€seen€them€in€theÐ À  Ðneighborhood.ððÐ ¬ü  ÐÌà  àDr.€O.C.€Smith,€the€Shelby€County€Medical€Examiner,€testified€that€in€the€spring€of€1999,Ð „Ô  Ðwhile€employed€as€an€Assistant€Medical€Examiner,€he€performed€the€autopsy€on€the€victim€in€thisÐ pÀ Ðcase.€€Smith€stated€that€at€the€time€of€his€death,€the€victim€was€five€feet,€seven€inches€tall€andÐ \¬ Ðweighed€163€pounds.€€Dr.€Smith€reported€that€the€victim€died€as€a€result€of€a€gunshot€wound€to€theÐ H˜ Ðneck.€€Smith€specified€that€the€bullet€that€killed€the€victim€severed€several€major€arteries€in€theÐ 4„ Ðvictimððs€neck,€interrupting€the€blood€supply€to€the€victimððs€brain,€and€then€crossed€the€victimððsÐ  p Ðwindpipe,€causing€the€victim€to€inhale€blood€into€his€lungs.€€He€stated€that€the€weapon€used€to€killÐ  \ Ðthe€victim€was€fired€from€a€range€of€between€twelve€and€twenty„four€inches€from€the€victimððs€body,Ð øH Ðleaving€powder€burns€on€the€victimððs€skin.€€Dr.€Smith€further€testified€that€he€found€ð ða€series€of€skinÐ ä4 Ðscrapes€or€abrasions€in€the€brow€and€cheek€bone€areaðð€which€were€consistent€with€the€victimððsÐ Ð  Ðfalling€to€the€ground€and€striking€a€flat€surface.€€Finally,€Smith€reported€that€tests€performed€on€theÐ ¼  Ðvictimððs€blood€indicated€no€drug€or€alcohol€content.€€However,€Smith€testified€that€a€urine€sampleÐ ¨ø Ðtaken€from€the€victim€was€ð ðpositive€for€a€metabolite€of€cocaine,€known€as€ecognine€methyl€esther,Ð ”ä Ðwhich€is€a€chemical€.€.€.€produced€when€cocaine€is€broken€down€in€the€body.ððÐ €Ð ÐÌà  àAlexander€OððNeil€Blackmon,€the€victimððs€brother,€testified€that€he€spoke€with€the€victimÐ X ¨ Ðimmediately€prior€to€his€death€on€the€evening€of€March€30,€1999.€€He€stated€that€after€conversingÐ D!” Ðwith€his€brother,€he€walked€to€the€store€with€Leetoy€Brown.€€When€he€emerged€from€the€store,€heÐ 0"€  Ðsaw€his€brother€standing€across€the€street€heatedly€arguing€with€another€male,€and€he€then€heard€hisÐ #l! Ðbrother€call€out€to€him€that€ð ðhe€had€drama.ðð€€He€explained€that€this€meant€that€his€brother€wasÐ $X" Ðð ðhaving€a€confrontation€with€some€guys.ðð€€Blackmon€recalled€that€as€he€turned€and€looked,€he€heardÐ ô$D # Ða€gunshot.€€He€stated€that€his€brother€was€shot€from€the€back€and€ð ðhit€the€ground€on€his€face.ðð€Ð à%0!$ ÐBlackmon€testified€that€he€saw€the€Defendant€holding€a€gun€standing€over€his€brother€after€hisÐ Ì&"% Ðbrother€fell.€€He€stated€that€he€also€saw€two€women€and€the€co„defendant€standing€near€his€brother.€Ð ¸'#& ÐBlackmon€testified€that€he€next€heard€more€gunshots,€saw€bullets€hit€a€wall€near€where€he€wasÐ ¤(ô#' Ðstanding,€and€realized€that€the€Defendant€was€shooting€at€him.€€He€then€began€to€run.€€BlackmonÐ )à$( Ðâ âstated€that€he€later€got€a€ride€back€to€the€scene,€where€he€saw€his€brother€lying€on€the€ground.€€HeÐ |*Ì%) Ðtestified€that€after€returning€to€the€scene,€he€went€to€his€auntððs€house€and€stayed€there€until€his€sisterÐ ° Ðarrived€to€transport€him€to€the€hospital.Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Blackmon€testified€that€he€waited€four€weeks€after€the€incident€beforeÐ tÄ Ðspeaking€to€police€about€the€shooting.€€He€also€testified€that€he€discussed€the€shooting€with€some€ofÐ `° Ðhis€family€members€and€with€Leetoy€Brown€prior€to€speaking€to€law€enforcement€officials.€Ð L œ ÐBlackmon€explained€the€delay,€stating,€ð ðIððm€thinking€that€[the€police]€already€had€enough€evidenceÐ 8 ˆ Ðto€get€[the€Defendant€and€co„defendant]€in€custody.€€And€Iððm€thinking€that€[the€police]€were€goingÐ $ t Ðto€come€to€me.€€I€ainððt€hear€[sic]€nothing,€so€I€had€to€step€up.ððÐ  ` ÐÌà  àLeetoy€Brown€testified€that€he€had€known€the€victim€since€childhood.€€He€stated€that€onÐ è 8  ÐMarch€30,€1999,€he€went€to€the€store€with€the€victimððs€brother,€Alexander€Blackmon.€€BrownÐ Ô$  Ðtestified€that€when€he€and€Blackmon€exited€the€store,€he€saw€the€victim€standing€ð ðin€a€huddleðð€withÐ À  Ðthree€other€men.€€Brown€stated€that€while€he€and€Blackmon€stopped€to€converse,€the€victim€calledÐ ¬ü  Ðout€that€he€ð ðgot€ana,ðð€meaning€animosity,€or€ð ðdrama.ðð€€When€asked€what€ð ðdramaðð€meant,€he€stated,Ð ˜è  Ðð ðThey€upset,€just€tripping€off€nothing.ðð€€Brown€reported€that€he€then€saw€someone€pull€out€a€gun€andÐ „Ô  Ðshoot€the€victim,€and€the€victim€fell.€€According€to€Brown,€after€the€victim€fell,€Brown€was€able€toÐ pÀ Ðsee€more€clearly.€€He€testified€that€he€then€saw€the€co„defendant€go€into€the€victimððs€pockets€and,Ð \¬ Ðat€the€same€time,€the€Defendant€begin€shooting€at€Brown€and€Blackmon.€€Brown€recalled€that€heÐ H˜ Ðð ðwas€stuck€in€a€daze€for€a€minute,ðð€but€soon€noticed€Blackmon€running€and€then€began€to€runÐ 4„ Ðhimself.€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð  p ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Brown€testified€that€the€victim€sold€drugs€and€was€carrying€moneyÐ øH Ðon€his€person€at€the€time€of€his€death.€€Brown€further€testified€that€he€had€heard€that€Sharon€OliverÐ ä4 Ðwas€at€the€scene€at€the€time€of€the€victimððs€death.€€He€reported€that€after€the€victim€was€shot,€a€ð ðfightÐ Ð  Ðbroke€outðð€around€the€victimððs€body.€€He€denied€taking€anything€from€the€victimððs€body€after€theÐ ¼  Ðvictim€was€shot.€€Brown€stated€that€he€bought€a€new€car€shortly€after€the€victimððs€death.€€HeÐ ¨ø Ðexplained€that€he€obtained€money€for€the€purchase€after€police€hit€his€previous€car€while€it€wasÐ ”ä Ðparked.€€Brown€admitted€that€he€waited€four€weeks€after€the€crime€before€sharing€his€knowledge€ofÐ €Ð Ðthe€crime€with€police,€but€he€stated€that€he€waited€because€he€ð ðwas€in€fear€for€[his]€life.ðð€€BrownÐ l¼ Ðstated€that€he€did€not€work,€but€sold€drugs€at€the€time€of€the€crime.€He€admitted€that€every€day€heÐ X ¨ Ðsmoked€ð ðblunt[s],ðð€which€he€described€as€marijuana€inside€a€cigar,€but€denied€ingesting€any€drugsÐ D!” Ðimmediately€prior€to€witnessing€the€crime€in€this€case.€€Ô#†X ÁXX X Á§#ÔÔ‡ X ÁXXX ÁÔFinally,€Brown€testified€that€he€picked€theÐ 0"€  Ðco„defendant€out€of€a€photographic€line„up€as€one€of€the€men€involved€in€the€shooting€death€of€theÐ #l! Ðvictim.€€He€admitted€that€he€would€be€happy€if€the€co„defendant€were€to€be€incarcerated€for€life.Ð $X" ÐÌà  àSharon€Oliver€testified€that€she€had€lived€for€ten€years€in€the€housing€project€where€the€crimeÐ à%0!$ Ðoccurred.€€She€stated€that€she€and€the€victim€were€friends€and€had€grown€up€together.€€She€recalledÐ Ì&"% Ðthat€on€the€evening€of€March€30,€1999,€she€ð ðran€intoðð€the€victim€at€a€store,€where€he€was€buying€aÐ ¸'#& Ðð ðtropical€punch€drink.ðð€€Oliver€reported€that€the€victim€was€also€carrying€a€paper€bag€containing€eggÐ ¤(ô#' Ðrolls€and€chicken.€€She€stated€that€after€they€left€the€store,€she€and€the€victim€went€to€Willie€WellsððÐ )à$( Ðyard€and€talked€with€Wells€about€a€vehicle€that€the€victim€wished€to€purchase.€€Oliver€recalled€thatÐ |*Ì%) Ðshe€and€the€victim€later€stopped€to€converse€with€some€acquaintances€at€the€housing€project€whereÐ h+¸&* Ðthey€lived.€€During€their€conversation,€according€to€Oliver,€the€Defendant€and€the€co„defendant,Ð ° Ðwhom€she€knew€ð ðfrom€around€the€neighborhood,ðð€approached€the€victim.€€Oliver€testified€that€theÐ œì ÐDefendant€said,€ð ðHey€man,€ainððt€no€dope€selling€in€this€building,ðð€and€the€victim€responded,€ð ðMan,Ð ˆØ Ðyour€name€ainððt€on€this€building.ðð€€According€to€Oliver,€the€Defendant€replied,€ð ðLook€man,€I€toldÐ tÄ Ðyou€once€ainððt€no€M.F.€dope€selling€in€this€building,ðð€and€the€victim€then€stated,€ð ðMan,€you€got€meÐ `° Ðmixed€up.ððÐ L œ Ѐ€Ð 8 ˆ Ðà  àOliver€testified€that€after€this€discourse,€the€victim€called€across€the€street€to€his€brother:€ð ðHeyÐ $ t ÐBlackmon,€I€got€drama.ðð€€According€to€Oliver,€the€Defendant€then€pulled€a€gun€out€of€his€right€backÐ  ` Ðpocket€and€shot€the€victim€from€close€range.€€The€victim€fell€face„down.€€Oliver€reported€that€theÐ ü L  ÐDefendant€took€five€steps€and€then€shot€at€the€victimððs€brother.€€She€recalled€that€she€was€initiallyÐ è 8  Ðð ðin€a€state€of€shock,ðð€but€soon€began€to€walk€towards€her€grandmotherððs€home.€€She€stated€that€asÐ Ô$  Ðshe€looked€back€at€the€crime€scene,€she€saw€the€co„defendant€reaching€into€the€victimððs€left€frontÐ À  Ðpocket€and€the€Defendant€reaching€into€the€victimððs€right€front€pocket.€€She€then€began€to€run,€andÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€Defendant€and€the€co„defendant€ran€together€behind€her.€€Oliver€testified€that€the€Defendant€andÐ ˜è  Ðco„defendant€ð ðfledðð€past€her€when€she€reached€her€grandmotherððs€home.€€Oliver€called€9„1„1€fromÐ „Ô  Ðher€grandmotherððs€home.€€€€Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àOliver€testified€that€later€that€evening,€she€went€to€the€police€station€and€provided€the€officersÐ H˜ Ðwith€a€statement€regarding€the€crime.€€She€testified€that€between€March€30€and€April€6,€1999,€sheÐ 4„ Ðgave€several€statements€to€police.€€Oliver€stated€that€she€also€identified€the€co„defendant€from€aÐ  p Ðphotographic€line„up€as€the€person€whom€she€saw€reach€into€the€victimððs€pocket€after€the€victim€hadÐ  \ Ðbeen€shot,€and€she€reported€that€she€identified€the€Defendant€from€a€photographic€line„up€as€theÐ øH Ðshooter.€€Oliver€maintained€that€there€was€no€doubt€in€her€mind€that€the€Defendant€shot€the€victim.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Oliver€admitted€that€when€she€first€spoke€to€a€police€officer€on€theÐ ¼  Ðnight€of€the€crime,€she€told€the€officer€that€she€did€not€witness€the€actual€shooting.€€However,€sheÐ ¨ø Ðexplained€that€she€did€so€because€she€ð ðwas€scared€for€[her]€lifeðð€and€ð ðdidnððt€.€.€.€really€want€to€getÐ ”ä Ðinvolved.ðð€€She€stated,€ð ðI€didnððt€know€if€[the€Defendant]€was€going€to€come€back€and€try€to€kill€[m]e,Ð €Ð Ðor€not.€€He€was€not€incarcerated.ðð€€Oliver€testified€that€after€the€crime,€her€mother€encouraged€herÐ l¼ Ðto€tell€the€police€the€truth€because€ð ða€young€boyððs€life€[had]€been€taken.ðð€€Oliver€further€testified€thatÐ X ¨ Ðshe€did€not€initially€tell€police€that€she€saw€the€Defendant€and€the€co„defendant€reach€into€theÐ D!” Ðvictimððs€pockets€after€the€victim€had€been€shot€because€she€did€not€think€that€this€information€wasÐ 0"€  Ðimportant€and€because€she€was€nervous.€Ð #l! ÐÌà  àOliver€testified€that€on€the€night€of€the€crime,€she€spent€the€night€at€her€motherððs€home.€€SheÐ ô$D # Ðstated€that€on€the€following€night,€she€asked€her€friend,€Anthony€Bell,€to€spend€the€night€at€herÐ à%0!$ Ðapartment€because€she€was€afraid.€€Oliver€testified€that€she€told€Bell€everything€she€had€seen€andÐ Ì&"% Ðheard.€€Oliver€further€testified€that€she€saw€a€man€named€Clifford€Rogers€at€the€scene,€but€that€sheÐ ¸'#& Ðdid€not€see€a€man€named€Tony€Retic€at€the€scene€on€the€night€of€the€victimððs€death.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àOliver€admitted€on€cross„examination€that€she€had€taken€drugs€for€three€to€four€yearsÐ |*Ì%) Ðpreceding€trial,€but€she€maintained€that€she€did€not€ð ðget€highðð€every€day.€€She€reported€that€she€lastÐ h+¸&* Ðð ðg[o]t€highðð€four€to€five€months€prior€to€the€trial.€€Oliver€first€testified€on€cross„examination€that€theÐ ° Ðvictim€had€sold€her€drugs€during€the€time€period€when€she€was€taking€drugs,€but€she€later€denied€thatÐ œì Ðthe€victim€had€ever€sold€her€drugs.€€Oliver€admitted€that€during€the€weeks€surrounding€the€victimððsÐ ˆØ Ðdeath,€she€took€drugs.€€She€maintained,€however,€that€she€was€ð ðin€[her]€right€mindðð€and€did€not€takeÐ tÄ Ðdrugs€on€the€night€of€the€shooting.Ð `° ÐÌà  àBonita€Moore,€an€employee€of€Federal€Express,€testified€that€she€was€raised€in€the€area€whereÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€shooting€occurred,€and€she€stated€that€the€victim€went€to€school€with€her€children.€€MooreÐ $ t Ðtestified€that€at€approximately€8:30€p.m.€on€the€night€of€the€crime,€she€was€driving€in€her€van€at€theÐ  ` Ðintersection€of€Wells€Avenue€and€Tully€Street.€€She€recalled€that€while€she€was€stopped€at€a€stopÐ ü L  Ðsign,€she€saw€three€men€and€a€woman€standing€together€near€the€intersection.€€Moore€stated€that€sheÐ è 8  Ðrolled€the€window€down€and€was€about€to€ask€the€group€whether€they€had€seen€her€son,€who€wasÐ Ô$  Ðbeing€dropped€off€by€a€church€bus.€€However,€before€she€could€speak,€she€heard€two€gunshots.€Ð À  ÐMoore€stated€that€she€saw€one€of€the€men€fall€and€the€other€two€men€bending€over€the€man€who€hadÐ ¬ü  Ðfallen.€€Moore€testified€that€the€woman€ð ðwas€standing€like€she€was€scared,ðð€but€the€woman€thenÐ ˜è  Ðbegan€to€run.€€The€men€began€to€run€together€behind€the€woman.€€Thinking€that€the€two€men€wereÐ „Ô  Ðgoing€to€shoot€the€woman,€Moore€followed€the€woman€in€her€van.€€As€Moore€was€turning€into€theÐ pÀ Ðback€drive€of€the€housing€project€where€the€shooting€occurred,€one€of€the€men,€whom€MooreÐ \¬ Ðidentified€in€court€as€the€DefendantÔ#†X ÁXX X Á B#ÔÔ‡ X ÁXXX ÁÔ,€ran€into€her€van.€€According€to€Moore,€the€Defendant€wasÐ H˜ Ðholding€ð ðsomething€redðð€and€ð ða€chrome€objectðð€in€one€of€his€hands.€€Moore€stated€that€after€theÐ 4„ ÐDefendant€ran€into€her€van,€the€other€man€yelled,€ð ðMan,€letððs€go€this€way,ðð€and€the€Defendant€ranÐ  p Ðaway€with€him.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àMoore€testified€that€on€the€day€following€the€crime,€she€gave€a€statement€to€police€andÐ ä4 Ðidentified€the€Defendant€from€a€photographic€line„up.€€She€stated€that€she€again€identified€theÐ Ð  ÐDefendant€from€a€photographic€line„up€during€the€week€after€the€crime.€Ô#†X ÁXX X ÁH`#ÔÔ‡ X ÁXXX ÁÔMoore€testified€that€she€didÐ ¼  Ðnot€know€the€Defendant,€but€knew€of€him€from€her€children,€who€called€him€ð ðCrazy€Mike.ðð€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Moore€testified€that€the€woman€she€saw€on€the€night€of€the€crime€wasÐ €Ð ÐSharon€Oliver,€who€was€her€niece.€€She€stated€that€at€the€time€of€the€crime,€she€did€not€recognize€herÐ l¼ Ðniece,€but€discovered€the€following€morning€that€Oliver€was€the€woman€she€had€seen.€€MooreÐ X ¨ Ðtestified€that€she€and€Oliver€had€a€close€relationship.€€Moore€also€testified€that€she€did€not€realize€atÐ D!” Ðthe€time€of€the€crime€that€the€victim€was€the€man€whom€she€saw€fall€after€the€shooting.€€Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àMoore€admitted€on€cross„examination€that€she€did€not€tell€police€in€her€statement€that€sheÐ $X" Ðsaw€the€two€men€bending€over€the€victim€after€the€victim€had€been€shot.€€She€stated€that€sheÐ ô$D # Ðanswered€questions€asked€by€the€officers€and€maintained€that€if€the€officers€had€asked€her€about€thisÐ à%0!$ Ðinformation,€she€would€have€shared€it€with€them.€€She€also€maintained€that€Oliver€never€told€her€thatÐ Ì&"% Ðthe€men€reached€into€the€victimððs€pockets.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àCo„defendant€Joseph€Flake€called€Eugene€L.€Milner,€a€private€investigator,€to€testify€on€hisÐ )à$( Ðbehalf.€€Milner€testified€that€he€was€retired€from€the€Memphis€Police€Department€and€had€beenÐ |*Ì%) Ðworking€for€Investigations€Unlimited€for€eight€years.€€He€stated€that€during€his€twenty„five€years€withÐ h+¸&* Ðthe€Memphis€Police€Department,€he€had€worked€on€the€homicide€squad€and€had€prepared€numerousÐ ° Ðcrime€scene€reports.€€Milner€also€stated€that€he€had€examined€the€crime€scene€reports€in€this€case.€Ð œì ÐÌà  àMilner€testified€that€he€visited€the€crime€scene€and€measured€various€distances€there.€€HeÐ tÄ Ðstated€that€he€visited€the€scene€at€night€and€stood€at€the€spot€from€which€witnesses€viewed€the€crime.€Ð `° ÐHe€reported€that€the€view€from€that€spot€was€ð ðdimðð€and€stated€that€although€there€were€street€lightsÐ L œ Ðin€the€area,€it€was€ð ðdark.ðð€€He€further€reported€that€a€large€tree€stood€in€the€area.€€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àMilner€testified€that€he€had€interviewed€Sharon€Oliver,€who€told€him€that€she€had€known€theÐ  ` Ðvictim€and€his€family€for€several€years€and€that€she€loved€them.€€According€to€Milner,€Oliver€alsoÐ ü L  Ðtold€him€that€she€had€bought€drugs€from€the€victim.€€Milner€testified€that€Oliver€informed€him€thatÐ è 8  Ðseveral€months€prior€to€their€interview,€the€co„defendant€had€threatened€her€brother€ð ðbecause€aÐ Ô$  Ðknown€dope€dealer€by€the€name€of€Ronnie€Vaughn€.€.€.€had€told€him€to.ðð€€Milner€stated€that€OliverÐ À  Ðwas€ð ðgladðð€that€both€the€Defendant€and€the€co„defendant€ð ðwere€out€of€the€neighborhood.ðð€€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àSergeant€Sylvia€S.€Owen€of€the€Memphis€Police€Department€also€testified€on€co„defendantÐ „Ô  ÐFlakeððs€behalf.€€She€stated€that€she€was€a€sergeant€in€the€area€of€domestic€violence€and€reported€thatÐ pÀ Ðshe€participated€in€the€investigation€of€the€crime€scene€in€this€case€on€March€30,€1999.€€OwenÐ \¬ Ðtestified€that€she€interviewed€Willie€Wells,€Jr.,€Sharon€Oliver,€Shaquanta€Nelson,€and€Bonita€MooreÐ H˜ Ðon€that€date.€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àAnthony€Bell€testified€that€he€was€incarcerated€at€the€time€of€trial€for€trespassing€andÐ  \ Ðdisorderly€conduct.€€He€stated€that€he€knew€Sharon€Oliver€and€that€on€March€31,€1999,€Oliver€toldÐ øH Ðhim€that€a€man€with€whom€she€had€grown€up€had€been€shot€by€ð ðsome€dude€named€Michael.ðð€Ð ä4 ÐAccording€to€Bell,€Oliver€said€that€on€the€night€of€the€crime,€the€victim€and€Michael€were€talking,Ð Ð  Ðthe€victim€called€across€the€street€to€his€brother€ð ðthat€he€was€having€some€problems,ðð€and€MichaelÐ ¼  Ðthen€shot€the€victim.€€Bell€stated€that€Oliver€did€not€mention€the€co„defendant.€€She€also€told€BellÐ ¨ø Ðthat€only€she,€the€victim€and€Michael€actually€knew€what€happened€ð ðbecause€everybody€else€was€tooÐ ”ä Ðfar€off€to€see€what€had€happened.ðð€€Bell€testified€that€he€had€been€released€from€jail€on€the€day€theÐ €Ð Ðvictim€was€shot,€and€he€stated€that€after€Oliver€was€interviewed€by€police€about€the€crime€in€thisÐ l¼ Ðcase,€she€asked€Bell€ð ðto€come€over€to€her€apartment€and€stay€with€her€for€awhile,€because€.€.€.€sheÐ X ¨ Ðwas€scared€to€stay€there€.€.€.€.ðð€€Bell€testified€that€he€stayed€at€Oliverððs€apartment€that€night€and€theÐ D!” Ðfollowing€night.€€He€further€testified€that€he€stayed€with€Oliver€on€and€off€for€a€while€after€MarchÐ 0"€  Ð31,€1999.Ô#†X ÁXX X Á/c#ÔÔ‡ X ÁXXX ÁÔ€€Ð #l! ÐÌà  à€Bell€testified€that€during€this€time€period,€Oliver€was€smoking€ð ðprimo€joints,ðð€which€heÐ ô$D # Ðdescribed€as€either€ð ðweed€and€crack€[cocaine]€crunched€up€together€.€.€.€in€cigarette€paperðð€or€aÐ à%0!$ Ðcigarette€containing€cocaine.€€Bell€specified€that€the€majority€of€the€time€that€he€was€around€OliverÐ Ì&"% Ðduring€this€period,€she€was€ð ðgetting€high.ðð€€Bell€stated€that€on€the€night€after€he€left€OliverððsÐ ¸'#& Ðapartment,€he€returned€to€her€apartment,€where€several€people€were€smoking€marijuana;€he€statedÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthat€at€this€time,€no€one€was€ingesting€cocaine.€€Bell€admitted€that€he€also€smoked€ð ðcrackðð€cocaine,Ð )à$( Ðbut€he€maintained€that€the€drugs€did€not€affect€his€memory.€€€€€€Ô#†X ÁXX X Áaw#ÔÐ |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àBell€stated€that€he€learned€of€co„defendant€Flakeððs€involvement€in€the€crime€when€he€and€theÐ ° Ðco„defendant€were€incarcerated€together.€€Bell€testified€that€the€co„defendant€approached€him€andÐ œì Ðasked€Bell€to€ð ðtalk€to€[Oliver],€because€she€had€him€[in€jail]€on€a€murder€charge.ðð€€Bell€testified€thatÐ ˆØ Ðhe€told€the€co„defendant€that€Oliver€ð ðdidnððt€tell€[him]€that.ððÐ tÄ ÐÌà  àTwenty„year„old€Montonya€Retic€testified€that€he€was€at€the€crime€scene€when€the€crimeÐ L œ Ðoccurred.€€He€testified€that€he€was€conversing€with€the€Defendant,€who€ð ðwas€kind€of€angry€aboutÐ 8 ˆ Ðsomething.ðð€€He€stated,€ð ðWe€was€[sic]€having€a€discussion€about€the€situation€of€money€in€the€areaÐ $ t Ðand€him€holding€money€and€him€having€money,€and€I€offered€to€lend€him€some.ðð€€Retic€testified€thatÐ  ` Ðthe€Defendant€refused€his€offer€because€he€needed€more€money€than€Retic€could€lend€him.€€ReticÐ ü L  Ðstated€that€while€he€and€the€Defendant€were€talking,€co„defendant€Flake€approached€and€greetedÐ è 8  Ðthem.€€He€testified€that€they€then€walked€to€a€nearby€store€to€buy€beer€and€cigarettes€and€returned€toÐ Ô$  Ðthe€scene.€€Ð À  ÐÌà  àRetic€recalled€that€as€he,€the€Defendant,€and€the€co„defendant€opened€their€beers,€SharonÐ ˜è  ÐOliver,€whom€Retic€described€as€a€ð ðjunkie,ðð€approached€them.€€According€to€Retic,€Oliver€askedÐ „Ô  Ðthem€for€ð ðcrack,ðð€and€Retic€sold€her€some.€€Retic€stated,€however,€that€the€victim€then€approachedÐ pÀ Ðthe€group,€and€Oliver€decided€that€she€would€rather€buy€drugs€from€the€victim.€€She€thereforeÐ \¬ Ðreturned€the€drugs€bought€from€Retic,€and€Retic€refunded€her€money.€€Retic€stated€that€Oliver€thenÐ H˜ Ðpurchased€cocaine€from€the€victim.€€Retic€testified€that€several€people€were€standing€nearby€at€thisÐ 4„ Ðpoint.€€Ð  p ÐÌà  àRetic€recalled€that€the€Defendantððs€beer€disappeared€while€they€were€talking,€and€theÐ øH ÐDefendant€became€ð ðreally€angry.ðð€€However,€according€to€Retic,€a€woman€named€Renee€approachedÐ ä4 Ðthe€Defendant,€offered€to€buy€him€another€beer,€and€then€walked€to€the€store€to€buy€a€beer€for€theÐ Ð  ÐDefendant.€€Retic€testified€that€the€Defendant€and€the€victim€next€began€to€argue€ð ðover€where€[theÐ ¼  Ðvictim]€could€distribute€his€crack,€his€drugs.ðð€€Retic€stated€that€during€the€argument,€the€victim€ð ðhadÐ ¨ø Ðtied€his€drugs€up,€and€he€reached€in€his€pants,ðð€while€ð ðscream[ing]ðð€to€his€brother€across€the€streetÐ ”ä Ðð ðwe€got€ana,€we€got€drama€.€.€.€.ðð€€Retic€testified€that€at€this€point,€the€Defendant€shot€the€victim€andÐ €Ð Ðthen€shot€two€or€three€times€toward€the€victimððs€brother.€€He€stated€that€the€Defendant€then€walkedÐ l¼ Ðto€the€victimððs€body,€appeared€to€ð ðsearch[]ðð€the€victim,€and€put€something€into€his€own€pocket.€Ð X ¨ ÐRetic€maintained€that€the€Defendant€had€to€have€taken€money€from€the€victim€because€the€victimÐ D!” Ðwould€not€have€carried€drugs€in€his€pockets€where€police€would€easily€be€able€to€find€them.€€ReticÐ 0"€  Ðstated€that€at€this€point,€Oliver€had€run€from€the€scene,€thinking€that€someone€was€shooting€at€her.€Ð #l! ÐRetic€testified€that€after€going€through€the€victimððs€pockets,€the€Defendant€turned€to€Retic€and€said,Ð $X" Ðð ðRun.ðð€€Retic€reported€that€he,€the€Defendant,€and€the€co„defendant€ran€from€the€scene.€€He€statedÐ ô$D # Ðthat€when€they€reached€Oliver,€who€had€stopped€running,€she€said,€ð ð[y]ððall€shouldnððt€have€done€thatÐ à%0!$ Ð.€.€.€.ðð€€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àFinally,€Retic€testified€that€Leetoy€Brown,€who€was€also€at€the€scene€on€the€night€of€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcrime,€€remained€near€the€victimððs€body€after€he,€the€Defendant,€the€co„defendant,€and€Sharon€OliverÐ )à$( Ðhad€fled.€€Retic€stated,€ð ðHe€was€too€close€to€the€body.€.€.€.€[H]e€was€looking€at€the€body,€but€heÐ |*Ì%) Ðwasnððt€checking€it€like€he€was€trying€to€get€any€help.€€He€was€just€standing€there.ðð€€He€testified,Ð h+¸&* Ðð ð[A]fter€everything€had€died€down,€[Brown]€had€popped€up,€he€had€a€car,€gold€teeth,€about€six€ofÐ ° Ðthem,€he€had€a€lot€of€dope€and€money.ðð€€Retic€theorized€that€Brown€must€have€taken€drugs€from€theÐ œì Ðvictimððs€body€because€police€found€only€ð ðten€rocksðð€on€the€victimððs€body.€€Retic€maintained€that€theÐ ˆØ Ðvictim,€who€carried€more€drugs€than€any€other€dealers€in€the€area,€ð ðwas€not€known€to€carry€just€tenÐ tÄ Ðrocks.ðð€€Ð `° ÐÌà  àRetic€reported€that€the€co„defendant€did€not€touch€the€victimððs€body.€€He€explained€that€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðco„defendant€had€a€job€as€a€manager€at€a€business€and€was€trying€to€help€Retic€get€a€job€at€the€timeÐ $ t Ðof€the€crime.€€He€admitted,€however,€that€the€co„defendant€had€ð ðchanged€from€how€he€had€beenðð€andÐ  ` Ðthat€the€co„defendant€had€pointed€a€shotgun€at€him€in€the€past.€€Finally,€Retic€admitted€that€at€theÐ ü L  Ðtime€of€the€crime,€selling€drugs€was€the€source€of€his€income.€€He€admitted€that€co„defendant€FlakeÐ è 8  Ðand€Flakeððs€attorney€had€gotten€him€involved€in€the€case.Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€called€Clifford€Rogers€to€testify€on€his€behalf.€€Rogers€testified€that€on€MarchÐ ¬ü  Ð30,€1999,€he€was€at€the€scene€of€the€crime.€€Rogers€reported€that€he€saw€Oliver€trying€to€buy€cocaineÐ ˜è  Ðfrom€the€victim€when€he€ran€into€them.€€He€claimed€that€he,€the€victim,€and€Sharon€Oliver€walkedÐ „Ô  Ðtogether€across€the€housing€project€immediately€prior€to€the€crime.€Rogers€stated€that€the€three€ofÐ pÀ Ðthem€then€approached€the€Defendant,€who€was€standing€at€the€ramp€to€one€of€the€apartmentÐ \¬ Ðbuildings,€and€Rogers€entered€into€an€argument€with€the€Defendant€about€the€Defendantððs€sellingÐ H˜ Ðhim€ð ðsome€bad€dope.ðð€€Rogers€testified€that€the€Defendant€told€the€victim€ð ðthat€he€would€appreciateÐ 4„ Ðitðð€if€the€victim€did€not€sell€drugs€around€the€Defendant.€€According€to€Rogers,€an€argument€betweenÐ  p Ðthe€Defendant€and€the€victim€ensued.€€During€the€argument,€the€victim€ð ðhollered€across€the€streetððÐ  \ Ðto€his€brother€that€he€had€ð ðdrama,ðð€and€the€victim€then€ð ðput[]€something€in€his€pants.ðð€€However,Ð øH ÐRogers€stated€that€before€the€victim€could€ð ðg[e]t€his€hands€outðð€of€his€pants,€the€Defendant€shot€theÐ ä4 Ðvictim.€€Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àRogers€reported€that€Sharon€Oliver€was€ð ð[g]one€on€the€first€shot,ðð€but€he€recalled€that€heÐ ¨ø Ðremained€where€he€was€standing,€looking€at€the€body.€€Rogers€stated€that€when€he€left,€the€DefendantÐ ”ä Ðwas€still€at€the€scene.€€However,€he€maintained€that€he€saw€no€one,€including€the€Defendant,€reachÐ €Ð Ðinto€the€victimððs€pockets.€€He€also€testified€that€no€one€was€at€the€scene€of€the€crime€except€him,€theÐ l¼ ÐDefendant,€and€Sharon€Oliver.€€Rogers€maintained€that€if€the€co„defendant€was€at€the€scene,€RogersÐ X ¨ Ðnever€saw€him.€€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€Rogers€testified€that€it€appeared€that€the€victim€may€have€beenÐ #l! Ðdrawing€a€weapon€when€he€reached€inside€his€pants€immediately€prior€to€being€shot.€€Rogers€stated,Ð $X" Ðð ðTo€my€knowledge,€thatððs€the€way€I€seen€it.ðð€€However,€Rogers€admitted€that€the€victim€had€onlyÐ ô$D # Ðð ðdopeðð€in€his€hands€when€he€was€shot.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€testified€on€his€own€behalf€at€trial.€€He€recalled€that€at€approximately€8:30Ð ¸'#& Ðp.m.€on€the€evening€of€March€30,€1999,€he€was€standing€outside€of€a€housing€project€building€nearÐ ¤(ô#' ÐTully€Street€and€Wells€Avenue.€€He€testified€that€co„defendant€Flake,€who€had€just€come€from€theÐ )à$( Ðstore,€stopped€there€to€speak€to€him.€€The€Defendant€stated€that€while€he€was€talking€to€the€co„Ð |*Ì%) Ðdefendant,€he€saw€the€victim,€Sharon€Oliver,€and€Clifford€Rogers€walking€across€the€street€towardsÐ h+¸&* Ðthem.€€The€Defendant€reported€that€the€victim€ð ðwas€fixinðð€to€transact€[s]ome€drug€dealing€in€frontÐ ° Ðof€[him],ðð€and€the€Defendant€requested€that€the€victim€refrain€from€selling€drugs€ð ðin€front€of€[theÐ œì ÐDefendant].ðð€€According€to€the€Defendant,€the€victim€replied,€ð ðThis€building€ainððt€got€your€motherÐ ˆØ Ðf__king€name€on€it.ðð€€The€Defendant€testified€that€he€waited€a€moment€and€then€said,€ð ðWell,€justÐ tÄ Ðdonððt€do€it€like€that,€right€here,ðð€to€which€the€victim€responded,€ð ðWho€in€the€hell€do€you€think€youÐ `° Ðis?€.€.€.€You€donððt€own€nothing.ðð€€At€this€point,€an€argument€ensued,€during€which€the€Defendant€andÐ L œ Ðthe€victim€were€ð ðcussing€at€each€other.ðð€€The€Defendant€testified€that€during€the€argument,€the€victimÐ 8 ˆ Ðð ðturned€his€back€onðð€the€Defendant€and€called€to€his€brother€across€the€street,€ð ðLittle€Black,€I€gotÐ $ t Ðdrama€with€these€weak€ass€niggers,€again.ðð€€The€Defendant€explained€that€this€ð ðmeans€you€got€aÐ  ` Ðproblem,€you€need€to€solve€it.ðð€€According€to€the€Defendant,€the€victim€then€reached€in€his€pants.€Ð ü L  ÐThe€Defendant€maintained€that€he€believed€the€victim€was€reaching€for€a€gun€to€shoot€him.€€HeÐ è 8  Ðexplained,€ð ðI€know€what€type€of€guy€[the€victim]€is.€€I€been€knowing€him€for€quite€a€while.€€I€knowÐ Ô$  Ðthat€heððs€known€for€selling€drugs.€€I€know€that€heððs€known€for€carrying€pistols.€€And€I€know€that€heÐ À  Ðwill€use€it.ðð€€The€Defendant€stated€that€he€therefore€shot€the€victim€before€the€victim€could€turn€allÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€way€around.€€The€Defendant€insisted€that€he€did€so€because€he€feared€for€his€life.Ð ˜è  Ѐ€Ð „Ô  Ðà  àThe€Defendant€testified€that€he€next€saw€two€ð ðmore€shouters€coming€across€the€street€in€theÐ pÀ Ðdark,ðð€so€he€shot€at€them€as€well.€€He€explained€that€he€shot€at€the€two€men€coming€across€the€streetÐ \¬ Ðbecause€he€ð ðknew€they€was€coming€to€help€[the€victim]€do€something€toðð€him.€€The€DefendantÐ H˜ Ðtestified€that€after€he€fired€the€shots,€he€and€the€co„defendant€ran€from€the€scene.€€He€denied€that€co„Ð 4„ Ðdefendant€Flake€had€any€involvement€in€the€shooting.€€The€Defendant€also€denied€reaching€into€theÐ  p Ðvictimððs€pockets€after€shooting€the€victim,€and€he€stated€that€he€did€not€see€anyone€else€reach€intoÐ  \ Ðthe€victimððs€pockets.€Ð øH ÐÌà  àOn€cross„examination,€the€Defendant€testified€that€on€the€night€of€the€crime,€he€was€carryingÐ Ð  Ða€loaded€.357€magnum€revolver€in€his€back€pocket.€€He€admitted€that€he€had€argued€with€both€theÐ ¼  Ðvictim€and€the€victimððs€brother€before€the€night€of€the€crime.€€He€also€admitted€that€he€and€the€victimÐ ¨ø Ðhad€engaged€in€a€physical€altercation€in€1994€or€1995.€€He€testified€that€he€thought€the€victimððsÐ ”ä Ðbrother€carried€a€gun.€€Finally,€the€Defendant€testified€that€at€the€time€of€the€crime,€he€was€sellingÐ €Ð Ðmarijuana.Ð l¼ ÐÌÓ  Óò òIII.€€ANALYSISó óÐ D!” Ðò òA.€€Sufficiency€of€the€Evidenceó óÐ 0"€  ÐÓ:ªÓÌà  àThe€Defendant€contests€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence.€€Specifically,€he€contends€that€ð ðtheÐ $X" ÐState€has€failed€to€carry€its€burden€of€proving€.€.€.€that€the€killing€of€the€victim€was€without€passionÐ ô$D # Ðproduced€by€adequate€provocation.ðð€€The€Defendant€thus€argues€that€his€conviction€should€beÐ à%0!$ Ðmodified€from€second€degree€murder€to€voluntary€manslaughter.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àÔ‡ X ÁXXX ÁÔWhen€an€accused€challenges€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€an€appellate€courtððs€standardÐ ¤(ô#' Ðof€review€is€whether,€after€considering€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€the€prosecution,Ð )à$( Ðany€rational€trier€of€fact€could€have€found€the€essential€elements€of€the€crime€beyond€a€reasonableÐ |*Ì%) Ðdoubt.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(e);€òòJackson€v.€Virginiaóó,€443€U.S.€307,€324€(1979);€òòState€v.€Duncanóó,€698Ð h+¸&* ÐS.W.2d€63,€67€(Tenn.€1985).€€This€rule€applies€to€findings€of€guilt€based€upon€direct€evidence,Ð ° Ðcircumstantial€evidence,€or€a€combination€of€both€direct€and€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòState€v.Ð œì ÐPendergrassóó,€13€S.W.3d€389,€392„93€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1999).Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àIn€determining€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence,€this€Court€should€not€re„weigh€or€re„evaluateÐ `° Ðthe€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Matthewsóó,€805€S.W.2d€776,€779€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1990).€€Nor€may€thisÐ L œ ÐCourt€substitute€its€inferences€for€those€drawn€by€the€trier€of€fact€from€the€evidence.€€òòState€v.€Buggsóó,Ð 8 ˆ Ð995€S.W.2d€102,€105€(Tenn.€1999);€òòLiakas€v.€Stateóó,€286€S.W.2d€856,€859€(Tenn.€1956)òòóó.€€QuestionsÐ $ t Ðconcerning€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses,€the€weight€and€value€of€the€evidence,€as€well€as€allÐ  ` Ðfactual€issues€raised€by€the€evidence€are€resolved€by€the€trier€of€fact.€€òòLiakasóó,€286€S.W.2d€at€859.òòóó€Ð ü L  ÐòòóóThis€Court€must€afford€the€State€of€Tennessee€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidenceÐ è 8  Ðcontained€in€the€record,€as€well€as€all€reasonable€inferences€which€may€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€Ð Ô$  ÐòòState€v.€Evansóó,€838€S.W.2d€185,€191€(Tenn.€1992).€€Because€a€verdict€of€guilt€against€a€defendantÐ À  Ðremoves€the€presumption€of€innocence€and€raises€a€presumption€of€guilt,€the€convicted€criminalÐ ¬ü  Ðdefendant€bears€the€burden€of€showing€that€the€evidence€was€legally€insufficient€to€sustain€a€guiltyÐ ˜è  Ðverdict.€€òòId.óó€Ô#†X ÁXX X Á‰¬#ÔÐ „Ô  ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€was€convicted€of€second€degree€murder,€which€is€defined,€in€pertinent€part,Ð \¬ Ðas€ð ð[a]€knowing€killing€of€another.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„210(a)(1).€€As€to€the€ð ðknowingððÐ H˜ Ðmental€state,€the€State€must€prove€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€the€defendant€was€aware€that€hisÐ 4„ Ðconduct€was€reasonably€certain€to€cause€the€result.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39-11-106(a)(20);€òòState€v.Ð  p ÐDuckeróó,€27€S.W.3d€889,€896€(Tenn.€2000).€€Voluntary€manslaughter€is€defined€as€ð ðthe€intentionalÐ  \ Ðor€knowing€killing€of€another€in€a€state€of€passion€produced€by€adequate€provocation€sufficient€toÐ øH Ðlead€a€reasonable€person€to€act€in€an€irrational€manner.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„211(a).Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àHaving€reviewed€the€record,€we€conclude€that€ample€evidence€was€presented€at€trial€toÐ ¼  Ðsupport€the€Defendantððs€conviction€for€second€degree€murder.€€Witnesses€to€the€shooting€testifiedÐ ¨ø Ðthat€the€Defendant€and€the€victim€engaged€in€a€somewhat€brief€argument€about€drug€dealing€and€thatÐ ”ä Ðduring€the€argument,€the€victim€called€across€the€street€to€his€brother.€€Witnesses€testified€thatÐ €Ð Ðimmediately€afterwards,€the€Defendant€pulled€out€his€gun€and€shot€the€victim€from€close€range.€Ð l¼ ÐEvidence€was€presented€that€the€victim€was€not€armed€at€the€time€of€the€shooting.€€The€DefendantÐ X ¨ Ðhimself€testified€that€he€was€carrying€a€loaded€gun€in€his€pocket€on€the€night€of€the€crime,€and€heÐ D!” Ðclaimed€that€he€was€familiar€with€the€victimððs€reputation€for€violence,€which€prompted€him,€in€part,Ð 0"€  Ðto€shoot€the€victim€before€the€victim€could€turn€around.€€This€is€sufficient€evidence€from€which€theÐ #l! Ðjury€could€conclude€that€the€Defendant€was€aware€that€his€conduct€on€the€night€of€the€crime€wasÐ $X" Ðreasonably€certain€to€cause€the€victimððs€death.€€Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àAlthough€the€defense€presented€evidence€that€the€Defendant€acted€in€self„defense,€twoÐ Ì&"% Ðwitnesses€and€the€Defendant€himself€testified€that€the€Defendant€shot€the€victim€while€the€victimððsÐ ¸'#& Ðback€was€turned.€€Witnesses€reported€that€the€victim€fell€face„first€onto€the€ground.€€Autopsy€results,Ð ¤(ô#' Ðindicating€abrasions€on€the€victimððs€face,€support€this€scenario.€€The€jury€ultimately€rejected€theÐ )à$( ÐDefendantððs€claim€of€self„defense,€and€the€jury€also€ultimately€rejected€the€notion€of€adequateÐ |*Ì%) Ðprovocation€in€this€case.€€Whether€the€Defendant€acted€in€self„defense€and€whether€he€wasÐ h+¸&* Ðadequately€provoked€were€proper€questions€of€fact€for€consideration€by€the€jury.€€òòState€v.€Goodeóó,€956Ð ° ÐS.W.2d€521,€527€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.1997);€òòState€v.€Johnsonóó,€909€S.W.2d€461,€464€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð œì Ð1995).€€Furthermore,€we€may€not€reevaluate€the€evidence€presented€at€trial.€€òòSeeóó€òòÔ‡ X ÁXXX ÁÔMatthewsóó,€805Ð ˆØ ÐS.W.2d€at€779.Ô#†X ÁXX X ÁÌÁ#Ô€€€Because€we€find€sufficient€evidence€to€support€the€juryððs€verdict€in€this€case,€weÐ tÄ Ðconclude€that€this€issue€is€without€merit.€Ð `° ÐÌÓ  Óò òB.€€Supplemental€Jury€Instructionsó óÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌÓïÂÓà  àThe€Defendant€next€argues€that€the€trial€court€supplied€the€jury€with€improper€supplementalÐ  ` Ðinstructions.€€Generally,€ð ða€defendant€has€a€constitutional€right€to€a€correct€and€complete€charge€ofÐ ü L  Ðthe€law.ðð€òòState€v.€Teelóó,€793€S.W.2d€236,€249€(Tenn.€1990).€€When€reviewing€jury€instructions€onÐ è 8  Ðappeal€to€determine€whether€they€are€erroneous,€this€Court€should€ð ðreview€the€charge€in€its€entiretyÐ Ô$  Ðand€read€it€as€a€whole.ðð€òòState€v.€Hodgesóó,€944€S.W.2d€346,€352€(Tenn.€1997).€€Oòòóóur€supreme€court,Ð À  Ðrelying€on€the€words€of€the€United€States€Supreme€Court,€has€noted€thatÐ ¬ü  Ðà8  àð ðjurors€do€not€sit€in€solitary€isolation€booths€parsing€instructions€for€subtle€shades€ofÐ ˜è  Ðmeaning€in€the€same€way€that€lawyers€might.€Differences€among€them€inÐ „Ô  Ðinterpretation€of€instructions€may€be€thrashed€out€in€the€deliberative€process,€withÐ pÀ Ðcommon€sense€understanding€of€the€instructions€in€the€light€of€all€that€has€taken€placeÐ \¬ Ðat€the€trial€likely€to€prevail€over€technical€hairsplitting.ððÐH˜Ð Ð  ÐòòId.óó€(quoting€òòBoyde€v.€Californiaóó,€494€U.S.€370,€380-81€(1990)).€€A€jury€instruction€is€consideredÐ 4„ Ðð ðprejudicially€erroneousðð€only€ð ðif€it€fails€to€fairly€submit€the€legal€issues€or€if€it€misleads€the€jury€asÐ  p Ðto€the€applicable€law.ðð€€òòId.óó€€Ð  \ ÐÌà  àThe€record€reveals€that€after€the€jury€in€this€case€retired€to€deliberate,€it€submitted€severalÐ ä4 Ðwritten€questions€to€the€trial€judge.€€The€first€question€was€as€follows:€ð ðIf€the€first€two€questionsÐ Ð  Ðunder€murder€second€and€voluntary€manslaughter€is€[sic]€the€same,€how€can€we€prove€a€person€getsÐ ¼  Ðvoluntary€manslaughter€if€we€agreed€to€the€first€two€questions€under€murder€second?ðð€€AfterÐ ¨ø Ðreceiving€this€question,€the€trial€judge€called€the€jurors€back€into€open€court€and€responded€to€theÐ ”ä Ðquestion€as€follows:Ð €Ð Ðà8  àThe€first€two€elements€of€voluntary€manslaughter€ð!ð€Iððm€just€going€to€read€throughÐ l¼ Ðthis€charge€here,€just€a€minute.ÐX ¨Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àð ðThat€the€defendant€unlawfully€killed€the€alleged€victim€and€(two)€that€theÐ D!” Ðdefendant€acted€intentionally€or€knowinglyðð.Ð0"€ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àOkay.€€Now€thereððs€a€third€element€to€voluntary€manslaughter,€which€is€thatÐ #l! Ðthe€killing€resulted€from€a€state€of€passion€produced€by€adequate€provocationÐ $X" Ðsufficient€to€lead€a€reasonable€person€to€act€in€an€irrational€manner.Ðô$D #Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àNow,€rather€than€commenting€on€the€first€two€elements,€what€Iððm€going€toÐ à%0!$ Ðsay€is,€if€you€find€from€the€proof€that€the€killing€resulted€from€a€state€of€passionÐ Ì&"% Ðproduced€by€adequate€provocation€sufficient€to€lead€a€reasonable€person€to€act€in€anÐ ¸'#& Ðirrational€manner,€then€you€cannot€convict€of€murder€in€the€second€degree.Ф(ô#'Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àThat€third€element€lessons€[sic]€the€offense€and€drops€it€down.€€And€this€isÐ )à$( Ðdifferent€from€the€other€offenses,€because€in€the€other€offenses€you€have€all€theseÐ |*Ì%) Ðelements€and€as€theyððre€removed€the€offense€drops€down.€€But,€the€fact€that€if€theÐ h+¸&* Ðkilling€resulted€from€the€state€of€passion,€thatððs€different€in€that€it€lessons€[sic]€theÐ ° Ðcharge.МìÐ Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àAnd€that,€I€think,€is€the€only€crime€that€I€can€tell€from€all€of€our€charges€thatÐ ˆØ Ðdoes€that.€€And€youððre€the€first€jury€thatððs€ever€picked€up€on€that€and€asked€theÐ tÄ Ðquestion€about€it.€€So€Iððve€learned€something€from€your€question.Ð`°Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àUsually€like,€in€another€case,€additional€elements€proved€increase€the€charge,Ð L œ Ðbut€in€homicide€if€the€killing€resulted€from€adequate€provocation€that€produced€aÐ 8 ˆ Ðstate€of€passion€sufficient€to€lead€a€reasonable€person€to€act€in€an€irrational€manner,Ð $ t Ðthat€would€reduce€the€offense€from€murder€second€degree,€if€the€other€elements€haveÐ  ` Ðbeen€proved,€to€a€voluntary€manslaughter.€€And€I€hope€that€answers€your€question.Ðü L Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àOkay.€€So€thatððs€all€I€can€tell€you€at€this€time.€€If€you€find€from€the€proof€thatÐ è 8  Ðall€the€elements€of€murder€second€degree€have€been€proven€beyond€a€reasonableÐ Ô$  Ðdoubt€and€if€you€find€that€all€the€elements€of€voluntary€manslaughter€have€beenÐ À  Ðproven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€then€you€cannot€convict€of€murder€second.€Ð ¬ü  ÐBecause€that€third€element€about€adequate€ð!ð€state€of€passion,€producing€adequateÐ ˜è  Ðprovocation€would€negate€murder€second€and€turn€it€into€voluntary€manslaughter.Ð„Ô Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àFollowing€this,€the€jury€returned€to€deliberations.€€The€jury€then€submitted€three€moreÐ \¬ Ðquestions€for€the€courtððs€review.€€The€jury€first€asked,€ð ðUnder€voluntary€manslaughter€element€three,Ð H˜ Ðis€there€a€lawful€definition€of€adequate€provocation?€€Example,€if€thereððs€some€provocation€that€isÐ 4„ Ðadequate?ðð€€In€response€to€this€question,€the€trial€judge,€relying€on€a€definition€from€the€revisedÐ  p Ðfourth€edition€of€òòBlackððs€Law€Dictionaryóó,€stated,€ð ðFirst€I€want€to€tell€you,€thatððs€a€jury€question.€€IÐ  \ Ðcanððt€answer€that€for€you,€because€I€canððt€comment€on€the€evidence.€€But,€Iððm€going€to€give€you€aÐ øH Ðwritten€definition€here€as€part€of€your€charge.€.€.€.€€ððAdequate€provocation€is€one€that€excites€suchÐ ä4 Ðanger€as€might€obscure€the€reason€or€dominate€the€volition€of€an€ordinary€reasonable€man.ðððð€€Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€jury€next€asked,€ð ðIs€there€a€lawful€definition€for€a€reasonable€person?ðð€€Finally,€the€juryÐ ¨ø Ðasked,€ð ðUnder€voluntary€manslaughter,€element€three,€does€a€reasonable€person€refer€to€theÐ ”ä Ðdefendant,€or€is€it€a€general€term€defining€adequate€provocation.€€Will€you€define€what€ððreasonableÐ €Ð Ðpersonðð€means€here?ðð€€The€trial€judge,€relying€on€a€definition€from€òòWebsterððs€Third€InternationalÐ l¼ ÐDictionaryóó,€responded€to€these€two€questions€as€follows:€Ð X ¨ Ðà8  àReasonable€person€refers€to€the€defendant.€€And€your€question€is€whether€or€not,€ifÐ D!” Ðyou€find€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€the€defendant€unlawfully€killed€someone,€theÐ 0"€  Ðquestion€is€.€.€.€whether€or€not€there€was€adequate€provocation€that€if€that€defendantÐ #l! Ðwere€a€reasonable€person,€would€there€be€adequate€provocation€to€lead€them€to€actÐ $X" Ðin€an€irrational€manner.Ðô$D #Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àSo€you€use€the€reasonable€person€standard.Ðà%0!$Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àIððm€going€to€define€reasonable€to€you,€but€not€reasonable€person.€€Iððm€goingÐ Ì&"% Ðto€define€the€word,€reasonable,€and€then€you€apply€that€to€person.и'#&Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àð ðReasonable€means€being€in€right€thinking,€or€right€judgment€not€absurd,€notÐ ¤(ô#' Ðridiculous,€not€extreme,€not€excessive.€€Possessing€good€sound€judgment,€wellÐ )à$( Ðbalanced€and€sensible.ððÐ|*Ì%)Ð Ð  Ðà  àòòóóÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àThe€Defendant€first€argues€that€the€trial€courtððs€answer€concerning€the€definition€ofÐ ° Ðð ðreasonable€personðð€ð ðmisstated€the€law€and€was€confusing.ðð€€In€his€brief,€the€Defendant€states,Ð œì Ðð ðThere€is€a€reasonable€likelihood€that€the€jury€interpreted€the€trial€judgeððs€supplemental€instructionÐ ˆØ Ðas€excluding€from€the€jury€the€possibility€that€a€ððreasonable€personðð€could€kill€in€a€state€of€passionÐ tÄ Ðproduced€by€adequate€provocation,€.€.€.€or,€at€the€least,€the€instruction€set€too€high€a€standard€ofÐ `° Ðreasonableness€for€the€law€of€voluntary€manslaughter.ðð€€In€other€words,€the€Defendant€contends€thatÐ L œ Ðthe€definition€provided€by€the€trial€court€may€have€led€the€jury€to€conclude€that€because€theÐ 8 ˆ ÐDefendantððs€actions€were€unreasonable€in€the€context€of€self„defense,€they€were€also€unreasonableÐ $ t Ðin€the€context€of€voluntary€manslaughter.€€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àAs€the€State€points€out€in€its€brief,€however,€the€original€instructions€to€the€jury€contained€Ð è 8  Ðan€instruction€on€self„defense.€€The€portions€of€that€instruction€concerning€ð ðreasonableðð€in€theÐ Ô$  Ðcontext€of€self„defense€are€as€follows:Ð À  Ðà8  àWhen€a€person€is€assaulted€by€the€use€of€force,€or€attempted€use€of€force,€in€such€aÐ ¬ü  Ðway€as€to€create€in€his€mind€a€reasonable€belief€that€he€is€in€imminent€and€actualÐ ˜è  Ðdanger€of€death,€or€serious€bodily€injury,€he€will€be€justified€in€using€force€to€defendÐ „Ô  Ðhimself,€even€to€the€extent€of€killing€another€human€being.ÐpÀÐ Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àThe€use€of€force€can€only€be€to€the€degree€reasonably€believed€to€beÐ \¬ Ðimmediately€necessary€to€protect€against€the€others€[sic]€use€of€unlawful€force.ÐH˜Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àThe€danger€creating€the€belief€of€imminent€death€or€serious€bodily€injury€mustÐ 4„ Ðbe€real,€or€honestly€believed€to€be€real€at€the€time€and€must€be€founded€uponÐ  p Ðreasonable€grounds.Ð \Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àA€person€may€have€been€mistaken€based€on€his€perception€of€theÐ øH Ðcircumstances€as€to€the€extent€of€the€actual€danger,€but€if€he€acts€in€self€defense€fromÐ ä4 Ðhonest,€even€though€mistaken€convictions,€as€to€the€extent€of€danger,€he€will€not€beÐ Ð  Ðheld€criminally€liable€for€his€action.м Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àIn€determining€whether€the€defendantððs€use€of€force€in€defending€himself€wasÐ ¨ø Ðreasonable€you€may€consider€not€only€his€use€of€force,€but€also€all€the€facts€andÐ ”ä Ðcircumstances€surrounding€and€leading€up€to€it.ЀÐÐ Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àFactors€to€consider€in€deciding€whether€there€were€reasonable€grounds€for€theÐ l¼ Ðdefendant€to€fear€death,€or€serious€bodily€injury€from€the€alleged€victim,€include€butÐ X ¨ Ðarenððt€limited€to€any€previous€threats€of€the€alleged€victim,€made€known€to€theÐ D!” Ðdefendant.€€The€character€of€the€alleged€victim€for€violence,€when€known€to€theÐ 0"€  Ðdefendant.€€The€animosity€of€the€alleged€victim€for€the€defendant,€as€revealed€to€theÐ #l! Ðdefendant€by€previous€actions€and€words€of€the€alleged€victim.€€And€the€manner€inÐ $X" Ðwhich€the€parties€were€armed€and€their€relative€strengths€and€sizes.Ðô$D #Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àIf€you€find€that€the€defendantððs€fear€of€death€or€serious€bodily€injury€wasÐ à%0!$ Ðgenuine€and€reasonable€under€the€circumstances,€then€he€would€of€had€[sic]€the€rightÐ Ì&"% Ðto€use€as€much€force€as€was€apparently€necessary€in€his€own€self€defense.и'#&Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àIf€on€the€other€hand€you€find€the€defendant€was€not€genuinely,€or€reasonablyÐ ¤(ô#' Ðfearful€of€death,€or€serious€bodily€injury,€or€that€he€used€force€going€beyond€the€realÐ )à$( Ðor€apparent€necessity€for€his€own€defense,€then€his€use€of€force€would€not€have€beenÐ |*Ì%) Ðjustified.Ðh+¸&*Ð Ð  Ðà  àA€trial€court€may€respond€to€jury€questions€with€a€supplemental€instruction.€€òòState€v.€Forbesóó,Ð ° Ð918€S.W.2d€431,€451€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1995).€€Moreover,€when€confronted€with€questions€fromÐ œì Ðthe€jury€regarding€the€definition€of€legal€terms,€it€is€appropriate€for€a€trial€court€to€provide€a€jury€withÐ ˆØ Ðsupplemental€instructions€after€consultation€with€counsel.€òòState€v.€Pamela€Sue€Kingóó,€No.€M2000„Ð tÄ Ð00148„CCA„R3„CDÓ SÓ,€2001€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€LEXIS€880,€at€*19€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Nashville,€Nov.Ð `° Ð9,€2001).€€Noting€that€neither€statutory€law€nor€the€Tennessee€Pattern€Jury€Instructions€provide€aÐ L œ Ðdefinition€of€ð ðreasonable€personðð€and€citing€the€òòAmerican€Heritage€Dictionaryóó€and€òòWebsterððs€NewÐ 8 ˆ ÐWorld€Dictionaryóó,€this€Court€has€approved€such€terms€as€ð ðordinary,€usual,€.€.€.€rational€.€.€.€€moderate,Ð $ t Ðfair,€and€sensibleðð€as€adequate€definitions€of€ð ðreasonable€person.ðð€€òòState€v.€Maria€Maclinóó,€No.Ð  ` Ð02C01„9710„CR„00383,€1998€Tenn.€Crim.€App.€LEXIS€877,€at€**6„7€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.,€Jackson,Ð ü L  ÐAug.€21,€1998).€€€òòóó€Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àWe€conclude€that€the€trial€courtððs€supplemental€instruction€in€this€case€defining€ð ðreasonableððÐ f¶  Ðas€ð ðright€thinking,€or€right€judgment€not€absurd,€not€ridiculous,€not€extreme,€not€excessive[;]Ð R¢  Ð[p]ossessing€good€sound€judgment,€well€balanced€and€sensibleðð€was€not€prejudicially€erroneous.€Ð >Ž  ÐRather,€it€was€an€adequate€and€appropriate€definition.€€It€did€not€serve€to€mislead€the€jury€as€to€theÐ *z Ðapplicable€law,€nor€did€it€fail€to€fairly€submit€the€legal€issues.€€òòSeeóó€òòHodgesóó,€944€S.W.2d€at€352.€Ð f ÐFurthermore,€we€agree€with€the€Stateððs€contention€that€the€fact€that€the€jury€was€provided€anÐ R Ðinstruction€on€self„defense€and€ð ðasked€specifically€about€a€reasonable€person€in€the€context€ofÐ î> Ðvoluntary€manslaughter,€indicates€that€the€jury€did€not€confuse€the€two.ðð€€We€thus€conclude€that€theÐ Ú* Ðtrial€court€did€not€err€in€providing€a€supplemental€instruction€to€the€jury€concerning€the€definitionÐ Æ Ðof€ð ðreasonable€person.ðð€€Ð ² ÐÌà  àThe€Defendant€next€argues€that€the€definition€of€ð ðadequate€provocationðð€provided€by€the€trialÐ 0€ Ðcourt€to€the€jury€in€its€supplemental€instructions€was€ð ðerroneous€and€incomplete.ðð€€As€previouslyÐ l Ðstated,€the€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€that€ð ð[a]dequate€provocation€is€one€that€excites€such€angerÐ X Ðas€might€obscure€the€reason€or€dominate€the€volition€of€an€ordinary€reasonable€man.ðð€€The€DefendantÐ ôD Ðargues€that€ð ðthe€trial€judge€erroneously€substituted€the€word€ððangerðð€in€place€of€the€statutory€wordÐ à0 Ðððpassionðð€.€.€.€.ðð€€However,€the€fourth€edition€of€òòBlackððs€Law€Dictionaryóó€defines€ð ðadequateÐ Ì Ðprovocationðð€as€follows:€ð ðAn€adequate€provocation€to€cause€a€sudden€transport€of€passion€that€mayÐ ¸  Ðsuspend€the€exercise€of€judgment€and€exclude€premeditation€and€a€previously€formed€design€is€oneÐ ¤!ô Ðthat€is€calculated€to€òòexcite€such€anger€as€might€obscure€the€reason€or€dominate€the€volition€of€anÐ "à Ðordinary€manóó.ðð€€òòBlackððs€Law€Dictionaryóó€39„40€(4thòòóó€ed.€1990)€(emphasis€added).€€We€conclude€thatÐ |#Ì  Ðthe€definition€of€ð ðadequate€provocationðð€provided€to€the€jury€was€appropriate.Ð h$¸! ÐÌà  àFinally,€the€Defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€not€toÐ æ&6"# Ðplace€undue€emphasis€on€the€supplemental€instructions.€€This€Court€has€stated€that€ð ð[w]hile€theÐ Ò'"#$ Ðbetter€procedure€is€to€admonish€the€jury€not€to€place€undue€emphasis€on€[a]€supplemental€instructionÐ ¾($% Ðand€to€consider€it€in€conjunction€with€the€entire€charge,€it€is€not€necessarily€reversible€error€to€failÐ ª)ú$& Ðto€do€so.ðð€€òòForbesóó,€918€S.W.2d€at€451.€€To€determine€whether€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€provide€suchÐ –*æ%' Ða€limiting€instruction€was€reversible€error,€we€must€consider€the€entire€record.€€òòSeeóó€òòBurton€v.€Stateóó,Ð ‚+Ò&( Ð394€S.W.2d€873,€876€(Tenn.€1965);€òòState€v.€Chanceóó,€778€S.W.2d€457,€461€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1989)òòóó.€Ð ° ÐÌà  àAlthough€the€trial€court€did€not€offer€a€limiting€instruction€concerning€the€supplementalÐ Û+ Ðinstructions,€as€is€the€preferred€practice,€we€note€that€the€court€included€this€instruction€in€its€originalÐ Ç Ðjury€instructions:Ð ³ Ðà8  àThe€law€applicable€to€this€case€is€stated€in€these€instructions€and€it€is€your€duty€toÐ ò B Ðcarefully€consider€all€of€them.€€The€order€in€which€these€instructions€are€given,€is€notÐ Þ . Ðan€indication€of€their€relative€importance.€€You€shouldnððt€single€out€one€or€more€ofÐ Ê  Ðthem€to€the€exclusion€of€another,€or€others,€but€should€consider€each€one€in€the€lightÐ ¶  Ðof€and€in€harmony€with€the€others.Т ò Ð Ð  ÐConsidering€this€instruction€and€the€record€as€a€whole,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€notÐ á1  Ðcommit€reversible€error€by€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€not€to€place€undue€emphasis€on€theÐ Í  Ðsupplemental€instructions.Ð ¹  ÐÌò òÓ  ÓC.€€Comments€on€the€Evidenceó óÐ 7‡ ÐÓÈ ÓÌà  àIn€a€final€assignment€of€error,€the€Defendant€contends€that€the€trial€court€impermissiblyÐ µ Ðcommented€on€the€evidence€in€its€supplemental€instructions€to€the€jury.€€The€Tennessee€ConstitutionÐ ¡ñ Ðmandates€that€ð ð[j]udges€shall€not€charge€juries€with€respect€to€matters€of€fact,€but€may€state€theÐ Ý Ðtestimony€and€declare€the€law.ðð€€Tenn.€Const.€art.€VI,€ðð€9;€òòseeóó€òòalsoóó€òòState€v.€Odomóó,€928€S.W.2d€18,Ð yÉ Ð32€(Tenn.€1996).€€The€Defendant€specifically€argues€that€the€trial€court€ð ðððassumedðð€from€the€juryððsÐ eµ Ðfirst€question€that€[it]€had€found€the€defendant€guilty€of€all€elements€of€second€degree€murderðð€andÐ Q¡ Ðimplied€that€it€agreed€with€this€assessment.€€The€record€indicates,€however,€that€the€trial€court€merelyÐ = Ðdeclined€to€comment€on€the€first€two€elements€of€second€degree€murder€and€focused€its€responseÐ )y Ðinstead€on€the€element€differentiating€the€crime€of€voluntary€manslaughter€from€second€degreeÐ e Ðmurder.€€The€courtððs€response€was€appropriate,€given€that€the€juryððs€question€did€not€concern€the€firstÐ Q Ðtwo€elements€of€second€degree€murder.€€The€court€also€specifically€stated€in€its€supplementalÐ í= Ðinstructions:€ð ðòòIfóó€you€find€from€the€proof€that€all€the€elements€of€murder€second€degree€have€beenÐ Ù) Ðproven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€and€òòifóó€you€find€that€all€the€elements€of€voluntary€manslaughterÐ Å  Ðhave€been€proven€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,€then€you€cannot€convict€of€murder€second.ðð€Ð ±! Ð(Emphasis€added).€€We€conclude€that€these€comments€were€not€improper,€and€we€find€no€otherÐ "í Ðinstance€in€the€record€when€the€trial€court€improperly€commented€on€the€evidence.Ð ‰#Ù ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€we€AFFIRM€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court.Ð &W!! ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð +S&% Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àROBERT€W.€WEDEMEYER,€JUDGE